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[ "Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball 2018 -- 19 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team University Duke University All - time record 2144 -- 881 (. 709 ) Head coach Mike Krzyzewski ( 39th season ) Conference Atlantic Coast Conference Location Durham , North Carolina Arena Cameron Indoor Stadium ( Capacity : 9,314 ) Nickname Blue Devils Colors Duke Blue and White Uniforms Home Away Alternate NCAA Tournament champions 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1964 , 1978 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1999 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2010 , 2015 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2018 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 NCAA Tournament appearances 1955 , 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 Conference tournament champions 1938 , 1941 , 1942 , 1944 , 1946 , 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2017 Conference regular season champions 1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1954 , 1958 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1979 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010", "Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball", "2018 -- 19 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team", "2018 -- 19 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team", "2018 -- 19 Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team", "University Duke University", "All - time record 2144 -- 881 (. 709 )", "Head coach Mike Krzyzewski ( 39th season )", "Conference Atlantic Coast Conference", "Location Durham , North Carolina", "Arena Cameron Indoor Stadium ( Capacity : 9,314 )", "Nickname Blue Devils", "Colors Duke Blue and White", "Uniforms", "Home Away Alternate", "Home Away Alternate", "Home Away Alternate", "NCAA Tournament champions", "1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015", "NCAA Tournament runner - up", "1964 , 1978 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1999", "NCAA Tournament Final Four", "1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2010 , 2015", "NCAA Tournament Elite Eight", "1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2018", "NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen", "1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018", "NCAA Tournament appearances", "1955 , 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018", "Conference tournament champions", "1938 , 1941 , 1942 , 1944 , 1946 , 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1988 , 1992 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2017", "Conference regular season champions", "1940 , 1942 , 1943 , 1954 , 1958 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1979 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010", "The Duke Blue Devils men 's basketball team represents Duke University in NCAA Division I college basketball and competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The team is fourth all - time in wins of any NCAA men 's basketball program , and is coached by Mike Krzyzewski .", "Duke has won 5 NCAA Championships ( tied with Indiana for fourth all - time behind North Carolina , UCLA and Kentucky ) and appeared in 11 Championship Games ( third all - time ) and 16 Final Fours ( fourth all - time behind North Carolina , UCLA , and Kentucky ) , and has an NCAA - best . 755 NCAA tournament winning percentage . Eleven Duke players have been named the National Player of the Year , and 71 players have been selected in the NBA Draft . Additionally , Duke has 36 players named All - Americans ( chosen 60 times ) and 14 Academic All - Americans . Duke has been the Atlantic Coast Conference Champions a record 20 times , and also lays claim to 19 ACC regular season titles . Prior to joining the ACC , Duke won the Southern Conference championships five times . Duke has also finished the season ranked No. 1 in the AP poll seven times and is tied with , UCLA , in total weeks ranked as the number one team in the nation by the AP with 121 weeks . Additionally , the Blue Devils have the second longest streak in the AP Top 25 in history with 200 consecutive appearances from 1996 to 2007 , trailing only UCLA 's 221 consecutive polls from 1966 -- 1980 . As a result of such success , ESPN , in 2008 , named Duke the most prestigious college basketball program since the 1985 -- 86 season , noting that `` by any measure of success , Duke is king of the hill in college basketball in the 64 - team era of the NCAA tournament . '' Since that designation , Duke has won two additional national titles in 2010 and 2015 .", "Retired basketball jerseys Number Player Year 10 Dick Groat 1952 43 Mike Gminski 1980 24 Johnny Dawkins 1986 35 Danny Ferry 1989 25 Art Heyman 1990 32 Christian Laettner 1992 11 Bobby Hurley 1993 33 Grant Hill 1994 44 Jeff Mullins 1994 31 Shane Battier 2001 22 Jay Williams 2003 23 Shelden Williams 2007 J.J. Redick 2007", "Retired basketball jerseys", "Number Player Year", "10 Dick Groat 1952", "43 Mike Gminski 1980", "24 Johnny Dawkins 1986", "35 Danny Ferry 1989", "25 Art Heyman 1990", "32 Christian Laettner 1992", "11 Bobby Hurley 1993", "33 Grant Hill 1994", "44 Jeff Mullins 1994", "31 Shane Battier 2001", "22 Jay Williams 2003", "23 Shelden Williams 2007", "J.J. Redick 2007", "Adapted from Duke University Archives", "In 1906 , Wilbur Wade Card , Trinity College 's Athletic Director and a member of the Class of 1900 , introduced the game of basketball to Trinity . The January 30 issue of The Trinity Chronicle headlined the new sport on its front page . Trinity 's first game ended in a loss to Wake Forest , 24 -- 10 . The game was played in the Angier B. Duke Gymnasium , later known as The Ark . The Trinity team won its first title in 1920 , the state championship , by beating the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering ( now NC State ) 25 to 24 . Earlier in the season they had beaten the University of North Carolina 19 -- 18 in the first match - up between the two schools . Trinity college then became Duke University .", "Billy Werber , Class of 1930 , became Duke 's first All - American in basketball . The Gothic - style West Campus opened that year , with a new gym , later to be named for Coach Card . The Indoor Stadium opened in 1940 . Initially it was referred to as an `` Addition '' to the gymnasium . Part of its cost was paid for with the proceeds from the Duke football team 's appearance in the 1938 Rose Bowl . In 1972 it would be named for Eddie Cameron , head coach from 1929 to 1942 .", "In 1952 , Dick Groat became the first Duke player to be named National Player of the Year . Duke left the Southern Conference to become a charter member of the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1953 . The Duke team under Vic Bubas made its first appearance in the Final Four in 1963 , losing 94 -- 75 to Loyola in the semifinal . The next year , Bubas ' team reached the national title game , losing to the Bruins of UCLA , who claimed 10 titles in the next 12 years . Bob Verga was Duke 's star player in 1967 .", "The basketball program won its 1000th game in 1974 , making Duke only the eighth school in NCAA history to reach that figure . In a turnaround , Coach Bill Foster 's 1978 Blue Devils , who had gone 2 -- 10 in the ACC the previous year , won the conference tournament and went on to the NCAA championship game , where they fell to Kentucky . Gene Banks , Mike Gminski ( ' 80 ) and Jim Spanarkel ( ' 79 ) ran the floor .", "Mike Krzyzewski has been at Duke since 1980 . His many accomplishments include :", "5 National Championships -- 2nd most all time 12 Final Fours ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) as well as five in a row from 1988 to 1992 . Now tied for most all time with John Wooden at 12 . 14 Elite Eights 23 Sweet Sixteens ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) and nine straight from 1998 -- 2006 33 NCAA tournament berths 91 NCAA tournament wins ( most ever ) 13 No. 1 seeds 25 conference titles ( 12 regular season , 14 tournament ) , 10 of the 14 ACC Tournament Titles from 1998 -- 99 through 2016 -- 17 14 30 - win seasons 32 20 - win seasons Number 1 AP ranking in 17 of the past 28 seasons 7 Naismith College Player of the Year Awards 9 National Defensive Players of the Year Awards 26 AP All - Americans 14 consensus first team All - Americans 11 NBA top - 10 picks : T - 1st 23 NBA Draft first round picks 1071 Career wins", "5 National Championships -- 2nd most all time 12 Final Fours ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) as well as five in a row from 1988 to 1992 . Now tied for most all time with John Wooden at 12 . 14 Elite Eights 23 Sweet Sixteens ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) and nine straight from 1998 -- 2006 33 NCAA tournament berths 91 NCAA tournament wins ( most ever ) 13 No. 1 seeds 25 conference titles ( 12 regular season , 14 tournament ) , 10 of the 14 ACC Tournament Titles from 1998 -- 99 through 2016 -- 17 14 30 - win seasons 32 20 - win seasons Number 1 AP ranking in 17 of the past 28 seasons 7 Naismith College Player of the Year Awards 9 National Defensive Players of the Year Awards 26 AP All - Americans 14 consensus first team All - Americans 11 NBA top - 10 picks : T - 1st 23 NBA Draft first round picks 1071 Career wins", "5 National Championships -- 2nd most all time 12 Final Fours ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) as well as five in a row from 1988 to 1992 . Now tied for most all time with John Wooden at 12 . 14 Elite Eights 23 Sweet Sixteens ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) and nine straight from 1998 -- 2006 33 NCAA tournament berths 91 NCAA tournament wins ( most ever ) 13 No. 1 seeds 25 conference titles ( 12 regular season , 14 tournament ) , 10 of the 14 ACC Tournament Titles from 1998 -- 99 through 2016 -- 17 14 30 - win seasons 32 20 - win seasons Number 1 AP ranking in 17 of the past 28 seasons 7 Naismith College Player of the Year Awards 9 National Defensive Players of the Year Awards 26 AP All - Americans 14 consensus first team All - Americans 11 NBA top - 10 picks : T - 1st 23 NBA Draft first round picks 1071 Career wins", "5 National Championships -- 2nd most all time", "12 Final Fours ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) as well as five in a row from 1988 to 1992 . Now tied for most all time with John Wooden at 12 .", "14 Elite Eights", "23 Sweet Sixteens ( most since 1984 -- 85 ) and nine straight from 1998 -- 2006", "33 NCAA tournament berths", "91 NCAA tournament wins ( most ever )", "13 No. 1 seeds", "25 conference titles ( 12 regular season , 14 tournament ) , 10 of the 14 ACC Tournament Titles from 1998 -- 99 through 2016 -- 17", "14 30 - win seasons", "32 20 - win seasons", "Number 1 AP ranking in 17 of the past 28 seasons", "7 Naismith College Player of the Year Awards", "9 National Defensive Players of the Year Awards", "26 AP All - Americans", "14 consensus first team All - Americans", "11 NBA top - 10 picks : T - 1st", "23 NBA Draft first round picks", "1071 Career wins", "Krzyzewski 's teams made the Final Four in 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2010 and 2015 .", "Duke upset the heavily favored UNLV Runnin ' Rebels 79 -- 77 in the Final Four in 1991 , a rematch of the 1990 final in which Duke lost by 30 points . The team , led by Christian Laettner , Bobby Hurley , Grant Hill , and Thomas Hill , went on to defeat Kansas 72 -- 65 to win the university 's first NCAA Championship . Ranked # 1 all season and favored to repeat as national champions in 1992 , Duke took part in a game `` acclaimed by many ( as ) the greatest college basketball game ever played , '' according to ESPN . In the Elite Eight , Duke met the Rick Pitino - led Kentucky Wildcats . It appeared Kentucky had sealed the win in overtime when guard Sean Woods hit a running shot off the glass in the lane to put Kentucky up by one with 2.1 seconds left on the clock . After a timeout , Duke 's Grant Hill threw a full - court pass to Christian Laettner . Laettner took one dribble and nailed a turn - around jumper at the buzzer to send Duke into the Final Four with a 104 -- 103 victory . Duke went on to defeat the Sixth - seeded Michigan 71 -- 51 to claim its second NCAA Championship . They would later meet Kentucky for another classic regional final game , but blow a 17 - point second half lead in losing to the Wildcats . The Blue Devils would lose the 1994 title game to Arkansas and their `` Forty Minutes of Hell '' defense . The next two seasons would see them fall to just 31 -- 31 , though they made the 1996 tournament with an 18 -- 12 record , 8 -- 8 in conference play . They would also fall in the 1999 title game , this time to Jim Calhoun and the UCONN Huskies . Duke defeated Arizona 82 -- 72 to win its third NCAA Championship in 2001 , becoming one of a handful of teams in NCAA Tournament history to defeat all of their tournament opponents by double digits . Krzyzewski was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame later that year . On April 5 , 2010 Duke Men 's Basketball won their fourth NCAA Championship by defeating Butler 61 -- 59 . On April 6 , 2015 Duke 's Men 's Basketball won their fifth NCAA Championship by defeating Wisconsin 68 -- 63 .", "Highly ranked recruit Jabari Parker signed with Duke before the start of the 2013 -- 2014 season . He was ranked as the second best recruit by ESPN . He has the record for most 20 point games by a Blue Devil in their Freshman year .", "Duke has been ranked as the # 1 team in the nation 235 weeks in their history .", "Former Duke stars such as Alaa Abdelnaby , Johnny Dawkins , Cherokee Parks , Bobby Hurley , Antonio Lang , Roshown McLeod , William Avery , Trajan Langdon , Grant Hill , Danny Ferry , Christian Laettner , Brian Davis , Elton Brand , Shane Battier , Carlos Boozer , Chris Duhon , Mike Dunleavy , Dahntay Jones , Daniel Ewing , J.J. Redick , Shavlik Randolph , Shelden Williams , Corey Maggette , Luol Deng , Josh McRoberts , Gerald Henderson , Austin Rivers , Lance Thomas , Kyle Singler , Miles Plumlee , Mason Plumlee , Nolan Smith , Jason Williams , Jabari Parker , Rodney Hood and Kyrie Irving have gone on to play in the NBA . Many of Krzyzewski 's assistants and former players , such as Tommy Amaker ( Seton Hall , University of Michigan and Harvard ) , Bob Bender ( Illinois State University and University of Washington ) , Chuck Swenson at William & Mary , Mike Brey ( Delaware and Notre Dame ) , Jeff Capel ( VCU and Oklahoma ) , Chris Collins ( Northwestern ) , Johnny Dawkins ( Stanford ) , Quin Snyder ( Missouri , Utah Jazz ) , and Steve Wojciechowski ( Marquette ) have become head basketball coaches at major universities and the NBA , while Pete Gaudet is now the head coach of the India women 's national basketball team .", "Season Coach Overall Conference Standing Postseason Mike Krzyzewski ( Atlantic Coast Conference ) ( 1980 -- Present ) 1980 -- 81 Mike Krzyzewski 17 -- 13 6 -- 8 T - 5th NIT Quarterfinals 1981 -- 82 Mike Krzyzewski 10 -- 17 4 -- 10 T - 6th -- 1982 -- 83 Mike Krzyzewski 11 -- 17 3 -- 11 7th -- 1983 -- 84 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 10 7 -- 7 T - 3rd NCAA Round of 32 1984 -- 85 Mike Krzyzewski 23 -- 8 8 -- 6 T - 4th NCAA Round of 32 1985 -- 86 Mike Krzyzewski 37 -- 3 12 -- 2 1st NCAA Finalist 1986 -- 87 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 9 9 -- 5 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 1987 -- 88 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 7 9 -- 5 3rd NCAA Final Four 1988 -- 89 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 8 9 -- 5 T - 2nd NCAA Final Four 1989 -- 90 Mike Krzyzewski 29 -- 9 9 -- 5 T - 2nd NCAA Finalist 1990 -- 91 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 7 11 -- 3 1st National Champions 1991 -- 92 Mike Krzyzewski 34 -- 2 14 -- 2 1st National Champions 1992 -- 93 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 8 10 -- 6 T - 3rd NCAA Round of 32 1993 -- 94 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 6 12 -- 4 1st NCAA Finalist 1994 -- 95 Mike Krzyzewski Pete Gaudet Mike K. 9 -- 3 Pete G. 4 -- 15 2 -- 14 9th -- 1995 -- 96 Mike Krzyzewski 18 -- 13 8 -- 8 T - 4th NCAA Round of 64 1996 -- 97 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 9 12 -- 4 1st NCAA Round of 32 1997 -- 98 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 4 15 -- 1 1st NCAA Elite Eight 1998 -- 99 Mike Krzyzewski 37 -- 2 16 -- 0 1st NCAA Finalist 1999 -- 2000 Mike Krzyzewski 29 -- 5 15 -- 1 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2000 -- 01 Mike Krzyzewski 35 -- 4 13 -- 3 T - 1st National Champions 2001 -- 02 Mike Krzyzewski 31 -- 4 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2002 -- 03 Mike Krzyzewski 26 -- 7 11 -- 5 T - 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2003 -- 04 Mike Krzyzewski 31 -- 6 13 -- 3 1st NCAA Final Four 2004 -- 05 Mike Krzyzewski 27 -- 6 11 -- 5 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2005 -- 06 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 4 14 -- 2 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2006 -- 07 Mike Krzyzewski 22 -- 11 8 -- 8 T - 6th NCAA Round of 64 2007 -- 08 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 6 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Round of 32 2008 -- 09 Mike Krzyzewski 30 -- 7 11 -- 5 T - 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2009 -- 10 Mike Krzyzewski 35 -- 5 13 -- 3 T - 1st National Champions 2010 -- 11 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 5 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2011 -- 12 Mike Krzyzewski 27 -- 7 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Round of 64 2012 -- 13 Mike Krzyzewski 30 -- 6 14 -- 4 2nd NCAA Elite Eight 2013 -- 14 Mike Krzyzewski 26 -- 9 13 -- 5 3rd NCAA Round of 64 2014 -- 15 Mike Krzyzewski 35 -- 4 15 -- 3 2nd National Champions 2015 -- 16 Mike Krzyzewski 25 -- 11 11 -- 7 T - 5th NCAA Sweet Sixteen 2016 -- 17 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 9 11 -- 7 5th NCAA Round of 32 2017 -- 18 Mike Krzyzewski 29 - 8 13 - 5 2nd NCAA Elite Eight Mike Krzyzewski : 1027 -- 279 412 -- 171 Total : 1027 -- 279 National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion", "Season Coach Overall Conference Standing Postseason", "Mike Krzyzewski ( Atlantic Coast Conference ) ( 1980 -- Present )", "1980 -- 81 Mike Krzyzewski 17 -- 13 6 -- 8 T - 5th NIT Quarterfinals", "1981 -- 82 Mike Krzyzewski 10 -- 17 4 -- 10 T - 6th --", "1982 -- 83 Mike Krzyzewski 11 -- 17 3 -- 11 7th --", "1983 -- 84 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 10 7 -- 7 T - 3rd NCAA Round of 32", "1984 -- 85 Mike Krzyzewski 23 -- 8 8 -- 6 T - 4th NCAA Round of 32", "1985 -- 86 Mike Krzyzewski 37 -- 3 12 -- 2 1st NCAA Finalist", "1986 -- 87 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 9 9 -- 5 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "1987 -- 88 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 7 9 -- 5 3rd NCAA Final Four", "1988 -- 89 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 8 9 -- 5 T - 2nd NCAA Final Four", "1989 -- 90 Mike Krzyzewski 29 -- 9 9 -- 5 T - 2nd NCAA Finalist", "1990 -- 91 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 7 11 -- 3 1st National Champions", "1991 -- 92 Mike Krzyzewski 34 -- 2 14 -- 2 1st National Champions", "1992 -- 93 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 8 10 -- 6 T - 3rd NCAA Round of 32", "1993 -- 94 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 6 12 -- 4 1st NCAA Finalist", "1994 -- 95 Mike Krzyzewski Pete Gaudet Mike K. 9 -- 3 Pete G. 4 -- 15 2 -- 14 9th --", "1995 -- 96 Mike Krzyzewski 18 -- 13 8 -- 8 T - 4th NCAA Round of 64", "1996 -- 97 Mike Krzyzewski 24 -- 9 12 -- 4 1st NCAA Round of 32", "1997 -- 98 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 4 15 -- 1 1st NCAA Elite Eight", "1998 -- 99 Mike Krzyzewski 37 -- 2 16 -- 0 1st NCAA Finalist", "1999 -- 2000 Mike Krzyzewski 29 -- 5 15 -- 1 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2000 -- 01 Mike Krzyzewski 35 -- 4 13 -- 3 T - 1st National Champions", "2001 -- 02 Mike Krzyzewski 31 -- 4 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2002 -- 03 Mike Krzyzewski 26 -- 7 11 -- 5 T - 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2003 -- 04 Mike Krzyzewski 31 -- 6 13 -- 3 1st NCAA Final Four", "2004 -- 05 Mike Krzyzewski 27 -- 6 11 -- 5 3rd NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2005 -- 06 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 4 14 -- 2 1st NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2006 -- 07 Mike Krzyzewski 22 -- 11 8 -- 8 T - 6th NCAA Round of 64", "2007 -- 08 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 6 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Round of 32", "2008 -- 09 Mike Krzyzewski 30 -- 7 11 -- 5 T - 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2009 -- 10 Mike Krzyzewski 35 -- 5 13 -- 3 T - 1st National Champions", "2010 -- 11 Mike Krzyzewski 32 -- 5 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2011 -- 12 Mike Krzyzewski 27 -- 7 13 -- 3 2nd NCAA Round of 64", "2012 -- 13 Mike Krzyzewski 30 -- 6 14 -- 4 2nd NCAA Elite Eight", "2013 -- 14 Mike Krzyzewski 26 -- 9 13 -- 5 3rd NCAA Round of 64", "2014 -- 15 Mike Krzyzewski 35 -- 4 15 -- 3 2nd National Champions", "2015 -- 16 Mike Krzyzewski 25 -- 11 11 -- 7 T - 5th NCAA Sweet Sixteen", "2016 -- 17 Mike Krzyzewski 28 -- 9 11 -- 7 5th NCAA Round of 32", "2017 -- 18 Mike Krzyzewski 29 - 8 13 - 5 2nd NCAA Elite Eight", "Mike Krzyzewski : 1027 -- 279 412 -- 171", "Total : 1027 -- 279", "National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion", "National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion", "The NCAA began seeding the tournament with the 1979 edition .", "Years ' 79 ' 80 ' 84 ' 85 ' 86 ' 87 ' 88 ' 89 ' 90 ' 91 ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 ' 00 ' 01 ' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 ' 09 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 ' 13 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18 Seeds 5 8 6", "Years ' 79 ' 80 ' 84 ' 85 ' 86 ' 87 ' 88 ' 89 ' 90 ' 91 ' 92 ' 93 ' 94 ' 96 ' 97 ' 98 ' 99 ' 00 ' 01 ' 02 ' 03 ' 04 ' 05 ' 06 ' 07 ' 08 ' 09 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 ' 13 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 ' 18", "Seeds 5 8 6", "Year Coach Opponent Score Record 1991 Mike Krzyzewski Kansas Jayhawks 72 -- 65 32 -- 7 1992 Mike Krzyzewski Michigan Wolverines 71 -- 51 34 -- 2 2001 Mike Krzyzewski Arizona Wildcats 82 -- 72 35 -- 4 Mike Krzyzewski Butler Bulldogs 61 -- 59 35 -- 5 2015 Mike Krzyzewski Wisconsin Badgers 68 -- 63 35 -- 4 National Championships 5", "Year Coach Opponent Score Record 1991 Mike Krzyzewski Kansas Jayhawks 72 -- 65 32 -- 7 1992 Mike Krzyzewski Michigan Wolverines 71 -- 51 34 -- 2 2001 Mike Krzyzewski Arizona Wildcats 82 -- 72 35 -- 4 Mike Krzyzewski Butler Bulldogs 61 -- 59 35 -- 5 2015 Mike Krzyzewski Wisconsin Badgers 68 -- 63 35 -- 4 National Championships 5", "Year Coach Opponent Score Record 1991 Mike Krzyzewski Kansas Jayhawks 72 -- 65 32 -- 7 1992 Mike Krzyzewski Michigan Wolverines 71 -- 51 34 -- 2 2001 Mike Krzyzewski Arizona Wildcats 82 -- 72 35 -- 4 Mike Krzyzewski Butler Bulldogs 61 -- 59 35 -- 5 2015 Mike Krzyzewski Wisconsin Badgers 68 -- 63 35 -- 4 National Championships 5", "Year Coach Opponent Score Record", "1991 Mike Krzyzewski Kansas Jayhawks 72 -- 65 32 -- 7", "1992 Mike Krzyzewski Michigan Wolverines 71 -- 51 34 -- 2", "2001 Mike Krzyzewski Arizona Wildcats 82 -- 72 35 -- 4", "Mike Krzyzewski Butler Bulldogs 61 -- 59 35 -- 5", "2015 Mike Krzyzewski Wisconsin Badgers 68 -- 63 35 -- 4", "National Championships 5", "1991 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 15 Northeast Louisiana 102 -- 73 Round # 2 # 7 Iowa 85 -- 70 Sweet 16 # 11 Connecticut 81 -- 67 Elite 8 # 4 St. John 's 78 -- 61 Final 4 # 1 UNLV 79 -- 77 Championship # 3 Kansas 72 -- 65", "Round Opponent Score", "Round # 1 # 15 Northeast Louisiana 102 -- 73", "Round # 2 # 7 Iowa 85 -- 70", "Sweet 16 # 11 Connecticut 81 -- 67", "Elite 8 # 4 St. John 's 78 -- 61", "Final 4 # 1 UNLV 79 -- 77", "Championship # 3 Kansas 72 -- 65", "1992 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 16 Campbell 82 -- 56 Round # 2 # 9 Iowa 75 -- 62 Sweet 16 # 4 Seton Hall 81 -- 69 Elite 8 # 2 Kentucky 104 -- 103 Final 4 # 2 Indiana 81 -- 78 Championship # 6 Michigan 71 -- 51", "Round Opponent Score", "Round # 1 # 16 Campbell 82 -- 56", "Round # 2 # 9 Iowa 75 -- 62", "Sweet 16 # 4 Seton Hall 81 -- 69", "Elite 8 # 2 Kentucky 104 -- 103", "Final 4 # 2 Indiana 81 -- 78", "Championship # 6 Michigan 71 -- 51", "2001 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 16 Monmouth 95 -- 52 Round # 2 # 9 Missouri 94 -- 81 Sweet 16 # 4 UCLA 76 -- 63 Elite 8 # 6 USC 79 -- 69 Final 4 # 3 Maryland 95 -- 84 Championship # 2 Arizona 82 -- 72", "Round Opponent Score", "Round # 1 # 16 Monmouth 95 -- 52", "Round # 2 # 9 Missouri 94 -- 81", "Sweet 16 # 4 UCLA 76 -- 63", "Elite 8 # 6 USC 79 -- 69", "Final 4 # 3 Maryland 95 -- 84", "Championship # 2 Arizona 82 -- 72", "2010 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 16 Arkansas - Pine Bluff 73 -- 44 Round # 2 # 8 California 68 -- 53 Sweet 16 # 4 Purdue 70 -- 57 Elite 8 # 3 Baylor 78 -- 71 Final 4 # 2 West Virginia 78 -- 57 Championship # 5 Butler 61 -- 59", "Round Opponent Score", "Round # 1 # 16 Arkansas - Pine Bluff 73 -- 44", "Round # 2 # 8 California 68 -- 53", "Sweet 16 # 4 Purdue 70 -- 57", "Elite 8 # 3 Baylor 78 -- 71", "Final 4 # 2 West Virginia 78 -- 57", "Championship # 5 Butler 61 -- 59", "2015 NCAA Tournament Results Round Opponent Score Round # 1 # 16 Robert Morris 85 -- 56 Round # 2 # 8 San Diego St 68 -- 49 Sweet 16 # 5 Utah 63 -- 57 Elite 8 # 2 Gonzaga 66 -- 52 Final 4 # 7 Michigan St 81 -- 61 Championship # 1 Wisconsin 68 -- 63", "Round Opponent Score", "Round # 1 # 16 Robert Morris 85 -- 56", "Round # 2 # 8 San Diego St 68 -- 49", "Sweet 16 # 5 Utah 63 -- 57", "Elite 8 # 2 Gonzaga 66 -- 52", "Final 4 # 7 Michigan St 81 -- 61", "Championship # 1 Wisconsin 68 -- 63", "1963 -- Third Place 1964 -- Finalist 1966 -- Third Place 1978 -- Finalist 1986 -- Finalist 1988 -- Semifinalist 1989 -- Semifinalist 1990 -- Finalist 1991 -- Champion 1992 -- Champion 1994 -- Finalist 1999 -- Finalist 2001 -- Champion 2004 -- Semifinalist 2010 -- Champion 2015 -- Champion", "1963 -- Third Place 1964 -- Finalist 1966 -- Third Place 1978 -- Finalist", "1986 -- Finalist 1988 -- Semifinalist 1989 -- Semifinalist 1990 -- Finalist", "1991 -- Champion 1992 -- Champion 1994 -- Finalist 1999 -- Finalist", "2001 -- Champion 2004 -- Semifinalist 2010 -- Champion 2015 -- Champion", "The Blue Devils have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 42 times . Their combined record is 111 -- 36 .", "( show ) Year Seed Round Opponent Result 1955 First Round Villanova L 73 -- 74 1960 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Princeton St. Joseph 's NYU W 84 -- 60 W 58 -- 56 L 59 -- 74 1963 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game NYU St. Joseph 's Loyola -- Chicago Oregon State W 81 -- 76 W 73 -- 59 L 75 -- 94 W 85 -- 63 1964 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Villanova Connecticut Michigan UCLA W 87 -- 73 W 101 -- 54 W 91 -- 80 L 83 -- 98 1966 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game St. Joseph 's Syracuse Kentucky Utah W 76 -- 74 W 91 -- 81 L 79 -- 83 W 79 -- 77 1978 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Rhode Island Penn Villanova Notre Dame Kentucky W 63 -- 62 W 84 -- 80 W 90 -- 72 W 90 -- 86 L 88 -- 94 1979 # 2 Second Round # 10 St. John 's L 78 -- 80 1980 # 4 Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 12 Penn # 1 Kentucky Purdue W 52 -- 42 W 55 -- 54 L 60 -- 68 1984 # 3 Second Round # 6 Washington L 78 -- 80 1985 # 3 First Round Second Round # 14 Pepperdine # 11 Boston College W 75 -- 62 L 73 -- 74 1986 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Mississippi Valley State # 8 Old Dominion # 12 DePaul # 7 Navy # 1 Kansas # 2 Louisville W 85 -- 78 W 89 -- 61 W 74 -- 67 W 71 -- 50 W 71 -- 67 L 69 -- 72 # 5 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 12 Texas A&M # 13 Xavier # 1 Indiana W 58 -- 51 W 65 -- 50 L 82 -- 88 1988 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 15 Boston University # 7 SMU # 11 Rhode Island # 1 Temple # 6 Kansas W 85 -- 69 W 94 -- 79 W 73 -- 72 W 63 -- 53 L 59 -- 66 1989 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 15 South Carolina State # 7 West Virginia # 11 Minnesota # 1 Georgetown # 3 Seton Hall W 90 -- 69 W 70 -- 63 W 87 -- 70 W 85 -- 77 L 78 -- 95 1990 # 3 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 14 Richmond # 6 St. John 's # 7 UCLA # 1 Connecticut # 4 Arkansas # 1 UNLV W 81 -- 46 W 76 -- 72 W 90 -- 81 W 79 -- 78 W 97 -- 83 L 73 -- 103 1991 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 15 Northeast Louisiana # 7 Iowa # 11 Connecticut # 4 St. John 's # 1 UNLV # 3 Kansas W 102 -- 73 W 85 -- 70 W 81 -- 67 W 61 -- 78 W 79 -- 77 W 72 -- 65 1992 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Campbell # 9 Iowa # 4 Seton Hall # 2 Kentucky # 2 Indiana # 6 Michigan W 82 -- 56 W 75 -- 62 W 81 -- 69 W 104 -- 103 W 81 -- 78 W 71 -- 51 1993 # 3 First Round Second Round # 14 Southern Illinois # 6 California W 105 -- 70 L 77 -- 82 1994 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 15 Texas Southern # 7 Michigan State # 6 Marquette # 1 Purdue # 3 Florida # 1 Arkansas W 82 -- 70 W 75 -- 63 W 59 -- 49 W 69 -- 60 W 70 -- 65 L 72 -- 76 # 8 First Round # 9 Eastern Michigan L 60 -- 75 # 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Murray State # 10 Providence W 71 -- 68 L 87 -- 98 1998 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 16 Radford # 8 Oklahoma State # 5 Syracuse # 2 Kentucky W 99 -- 63 W 79 -- 73 W 80 -- 67 L 84 -- 86 1999 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Florida A&M # 9 Tulsa # 4 SW Missouri State # 6 Temple # 1 Michigan State # 1 Connecticut W 99 -- 58 W 97 -- 56 W 78 -- 61 W 85 -- 64 W 68 -- 62 L 74 -- 77 2000 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Lamar # 8 Kansas # 5 Florida W 82 -- 55 W 69 -- 64 L 78 -- 87 2001 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Monmouth # 9 Missouri # 4 UCLA # 6 USC # 3 Maryland # 2 Arizona W 95 -- 57 W 94 -- 81 W 76 -- 63 W 79 -- 69 W 95 -- 84 W 82 -- 72 2002 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Winthrop # 8 Notre Dame # 5 Indiana W 84 -- 37 W 84 -- 77 L 73 -- 74 2003 # 3 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 14 Colorado State # 11 Central Michigan # 2 Kansas W 67 -- 57 W 86 -- 60 L 65 -- 69 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 16 Alabama State # 8 Seton Hall # 5 Illinois # 7 Xavier # 2 Connecticut W 96 -- 61 W 90 -- 62 W 72 -- 62 W 66 -- 63 L 78 -- 79 2005 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Delaware State # 9 Mississippi State # 5 Michigan State W 57 -- 46 W 63 -- 55 L 68 -- 78 2006 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Southern # 8 George Washington # 4 LSU W 70 -- 54 W 74 -- 61 L 54 -- 62 2007 # 6 First Round # 11 VCU L 77 -- 79 2008 # 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Belmont # 7 West Virginia W 71 -- 70 L 67 -- 73 2009 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 15 Binghamton # 7 Texas # 3 Villanova W 86 -- 62 W 74 -- 69 L 54 -- 77 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Arkansas -- Pine Bluff # 8 California # 4 Purdue # 3 Baylor # 2 West Virginia # 5 Butler W 73 -- 44 W 68 -- 53 W 70 -- 57 W 78 -- 71 W 78 -- 57 W 61 -- 59 2011 # 1 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Hampton # 8 Michigan # 5 Arizona W 87 -- 45 W 73 -- 71 L 77 -- 93 2012 # 2 Second Round # 15 Lehigh L 70 -- 75 2013 # 2 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 15 Albany # 7 Creighton # 3 Michigan State # 1 Louisville W 73 -- 61 W 50 -- 66 W 61 -- 71 L 63 -- 85 2014 # 3 Second Round # 14 Mercer L 71 -- 78 2015 # 1 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Robert Morris # 8 San Diego State # 5 Utah # 2 Gonzaga # 7 Michigan State # 1 Wisconsin W 85 -- 56 W 68 -- 49 W 63 -- 57 W 66 -- 52 W 81 -- 61 W 68 -- 63 2016 # 4 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 13 UNC Wilmington # 12 Yale # 1 Oregon W 93 -- 85 W 71 -- 64 L 68 -- 82 2017 # 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Troy # 7 South Carolina W 87 -- 65 L 81 -- 88 2018 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 15 Iona # 7 Rhode Island # 11 Syracuse # 1 Kansas W 89 -- 67 W 87 -- 62 W 69 -- 65 L 81 -- 85 OT", "( show ) Year Seed Round Opponent Result", "1955 First Round Villanova L 73 -- 74", "1960 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Princeton St. Joseph 's NYU W 84 -- 60 W 58 -- 56 L 59 -- 74", "1963 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game NYU St. Joseph 's Loyola -- Chicago Oregon State W 81 -- 76 W 73 -- 59 L 75 -- 94 W 85 -- 63", "1964 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Villanova Connecticut Michigan UCLA W 87 -- 73 W 101 -- 54 W 91 -- 80 L 83 -- 98", "1966 Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National 3rd Place Game St. Joseph 's Syracuse Kentucky Utah W 76 -- 74 W 91 -- 81 L 79 -- 83 W 79 -- 77", "1978 First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Rhode Island Penn Villanova Notre Dame Kentucky W 63 -- 62 W 84 -- 80 W 90 -- 72 W 90 -- 86 L 88 -- 94", "1979 # 2 Second Round # 10 St. John 's L 78 -- 80", "1980 # 4 Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 12 Penn # 1 Kentucky Purdue W 52 -- 42 W 55 -- 54 L 60 -- 68", "1984 # 3 Second Round # 6 Washington L 78 -- 80", "1985 # 3 First Round Second Round # 14 Pepperdine # 11 Boston College W 75 -- 62 L 73 -- 74", "1986 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Mississippi Valley State # 8 Old Dominion # 12 DePaul # 7 Navy # 1 Kansas # 2 Louisville W 85 -- 78 W 89 -- 61 W 74 -- 67 W 71 -- 50 W 71 -- 67 L 69 -- 72", "# 5 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 12 Texas A&M # 13 Xavier # 1 Indiana W 58 -- 51 W 65 -- 50 L 82 -- 88", "1988 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 15 Boston University # 7 SMU # 11 Rhode Island # 1 Temple # 6 Kansas W 85 -- 69 W 94 -- 79 W 73 -- 72 W 63 -- 53 L 59 -- 66", "1989 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 15 South Carolina State # 7 West Virginia # 11 Minnesota # 1 Georgetown # 3 Seton Hall W 90 -- 69 W 70 -- 63 W 87 -- 70 W 85 -- 77 L 78 -- 95", "1990 # 3 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 14 Richmond # 6 St. John 's # 7 UCLA # 1 Connecticut # 4 Arkansas # 1 UNLV W 81 -- 46 W 76 -- 72 W 90 -- 81 W 79 -- 78 W 97 -- 83 L 73 -- 103", "1991 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 15 Northeast Louisiana # 7 Iowa # 11 Connecticut # 4 St. John 's # 1 UNLV # 3 Kansas W 102 -- 73 W 85 -- 70 W 81 -- 67 W 61 -- 78 W 79 -- 77 W 72 -- 65", "1992 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Campbell # 9 Iowa # 4 Seton Hall # 2 Kentucky # 2 Indiana # 6 Michigan W 82 -- 56 W 75 -- 62 W 81 -- 69 W 104 -- 103 W 81 -- 78 W 71 -- 51", "1993 # 3 First Round Second Round # 14 Southern Illinois # 6 California W 105 -- 70 L 77 -- 82", "1994 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 15 Texas Southern # 7 Michigan State # 6 Marquette # 1 Purdue # 3 Florida # 1 Arkansas W 82 -- 70 W 75 -- 63 W 59 -- 49 W 69 -- 60 W 70 -- 65 L 72 -- 76", "# 8 First Round # 9 Eastern Michigan L 60 -- 75", "# 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Murray State # 10 Providence W 71 -- 68 L 87 -- 98", "1998 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 16 Radford # 8 Oklahoma State # 5 Syracuse # 2 Kentucky W 99 -- 63 W 79 -- 73 W 80 -- 67 L 84 -- 86", "1999 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Florida A&M # 9 Tulsa # 4 SW Missouri State # 6 Temple # 1 Michigan State # 1 Connecticut W 99 -- 58 W 97 -- 56 W 78 -- 61 W 85 -- 64 W 68 -- 62 L 74 -- 77", "2000 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Lamar # 8 Kansas # 5 Florida W 82 -- 55 W 69 -- 64 L 78 -- 87", "2001 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Monmouth # 9 Missouri # 4 UCLA # 6 USC # 3 Maryland # 2 Arizona W 95 -- 57 W 94 -- 81 W 76 -- 63 W 79 -- 69 W 95 -- 84 W 82 -- 72", "2002 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Winthrop # 8 Notre Dame # 5 Indiana W 84 -- 37 W 84 -- 77 L 73 -- 74", "2003 # 3 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 14 Colorado State # 11 Central Michigan # 2 Kansas W 67 -- 57 W 86 -- 60 L 65 -- 69", "# 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four # 16 Alabama State # 8 Seton Hall # 5 Illinois # 7 Xavier # 2 Connecticut W 96 -- 61 W 90 -- 62 W 72 -- 62 W 66 -- 63 L 78 -- 79", "2005 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Delaware State # 9 Mississippi State # 5 Michigan State W 57 -- 46 W 63 -- 55 L 68 -- 78", "2006 # 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Southern # 8 George Washington # 4 LSU W 70 -- 54 W 74 -- 61 L 54 -- 62", "2007 # 6 First Round # 11 VCU L 77 -- 79", "2008 # 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Belmont # 7 West Virginia W 71 -- 70 L 67 -- 73", "2009 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 15 Binghamton # 7 Texas # 3 Villanova W 86 -- 62 W 74 -- 69 L 54 -- 77", "# 1 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Arkansas -- Pine Bluff # 8 California # 4 Purdue # 3 Baylor # 2 West Virginia # 5 Butler W 73 -- 44 W 68 -- 53 W 70 -- 57 W 78 -- 71 W 78 -- 57 W 61 -- 59", "2011 # 1 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen # 16 Hampton # 8 Michigan # 5 Arizona W 87 -- 45 W 73 -- 71 L 77 -- 93", "2012 # 2 Second Round # 15 Lehigh L 70 -- 75", "2013 # 2 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 15 Albany # 7 Creighton # 3 Michigan State # 1 Louisville W 73 -- 61 W 50 -- 66 W 61 -- 71 L 63 -- 85", "2014 # 3 Second Round # 14 Mercer L 71 -- 78", "2015 # 1 Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship # 16 Robert Morris # 8 San Diego State # 5 Utah # 2 Gonzaga # 7 Michigan State # 1 Wisconsin W 85 -- 56 W 68 -- 49 W 63 -- 57 W 66 -- 52 W 81 -- 61 W 68 -- 63", "2016 # 4 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen # 13 UNC Wilmington # 12 Yale # 1 Oregon W 93 -- 85 W 71 -- 64 L 68 -- 82", "2017 # 2 First Round Second Round # 15 Troy # 7 South Carolina W 87 -- 65 L 81 -- 88", "2018 # 2 First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight # 15 Iona # 7 Rhode Island # 11 Syracuse # 1 Kansas W 89 -- 67 W 87 -- 62 W 69 -- 65 L 81 -- 85 OT", "From 2011 -- 2015 , the round of 64 was known as the Second Round , round of 32 was Third Round", "The Blue Devils have appeared in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) five times . Their combined record is 5 -- 6 .", "Year Round Opponent Result 1967 Quarterfinals Southern Illinois L 63 -- 72 1968 First Round Quarterfinals Oklahoma City Saint Peter 's W 97 -- 81 L 71 -- 100 1970 First Round Utah L 75 -- 78 1971 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game Dayton Tennessee North Carolina St. Bonaventure W 68 -- 60 W 78 -- 64 L 69 -- 73 L 88 -- 92 1981 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals North Carolina A&T Alabama Purdue W 79 -- 69 W 75 -- 70 L 69 -- 81", "Year Round Opponent Result", "1967 Quarterfinals Southern Illinois L 63 -- 72", "1968 First Round Quarterfinals Oklahoma City Saint Peter 's W 97 -- 81 L 71 -- 100", "1970 First Round Utah L 75 -- 78", "1971 First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals 3rd Place Game Dayton Tennessee North Carolina St. Bonaventure W 68 -- 60 W 78 -- 64 L 69 -- 73 L 88 -- 92", "1981 First Round Second Round Quarterfinals North Carolina A&T Alabama Purdue W 79 -- 69 W 75 -- 70 L 69 -- 81", "As of the 2017 - 18 season , the Blue Devils ' program record is as follows .", "Overall Years of basketball 110 First season 1905 -- 06 Head coaches ( all - time ) 19 All Games All - time record 2062 - 853 (. 707 ) Home record 935 -- 189 (. 832 ) 20 + win seasons 47 30 + win seasons 14 Conference Games Conference Record 770 -- 370 (. 765 ) Conference Regular Season Championships 22 Conference Tournament Championships 25 NCAA Tournament NCAA Appearances 41 NCAA Tournament wins 105 Sweet Sixteens 28 Elite Eights 20 Final Fours 16 Championship Games 11 Championships 5 Accurate as of June 4 , 2015", "Overall", "Years of basketball 110", "First season 1905 -- 06", "Head coaches ( all - time ) 19", "All Games", "All - time record 2062 - 853 (. 707 )", "Home record 935 -- 189 (. 832 )", "20 + win seasons 47", "30 + win seasons 14", "Conference Games", "Conference Record 770 -- 370 (. 765 )", "Conference Regular Season Championships 22", "Conference Tournament Championships 25", "NCAA Tournament", "NCAA Appearances 41", "NCAA Tournament wins 105", "Sweet Sixteens 28", "Elite Eights 20", "Final Fours 16", "Championship Games 11", "Championships 5", "Accurate as of June 4 , 2015", "Cameron Indoor Stadium was completed on January 6 , 1940 , having cost $400,000 . At the time , it was the largest gymnasium in the country south of the Palestra at the University of Pennsylvania . Originally called Duke Indoor Stadium , it was renamed for Coach Cameron on January 22 , 1972 . The building originally included seating for 8,800 , though standing room was sufficient to ensure that 12,000 could fit in on a particularly busy day . Then , as now , Duke students were allowed a large chunk of the seats , including those directly alongside the court . Renovations in 1987 -- 1988 removed the standing room areas and added seats , bringing capacity to 9,314 .", "Duke 's men 's basketball teams have had a decided home - court advantage for many years , thanks to the diehard students known as the Cameron Crazies . The hardwood floor has been dedicated and renamed Coach K Court in honor of head coach Mike Krzyzewski , and the tent city outside Cameron where students camp out before big games is known as Krzyzewskiville . In 1999 , Sports Illustrated ranked Cameron the fourth best venue in all of professional and college sports , and USA Today referred to it as `` the toughest road game in the nation '' .", "Duke has not lost a non-conference game at Cameron since 2000 , and maintains a tradition of hosting the previous season 's Division II national champion in an exhibition game each November .", "National Players of the Year", "Dick Groat Helms , UPI Art Heyman AP , UPI , U.S. Basketball Writers Johnny Dawkins Naismith Danny Ferry Naismith , UPI , U.S. Basketball Writers Christian Laettner AP , Basketball Times , NABC , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden Elton Brand AP , NABC , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News Shane Battier AP , Basketball Times , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News Jason Williams AP , Basketball Times , NABC , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News J.J. Redick AP , Basketball Times , NABC , Naismith , Rupp , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News", "Dick Groat Helms , UPI", "Art Heyman AP , UPI , U.S. Basketball Writers", "Johnny Dawkins Naismith", "Danny Ferry Naismith , UPI , U.S. Basketball Writers", "Christian Laettner AP , Basketball Times , NABC , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden", "Elton Brand AP , NABC , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News", "Shane Battier AP , Basketball Times , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News", "Jason Williams AP , Basketball Times , NABC , Naismith , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News", "J.J. Redick AP , Basketball Times , NABC , Naismith , Rupp , U.S. Basketball Writers , Wooden , The Sporting News", "ACC Men 's Basketball Player of the Year", "Art Heyman ( 1963 ) Jeff Mullins ( 1964 ) Steve Vacendak ( 1966 ) Mike Gminski ( 1979 ) Danny Ferry ( 1988 , 1989 ) Christian Laettner ( 1992 ) Grant Hill ( 1994 ) Elton Brand ( 1999 ) Chris Carrawell ( 2000 ) Shane Battier ( 2001 ) J.J. Redick ( 2005 , 2006 ) Nolan Smith ( 2011 ) Jahlil Okafor ( 2015 ) Marvin Bagley III ( 2018 )", "Art Heyman ( 1963 )", "Jeff Mullins ( 1964 )", "Steve Vacendak ( 1966 )", "Mike Gminski ( 1979 )", "Danny Ferry ( 1988 , 1989 )", "Christian Laettner ( 1992 )", "Grant Hill ( 1994 )", "Elton Brand ( 1999 )", "Chris Carrawell ( 2000 )", "Shane Battier ( 2001 )", "J.J. Redick ( 2005 , 2006 )", "Nolan Smith ( 2011 )", "Jahlil Okafor ( 2015 )", "Marvin Bagley III ( 2018 )", "ACC Rookies of the Year", "Jim Spanarkel ( 1976 ) Mike Gminski ( 1977 ) Gene Banks ( 1978 ) Chris Duhon ( 2001 ) Kyle Singler ( 2008 ) Austin Rivers ( 2012 ) Jabari Parker ( 2014 ) Jahlil Okafor ( 2015 ) Brandon Ingram ( 2016 ) Marvin Bagley III ( 2018 )", "Jim Spanarkel ( 1976 )", "Mike Gminski ( 1977 )", "Gene Banks ( 1978 )", "Chris Duhon ( 2001 )", "Kyle Singler ( 2008 )", "Austin Rivers ( 2012 )", "Jabari Parker ( 2014 )", "Jahlil Okafor ( 2015 )", "Brandon Ingram ( 2016 )", "Marvin Bagley III ( 2018 )", "National Defensive Player of the Year", "Billy King ( 1986 ) Tommy Amaker ( 1987 ) Grant Hill ( 1993 ) Steve Wojciechowski ( 1998 ) Shane Battier ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) Shelden Williams ( 2005 , 2006 )", "Billy King ( 1986 )", "Tommy Amaker ( 1987 )", "Grant Hill ( 1993 )", "Steve Wojciechowski ( 1998 )", "Shane Battier ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 )", "Shelden Williams ( 2005 , 2006 )", "ACC Defensive Player of the Year ( since 2005 )", "Shelden Williams ( 2005 , 2006 ) DeMarcus Nelson ( 2008 )", "Shelden Williams ( 2005 , 2006 )", "DeMarcus Nelson ( 2008 )", "As of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season , these Blue Devil players currently play in the NBA .", "Luol Deng -- Los Angeles Lakers Mike Dunleavy Jr . -- Free Agent Harry Giles -- Sacramento Kings Gerald Henderson Jr . -- Free Agent Rodney Hood -- Cleveland Cavaliers Kyrie Irving -- Boston Celtics Dahntay Jones -- Free Agent Frank Jackson -- New Orleans Pelicans Luke Kennard -- Detroit Pistons Josh McRoberts -- Dallas Mavericks Jabari Parker -- Milwaukee Bucks Mason Plumlee -- Denver Nuggets Justise Winslow -- Miami Heat Miles Plumlee -- Atlanta Hawks J.J. Redick -- Philadelphia 76ers Austin Rivers -- Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Singler -- Oklahoma City Thunder Jayson Tatum -- Boston Celtics Lance Thomas -- New York Knicks Seth Curry -- Dallas Mavericks Jahlil Okafor -- Brooklyn Nets Tyus Jones -- Minnesota Timberwolves Brandon Ingram -- Los Angeles Lakers Marshall Plumlee -- Milwaukee Bucks Quinn Cook -- Golden State Warriors", "Luol Deng -- Los Angeles Lakers", "Mike Dunleavy Jr . -- Free Agent", "Harry Giles -- Sacramento Kings", "Gerald Henderson Jr . -- Free Agent", "Rodney Hood -- Cleveland Cavaliers", "Kyrie Irving -- Boston Celtics", "Dahntay Jones -- Free Agent", "Frank Jackson -- New Orleans Pelicans", "Luke Kennard -- Detroit Pistons", "Josh McRoberts -- Dallas Mavericks", "Jabari Parker -- Milwaukee Bucks", "Mason Plumlee -- Denver Nuggets", "Justise Winslow -- Miami Heat", "Miles Plumlee -- Atlanta Hawks", "J.J. Redick -- Philadelphia 76ers", "Austin Rivers -- Los Angeles Clippers", "Kyle Singler -- Oklahoma City Thunder", "Jayson Tatum -- Boston Celtics", "Lance Thomas -- New York Knicks", "Seth Curry -- Dallas Mavericks", "Jahlil Okafor -- Brooklyn Nets", "Tyus Jones -- Minnesota Timberwolves", "Brandon Ingram -- Los Angeles Lakers", "Marshall Plumlee -- Milwaukee Bucks", "Quinn Cook -- Golden State Warriors", "Carolina -- Duke rivalry Duke -- Maryland men 's basketball rivalry Duke -- Michigan men 's basketball rivalry", "Carolina -- Duke rivalry", "Duke -- Maryland men 's basketball rivalry", "Duke -- Michigan men 's basketball rivalry" ]

[ [ "Angelica Hale" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "America 's Got Talent Season 12 Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Darci Lynne Farmer Origin Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism Runner - up Angelica Hale Chronology ◀ 2017 ▶", "America 's Got Talent", "Season 12", "Broadcast from May 30 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 )", "Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell", "Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell", "Host ( s ) Tyra Banks", "Broadcaster NBC", "Winner", "Darci Lynne Farmer", "Origin Oklahoma City , Oklahoma", "Genre ( s ) Ventriloquism", "Runner - up", "Angelica Hale", "Chronology", "◀ 2017 ▶", "◀ 2017 ▶", "Season twelve of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent was ordered on August 2 , 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth , fifth , fifth and second seasons . Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon , who hosted for eight seasons , making her the first female host of the show . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15 , 2017 .", "The format of the show was the same as in season eleven , and Dunkin Donuts sponsors the show for a third consecutive season . A guest judge joined the panel for each episode of the Judge Cuts round : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox and Seal .", "Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale , September 20 , 2017 . She was the third ventriloquist , third child and third female to win a season of America 's Got Talent. 10 - year - old singer Angelica Hale placed second , and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third . Farmer won the show 's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas .", "On October 4 , 2016 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019 .", "Long - time host Nick Cannon announced , on February 13 , 2017 , that he would not return as host for season 12 , soon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his 2017 Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon was still under contract to host , and NBC executives did not initially accept his resignation , but they ultimately searched for a new host .", "On March 12 , 2017 , NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the host for this season .", "The season had preliminary open call auditions in Chicago , Austin , Cleveland , Jacksonville , Philadelphia , Las Vegas , San Diego , New York City , Charleston , Memphis , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions .", "Judges ' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles . The premiere aired May 30 , 2017 .", "The Golden Buzzer returned for its fourth consecutive season . Any act that received a golden buzzer during the preliminary auditions was sent directly to the live shows and did not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode of preliminary auditions , Mel B pressed the golden buzzer for 12 - year - old singing ventriloquist Darci Lynne Farmer . In subsequent episodes , Simon Cowell pressed it for 29 - year - old deaf singer - songwriter and ukeleleist , Mandy Harvey , Howie Mandel chose 16 - year - old singer Christian Guardino , Tyra Banks pressed it for Light Balance dance crew , and Heidi Klum chose 13 - year - old singer Angelina Green .", "On June 11 , 2017 , contestant Brandon Rogers died in an automobile accident . Rogers was an American physician who specialized in family medicine . Earlier in 2017 , after seeing YouTube videos of Rogers singing , Boyz II Men invited him to sing with them as a guest in three of their Las Vegas shows . His successful AGT audition aired on July 11 , 2017 , in his memory . He competed in the Judge Cuts round , but his performance in that round was not televised .", "The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday , July 18 , 2017 . Like the previous season , one guest judge joined the judges ' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced , including the guest judge 's golden buzzer choice . Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use . Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled , Laverne Cox , and Seal .", "After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Final Draft , Bello Nock and Oskar and Gaspar ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . All three of these acts were eliminated in the Quarterfinals .", "Each Judge Cuts act that received a golden buzzer advanced to the live shows without any voting by the judges . During the Judge Cuts round , guest judges Chris Hardwick pressed his golden buzzer for 9 - year old singer Angelica Hale , DJ Khaled pressed it for 21 - year old singer - songwriter and guitarist Chase Goehring , Laverne Cox pressed it for 9 - year old singer Celine Tam , and Seal pressed it for soul singer Johnny Manuel .", "Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately", "Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Eliminated Immediately Advanced Immediately", "Guest judge : Chris Hardwick", "Date : July 18 , 2017", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated Tom London 8 Technology Magician Eliminated Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated Yoselin Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result", "Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel", "Sara and Hero Dog Act Advanced", "The Baker Family Bluegrass Band Eliminated", "Mariachi Nuevo Santander Mariachi Group Eliminated", "The Masqueraders Vocal Group Advanced", "Eric Jennifer 5 Comedian Eliminated", "Harrison Greenbaum 6 Comedian Eliminated", "Dancing Pumpkin Man 7 Dancer Eliminated", "Tom London 8 Technology Magician Eliminated", "Eric Jones 9 Close - Up Magician Advanced", "Angelica Hale 10 Singer Advanced Immediately", "Danylo and Oskar 11 Acrobat Duo Eliminated", "Lera and Nika Tomanova 12 Aerial Duo Eliminated", "Yoselin Chi 13 Hand Balancer Eliminated", "Darcy Callus 14 Singer And Keyboardist Eliminated", "Carlos De Antonis 15 Opera Singer Eliminated", "Canion Shijirbat 16 Multimedia Dancer Eliminated", "Just Jerk 17 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced", "Maw Kitty 18 Singer Eliminated", "The Singing Trump 19 Singing Trump Impersonator Advanced", "Demian Aditya 20 Escape Artist Advanced", "Guest judge : DJ Khaled", "Date : July 25 , 2017", "This is the first Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . This was also the only Judge Cuts episode of the season in which an act received 4 red buzzers .", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum DJ Khaled Mel B Mandel Sammulous Singer Eliminated Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated The Quiddlers Puppeteer Group Eliminated Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Duo Eliminated The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated Xavier Mortimer 16 Magician Eliminated Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result", "Cowell Klum DJ Khaled Mel B Mandel", "Sammulous Singer Eliminated", "Steven Scott Comedian Eliminated", "The Quiddlers Puppeteer Group Eliminated", "Str8jacket Dance Group Eliminated", "Solto & T Dot 5 Dance Duo Eliminated", "Junior and Emily 6 Salsa Dance Duo Advanced", "Jokgu and Aichan 7 Piano - Playing Chickens Eliminated Immediately", "Dakota Striplin 8 Singer and Guitarist Eliminated", "Chase Goehring 9 Singer and Guitarist Advanced Immediately", "Azeri Brothers 10 Danger Duo Eliminated", "The Godfathers 11 Acrobat Group Eliminated", "Tulga 12 Strongman Eliminated", "Mirror Image 13 Vocal / Dance Duo Advanced", "Evie Clair 14 Singer Advanced", "Kyle Eschen 15 Magician Eliminated", "Xavier Mortimer 16 Magician Eliminated", "Colin Cloud 17 Mentalist Advanced", "Pelican212 18 Family Band Eliminated", "Puddles Pity Party 19 Singing Clown Advanced", "Yoli Mayor 20 Singer Advanced", "Guest judge : Laverne Cox", "Date : August 1 , 2017", "This was the first Judge Cuts episode in which no acts received a red buzzer from any of the judges .", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Laverne Cox Mel B Mandel Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced 5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated Jay Jay Phillips 14 Keyboardist Eliminated Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated Bello Nock 17 Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result", "Cowell Klum Laverne Cox Mel B Mandel", "Oscar Hernandez Dancer Advanced", "Tony and Jordan Digital Magicians Eliminated", "The Naked Magicians Magicians Eliminated", "Jeki Yoo Magician Eliminated", "Herbie Russ 5 Singer And Saxophonist Eliminated", "Mike Yung 6 Singer Advanced", "5 Alive 7 Boy Band Eliminated", "Final Draft 8 R&B Vocal Group Quarterfinal Wild Card", "Brobots & Mandroidz 9 Hip - Hop Dance Group Advanced", "Marisa McKaye 10 Singer Eliminated", "Celine Tam 11 Singer Advanced Immediately", "Aileen George 12 Pole Dancer Eliminated", "Shemika Charles 13 Limbo Dancer Eliminated", "Jay Jay Phillips 14 Keyboardist Eliminated", "Diavolo 15 Acrobatic Dance Group Advanced", "Jonathan Rinny 16 Balancing Acrobat Eliminated", "Bello Nock 17 Daredevil Quarterfinal Wild Card", "Daniel Ferguson 18 Singing Impressionist Eliminated", "Preacher Lawson 19 Comedian Advanced", "Billy & Emily England 20 Extreme Rollerskating Duo Advanced", "Guest judge : Seal", "Date : August 8 , 2017", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Seal Mel B Mandel Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced Will Tsai Magician Eliminated Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated Sirqus Alfon 10 Digital Comedy Trio Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Eliminated", "Act Order Performance Type Buzzes Result", "Cowell Klum Seal Mel B Mandel", "Artyon & Paige Dance Duo Advanced", "Britt Saasen Singer Eliminated", "In The Stairwell A Capella Group Advanced", "Will Tsai Magician Eliminated", "Henry Richardson 5 Magician Eliminated", "Elena and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated", "Lost Legends 7 Dance Group Eliminated", "Nick Uhas 8 Scientist Eliminated", "Veronica Gonzalez 9 Foot Puppeteer Eliminated", "Sirqus Alfon 10 Digital Comedy Trio Eliminated", "DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 11 Gospel Choir Advanced", "Pompeyo Family Dogs 12 Dog Act Advanced", "Johnny Manuel 13 Singer Advanced Immediately", "Maria Popazov 14 Hand Balancer / Contortionist Eliminated", "Maxim Popazov 15 Hand Balancer Eliminated", "German Cornejo Dance Company 16 Dance Group Eliminated", "The Honeybee - z Plus 17 Dance Group Eliminated", "Merrick Hanna 18 Dancer Advanced", "Kechi Okwuchi 19 Singer Advanced", "Brandon Rogers N / A Singer Eliminated", "Footnotes", "Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode .", "Jump up ^ Rogers competed in this round before he died , but his performance was omitted from the episode .", "The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 15 , 2017 . They featured the nine golden buzzer acts , the 24 other acts promoted during the Judge Cuts round , and three wildcard acts chosen by the producers and judges . Twelve acts performed each week , with results announced the on following nights ; each week seven acts were sent through to the semifinals . Puddles Pity Party and Mirror Image received an `` X '' from Cowell in the Quarterfinals . Demian Aditya received `` X 's '' by Mel B and Cowell in the second Quarterfinals .", "Key Buzzed Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard", "Key Buzzed Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save Judges ' Wildcard", "Guests : Grace VanderWaal , August 16", "Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Christian Guardino Singer ; sang `` Make it Rain '' by Ed Sheeran . Dunkin ' Save Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo ; Danced to `` Footloose '' by Kenny Loggins . Eliminated In The Stairwell Cappella Group ; Sang `` Some Nights '' by Fun . Advanced The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator ; danced and sang `` Shut Up and Dance '' by Walk The Moon and `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer , with background dancers dressed as Trump 's guards . Eliminated Angelica Hale 5 Singer ; sang `` Clarity '' by Zedd . Advanced Bello Nock 6 Danger Act / Daredevil ; performed the `` Wheel of Death '' , an act where he ran both inside and on top of a huge wheel in the apparatus , including a back - flip . Eliminated Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group ; Danced to `` Turn Up The Music '' by Chris Brown . Lost Judges ' Choice Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown ; sang `` Royals '' by Lorde . Eliminated Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian ; joked about things he saw on the streets . Advanced Yoli Mayor 10 Singer ; sang `` Human '' by Rag'n'Bone Man . Won Judges ' Choice Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo ; Did their original skating routine , but spinning on a small , rising flat surface . Advanced Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist ; Serenaded Mel B with her shy , stuttering Motown mouse puppet , Oscar , performing Smokey Robinson 's `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' . Advanced", "Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result", "Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel", "Christian Guardino Singer ; sang `` Make it Rain '' by Ed Sheeran . Dunkin ' Save", "Artyon & Paige Dancing Duo ; Danced to `` Footloose '' by Kenny Loggins . Eliminated", "In The Stairwell Cappella Group ; Sang `` Some Nights '' by Fun . Advanced", "The Singing Trump Singing Donald Trump Impersonator ; danced and sang `` Shut Up and Dance '' by Walk The Moon and `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer , with background dancers dressed as Trump 's guards . Eliminated", "Angelica Hale 5 Singer ; sang `` Clarity '' by Zedd . Advanced", "Bello Nock 6 Danger Act / Daredevil ; performed the `` Wheel of Death '' , an act where he ran both inside and on top of a huge wheel in the apparatus , including a back - flip . Eliminated", "Just Jerk 7 Hip - Hop Dance Group ; Danced to `` Turn Up The Music '' by Chris Brown . Lost Judges ' Choice", "Puddles Pity Party 8 Singing Clown ; sang `` Royals '' by Lorde . Eliminated", "Preacher Lawson 9 Comedian ; joked about things he saw on the streets . Advanced", "Yoli Mayor 10 Singer ; sang `` Human '' by Rag'n'Bone Man . Won Judges ' Choice", "Billy & Emily England 11 Extreme Rollerskating Duo ; Did their original skating routine , but spinning on a small , rising flat surface . Advanced", "Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Singing Ventriloquist ; Serenaded Mel B with her shy , stuttering Motown mouse puppet , Oscar , performing Smokey Robinson 's `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' . Advanced", "^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Yoli Mayor was announced to have received more of America 's votes than Just Jerk , and she advanced to the semi-finals .", "Guests : Circus 1903", "Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group ; danced as a group to an electric mix of hip - hop songs `` Boneless '' , `` Get Busy '' , and `` Jump '' . Eliminated Celine Tam Singer ; sang `` When You Believe '' by Whitney Houston . Advanced Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo ; Sang `` Somebody to Love '' by Queen and while dancing . Eliminated Johnny Manuel Singer ; sang `` And I 'm Telling You '' by Dream Girls . Advanced Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; Danced out a story based on a cover of `` Lost Boy '' . Advanced Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician ; Had Mandel sign a random playing card , then had Mel and Heidi hold a piece of glass , and pressed a poker chip against the glass using his left hand , until it went through the glass on his right hand . Next , Howie pushed a set of cards , with the signed card included , onto a much larger piece of glass . Eric pulled the signed card from Howie 's cards through the glass . Finally , Eric 's entire body passed through the glass behind cloth . Won Judges ' Choice The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group ; sang their original song , `` I 'm Just an Average Guy '' . Lost Judges ' Choice Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group ; Did a performance based on their dress rehearsal , including spinning lights . Advanced Evie Clair 9 Singer ; performed `` Wings '' by Birdy . Dunkin ' Save Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist ; Demian climbed into a wooden box , handcuffed , and the lid of the box was nailed completely shut . The only support keeping the box in the air was a rope . The rope was looped through pulleys and secured directly above a blowtorch . Demian attempted to escape before the rope burned through and the locks came crashing down onto three solid steel spikes lit on fire . Unfortunately , technical issues arose during the performance : the box failed to fall into the spikes when the rope was burnt through . Nevertheless , Demian appeared behind the judges with a fire extinguisher in hand . Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act ; Had a safari themed act ; had dogs performing tricks such as hopping over obstacles , biting those obstacles and moving them , jump roping with two ropes , and leaping through a hoop held up by one of the trainers . Judges ' Wild Card Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist , sang an original song called `` Mara 's Song '' . Advanced", "Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result", "Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel", "Brobots & Mandroidz Hip - Hop Dance Group ; danced as a group to an electric mix of hip - hop songs `` Boneless '' , `` Get Busy '' , and `` Jump '' . Eliminated", "Celine Tam Singer ; sang `` When You Believe '' by Whitney Houston . Advanced", "Mirror Image Vocal Dance Duo ; Sang `` Somebody to Love '' by Queen and while dancing . Eliminated", "Johnny Manuel Singer ; sang `` And I 'm Telling You '' by Dream Girls . Advanced", "Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; Danced out a story based on a cover of `` Lost Boy '' . Advanced", "Eric Jones 6 Close - up Magician ; Had Mandel sign a random playing card , then had Mel and Heidi hold a piece of glass , and pressed a poker chip against the glass using his left hand , until it went through the glass on his right hand . Next , Howie pushed a set of cards , with the signed card included , onto a much larger piece of glass . Eric pulled the signed card from Howie 's cards through the glass . Finally , Eric 's entire body passed through the glass behind cloth . Won Judges ' Choice", "The Masqueraders 7 Vocal Group ; sang their original song , `` I 'm Just an Average Guy '' . Lost Judges ' Choice", "Light Balance 8 Light - Up Dance Group ; Did a performance based on their dress rehearsal , including spinning lights . Advanced", "Evie Clair 9 Singer ; performed `` Wings '' by Birdy . Dunkin ' Save", "Demian Aditya 10 Escape Artist ; Demian climbed into a wooden box , handcuffed , and the lid of the box was nailed completely shut . The only support keeping the box in the air was a rope . The rope was looped through pulleys and secured directly above a blowtorch . Demian attempted to escape before the rope burned through and the locks came crashing down onto three solid steel spikes lit on fire . Unfortunately , technical issues arose during the performance : the box failed to fall into the spikes when the rope was burnt through . Nevertheless , Demian appeared behind the judges with a fire extinguisher in hand . Eliminated", "Pompeyo Family Dogs 11 Dog Act ; Had a safari themed act ; had dogs performing tricks such as hopping over obstacles , biting those obstacles and moving them , jump roping with two ropes , and leaping through a hoop held up by one of the trainers . Judges ' Wild Card", "Mandy Harvey 12 Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist , sang an original song called `` Mara 's Song '' . Advanced", "^ 1 After the judges split evenly in the Judges ' Choice , Eric Jones was announced to have received more of America 's votes than The Masqueraders , and he advanced to the semi-finals .", "^ 2 Due to a technical issue , Light Balance 's performance was based on their dress rehearsal .", "Guests : Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , and Jon Dorenbos , August 30", "Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir ; sang `` You 're The One That I Want '' from the musical `` Grease '' . Won Judges ' Choice Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo ; danced together to `` Eclipse '' by Hardwell . Eliminated Final Draft Vocal Group ; sang a rendition of `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran . Eliminated Oscar Hernandez Dancer ; Danced to `` M.I.L.F. $ '' by Fergie . Eliminated Angelina Green 5 Singer ; sang `` Gravity '' by Sara Bareilles . Lost Judges ' Choice Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist ; Colin first invited Simon to sit on a bench on the stage . Next , Colin had Mel B point a random audience member to come up on stage and write a reason to kill Simon on a piece of paper . Colin asked the audience to think of naughty memories in detail . Colin identified one such member and correctly guessed that member 's memory . Colin then asked the stage audience member to pick a knife from five . He then told Mel to plunge the knife into Simon 's chest ; the knife turned out to be rubber . Finally he revealed a plaque on the bench already had the reason for murder engraved on the bench . It was revealed that the other four knives were real . Dunkin ' Save Mike Yung 7 Singer ; sang `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran . Advanced Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act ; Video and visual effects were being mapped onto the bodies of two models as they moved to diamonds . Eliminated Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act ; Did a number of tricks including going in and out of hoops , flips , including another dog named Loki . Advanced Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Performed an original song called `` Illusion '' while playing guitar . Advanced Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group ; consisted of performing a space - themed piece that involved acrobats climbing a set of ropes in tied to a giant barrel while doing backflips , cartwheels , and other tricks . Advanced Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer ; performed `` By the Grace of God '' by Katy Perry . Advanced", "Act Order Performance Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result", "Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel", "DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel Choir ; sang `` You 're The One That I Want '' from the musical `` Grease '' . Won Judges ' Choice", "Junior and Emily Alabi Salsa Dance Duo ; danced together to `` Eclipse '' by Hardwell . Eliminated", "Final Draft Vocal Group ; sang a rendition of `` Shape of You '' by Ed Sheeran . Eliminated", "Oscar Hernandez Dancer ; Danced to `` M.I.L.F. $ '' by Fergie . Eliminated", "Angelina Green 5 Singer ; sang `` Gravity '' by Sara Bareilles . Lost Judges ' Choice", "Colin Cloud 6 Mentalist ; Colin first invited Simon to sit on a bench on the stage . Next , Colin had Mel B point a random audience member to come up on stage and write a reason to kill Simon on a piece of paper . Colin asked the audience to think of naughty memories in detail . Colin identified one such member and correctly guessed that member 's memory . Colin then asked the stage audience member to pick a knife from five . He then told Mel to plunge the knife into Simon 's chest ; the knife turned out to be rubber . Finally he revealed a plaque on the bench already had the reason for murder engraved on the bench . It was revealed that the other four knives were real . Dunkin ' Save", "Mike Yung 7 Singer ; sang `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran . Advanced", "Oskar and Gaspar 8 Videomapping Act ; Video and visual effects were being mapped onto the bodies of two models as they moved to diamonds . Eliminated", "Sara and Hero 9 Dog Act ; Did a number of tricks including going in and out of hoops , flips , including another dog named Loki . Advanced", "Chase Goehring 10 Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Performed an original song called `` Illusion '' while playing guitar . Advanced", "Diavolo 11 Acrobatic Dance Group ; consisted of performing a space - themed piece that involved acrobats climbing a set of ropes in tied to a giant barrel while doing backflips , cartwheels , and other tricks . Advanced", "Kechi Okwuchi 12 Singer ; performed `` By the Grace of God '' by Katy Perry . Advanced", "The live semifinals started on September 5 , 2017 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . No acts were buzzed .", "Key Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save", "Key Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Judges ' Choice Won Judges ' Choice Lost Judges ' Choice Dunkin ' Save", "Guests : The Clairvoyants", "Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performed `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated", "Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result", "Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel", "Yoli Mayor Singer ; performed `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' by James Arthur Eliminated", "Eric Jones Close - up magician : The judges are seated on the stage . A $2 bill in Eric 's hand turns into 4 coins . Simon hands him a signed hundred - dollar bill in exchange for the 4 coins . He shakes the coins together between his palms , and one of the coins disappears . Eric gives Heidi the three coins , asks her to focus on one of them , and makes that coin disappear . Howie holds the two coins between his thumb and middle finger , and when he drops them , only one coin remains . Eric then places it onto Mel B 's hand , teleports it to her shoulder , and that coin disappears as well . All four coins are found under Simon 's 100 - dollar bill , and Eric changes them into the $2 bill . Lost Judges ' Choice", "DaNell Daymon & Greater Works Gospel choir ; performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith Eliminated", "Preacher Lawson Comedian ; laments being single , explains why he broke up with his ex-girlfriend , Tyra , and worries about passing his big lips on to his future offspring . He ends with a joke about his reaction to his 4 - year - old cousin calling him ugly . Advanced", "Johnny Manuel 5 Singer ; performed an original song called `` Blind Faith '' Eliminated", "Billy and Emily England 6 Extreme rollerblading duo : rollerblades on a high platform in which Emily hangs on to Billy in several positions while they spin around . Billy then flings Emily off the edge of the platform into the jaws of animated dragons . Eliminated", "Evie Clair 7 Singer ; performed `` Yours '' by Ella Henderson Dunkin ' Save", "Sara & Hero 8 Dog act : Hero pretended to perform CPR on Sara before she `` revives '' and they play volleyball together . Guest performer Loki , Sara 's younger dog , circles backwards around a standing Hero , who then gets on a skateboard and catches frisbees . Sara and Loki get on a surfboard , and then Hero jumps through a hoop before Sara jumps through the hoop with Hero . The act ends with Loki in Sara 's arms . Advanced", "Chase Goehring 9 Singer - songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` What Is Love '' . Won Judges ' Choice", "Darci Lynne Farmer 10 Singing ventriloquist 's puppet , Edna Doorknocker , complains about being stuck in the elevator with The Singing Trump , while gushing about Simon . She then sings `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin to him , eventually cuddling a blushing Simon . Advanced", "Mike Yung 11 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Give Up on Me '' by Solomon Burke Eliminated", "^ 1 Chase Goehring , DaNell Daymon & Greater Works , and Mike Yung were not initially announced as performing on week one of semifinals .", "Guests : Absinthe", "Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced", "Act Order Performance description Judges ' choices Result", "Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel", "Celine Tam Singer ; performed `` How Far I 'll Go '' from Moana . Eliminated", "Colin Cloud Mentalist ; printed thousands of tweets collected from the public , each listing a random celebrity , city and object , on cards ( each containing a couple dozen of the tweets ) distributed to the live audience members . Judges collected some of the cards from the audience at random . Mel B selected one card from these , and Heidi chose one tweet on the card at random , which contained a unique list : Ellen , Rome , cheese . Cloud demonstrated with prerecorded video snippets of himself and the judges that he had correctly predicted the list . A picture on stage , when flipped upside down , gave the same list in reverse order . Lost Judges ' Choice", "Christian Guardino Singer ; performed `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye . Eliminated", "In the Stairwell A Cappella Group ; performed `` Castle on the Hill '' by Ed Sheeran Eliminated", "Merrick Hanna 5 Dancer ; performed robot - themed urban dance routine that involved some flying . Eliminated", "Mandy Harvey 6 Singer ; performed an original song , `` Release Me '' , while translating the song into American Sign Language . Advanced", "Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 Dog Act ; dogs of varying sizes , dressed as Arctic / Antarctic animals such as a polar bear and penguins , performed agility and acrobatic tricks including walking and handstanding on two legs , sometimes in size order , leaping through hoops and over humans , jumping rope with a human and climbing a ladder . Eliminated", "Diavolo 8 Acrobatic Dance Group ; dancers rose into the air hanging artfully , or climbing on , and leaping from , various moving , transforming apparatuses , with a post-apocalyptic or futuristic theme . Won Judges ' Choice", "Kechi Okwuchi 9 Singer ; performed `` Do n't Worry About Me '' by Frances . Dunkin ' Save", "Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance employing darkness and chromatic lights on set and costumes with a video game effect . Advanced", "Angelica Hale 11 Singer ; performed `` Without You '' by David Guetta Advanced", "^ 1 Merrick Hanna and Mandy Harvey were switched to perform on Week 2 although they were on the Week 1 promo .", "^ 2 Klum 's voting intention was not revealed .", "The final performances took place on September 19 , followed by the final results show on September 20 , 2017 . No acts were buzzed .", "The season finale took place on September 20 , 2017 . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Darci Lynne Farmer was announced the winner at the end of the finale . She won the million - dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on November 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 , 2017 .", "Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10", "Key Advanced to the top 5 Top 10", "Act Order Performance Description Result Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10 Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10 Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10 Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10 Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10 Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced", "Act Order Performance Description Result", "Angelica Hale Singer ; performed `` Symphony '' by Clean Bandit featuring Zara Larsson . Advanced", "Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; performed an original song called `` Mirror '' . Top 10", "Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Hero freed Sara from a glass cube by pressing a button . Hero danced around Sara 's legs before Loki ran out and performed alongside Hero . Hero balanced on Sara 's feet and put his front legs in the air . Loki jumped over obstacles and ran through a tube , then Loki jumped rope , with Sara and Hero holding the ends . Hero jumped on his hind legs with Sara , then Sara made hoops with her hands for Loki to jump through . The act ended with Hero running up a ramp and jumping high through the air over a ball pit to grab a dangling bone . Advanced", "Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; Two acrobats danced around a door before opening it up to reveal acrobats dancing , jumping and sliding on ramps . They then transferred to a large rocking apparatus , climbing on and leaping off of it , and catching each other , with themes of fire and thunder in the background . Top 10", "Evie Clair 5 Singer ; performed `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong . Top 10", "Preacher Lawson 6 Stand - Up Comedian ; recalled an interaction on the street with a mostly naked man who proclaimed `` Black Power '' despite being white . He said the man asked to borrow $75 , and noted that the man would definitely use it for drugs . He then performed an energetic physical bit , imitating the man by shaking and repeating the same phrase over and over . He ended by making a meta observation that while some audience members die laughing from this joke , others say , `` How long is he gon na do this for ? '' Top 10", "Kechi Okwuchi 7 Singer ; performed `` Conqueror '' by Estelle . Top 10", "Darci Lynne Farmer 8 Singing Ventriloquist ; puppets Oscar and Petunia bickered over who should sing for the Finals . The two puppets then told Darci to keep her mouth closed while they both performed a version of `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by The Beatles . Advanced", "Mandy Harvey 9 Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; performed an original song called `` This Time '' . Advanced", "Light Balance 10 Light - Up Dance Group ; urban dance with chromatic lights . At the beginning , echoing the group 's past performances , a dancer in a top hat sat on a chair ( Preliminary auditions ) , followed by a werewolf ( Quarterfinals ) that seemingly tore one of the android dancers in half , although its top and bottom halves soon rejoined , and ended with a person resembling a video game character ( Semifinals ) . Advanced", "Guest performers in the finale included Kelly Clarkson , Shania Twain , James Arthur , Derek Hough and Terry Fator . Other celebrity appearances included Marlee Matlin and Jeff Dunham .", "The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale .", "Act ( s ) Performance Description Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' . Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks . Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure . Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' . Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon . Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' . Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' . Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine .", "Act ( s ) Performance Description", "Angelica Hale & Kechi Okwuchi Singers ; Guest performer Kelly Clarkson sang , with the two contestants , a trio of her song `` Stronger '' .", "Chase Goehring Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist ; Guest performer James Arthur sang a duet with Goehring of his song `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' .", "Sara and Hero Dog Act ; Instead of performing an act , Sara worked to train the Judges ' dogs to perform several tricks .", "Diavolo Dance / Acrobat Crew ; performed in a space - like setting with asteroids crashing into each other in the background and the dancers jumping off of a moon - like structure .", "Evie Clair Singer ; Guest performer James Arthur performed a duet with Clair of her song `` Okay Day '' .", "Preacher Lawson Comedian ; Clips were shown of Lawson performing at the Laugh Factory with Judge Howie Mandel and Kevin Nealon .", "Darci Lynne Farmer Singing Ventriloquist ; Guest performer Terry Fator , with his turtle puppet , Winston , joked around with Farmer and her bunny , Petunia . The two puppets then performed the comic song `` Anything You Can Do '' .", "Mandy Harvey Singer - Songwriter / Ukeleleist ; Guest performer Shania Twain sang a duet with Harvey of Twain 's song `` You 're Still The One '' .", "Light Balance Light - Up Dance Group ; Guest performer Derek Hough led the group in a dance routine similar to the group 's preliminary auditions routine .", "Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place", "Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - up ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place", "Act Result Darci Lynne Farmer Winner Angelica Hale Runner - Up Light Balance 3rd place Mandy Harvey 4th place Sara and Hero 5th place", "Act Result", "Darci Lynne Farmer Winner", "Angelica Hale Runner - Up", "Light Balance 3rd place", "Mandy Harvey 4th place", "Sara and Hero 5th place", "Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals )", "Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals )", "Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Dnipro , Ukraine 3rd Place Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote ) Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Lisbon , Portugal N / A Eliminated Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated", "Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result", "Darci Lynne Farmer 12 Comedy & Singing Singing Ventriloquist Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Winner", "Angelica Hale 9 Singing Singer Atlanta , Georgia Runner - Up", "Light Balance 22 - 36 Dance Light - Up Dance Group Dnipro , Ukraine 3rd Place", "Mandy Harvey 29 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Ukulelist St. Cloud , Florida 4th Place", "Sara and Hero 22 & 5 Animal Dog Act North Bay , Ontario , Canada 5th Place", "Chase Goehring 21 Singing Singer - Songwriter / Guitarist Nolensville , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote )", "Diavolo 21 - 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Dance Group Los Angeles , California Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote )", "Evie Clair 13 Singing Singer Florence , Arizona Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote )", "Kechi Okwuchi 27 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save Vote )", "Preacher Lawson 25 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Memphis , Tennessee Finalist ( Won Public Vote )", "Colin Cloud 30 Magic Mentalist Edinburgh , Scotland Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote )", "Eric Jones 36 Magic Close - up Magician Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote )", "Billy & Emily England 30 , 27 Danger Extreme Rollerskating Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated", "Celine Tam 9 Singing Singer Hong Kong Eliminated", "Christian Guardino 16 Singing Singer Patchogue , New York Eliminated", "DaNell Daymon & Greater Works 24 - 59 Singing Gospel Choir Various Eliminated", "In The Stairwell 18 - 22 Singing A Cappella Group Colorado Springs , Colorado Eliminated", "Johnny Manuel 32 Singing Singer Flint , Michigan Eliminated", "Merrick Hanna 12 Dance Dancer Encinitas , California Eliminated", "Mike Yung 56 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated", "Pompeyo Family Dogs 7 - 35 Animal Dog Act Sarasota , Florida Eliminated", "Yoli Mayor 21 Singing Singer Miami , Florida Eliminated", "Angelina Green 13 Singing Singer Miami , Florida N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote )", "Just Jerk 18 - 27 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Seoul , South Korea N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote )", "The Masqueraders 72 - 74 Singing Vocal Group Nashville , Tennessee N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote )", "Artyon & Paige 9 & 8 Dance Dancing Duo Murrieta , California N / A Eliminated", "Bello Nock 47 Danger Comedic Daredevil Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated", "Brobots & Mandroidz 16 - 24 Dance Hip - Hop Dance Group Torrance , California N / A Eliminated", "Demian Aditya 36 Magic Escape Artist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated", "Final Draft 22 - 26 Singing Vocal Group Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated", "Junior and Emily 31 & 27 Dance Salsa Dance Duo Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated", "Mirror Image 16 Singing & Dance Vocal Dance Duo Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated", "Oscar Hernandez 34 Dance Dancer Orange County , California N / A Eliminated", "Oskar and Gaspar Unknown Variety Videomapping Act Lisbon , Portugal N / A Eliminated", "Puddles Pity Party 52 Singing Singing Clown Atlanta , Georgia N / A Eliminated", "The Singing Trump 56 Comedy & Singing Singing Trump Impersonator Palm Springs , California N / A Eliminated", "Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32 Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53 Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70 Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74 5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36 6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08 9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59 21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70 22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64", "Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank", "Auditions Week 1 May 30 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.7 11 12.32", "Auditions Week 2 June 6 , 2017 2.7 11 12.53", "Auditions Week 3 June 13 , 2017 2.6 11 12.70", "Auditions Week 4 June 20 , 2017 2.6 11 12.74", "5 Auditions Week 5 June 27 , 2017 2.5 10 12.36", "6 Auditions Week 6 July 11 , 2017 2.5 10 12.59", "7 Judge Cuts 1 July 18 , 2017 2.5 11 12.57", "8 Judge Cuts 2 July 25 , 2017 2.6 11 13.08", "9 Judge Cuts 3 August 1 , 2017 2.8 12 13.33", "10 Judge Cuts 4 August 8 , 2017 2.7 11 13.32", "11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 15 , 2017 2.8 11 13.44", "12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 16 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 10.89", "13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 22 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 12.76", "14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 23 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.0 9 10.84", "15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 29 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 11 13.13", "16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 30 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 11.07", "17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 5 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.6 10 13.29", "18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 6 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.99 6", "19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 12 , 2017 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 9 11.57", "20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 13 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 8 11.59", "21 The Finals September 19 , 2017 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 12 14.70", "22 Season Finale September 20 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 3.0 11 15.64", "Footnotes", "Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief .", "Jump up ^ This episode was delayed by one hour to follow Hand in Hand : A Benefit for Hurricane Relief .", "Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10 S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8", "Show Episode title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank", "S1 Best of Season 12 Auditions July 13 , 2017 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.10 10", "S2 Road to Finals August 9 , 2017 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.3 6 7.01 8", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent . German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 . Canion Shijirbat was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent in 2016 . He appeared on Asia 's Got Talent a few months after America 's Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts . Nick Uhas was the second houseguest evicted on Big Brother 15 . Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties . Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 . Billy and Emily England reached the Semifinalson Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name `` Emilia . '' Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 . Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) . Christian Guardino appeared on Showtime at the Apollo in 2016 . Light Balance reached the Semifinalson Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) . Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , and were eliminated before the live shows . Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , and was eliminated during Vegas week . Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but dropped out due to a visa issue . Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) appeared on Penn and Teller : Fool Us , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , successfully fooling the magic duo . The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show . Eric Jones appeared on Penn and Teller : Fool Us , and he fooled them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , failing to fool Penn & Teller . Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 and was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers . Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 . Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn and Teller : Fool Us and Masters of Illusion . Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it to the live semifinals . He also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller : Fool Us but did not fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller : Fool Us , he performed under his real name , Colin McLeod . Jeki Yoo and his wife , Ellie later appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 12 ) .", "Demian Aditya appeared as a guest performer on Indonesia 's Got Talent .", "German Cornejo & Gisela Galeassi ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) were the tango dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 .", "Ezequiel Lopez ( `` German Cornejo Dance Company '' ) was one of the malambo dancer winners of ¡ Q'Viva ! The Chosen in 2012 .", "Canion Shijirbat was the runner - up of Mongolia 's Got Talent in 2016 . He appeared on Asia 's Got Talent a few months after America 's Got Talent and was given a Golden Buzzer by the hosts .", "Nick Uhas was the second houseguest evicted on Big Brother 15 .", "Merrick Hanna auditioned for So You Think You Can Dance : The Next Generation . He made it into the top 40 at Dance Academy , but was eliminated before reaching the top 30 . He has also appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties .", "Artyon , half of the dancing duo Artyon and Paige , appeared as a lip sync battler on Nickelodeon 's Lip Sync Battle Shorties .", "Darci Lynne Farmer appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and on Little Big Shots ( UK TV series ) in 2017 .", "Billy and Emily England reached the Semifinalson Britain 's Got Talent ( series 9 ) . In 2008 , Emily was the runner - up on Big Brother UK : Celebrity Hijack , competing under the name `` Emilia . ''", "Tony and Jordan ( `` The French Twins '' ) appeared on series 11 of La France a un incroyable talent ( the French version of Got Talent ) in 2016 .", "Chase Goehring appeared on The X Factor ( U.S. season 3 ) .", "Christian Guardino appeared on Showtime at the Apollo in 2016 .", "Light Balance reached the Semifinalson Britain 's Got Talent ( series 8 ) .", "Junior and Emily appeared on Season 3 of America 's Got Talent , and were eliminated before the live shows .", "Shemika Charles appeared on Season 6 of America 's Got Talent , and was eliminated during Vegas week .", "Celine Tam appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 and Britain 's Got Talent ( series 10 ) but dropped out due to a visa issue .", "Vinny Grosso ( `` The Naked Magician '' ) appeared on Penn and Teller : Fool Us , performing the same routine as his AGT Audition , successfully fooling the magic duo .", "The Quiddlers participated in the third season and appeared on I Can Do That , performing with Ciara and Nicole Scherzinger during their time on the show .", "Eric Jones appeared on Penn and Teller : Fool Us , and he fooled them . Kyle Eschen & Xavier Mortimer also appeared on Fool Us ( Mortimer twice ) , failing to fool Penn & Teller .", "Xavier Mortimer auditioned in Season 10 and was eliminated at the judge cuts after receiving four buzzers .", "Pelican 212 appeared on Little Big Shots in 2016 .", "Kyle Eschen appeared on Season 3 , episode 2 of Penn and Teller : Fool Us and Masters of Illusion .", "Colin Cloud appeared on Britain 's Got Talent in 2012 , but he did not make it to the live semifinals . He also appeared on Season 1 of Penn and Teller : Fool Us but did not fool Penn and Teller . At both BGT and Penn and Teller : Fool Us , he performed under his real name , Colin McLeod .", "Jeki Yoo and his wife , Ellie later appeared on Britain 's Got Talent ( series 12 ) ." ]

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[ "Roger Williams Roger Williams statue by Franklin Simmons 9th President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations In office 1654 -- 1657 Preceded by Nicholas Easton Succeeded by Benedict Arnold Personal details 21 December 1603 London , England between 27 January and 15 March 1683 ( aged 79 ) Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Spouse ( s ) Mary Barnard Children 6 Alma mater Pembroke College , Cambridge Occupation Minister , statesman , author Signature", "Roger Williams", "Roger Williams statue by Franklin Simmons", "9th President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations", "In office 1654 -- 1657", "Preceded by Nicholas Easton", "Succeeded by Benedict Arnold", "Personal details", "21 December 1603 London , England", "between 27 January and 15 March 1683 ( aged 79 ) Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations", "Spouse ( s ) Mary Barnard", "Children 6", "Alma mater Pembroke College , Cambridge", "Occupation Minister , statesman , author", "Signature", "Roger Williams ( c. 21 December 1603 -- between 27 January and 15 March 1683 ) was a Puritan minister , theologian , and author who founded the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . He was a staunch advocate for religious freedom , separation of church and state , and fair dealings with American Indians , and he was one of the first abolitionists .", "Williams was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for spreading `` new and dangerous ideas '' , and he established the Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering what he called `` liberty of conscience '' . In 1638 , he founded the First Baptist Church in America , also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence . He was a student of Indian languages , and he organized the first attempt to prohibit slavery in any of the American colonies .", "Roger Williams was born in London around 1603 , though the exact date is unknown because his birth records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666 when St Sepulchre 's Church was burned . His father James Williams ( 1562 -- 1620 ) was a merchant tailor in Smithfield , and his mother was Alice Pemberton ( 1564 -- 1635 ) . He had a spiritual conversion at an early age , of which his father disapproved .", "As a teen , Williams was apprenticed under Sir Edward Coke ( 1552 -- 1634 ) the famous jurist . He was educated at Charterhouse School under Coke 's patronage , and also at Pembroke College , Cambridge ( Bachelor of Arts , 1627 ) . He seemed to have a gift for languages and early acquired familiarity with Latin , Hebrew , Greek , Dutch , and French . Years later , he tutored John Milton in Dutch in exchange for refresher lessons in Hebrew .", "Williams took holy orders in the Church of England in connection with his studies , but he became a Puritan at Cambridge and thus ruined his chance for preferment in the Anglican church . After graduating from Cambridge , he became the chaplain to Sir William Masham . He married Mary Barnard ( 1609 -- 76 ) on 15 December 1629 at the Church of High Laver , Essex , England . They ultimately had six children , all born in America : Mary , Freeborn , Providence , Mercy , Daniel , and Joseph .", "Williams knew that Puritan leaders planned to migrate to the New World . He did not join the first wave , but he decided before the year ended that he could not remain in England under Archbishop William Laud 's rigorous administration . He regarded the Church of England as corrupt and false , and he had arrived at the Separatist position by the time that he and his wife boarded the Lyon in early December , 1630 .", "The Boston church offered Williams a post in 1631 filling in for Rev. John Wilson while Wilson returned to England to fetch his wife . However , Williams declined the position on grounds that it was `` an unseparated church '' . In addition , he asserted that civil magistrates must not punish any sort of `` breach of the first table '' of the Ten Commandments such as idolatry , Sabbath - breaking , false worship , and blasphemy , and that individuals should be free to follow their own convictions in religious matters . These three principles became central to his teachings and writings : separatism , liberty of conscience , and separation of church and state .", "As a Separatist , Williams considered the Church of England irredeemably corrupt and believed that one must completely separate from it to establish a new church for the true and pure worship of God . The Salem church was also inclined to Separatism , and they invited him to become their teacher . The leaders in Boston vigorously protested , and Salem withdrew its offer . As the summer of 1631 ended , Williams moved to Plymouth Colony where he was welcomed , and he informally assisted the minister there . He regularly preached and , according to Governor William Bradford , `` his teachings were well approved '' .", "After a time , Williams decided that the Plymouth church was not sufficiently separated from the Church of England . Furthermore , his contact with the Narragansett Indians had caused him to question the validity of the colonial charters that did not include legitimate purchase of Indian land . Governor Bradford later wrote that Williams fell `` into some strange opinions which caused some controversy between the church and him '' . In December 1632 , Williams wrote a lengthy tract that openly condemned the King 's charters and questioned the right of Plymouth to the land without first buying it from the Indians . He even charged that King James had uttered a `` solemn lie '' in claiming that he was the first Christian monarch to have discovered the land . Williams moved back to Salem by the fall of 1633 and was welcomed by Rev. Samuel Skelton as an unofficial assistant .", "The Massachusetts Bay authorities were not pleased at Williams ' return . In December 1633 , they summoned him to appear before the General Court in Boston to defend his tract attacking the King and the charter . The issue was smoothed out , and the tract disappeared forever , probably burned . In August 1634 , Williams became acting pastor of the Salem church , the Rev. Skelton having died . In March 1635 , he was again ordered to appear before the General Court , and he was summoned yet again for the Court 's July term to answer for `` erroneous '' and `` dangerous opinions '' . The Court finally ordered that he be removed from his church position .", "This latest controversy welled up as the town of Salem petitioned the General Court to annex some land on Marblehead Neck . The Court refused to consider the request unless the church in Salem removed Williams . The church felt that this order violated their independence , and sent a letter of protest to the other churches . However , the letter was not read publicly in those churches , and the General Court refused to seat the delegates from Salem at the next session . Support for Williams began to wane under this pressure , and he withdrew from the church and began meeting with a few of his most devoted followers in his home .", "Finally , in October 1635 , the General Court tried Williams and convicted him of sedition and heresy . They declared that he was spreading `` diverse , new , and dangerous opinions '' and ordered that he be banished . The execution of the order was delayed because Williams was ill and winter was approaching , so he was allowed to stay temporarily , provided that he ceased publicly teaching his opinions . He failed to do so , and the sheriff came in January 1636 , only to discover that he had slipped away three days earlier during a blizzard . He traveled 55 miles through the deep snow , from Salem to Raynham , Massachusetts where the local Wampanoags offered him shelter at their winter camp . Their Sachem Massasoit hosted Williams for the three months until spring .", "Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal", "Part of a series on the", "History of the United States", "Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present", "Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period", "1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865", "1776 -- 1789", "1789 -- 1849", "1849 -- 1865", "1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964", "1865 -- 1918", "1918 -- 1945", "1945 -- 1964", "1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008", "1964 -- 1980", "1980 -- 1991", "1991 -- 2008", "2008 -- present", "2008 -- present", "By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American", "African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American", "By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown", "Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown", "Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968", "1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968", "1896 -- 1954", "1955 -- 1968", "Frontier ( Old West )", "Technology and industry", "This Is America , Charlie Brown", "United States portal", "", "", "In the spring of 1636 , Williams and a number of others from Salem began a new settlement on land which he had bought from Massasoit in Rumford , Rhode Island . However , Plymouth authorities asserted that he was within their land grant and were concerned that his presence there might anger the leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony . Williams and his friends had already planted their crops , but they decided to move across the Seekonk River just the same , as that territory lay beyond any charter . They rowed across and encountered Narragansett Indians who greeted them with the phrase , `` What cheer , Neetop '' ( hello , friend ) . Williams acquired land from Canonicus and Miantonomi , chief sachems of the Narragansetts . He and 12 `` loving friends '' then established a new settlement which Williams called `` Providence '' because he felt that God 's Providence had brought them there . Williams named his third child Providence , the first to be born in the new settlement .", "Williams wanted his settlement to be a haven for those `` distressed of conscience '' , and it soon attracted a collection of dissenters and otherwise - minded individuals . From the beginning , a majority vote of the heads of households governed the new settlement , but only in civil things . Newcomers could also be admitted to full citizenship by a majority vote . In August 1637 , a new town agreement again restricted the government to civil things . In 1640 , 39 freemen ( men who had full citizenship and voting rights ) signed another agreement which declared their determination `` still to hold forth liberty of conscience '' . Thus , Williams founded the first place in modern history where citizenship and religion were separate , providing religious liberty and separation of church and state . This was combined with the principle of majoritarian democracy .", "In November 1637 , the General Court of Massachusetts disarmed , disenfranchised , and forced into exile some of the Antinomians , including the followers of Anne Hutchinson . John Clarke was among them , and he learned from Williams that Rhode Island might be purchased from the Narragansetts ; Williams helped him to make the purchase , along with William Coddington and others , and they established the settlement of Portsmouth . In spring 1638 , some of those settlers split away and founded the nearby settlement of Newport , also situated on Rhode Island ( which is today called Aquidneck Island ) .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In the meantime , the Pequot War had broken out . Massachusetts Bay asked for Williams ' help , which he gave despite his exile , and he became the Bay colony 's eyes and ears , and also dissuaded the Narragansetts from joining with the Pequots . Instead , the Narragansetts allied themselves with the Colonists and helped to crush the Pequots in 1637 -- 38 . The Narragansetts thus became the most powerful Indian tribe in southern New England .", "Williams formed firm friendships and developed deep trust among the Indian tribes , especially the Narragansetts . He was able to keep the peace between the Indians and the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations for nearly 40 years by his constant mediation and negotiation . He twice surrendered himself as a hostage to the Indians to guarantee the safe return of a great sachem from a summons to a court : Pessicus in 1645 and Metacom ( `` King Philip '' ) in 1671 . Williams was trusted by the Indians more than any other Colonist , and he proved trustworthy .", "However , the other New England colonies began to fear and mistrust the Narragansetts , and soon came to regard the Rhode Island colony as a common enemy . In the next three decades , Massachusetts , Connecticut , and Plymouth exerted pressure to destroy both Rhode Island and the Narragansetts . In 1643 , the neighboring colonies formed a military alliance called the United Colonies which pointedly excluded the towns around Narragansett Bay . The object was to put an end to the heretic settlements , which they considered an infection . In response , Williams traveled to England to secure a charter for the colony .", "Williams arrived in London in the midst of the English Civil War . Puritans held power in London , and he was able to obtain a charter through the offices of Sir Henry Vane the Younger , despite strenuous opposition from Massachusetts ' agents . His first published book A Key into the Language of America ( 1643 ) proved crucial to the success of his charter , albeit indirectly . It combined a phrase - book with observations about life and culture as an aid to communicate with the Indians of New England , covering everything from salutations to death and burial . Williams also sought to correct English attitudes of superiority toward the American Indians :", "Boast not proud English , of thy birth & blood ; Thy brother Indian is by birth as Good . Of one blood God made Him , and Thee and All , As wise , as fair , as strong , as personal .", "Key was the first dictionary of any Indian language , and it fed the great curiosity of English people about the American Indians . It was printed by John Milton 's publisher Gregory Dexter who had become a resident of Providence Plantations , and it quickly became a bestseller and provided Williams with a large and favorable reputation .", "Williams secured his charter from Parliament for Providence Plantations in July 1644 , after which he published his most famous book The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience . This produced a great uproar , and Parliament responded in August by ordering the public hangman to burn all copies -- but Williams himself was already on his way back to New England .", "It took Williams several years to get the four towns around Narragansett Bay to unite under a single government because of William Coddington 's opposition on Aquidneck Island ( which they called Rhode Island at the time ) , but the four settlements finally united in 1647 into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Freedom of conscience was again proclaimed , and the colony became a safe haven for people who were persecuted for their beliefs , including Baptists , Quakers , and Jews . Still , the divisions between the towns and among powerful personalities did not bode well for the colony . Coddington never liked Williams , nor did he like being subordinated to the new charter government . He sailed to England and returned to Rhode Island in 1651 with his own patent making him `` Governor for Life '' over Aquidneck Island and Conanicut Island .", "As a result , Providence , Warwick , and Coddington 's opponents on Aquidneck dispatched Roger Williams and John Clarke to England to get Coddington 's commission canceled . Williams sold his trading post at Cocumscussec ( near Wickford , Rhode Island ) to pay for his journey even though it was his main source of income . He and Clarke succeeded in getting Coddington 's patent rescinded , and Clarke remained in England for the next decade to protect the colonists ' interests and secure a new charter . Williams returned to America in 1654 and was immediately elected the colony 's President . He subsequently served in many offices in town and colonial governments .", "In 1641 , Massachusetts Bay Colony passed the first laws to make slavery legal in the colonies , and these laws were applied in Plymouth and Connecticut with the creation of the United Colonies in 1643 . Roger Williams and Samuel Gorton both opposed slavery , and Providence Plantations ( Providence and Warwick ) passed a law on 18 May 1652 intended to prevent slavery in the colony during the time when Coddington 's followers had separated from Providence . However , when the four towns of the colony were reunited , the Aquidneck towns refused to accept this law , making it a dead letter . For the next century , Newport was the economic and political center of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , and that town disregarded the anti-slavery law . Instead , Newport entered the African slave trade in 1700 , after Williams ' death , and became the leading port for American ships carrying slaves in the colonial American triangular trade until the American Revolutionary War .", "Ezekiel Holliman baptized Williams in late 1638 . A few years later , Dr. John Clarke established the First Baptist Church in Newport , Rhode Island , and both Roger Williams and John Clarke became the founders of the Baptist faith in America . Williams did not affiliate himself with any church , but he remained interested in the Baptists , agreeing with their rejection of infant baptism and most other matters . Both enemies and admirers sometimes called him a `` Seeker '' , associating him with a heretical movement that accepted Socinianism and Universal Reconciliation , but Williams rejected both of these ideas .", "King Philip 's War ( 1675 -- 1676 ) pitted the colonists against Indians with whom Williams had good relations in the past . Williams , although in his 70s , was elected captain of Providence 's militia . That war proved to be one of the bitterest events in his life , as his efforts ended with the burning of Providence in March 1676 , including his own house .", "Williams died in 1683 sometime between January and March and was buried on his own property . Fifty years later , his house collapsed into the cellar and the location of his grave was forgotten . According to the National Park Service , in 1860 , Providence residents determined to raise a monument in his honor `` dug up the spot where they believed the remains to be , they found only nails , teeth , and bone fragments . They also found an apple tree root '' which they thought followed the shape of a human body ; the root followed the shape of a spine , split at the hips , bent at the knees , and turned up at the feet . The Rhode Island Historical Society has cared for this tree root since 1860 as representative of Rhode Island 's founder , and has had it on display in the John Brown House since 2007 .", "Williams was a staunch advocate of separation of church and state . He was convinced that there was no scriptural basis for a state church , and historian Timothy Hall suggests that Williams had arrived at this conclusion before landing in Boston in 1631 . He declared that the state should concern itself only with matters of civil order , not with religious belief , and he rejected any attempt to enforce the `` first Table '' of the Ten Commandments , those commandments that dealt with the relationship between God and individuals . Instead , Williams believed that the state must confine itself to the commandments dealing with the relations between people : murder , theft , adultery , lying , and honoring parents . He employed the metaphor of a `` wall of separation '' between church and state , which was later used by Thomas Jefferson in his Letter to Danbury Baptists ( 1801 ) .", "Williams considered it `` forced worship '' if the state attempted to promote any particular religious idea or practice , and he declared , `` Forced worship stinks in God 's nostrils . '' He considered Constantine the Great to be a worse enemy to Christianity than Nero because the subsequent state support corrupted Christianity and led to the death of the Christian church . He described the attempt to compel belief as `` rape of the soul '' and spoke of the `` oceans of blood '' shed as a result of trying to command conformity . The moral principles in the Scriptures ought to inform the civil magistrates , he believed , but he observed that well - ordered , just , and civil governments existed even where Christianity was not present . Thus , all governments had to maintain civil order and justice , but Williams decided that none had a warrant to promote or repress any religion . Most of his contemporaries criticized his ideas as a prescription for chaos and anarchy , and the vast majority believed that each nation must have its national church and could require that dissenters conform .", "Williams 's career as an author began with A Key into the Language of America ( London , 1643 ) , written during his first voyage to England . His next publication was Mr. Cotton 's Letter lately Printed , Examined and Answered ( London , 1644 ; reprinted in Publications of the Narragansett Club , vol . ii , along with John Cotton 's letter which it answered ) . His most famous work is The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience ( published in 1644 ) , considered by some to be one of the best defenses of liberty of conscience .", "An anonymous pamphlet was published in London in 1644 entitled Queries of Highest Consideration Proposed to Mr. Tho . Goodwin , Mr. Phillip Nye , Mr. Wil . Bridges , Mr. Jer . Burroughs , Mr. Sidr . Simpson , all Independents , etc. which is now ascribed to Williams . These `` Independents '' were members of the Westminster Assembly ; their Apologetical Narration sought a way between extreme Separatism and Presbyterianism , and their prescription was to accept the state church model of Massachusetts Bay .", "Williams published The Bloody Tenent yet more Bloudy : by Mr. Cotton 's Endeavor to wash it white in the Blood of the Lamb ; of whose precious Blood , spilt in the Bloud of his Servants ; and of the Blood of Millions spilt in former and later Wars for Conscience sake , that most Bloody Tenent of Persecution for cause of Conscience , upon , a second Tryal is found more apparently and more notoriously guilty , etc . ( London , 1652 ) during his second visit to England . This work reiterated and amplified the arguments in Bloudy Tenent , but it has the advantage of being written in answer to Cotton 's A Reply to Mr. Williams his Examination ( Publications of the Narragansett Club , vol . ii . ) .", "Other works by Williams include :", "The Hireling Ministry None of Christ 's ( London , 1652 ) Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health , and their Preservatives ( London , 1652 ; reprinted Providence , 1863 ) George Fox Digged out of his Burrowes ( Boston , 1676 ) . ( discusses Quakerism with its different belief in the `` inner light , '' which Williams considered heretical . )", "The Hireling Ministry None of Christ 's ( London , 1652 )", "Experiments of Spiritual Life and Health , and their Preservatives ( London , 1652 ; reprinted Providence , 1863 )", "George Fox Digged out of his Burrowes ( Boston , 1676 ) . ( discusses Quakerism with its different belief in the `` inner light , '' which Williams considered heretical . )", "A volume of his letters is included in the Narragansett Club edition of Williams ' Works ( 7 vols. , Providence , 1866 -- 74 ) , and a volume was edited by J.R. Bartlett ( 1882 ) .", "The Correspondence of Roger Williams , 2 vols. , Rhode Island Historical Society , 1988 , edited by Glenn W. LaFantasie .", "The Correspondence of Roger Williams , 2 vols. , Rhode Island Historical Society , 1988 , edited by Glenn W. LaFantasie .", "Brown University 's John Carter Brown Library has long housed a 234 - page volume referred to as the `` Roger Williams Mystery Book '' . The margins of this book are filled with notations in handwritten code , believed to be the work of Roger Williams . In 2012 , Brown University undergraduate Lucas Mason - Brown cracked the code and uncovered conclusive historical evidence attributing its authorship to Williams . Translations are revealing transcriptions of a geographical text , a medical text , and 20 pages of original notes addressing the issue of infant baptism . Mason - Brown has since discovered more writings by Williams employing a separate code in the margins of a rare edition of Eliot 's Indian Bible .", "Williams ' defense of American Indians , his accusations that Puritans had reproduced the `` evils '' of the Anglican Church , and his insistence that England pay the Indians for their land all put him at the center of many political debates during his life . His fame and appreciation faded over the course of the twentieth century , but he was considered an important historical figure of religious liberty at the time of American independence , and he was a key influence on the thinking of the Founding Fathers .", "Tributes to Williams include :", "Roger Williams National Memorial , a park in downtown Providence established in 1965 Roger Williams Park , Providence , Rhode Island , and the Roger Williams Park Zoo within it Roger Williams University in Bristol , Rhode Island Roger Williams Dining Hall at the University of Rhode Island Roger Williams Inn , the main dining hall at the American Baptists ' Green Lake Conference Center , founded in 1943 in Green Lake , Wisconsin Rhode Island 's representative statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol ( his was added 1872 ) A depiction of him on the International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva , along with other prominent reformers A feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church on February 5", "Roger Williams National Memorial , a park in downtown Providence established in 1965", "Roger Williams Park , Providence , Rhode Island , and the Roger Williams Park Zoo within it", "Roger Williams University in Bristol , Rhode Island", "Roger Williams Dining Hall at the University of Rhode Island", "Roger Williams Inn , the main dining hall at the American Baptists ' Green Lake Conference Center , founded in 1943 in Green Lake , Wisconsin", "Rhode Island 's representative statue in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol ( his was added 1872 )", "A depiction of him on the International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva , along with other prominent reformers", "A feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church on February 5" ]

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[ "A raised beach , marine terrace , coastal terrace , or perched coastline is a relatively flat , horizontal or gently inclined surface of marine origin , mostly an old abrasion platform which has been lifted out of the sphere of wave activity ( sometimes called `` tread '' ) . Thus , it lies above or under the current sea level , depending on the time of its formation . It is bounded by a steeper ascending slope on the landward side and a steeper descending slope on the seaward side ( sometimes called `` riser '' ) . Due to its generally flat shape it is often used for anthropogenic structures such as settlements and infrastructure .", "A raised beach is an emergent coastal landform . Raised beaches and marine terraces are beaches or wave - cut platforms raised above the shoreline by a relative fall in the sea level .", "Around the world , a combination of tectonic coastal uplift and Quaternary sea - level fluctuations has resulted in the formation of marine terrace sequences , most of which were formed during separate interglacial highstands that can be correlated to marine isotope stages ( MIS ) .", "A marine terrace commonly retains a shoreline angle or inner edge , the slope inflection between the marine abrasion platform and the associated paleo sea - cliff . The shoreline angle represents the maximum shoreline of a transgression and therefore a paleo - sea level .", "The platform of a marine terrace usually has a gradient between 1 ° -- 5 ° depending on the former tidal range with , commonly , a linear to concave profile . The width is quite variable , reaching up to 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) , and seems to differ between the northern and southern hemispheres . The cliff faces that delimit the platform can vary in steepness depending on the relative roles of marine and subaerial processes . At the intersection of the former shore ( wave - cut / abrasion - ) platform and the rising cliff face the platform commonly retains a shoreline angle or inner edge ( notch ) that indicates the location of the shoreline at the time of maximum sea ingression and therefore a paleo - sea level . Sub-horizontal platforms usually terminate in a low tide cliff , and it is believed that the occurrence of these platforms depends on tidal activity . Marine terraces can extend for several tens of kilometers parallel to the coast .", "Older terraces are covered by marine and / or alluvial or colluvial materials while the uppermost terrace levels usually are less well preserved . While marine terraces in areas of relatively rapid uplift rates ( > 1 mm / year ) can often be correlated to individual interglacial periods or stages , those in areas of slower uplift rates may have a polycyclic origin with stages of returning sea levels following periods of exposure to weathering .", "Marine terraces can be covered by a wide variety of soils with complex histories and different ages . In protected areas , allochtonous sandy parent materials from tsunami deposits may be found . Common soil types found on marine terraces include planosols and solonetz .", "It is now widely thought that marine terraces are formed during the separated highstands of interglacial stages correlated to marine isotope stages ( MIS ) .", "The formation of marine terraces is controlled by changes in environmental conditions and by tectonic activity during recent geological times . Changes in climatic conditions have led to eustatic sea - level oscillations and isostatic movements of the Earth 's crust , especially with the changes between glacial and interglacial periods .", "Processes of eustasy lead to glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations due to changes of the water volume in the oceans and hence to regressions and transgressions of the shoreline . At times of maximum glacial extent during the last glacial period , the sea level was about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) lower compared to today . Eustatic sea level changes can also be caused by changes in the void volume of the oceans , either through sedimento - eustasy or tectono - eustasy .", "Processes of isostasy involve the uplift of continental crusts along with their shorelines . Today , the process of glacial isostatic adjustment mainly applies to Pleistocene glaciated areas . In Scandinavia , for instance , the present rate of uplift reaches up to 10 millimetres ( 0.39 in ) / year .", "In general , eustatic marine terraces were formed during separate sea level highstands of interglacial stages and can be correlated to marine oxygene isotopic stages ( MIS ) . Glacioisostatic marine terraces were mainly created during stillstands of the isostatic uplift . When eustasy was the main factor for the formation of marine terraces , derived sea level fluctuations can indicate former climate changes . This conclusion has to be treated with care , as isostatic adjustments and tectonic activities can be extensively overcompensated by a eustatic sea level rise . Thus , in areas of both eustatic and isostatic or tectonic influences , the course of the relative sea level curve can be complicated . Hence , most of today 's marine terrace sequences were formed by a combination of tectonic coastal uplift and Quaternary sea level fluctuations .", "Jerky tectonic uplifts can also lead to marked terrace steps while smooth relative sea level changes may not result in obvious terraces , and their formations are often not referred to as marine terraces .", "Marine terraces often result from marine erosion along rocky coast lines in temperate regions due to wave attack and sediment carried in the waves . Erosion also takes place in connection with weathering and cavitation . The speed of erosion is highly dependent on the shoreline material ( hardness of rock ) , the bathymetry , and the bedrock properties and can be between only a few millimeters per year for granitic rocks and more than 10 metres ( 33 ft ) per year for volcanic ejecta . The retreat of the sea cliff generates a shore ( wave - cut / abrasion - ) platform through the process of abrasion . A relative change of the sea level leads to regressions or transgressions and eventually forms another terrace ( marine - cut terrace ) at a different altitude while notches in the cliff face indicate short stillstands .", "It is believed that the terrace gradient increases with tidal range and decreases with rock resistance . In addition , the relationship between terrace width and the strength of the rock is inverse , and higher rates of uplift and subsidence as well as a higher slope of the hinterland increases the number of terraces formed during a certain time .", "Furthermore , shore platforms are formed by denudation and marine - built terraces arise from accumulations of materials removed by shore erosion . Thus a marine terrace can be formed by both erosion and accumulation . However , there is an ongoing debate about the roles of wave erosion and weathering in the formation of shore platforms .", "Reef flats or uplifted coral reefs are another kind of marine terrace found in intertropical regions . They are a result of biological activity , shoreline advance and accumulation of reef materials .", "While a terrace sequence can date back hundreds of thousands of years , its degradation is a rather fast process . On the one hand a deeper transgression of cliffs into the shoreline may completely destroy previous terraces ; on the other hand older terraces might be decayed or covered by deposits , colluvia or alluvial fans . Erosion and backwearing of slopes caused by incisive streams play another important role in this degradation process .", "The total displacement of the shoreline relative to the age of the associated interglacial stage allows calculation of a mean uplift rate or the calculation of eustatic level at a particular time if the uplift is known .", "In order to estimate vertical uplift , the eustatic position of the considered paleo sea levels relative to the present one must be known as precisely as possible . Our chronology relies principally on relative dating based on geomorphologic criteria but in all cases we associated the shoreline angle of the marine terraces with numerical ages . The best - represented terrace worldwide is the one correlated to the last interglacial maximum ( MISS 5e ) ( Hearty and Kindler , 1995 ; Johnson and Libbey , 1997 , Pedoja et al. , 2006 a , b , c ) . Age of MISS 5e is arbitrarily fixed to range from 130 to 116 ka ( Kukla et al. , 2002 ) but is demonstrated to range from 134 to 113 ka in Hawaii and Barbados ( Muhs et al. , 2002 ) with a peak from 128 to 116 ka on tectonically stable coastlines ( Muhs , 2002 ) . Older marine terraces well represented in worldwide sequences are those related to MIS 9 ( ~ 303 - 339 ka ) and 11 ( ~ 362 - 423 ka ) ( Imbrie et al. , 1984 ) . Compilations show that sea level was 3 ± 3 meters higher during MISS 5e , MIS 9 and 11 than during the present one and -- 1 ± 1 m to the present one during MIS 7 ( Hearty and Kindler , 1995 , Zazo , 1999 ) . Consequently , MIS 7 ( ~ 180 - 240 ka ; Imbrie et al. , 1984 ) marine terraces are less pronounced and sometimes absent ( Zazo , 1999 ) . When the elevations of these terraces are higher than the uncertainties in paleo - eustatic sea level mentioned for the Holocene and Late Pleistocene , these uncertainties have no effect on overall interpretation .", "Sequence can also occurs where the accumulation of ice sheets have depressed the land so that when the ice sheets melts the land readjusts with time thus raising the height of the beaches ( glacio - isostatic rebound ) and in places where co-seismic uplift occur . In the latter case , the terrace are not correlated with sea level highstand even if co-seismic terrace are known only for the Holocene .", "For exact interpretations of the morphology extensive datings , surveying and mapping of marine terraces is applied . This includes stereoscopic aerial photographic interpretation ( ca . 1 : 10,000 - 25,000 ) , on - site inspections with topographic maps ( ca . 1 : 10,000 ) and analysis of eroded and accumulated material . Moreover , the exact altitude can be determined with an aneroid barometer or preferably with a levelling instrument mounted on a tripod . It should be measured with the accuracy of 1 cm and at about every 50 -- 100 m , depending on the topography . In remote areas technics of photogrammetry and tacheometry can be applied .", "Different methods for dating and correlation of marine terraces can be used and combined .", "The morphostratigraphic approach focuses especially in regions of marine regression on the altitude as the most important criterion to distinguish coast lines of different ages . Moreover , individual marine terraces can be correlated based on their size and continuity . Also paleo - soils as well as glacial , fluvial , eolian and periglacial landforms and sediments may be used to find correlations between terraces . On New Zealand 's North Island , for instance , tephra and loess were used to date and correlate marine terraces . At the terminus advance of former glaciers marine terraces can be correlated by their size , as their width decreases with age due to the slowly thawing glaciers along the coast line .", "The lithostratigraphic approach uses typical sequences of sediment and rock strata to prove sea level fluctuations on the basis of an alternation of terrestrial and marine sediments or littoral and shallow marine sediments . Those strata show typical layers of transgressive and regressive patterns . However , an unconformity in the sediment sequence might make this analysis difficult .", "The biostratigraphic approach uses remains of organisms which can indicate the age of a marine terrace . For that often mollusc shells , foraminifera or pollen are used . Especially Mollusca can show specific properties depending on their depth of sedimentation . Thus they can be used to estimate former water depths .", "Marine terraces are often correlated to marine oxygene isotopic stages ( MIS ) ( e.g. Johnson , M.E. ; Libbey , L.K. 1997 ) and can also be roughly dated using their stratigraphic position .", "There are various methods for the direct dating of marine terraces and their related materials including C radiocarbon dating , which is the most common one . E.g. this method has been used on the North Island of New Zealand to date several marine terraces . It utilizes terrestrial biogenic materials in coastal sediments such as mollusc shells analyzing the C isotope . In some cases dating based on the Th / U ratio was applied though in case of detrital contamination or low uranium concentrations a high resolution dating was found to be difficult . In a study in southern Italy paleomagnetism was used to carry out paleomagnetic datings and luminescence dating ( OSL ) was used in different studies on the San Andreas Fault and on the Quaternary Eupcheon Fault in South Korea . In the last decennia , the dating of marine terraces has been enhanced since the arrival of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides method , and particularly through the use of Be and Al cosmogenic isotopes produced in - situ . These isotopes record the duration of surface exposure to cosmic rays. and this exposure age reflects the age of abandonment of a marine terrace by the sea .", "In order to calculate the eustatic sea level for each dated terrace it is assumed that the eustatic sea - level position corresponding to at least one marine terrace is known and that the uplift rate has remained essentially constant in each section .", "Marine terraces play an important role in the research on tectonics and earthquakes . They may show patterns and rates of tectonic uplift and thus may be used to estimate the tectonic activity in a certain region . In some cases the exposed secondary landforms can be correlated with known seismic events such as the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake on the Wairarapa Fault near Wellington , New Zealand which produced a 2.7 m uplift . This figure can be estimated from the vertical offset between raised shorelines in the area .", "Furthermore , with the knowledge of eustatic sea level fluctuations the speed of isostatic uplift can be estimated and eventually the change of relative sea levels for certain regions can be reconstructed . Thus marine terraces also provide information for the research on climate change and trends in future sea level changes .", "When analyzing the morphology of marine terraces it must be considered , that both eustasy and isostasy can have an influence on the formation process . This way can be assessed , whether there were changes in sea level or whether tectonic activities took place .", "Raised beaches are found in a wide variety of coast and geodynamical background such as subduction on the pacific coast of South America ( Pedoja et al. , 2006 ) , of North America , passive margin of the Atlantic coast of South America ( Rostami et al. , 2000 ) , collision context on the Pacific coast of Kamchatka ( Pedoja et al. , 2006 ) , Papua New Guinea , New Zealand , Japan ( Ota and Yamaguchi , 2004 ) , passive margin of the South China sea coast ( Pedoja et al. , in press ) , on west - facing Atlantic coasts , such as Donegal Bay , County Cork and County Kerry in Ireland ; Bude , Widemouth Bay , Crackington Haven , Tintagel , Perranporth and St Ives in Cornwall , the Vale of Glamorgan , Gower Peninsula , Pembrokeshire and Cardigan Bay in Wales , the Isle of Jura and Isle of Arran in Scotland , Finistère in Brittany and Galicia in Northern Spain and at Squally Point in Eatonville , Nova Scotia within the Cape Chignecto Provincial Park .", "Other important sites include various coasts of New Zealand , e.g. Turakirae Head near Wellington being one of the world 's best and most thoroughly studied examples . Also along the Cook Strait in New Zealand there is a well - defined sequence of uplifted marine terraces from the late Quaternary at Tongue Point . It features a well preserved lower terrace from the last interglacial , a widely eroded higher terrace from the penultimate interglacial and another still higher terrace , which is nearly completely decayed . Furthermore , on New Zealand 's North Island at the eastern Bay of Plenty a sequence of seven marine terraces has been studied .", "Along many coasts of mainland and islands around the Pacific , marine terraces are typical coastal features . An especially prominent marine terraced coastline can be found north of Santa Cruz , near Davenport , California , where terraces probably have been raised by repeated slip earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault . Hans Jenny ( pedologist ) famously researched the pygmy forests of the Mendocino and Sonoma county marine terraces . The marine terrace 's `` ecological staircase '' of Salt Point State Park is also bound by the San Andreas Fault .", "Along the coasts of South America marine terraces are present , where the highest ones are situated where plate margins lie above subducted oceanic ridges and the highest and most rapid rates of uplift occur . At Cape Laundi , Sumba Island , Indonesia an ancient patch reef can be found at 475 m above sea level as part of a sequence of coral reef terraces with eleven terraces being wider than 100 m . The coral marine terraces at Huon Peninsula , New Guinea , which extend over 80 km and rise over 600 m above present sea level are currently on UNESCO 's tentative list for world heritage sites under the name Houn Terraces - Stairway to the Past .", "Other considerable examples include marine terraces rising up to 360 m on some Philippine Islands and along the Mediterranean Coast of North Africa , especially in Tunisia , rising up to 400 m .", "Uplift can also be registered through tidal notch sequences . Notches are often portrayed as lying at sea level ; however notch types actually form a continuum from wave notches formed in quiet conditions at sea level to surf notches formed in more turbulent conditions and as much as 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) above sea level ( Pirazzoli et al. , 1996 in Rust and Kershaw , 2000 ) . As stated above , there was at least one higher sea level during the Holocene , so that some notches may not contain a tectonic component in their formation ." ]

[ [ "Benjamin Grierson", "Edward Hatch", "Louis H. Carpenter", "Nicholas M. Nolan", "Henry O. Flipper" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment in 1890 Active 1866 -- 1951 Country United States Branch United States Army 9th Cavalry Regiment 10th Cavalry Regiment 24th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Regiment Nickname ( s ) `` Buffalo Soldiers '' Engagements American Indian Wars Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Mexican Border War World War I World War II", "Buffalo Soldiers", "Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment in 1890", "Active 1866 -- 1951", "Country United States", "Branch United States Army 9th Cavalry Regiment 10th Cavalry Regiment 24th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Regiment", "United States Army 9th Cavalry Regiment 10th Cavalry Regiment 24th Infantry Regiment", "Nickname ( s ) `` Buffalo Soldiers ''", "Engagements American Indian Wars Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Mexican Border War World War I World War II", "Buffalo Soldiers originally were members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army , formed on September 21 , 1866 , at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas . This nickname was given to the Negro Cavalry by Native American tribes who fought in the Indian Wars . The term eventually became synonymous with all of the African American regiments formed in 1866 :", "9th Cavalry Regiment 10th Cavalry Regiment 24th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Regiment", "9th Cavalry Regiment", "10th Cavalry Regiment", "24th Infantry Regiment", "25th Infantry Regiment", "Although several African American regiments were raised during the Civil War as part of the Union Army ( including the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and the many United States Colored Troops Regiments ) , the `` Buffalo Soldiers '' were established by Congress as the first peacetime all - black regiments in the regular U.S. Army . On September 6 , 2005 , Mark Matthews , the last survivng Buffalo Soldier , died at the age of 111 . He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery .", "Sources disagree on how the nickname `` Buffalo Soldiers '' began . According to the Buffalo Soldiers National Museum , the name originated with the Cheyenne warriors in the winter of 1877 , the actual Cheyenne translation being `` Wild Buffalo . '' However , writer Walter Hill documented the account of Colonel Benjamin Grierson , who founded the 10th Cavalry regiment , recalling an 1871 campaign against Comanches . Hill attributed the origin of the name to the Comanche due to Grierson 's assertions . The Apache used the same term ( `` We called them ' buffalo soldiers , ' because they had curly , kinky hair ... like bisons '' ) a claim supported by other sources . Some sources assert that the nickname was given out of respect for the fierce fighting ability of the 10th Cavalry . Still other sources point to a combination of both legends . The term Buffalo Soldiers became a generic term for all black soldiers . It is now used for U.S. Army units that trace their direct lineage back to the 9th and 10th Cavalry units , whose service earned them an honored place in U.S. history . According to activist Russell Means , they were called Buffalo Soldiers because the U.S. military created special regiments specifically used to exterminate herds of buffalo . The U.S. military , as part of their campaign in enacting genocidal strategies against American Indians throughout the plains of the continent , removed buffalo in order to cut off American Indian food supply and force them into reservations .", "During the Civil War , the U.S. government formed regiments known as the United States Colored Troops , composed of black soldiers and Native Americans . After the war , Congress reorganized the Army and authorized the formation of two regiments of black cavalry with the designations 9th and 10th U.S. Cavalry , and four regiments of black infantry , designated the 38th , 39th , 40th , and 41st Infantry Regiments ( Colored ) . The 38th and 41st were reorganized as the 25th Infantry Regiment , with headquarters in Jackson Barracks in New Orleans , Louisiana , in November 1869 . The 39th and 40th were reorganized as the 24th Infantry Regiment , with headquarters at Fort Clark , Texas , in April 1869 . All of these units were composed of black enlisted men commanded by both white and black officers . These included the first commander of the 10th Cavalry Benjamin Grierson , the first commander of the 9th Cavalry Edward Hatch , Medal of Honor recipient Louis H. Carpenter , Nicholas M. Nolan , and the first black graduate of West Point , Henry O. Flipper .", "From 1866 to the early 1890s , these regiments served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States and the Great Plains regions . They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record . Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from these four regiments earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars . In addition to the military campaigns , the Buffalo Soldiers served a variety of roles along the frontier , from building roads to escorting the U.S. mail . On April 17 , 1875 , regimental headquarters for the 9th and 10th Cavalries were transferred to Fort Concho , Texas . Companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873 . At various times from 1873 through 1885 , Fort Concho housed 9th Cavalry companies A -- F , K , and M , 10th Cavalry companies A , D -- G , I , L , and M , 24th Infantry companies D -- G , and K , and 25th Infantry companies G and K .", "In total , 23 Buffalo Soldiers received the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars .", "A lesser known action was the 9th Cavalry 's participation in the fabled Johnson County War , an 1892 land war in Johnson County , Wyoming , between small farmers and large , wealthy ranchers . It culminated in a lengthy shootout between local farmers , a band of hired killers , and a sheriff 's posse . The 6th Cavalry was ordered in by President Benjamin Harrison to quell the violence and capture the band of hired killers . Soon afterward , however , the 9th Cavalry was specifically called on to replace the 6th . The 6th Cavalry was swaying under the local political and social pressures and was unable to keep the peace in the tense environment .", "The Buffalo Soldiers responded within about two weeks from Nebraska , and moved the men to the rail town of Suggs , Wyoming , creating `` Camp Bettens '' despite a hostile local population . One soldier was killed and two wounded in gun battles with locals . Nevertheless , the 9th Cavalry remained in Wyoming for nearly a year to quell tensions in the area .", "After most of the Indian Wars ended in the 1890s , the regiments continued to serve and participated in the 1898 Spanish -- American War ( including the Battle of San Juan Hill ) in Cuba , where five more Medals of Honor were earned .", "The men of the Buffalo Soldiers were the only African Americans that fought during the war . Up to 5,000 `` Black men '' enlisted in volunteer regiments in the Spanish -- American War . Several African - American regiments of United States Volunteers were formed and nicknamed `` Immune Regiments '' , but none of these volunteer regiments served overseas in that war .", "The Buffalo Soldiers regiments also took part in the Philippine -- American War from 1899 to 1903 and the 1916 Mexican Expedition . In 1918 , the 10th Cavalry fought at the Battle of Ambos Nogales during the First World War , where they assisted in forcing the surrender of the federal Mexican and Mexican militia forces .", "Buffalo soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars , the small Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and Yaqui natives .", "Another little - known contribution of the Buffalo Soldiers involved eight troops of the 9th Cavalry Regiment and one company of the 24th Infantry Regiment who served in California 's Sierra Nevada as some of the first national park rangers . In 1899 , Buffalo Soldiers from Company H , 24th Infantry Regiment briefly served in Yosemite National Park , Sequoia National Park , and General Grant ( Kings Canyon ) National Parks .", "U.S. Army regiments had been serving in these national parks since 1891 , but until 1899 , the soldiers serving were white . Beginning in 1899 , and continuing in 1903 and 1904 , African American regiments served during the summer in the second - and third - oldest national parks in the United States ( Sequoia and Yosemite ) . Because these soldiers served before the National Park Service was created ( 1916 ) , they were `` park rangers '' before the term was coined .", "A lasting legacy of the soldiers as park rangers is the Ranger hat ( popularly known as the Smokey Bear hat ) . Although not officially adopted by the Army until 1911 , the distinctive hat crease , called a Montana peak , ( or pinch ) can be seen being worn by several of the Buffalo Soldiers in park photographs dating back to 1899 . Soldiers serving in the Spanish -- American War began to recrease the Stetson hat with a Montana `` pinch '' to better shed water from the torrential tropical rains . Many retained that distinctive crease upon their return to the U.S. The park photographs , in all likelihood , show Buffalo Soldiers who were veterans from that 1898 war .", "One particular Buffalo Soldier stands out in history : Captain Charles Young , who served with Troop `` I '' , 9th Cavalry Regiment in Sequoia National Park during the summer of 1903 . Charles Young was the third African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy . At the time of his death , he was the highest - ranking African American in the U.S. military . He made history in Sequoia National Park in 1903 by becoming Acting Military Superintendent of Sequoia and General Grant National Parks . Charles Young was also the first African American superintendent of a national park . During Young 's tenure in the park , he named a giant sequoia for Booker T. Washington . Recently , another giant sequoia in Giant Forest was named in Captain Young 's honor . Some of Young 's descendants were in attendance at the ceremony .", "In 1903 , 9th Cavalrymen in Sequoia built the first trail to the top of Mount Whitney , the highest mountain in the contiguous United States . They also built the first wagon road into Sequoia 's Giant Forest , the most famous grove of giant sequoia trees in Sequoia National Park .", "In 1904 , 9th Cavalrymen in Yosemite built an arboretum on the South Fork of the Merced River in the southern section of the park . This arboretum had pathways and benches , and some plants were identified in both English and Latin . Yosemite 's arboretum is considered to be the first museum in the National Park System . The NPS cites a 1904 report , where Yosemite superintentent ( Lt. Col . ) John Bigelow , Jr. declared the arboretum `` To provide a great museum of nature for the general public free of cost ... '' Unfortunately , the forces of developers , miners , and greed cut the boundaries of Yosemite in 1905 and the arboretum was nearly destroyed .", "In the Sierra Nevada , the Buffalo Soldiers regularly endured long days in the saddle , slim rations , racism , and separation from family and friends . As military stewards , the African American cavalry and infantry regiments protected the national parks from illegal grazing , poaching , timber thieves , and forest fires . Yosemite Park Ranger Shelton Johnson researched and interpreted the history in an attempt to recover and celebrate the contributions of the Buffalo Soldiers of the Sierra Nevada .", "On March 23 , 1907 , the United States Military Academy Detachment of Cavalry was changed to a `` colored '' unit . This had been a long time coming . It had been proposed in 1897 at the `` Cavalry and Light Artillery School '' at Fort Riley , Kansas that West Point cadets learn their riding skills from the black noncommissioned officers who were considered the best . The 100 - man detachment from the 9th Cavalry served to teach future officers at West Point riding instruction , mounted drill , and tactics until 1947 .", "The Buffalo Soldiers were often confronted with racial prejudice from other members of the U.S. Army . Civilians in the areas where the soldiers were stationed occasionally reacted to them with violence . Buffalo Soldiers were attacked during racial disturbances in Rio Grande City , Texas , in 1899 , Brownsville , Texas , in 1906 , and Houston , Texas , in 1917 .", "General of the Armies John J. Pershing is a controversial figure regarding the Buffalo Soldiers . He served with the 10th Cavalry Regiment from October 1895 to May 1897 . He served again with them for under six months in Cuba . Because he saw them as real soldiers , he was looked down upon and called `` Nigger Jack '' by white cadets and officers at West Point . Only later during the Spanish -- American War did the press change that insulting term to `` Black Jack . '' During World War I , he bowed to the racial policies of President Woodrow Wilson , Secretary of War Newton D. Baker , and the southern Democratic Party with its `` separate but equal '' philosophy . For the first time in American history , Pershing allowed American soldiers ( African - Americans ) to be under the command of a foreign power .", "Pershing started as a first lieutenant when he took command of a troop of the 10th Cavalry in October 1895 .", "In 1897 , Pershing became an instructor at West Point , where he joined the tactical staff . While there , cadets upset over Pershing 's harsh treatment and high standards took to calling him `` Nigger Jack , '' in reference to his service with the 10th Cavalry Regiment .", "This was softened ( or sanitized ) to the more euphonic `` Black Jack '' by reporters covering Pershing during World War I . At the start of the Spanish -- American War , First Lieutenant Pershing was offered a brevet rank and commissioned a major of volunteers on August 26 , 1898 . He fought with the 10th Cavalry ( Buffalo Soldiers ) on Kettle and San Juan Hills in Cuba and was cited for gallantry .", "During World War I , Pershing was the Commander - in - Chief ( C - in - C ) of the American Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) on the Western Front . He had a full delegation of authority from President Wilson and Secretary of War Baker . Baker , cognizant of the endless problems of domestic and allied political involvement in military decision - making in wartime , gave Pershing unmatched authority to run his command as he saw fit . In turn , Pershing exercised his prerogative carefully , not engaging in issues that might distract or diminish his command . While earlier a champion of the African - American soldier , he did not defend their full participation on the battlefield , bowing to widespread racial attitudes among white Americans , plus Wilson 's reactionary racial views and the political debts he owed to southern `` separate but equal '' Democratic lawmakers .", "The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 against the long - time rule of President Porfirio Díaz initiated a decade - long period of high - intensity military conflict along the U.S. -- Mexico border as different political / military factions in Mexico fought for power . The access to arms and customs duties from Mexican communities along the U.S. -- Mexico boundary made border towns like Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Ojinaga , Chihuahua , and Nogales , Sonora , important strategic assets . As the various belligerents in Mexico vied for power , the U.S. Army , including the Buffalo Soldier units , was dispatched to the border to maintain security . The Buffalo Soldiers played a key role in U.S. -- Mexico relations as the maelstrom that followed the ouster of Díaz and the assassination of his successor Francisco Madero intensified .", "By late 1915 , the political faction led by Venustiano Carranza received diplomatic recognition from the U.S. government as the legitimate ruling force in Mexico . Francisco `` Pancho '' Villa , who had previously courted U.S. recognition and thus felt betrayed , then attacked the rural community of Columbus , New Mexico , directly leading to further border tensions as U.S. President Woodrow Wilson unilaterally dispatched the Punitive Expedition into Chihuahua , Mexico , under General John Pershing to apprehend or kill Villa . The 9th and 10th cavalries were deployed to Mexico along with the rest of Pershing 's units . Although the manhunt against Villa was unsuccessful , small - scale confrontations in the communities of Parral and Carrizal nearly brought about a war between Mexico and the United States in the summer of 1916 . Tensions cooled through diplomacy as the captured Buffalo Soldiers from Carrizal were released . Despite the public outrage over Villa 's Columbus raid , Wilson and his cabinet felt that the U.S. 's attention ought to be centered on Germany and World War I , not the apprehension of the `` Centauro del Norte . '' The Punitive Expedition exited Mexico in early 1917 , just before the U.S. declaration of war against Germany in April 1917 .", "The Buffalo Soldiers did not participate with the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) during World War I , but experienced noncommissioned officers were provided to other segregated Black units for combat service -- such as the 317th Engineer Battalion . The soldiers of the 92nd and the 93rd infantry divisions were the first Americans to fight in France . The four regiments of the 93rd fought under French command for the duration of the war .", "On August 27 , 1918 , the 10th Cavalry supported the 35th Infantry Regiment in a border skirmish in the border towns of Nogales , Arizona , and Nogales , Sonora , between U.S. military forces , Mexican Federal troops , and armed Mexican civilians ( militia ) in the Battle of Ambos Nogales . This was the only incident in which German military advisers allegedly fought along with Mexican soldiers against United States soldiers on North America soil during World War I .", "The 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Nogales , Arizona , on August 27 , 1918 , when at about 4 : 10 pm , a gun battle erupted unintentionally when a Mexican civilian attempted to pass through the border , back to Mexico , without being interrogated at the U.S. Customs house . After the initial shooting , reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border . On the Mexican side , the majority of the belligerents were angry civilians upset with the killings of Mexican border crossers by the U.S. Army along the vaguely defined border between the two cities during the previous year ( the U.S. Border Patrol did not exist until 1924 ) . For the Americans , the reinforcements were the 10th Cavalry , off - duty 35th Regimental soldiers , and militia . Hostilities quickly escalated , and several soldiers were killed , and others wounded on both sides , including the mayor of Nogales , Sonora , Felix B. Peñaloza ( killed when waving a white truce flag / handkerchief with his cane ) . A cease - fire was arranged later after the US forces took the heights south of Nogales , Arizona .", "Due in part to the heightened hysteria caused by World War I , allegations surfaced that German agents fomented this violence and died fighting alongside the Mexican troops they led . U.S. newspaper reports in Nogales before the August 27 , 1918 , battle documented the departure of part of the Mexican garrison in Nogales , Sonora , to points south that August in an attempt to quell armed political rebels .", "Despite the Battle of Ambos Nogales controversy , the presence of the Buffalo Soldiers in the community left a significant impact on the border town . The famed jazz musician Charles Mingus was born in the Camp Stephen Little military base in Nogales in 1922 , son of a Buffalo Soldier . The African American population , centered on the stationing of Buffalo Soldiers such as the 25th Infantry in Nogales , was a significant factor in the community , though they often faced racial discrimination in the binational border community in addition to racial segregation at the elementary - school level in Nogales 's Grand Avenue / Frank Reed School ( a school reserved for Black children ) . The redeployment of the Buffalo Soldiers to other areas and the closure of Camp Little in 1933 initiated the decline of the African American community in Nogales .", "Before World War II , the black 25th Infantry Regiment was based at Ft Huachuca . During the war , Ft Huachuca served as the home base of the Black 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions . The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments were mostly disbanded , and the soldiers were moved into service - oriented units , along with the entire 2nd Cavalry Division . The 92nd Infantry Division , the `` Buffalo Division , '' served in combat during the Italian campaign . The 93rd Infantry Division -- including the 25th Infantry Regiment -- served in the Pacific theater . Separately , independent Black artillery , tank , and tank destroyer battalions , as well as quartermaster and support battalions served in World War II . All of these units to a degree carried out the traditions of the Buffalo Soldiers .", "Despite some official resistance and administrative barriers , Black airmen were trained and played a part in the air war in Europe , gaining a reputation for skill and bravery ( see Tuskegee Airmen ) . In early 1945 , after the Battle of the Bulge , American forces in Europe experienced a shortage of combat troops , so the embargo on using black soldiers in combat units was relaxed . The American Military History says :", "Faced with a shortage of infantry replacements during the enemy 's counteroffensive , General Eisenhower offered black soldiers in service units an opportunity to volunteer for duty with the infantry . More than 4,500 responded , many taking reductions in grade to meet specified requirements . The 6th Army Group formed these men into provisional companies , while the 12th Army Group employed them as an additional platoon in existing rifle companies . The excellent record established by these volunteers , particularly those serving as platoons , presaged major postwar changes in the traditional approach to employing Negro troops .", "The 24th Infantry Regiment saw combat during the Korean War and was the last segregated regiment to engage in combat . The 24th was deactivated in 1951 , and its soldiers were integrated into other units in Korea . On December 12 , 1951 , the last Buffalo Soldier units , the 27th Cavalry and the 28th ( Horse ) Cavalry , were disbanded . The 28th Cavalry was inactivated at Assi - Okba , Algeria , in April 1944 in North Africa , and marked the end of the regiment .", "Monuments to the Buffalo Soldiers are in Kansas at Fort Leavenworth and Junction City . Then - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell , who initiated the project to get a statue to honor the Buffalo Soldiers when he was posted as a brigadier general to Fort Leavenworth , was guest speaker for the unveiling of the Fort Leavenworth monument in July 1992 .", "In the last decade , the employment of the Buffalo Soldiers by the United States Army in the Indian Wars has led some to call for the critical reappraisal of the African American regiments . In this viewpoint the Buffalo Soldiers were used as mere shock troops or accessories to the forcefully expansionist goals of the U.S. government at the expense of the Native Americans and other minorities .", "Fort Concho Fort Clark Fort McKavett Fort Davis National Historic Site Buffalo Soldiers serving at Fort Davis", "Fort Concho", "Fort Clark", "Fort McKavett", "Fort Davis National Historic Site", "Fort Davis National Historic Site", "Buffalo Soldiers serving at Fort Davis", "Buffalo Soldiers serving at Fort Davis", "The song and music of `` Soul Saga ( Song of the Buffalo Soldier ) '' has had several renditions . In 1974 , it was produced by Quincy Jones in the album Body Heat . In 1975 , the album Symphonic Soul contained another variation and was released by Henry Mancini and his Orchestra . The song `` Buffalo Soldier '' , co-written by Bob Marley and King Sporty , first appeared on the 1983 album Confrontation . Many Jamaicans , especially Rastafarians like Marley , identified with the `` Buffalo Soldiers '' as an example of black men who performed with exceeding courage , honor , valor , and distinction in a field that was dominated by Whites and persevered despite endemic racism and prejudice . The song `` Buffalo Soldier '' by The Flamingos specifically refers to the 10th Cavalry Regiment . The song was a minor hit in 1970 . A cappella group The Persuasions remade the song on their album Street Corner Symphony . This version was produced by David Dashev and Eric Malamud .", "The song and music of `` Soul Saga ( Song of the Buffalo Soldier ) '' has had several renditions . In 1974 , it was produced by Quincy Jones in the album Body Heat . In 1975 , the album Symphonic Soul contained another variation and was released by Henry Mancini and his Orchestra .", "The song `` Buffalo Soldier '' , co-written by Bob Marley and King Sporty , first appeared on the 1983 album Confrontation . Many Jamaicans , especially Rastafarians like Marley , identified with the `` Buffalo Soldiers '' as an example of black men who performed with exceeding courage , honor , valor , and distinction in a field that was dominated by Whites and persevered despite endemic racism and prejudice .", "The song `` Buffalo Soldier '' by The Flamingos specifically refers to the 10th Cavalry Regiment . The song was a minor hit in 1970 . A cappella group The Persuasions remade the song on their album Street Corner Symphony . This version was produced by David Dashev and Eric Malamud .", "The 1960 Western film Sergeant Rutledge tells the story of the trial of a 19th - century black Army first sergeant of the 9th Cavalry , played by Woody Strode , falsely accused of rape and murder . One of the characters explains how the term `` Buffalo Soldier '' was created by Plains Indians who first saw troopers of the 9th Cavalry wearing buffalo coats and caps in winter and thought they looked like buffalo . The movie 's theme song , `` Captain Buffalo '' , was written by Mack David and Jerry Livingston . A 1961 episode of the television series Rawhide ( `` Incident of the Buffalo Soldier '' , season 3 , episode 10 , aired January 6 , 1961 ) was about a former top sergeant Buffalo Soldier stationed at Fort Wingate . A 1964 episode of Rawhide ( `` Incident at Seven Fingers '' , season 6 , episode 30 , aired May 7 , 1964 ) was about a top sergeant of Troop F , 110th Cavalry Regiment ( played by William Marshall ) who is accused of being a coward and a deserter . Other Buffalo Soldiers and an officer track him down . A 1967 episode of television series The Big Valley called `` The Buffalo Man '' has the Barkleys establish a parole system in the valley to help give convicts a new start . One of the convicts is a former Buffalo Soldier named Damien , who has a chip on his shoulder and would not admit to his former years in the service , even when Mrs. Barkley sees his tattoo . He has experience with horses and tries to help a foal feed from its mother . The Barkleys want to help him earn parole . The guard , who mistreats the prisoners and believes Damien is `` the worst '' , tells him he will not be getting his parole and poisons the foal , making it look like Damien did it . Damien stands up for himself , and the other prisoners take the opportunity to try to escape . They kill the guard and try to take the Barkleys hostage . Damien stops the other convicts , getting shot in the shoulder . Mrs. Barkley tries to see if he is all right and he says `` It 's nothin ' it 's nothin ' . I 'm a Buffalo Soldier , remember ? '' A 1968 episode of television series The High Chaparral ( `` The Buffalo Soldiers '' , season 2 , episode 10 , aired November 22 , 1968 ) , starring Yaphet Kotto , had the 10th Cavalry , C Company called in to establish martial law at the request of the citizens of Tucson , to help relieve it from the grip of a crime boss . The 1970 television film Carter 's Army ( also known as the Black Brigade ) , starring Stephen Boyd , Rosey Grier , and Richard Pryor , depicted a black unit during World War II , led by a white officer . The 1976 film Joshua , starring Fred Williamson , tells the story of a black soldier who , returned from fighting for the Union in the Civil War , becomes a bounty hunter determined to track down his mother 's killers . The 1997 television film Buffalo Soldiers , starring Danny Glover , drew attention to their role in the American Indian Wars . The film Miracle at St. Anna , directed by Spike Lee , chronicles the Buffalo Soldiers who served in the invasion of Italy . It is based on the novel of the same name by James McBride . The Pinkertons episode `` Forever Free '' centers on a regiment of Buffalo Soldiers who stop at Kansas City just after the Civil War . The song Waving Flag by K'naan compares the treatment of Somali soldiers to Buffalo Soldiers . The 2017 Netflix series Godless has a camp of Ex Buffalo Soldiers , that have turned farming ( their fighting days behind them ) . And in the series it is explained that the term Buffalo Soldier is derived from when John Randall held off 70 Indians with only a pistol , having killed 13 of them while he sustained multiple wounds . This explanation however is largely fictitious .", "The 1960 Western film Sergeant Rutledge tells the story of the trial of a 19th - century black Army first sergeant of the 9th Cavalry , played by Woody Strode , falsely accused of rape and murder . One of the characters explains how the term `` Buffalo Soldier '' was created by Plains Indians who first saw troopers of the 9th Cavalry wearing buffalo coats and caps in winter and thought they looked like buffalo . The movie 's theme song , `` Captain Buffalo '' , was written by Mack David and Jerry Livingston .", "A 1961 episode of the television series Rawhide ( `` Incident of the Buffalo Soldier '' , season 3 , episode 10 , aired January 6 , 1961 ) was about a former top sergeant Buffalo Soldier stationed at Fort Wingate .", "A 1964 episode of Rawhide ( `` Incident at Seven Fingers '' , season 6 , episode 30 , aired May 7 , 1964 ) was about a top sergeant of Troop F , 110th Cavalry Regiment ( played by William Marshall ) who is accused of being a coward and a deserter . Other Buffalo Soldiers and an officer track him down .", "A 1967 episode of television series The Big Valley called `` The Buffalo Man '' has the Barkleys establish a parole system in the valley to help give convicts a new start . One of the convicts is a former Buffalo Soldier named Damien , who has a chip on his shoulder and would not admit to his former years in the service , even when Mrs. Barkley sees his tattoo . He has experience with horses and tries to help a foal feed from its mother . The Barkleys want to help him earn parole . The guard , who mistreats the prisoners and believes Damien is `` the worst '' , tells him he will not be getting his parole and poisons the foal , making it look like Damien did it . Damien stands up for himself , and the other prisoners take the opportunity to try to escape . They kill the guard and try to take the Barkleys hostage . Damien stops the other convicts , getting shot in the shoulder . Mrs. Barkley tries to see if he is all right and he says `` It 's nothin ' it 's nothin ' . I 'm a Buffalo Soldier , remember ? ''", "A 1968 episode of television series The High Chaparral ( `` The Buffalo Soldiers '' , season 2 , episode 10 , aired November 22 , 1968 ) , starring Yaphet Kotto , had the 10th Cavalry , C Company called in to establish martial law at the request of the citizens of Tucson , to help relieve it from the grip of a crime boss .", "The 1970 television film Carter 's Army ( also known as the Black Brigade ) , starring Stephen Boyd , Rosey Grier , and Richard Pryor , depicted a black unit during World War II , led by a white officer .", "The 1976 film Joshua , starring Fred Williamson , tells the story of a black soldier who , returned from fighting for the Union in the Civil War , becomes a bounty hunter determined to track down his mother 's killers .", "The 1997 television film Buffalo Soldiers , starring Danny Glover , drew attention to their role in the American Indian Wars .", "The film Miracle at St. Anna , directed by Spike Lee , chronicles the Buffalo Soldiers who served in the invasion of Italy . It is based on the novel of the same name by James McBride .", "The Pinkertons episode `` Forever Free '' centers on a regiment of Buffalo Soldiers who stop at Kansas City just after the Civil War .", "The song Waving Flag by K'naan compares the treatment of Somali soldiers to Buffalo Soldiers .", "The 2017 Netflix series Godless has a camp of Ex Buffalo Soldiers , that have turned farming ( their fighting days behind them ) . And in the series it is explained that the term Buffalo Soldier is derived from when John Randall held off 70 Indians with only a pistol , having killed 13 of them while he sustained multiple wounds . This explanation however is largely fictitious .", "This list is of the officers and men who received the Medal of Honor due to service with the original units called `` Buffalo Soldiers . ''", "Edward L. Baker , Jr . Dennis Bell Thomas Boyne Benjamin Brown George Ritter Burnett Louis H. Carpenter John Denny Pompey Factor Clinton Greaves Henry Johnson George Jordan Fitz Lee Isaiah Mays William McBryar Adam Paine Isaac Payne Thomas Shaw Emanuel Stance Freddie Stowers William H. Thompkins Augustus Walley George H. Wanton John Ward Moses Williams William Othello Wilson Brent Woods", "Edward L. Baker , Jr .", "George Ritter Burnett", "Louis H. Carpenter", "William H. Thompkins", "George H. Wanton", "William Othello Wilson", "This list is of other notable African Americans who served in the original units as `` Buffalo Soldiers '' from 1866 to 1918 .", "John Hanks Alexander Allen Allensworth Lewis Broadus Henry Ossian Flipper George B. Jackson Charles Young", "John Hanks Alexander", "Henry Ossian Flipper", "George B. Jackson" ]

[ [ "St Pancras International" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Eurostar Overview Franchise ( s ) Not subject to franchising ; international joint operation 1994 -- 2009 ; international high speed operator 2010 -- present Main stations ( s ) London St Pancras Paris Gare du Nord , Brussels Midi / Zuid Amsterdam Centraal Other stations ( s ) Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy Bourg - Saint - Maurice Aime - la - Plagne Moûtiers Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Rotterdam Centraal Fleet size 27 Class 373 / 1 ( e300 ) sets 17 Class 374 Velaro ( e320 ) sets Stations called at 16 Stations operated 0 National Rail abbreviation ES Parent company Eurostar International Limited Website www.eurostar.com", "Overview", "Franchise ( s ) Not subject to franchising ; international joint operation 1994 -- 2009 ; international high speed operator 2010 -- present", "Main stations ( s ) London St Pancras Paris Gare du Nord , Brussels Midi / Zuid Amsterdam Centraal", "London St Pancras Paris Gare du Nord , Brussels Midi / Zuid Amsterdam Centraal", "London St Pancras", "Paris Gare du Nord ,", "Brussels Midi / Zuid", "Other stations ( s ) Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy Bourg - Saint - Maurice Aime - la - Plagne Moûtiers Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Rotterdam Centraal", "Ebbsfleet International Ashford International Calais - Fréthun Lille - Europe Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy Bourg - Saint - Maurice Aime - la - Plagne Moûtiers Lyon - Part - Dieu Avignon TGV Marseille - Saint - Charles Rotterdam Centraal", "Calais - Fréthun", "Lille - Europe", "Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy", "Bourg - Saint - Maurice", "Aime - la - Plagne", "Lyon - Part - Dieu", "Marseille - Saint - Charles", "Fleet size 27 Class 373 / 1 ( e300 ) sets 17 Class 374 Velaro ( e320 ) sets", "27 Class 373 / 1 ( e300 ) sets 17 Class 374 Velaro ( e320 ) sets", "27 Class 373 / 1 ( e300 ) sets", "17 Class 374 Velaro ( e320 ) sets", "Stations called at 16", "Stations operated 0", "National Rail abbreviation ES", "Parent company Eurostar International Limited", "Website www.eurostar.com", "Eurostar is a high - speed railway service connecting London with Amsterdam , Avignon , Brussels , Lille , Lyon , Marseille , Paris and Rotterdam . All its trains traverse the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France , owned and operated separately by Getlink .", "The London terminus is St Pancras International , the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent . Intermediate calling points in France are Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe , with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord . Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi / Zuid station in Brussels . The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal , with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal . In addition , there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy , direct services to southern France ( Lyon , Avignon and Marseille ) from May to September ( launched on 1 May 2015 ) , and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter ( December to April ) .", "The service is operated by eighteen - car Class 373 / 1 trains and sixteen - car Class 374 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on a network of high - speed lines . The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994 , and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later -- HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in southern England . The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris -- Brussels Thalys services and also with TGV trains . In the United Kingdom the two - stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007 and renamed High Speed 1 , when the London terminus of Eurostar changed from Waterloo International to St Pancras International .", "Until 2010 , Eurostar was operated jointly by the national railway companies of France and Belgium , SNCF and SNCB / NMBS , and Eurostar ( UK ) Ltd ( EUKL ) , a subsidiary of London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) , which also owned the high - speed infrastructure and stations on the British side . Eurostar has become the dominant operator on the routes that it operates , carrying more passengers than all airlines combined . Other operators have expressed an interest in starting competing services following deregulation in 2010 . On 1 September 2010 , Eurostar was incorporated as a single corporate entity called Eurostar International Limited ( EIL ) , replacing the joint operation between EUKL , SNCF and SNCB / NMBS . EIL is owned by SNCF ( 55 % ) , Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) ( 30 % ) , Hermes Infrastructure ( 10 % ) and NMBS ( 5 % ) .", "In June 2014 , the UK shareholding in Eurostar International Limited was transferred from London and Continental Railways / Department for Transport to HM Treasury . That October , it was announced that the UK government planned to raise £ 300 million by selling that stake . In March 2015 , the UK government announced that it would be selling its 40 % share to an Anglo - Canadian consortium made up of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and Hermes Infrastructure . This sale was completed in May 2015 .", "The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a rail tunnel to provide a cross-channel link between Britain and France . A previous attempt to construct a tunnel between the two nations had begun in 1974 , but was quickly aborted . Construction began on a new basis in 1988 . Eurotunnel was created to manage and own the tunnel , which was finished in 1993 , the official opening taking place in May 1994 .", "In addition to the tunnel 's shuttle trains carrying cars and lorries between Folkestone and Calais , the decision to build a railway tunnel opened up the possibility of through passenger and freight train services between places further afield . British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel to use half the tunnel 's capacity for this purpose . In 1987 , Britain , France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train to provide an international high - speed passenger service through the tunnel . France had been operating high - speed TGV services since 1981 , and had begun construction of a new high - speed line between Paris and the Channel Tunnel , LGV Nord ; French TGV technology was chosen as the basis for the new trains . An order for 30 trainsets , to be manufactured in France but with some British and Belgian components , was placed in December 1989 . On 20 June 1993 , the first Eurostar test train travelled through the tunnel to the UK . Various technical difficulties in running the new trains on British tracks were quickly overcome .", "On 14 November 1994 , Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London , Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels - South railway station in Brussels . The train service started with a limited Discovery service ; the full daily service started from 28 May 1995 .", "In 1995 , Eurostar was achieving an average end - to - end speed of 171.5 km / h ( 106.6 mph ) between London and Paris . On 8 January 1996 , Eurostar launched services from a second UK railway station when Ashford International was opened .", "On 23 September 2003 , passenger services began running on the first completed section of High Speed 1 . Following a high - profile glamorous opening ceremony and a large advertising campaign , on 14 November 2007 , Eurostar services in London transferred from Waterloo to the extended and extensively refurbished St Pancras International .", "The Channel Tunnel used by Eurostar services holds the record for having the longest undersea section anywhere in the world , and it is the second - longest rail tunnel in the world .", "On 30 July 2003 , a Eurostar train set a new British speed record of 334.7 km / h ( 208.0 mph ) on the first section of the `` High Speed 1 '' railway through the Channel Tunnel , two months before official services began running .", "On 16 May 2006 , Eurostar set a new record for the longest non-stop high - speed journey , a distance of 1,421 kilometres ( 883 mi ) from London to Cannes taking 7 hours 25 minutes .", "On 4 September 2007 , a record - breaking train left Paris Gare du Nord at 10 : 44 ( 09 : 44 BST ) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3 minutes 39 seconds ; carrying journalists and railway workers . This record trip was also the first passenger - carrying arrival to the new St Pancras International station .", "On 20 September 2007 , Eurostar broke another record when it completed the journey from Brussels to London in 1 hour , 43 minutes .", "The original proposals for Eurostar included direct services to Paris and Brussels from cities north of London ( NoL ) : Manchester via Birmingham on the West Coast Main Line and on the East Coast Main Line Leeds and Glasgow via Edinburgh , Newcastle and York . Seven shorter `` NoL '' Eurostar trains for these Regional Eurostar services were built , but these services never ran . Predicted journey times of almost nine hours for Glasgow to Paris at the time of growth of low - cost air travel during the 1990s made the plans commercially unviable against the cheaper and quicker airlines . Other reasons that have been suggested for these services having never been run were both government policies and the disruptive privatisation of British Rail . Three of the Regional Eurostar units were leased by Great North Eastern Railway ( GNER ) to increase domestic services from London King 's Cross to York and later Leeds . The leases ended in December 2005 , and most of the NoL sets have since been transferred to SNCF for TGV services in northern France .", "An international Nightstar sleeper train was also planned ; this would have travelled the same routes as Regional Eurostar , plus the Great Western Main Line to Cardiff . These were also deemed commercially unviable , and the scheme was abandoned with no services ever operated . In 2000 , the coaches were sold to Via Rail in Canada .", "Ashford International station was the original station for Eurostar services in Kent . Once Ebbsfleet International railway station , also designed to serve the Kent region , had opened , only three trains a day to Paris and one to Disneyland Paris called at Ashford for a considerable amount of time . There were fears that services at Ashford International might be further reduced or withdrawn altogether as Eurostar planned to make Ebbsfleet the new regional hub instead . However , after a period during which no Brussels trains served the station , to the dissatisfaction of the local communities , Eurostar re-introduced a single daily Ashford - Brussels service on 23 February 2009 .", "In 2015 , Eurostar threatened to require that cyclists dismantle bicycles before they could be transported on trains . Following criticism from Boris Johnson and cycling groups , Eurostar reversed the edict .", "By March 2016 . onboard entertainment was provided by GoMedia , including Wi - Fi connectivity and up to 300 hours of movies and television kept on the train 's servers and accessed using the passenger 's own devices : mobile phones , tablets etc . A tracker app allows customers to see where they are .", "hide Eurostar services Legend h : mm 0 : 00 London St Pancras 0 : 14 Ebbsfleet International 0 : 29 Ashford International 0 : 31 British portal Channel Tunnel UK France border 0 : 51 French portal 0 : 55 Calais - Fréthun 1 : 22 Lille Europe France Belgium border 2 : 01 Brussels - South Belgium Netherlands border 3 : 01 Rotterdam Centraal 3 : 41 Amsterdam Centraal 2 : 16 Paris - Nord 2 : 40 Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy Seasonal and extended services 4 : 41 Lyon - Part - Dieu 5 : 49 Avignon TGV 6 : 27 Marseille - Saint - Charles 7 : 12 Moûtiers 7 : 30 Aime - La Plagne ( set down only ) 7 : 51 Bourg - Saint - Maurice Fastest timetabled journeys from London St Pancras", "hide Eurostar services", "", "Legend", "h : mm 0 : 00 London St Pancras 0 : 14 Ebbsfleet International 0 : 29 Ashford International 0 : 31 British portal Channel Tunnel UK France border 0 : 51 French portal 0 : 55 Calais - Fréthun 1 : 22 Lille Europe France Belgium border 2 : 01 Brussels - South Belgium Netherlands border 3 : 01 Rotterdam Centraal 3 : 41 Amsterdam Centraal 2 : 16 Paris - Nord 2 : 40 Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy Seasonal and extended services 4 : 41 Lyon - Part - Dieu 5 : 49 Avignon TGV 6 : 27 Marseille - Saint - Charles 7 : 12 Moûtiers 7 : 30 Aime - La Plagne ( set down only ) 7 : 51 Bourg - Saint - Maurice", "h : mm 0 : 00 London St Pancras 0 : 14 Ebbsfleet International 0 : 29 Ashford International 0 : 31 British portal Channel Tunnel UK France border 0 : 51 French portal 0 : 55 Calais - Fréthun 1 : 22 Lille Europe France Belgium border 2 : 01 Brussels - South Belgium Netherlands border 3 : 01 Rotterdam Centraal 3 : 41 Amsterdam Centraal 2 : 16 Paris - Nord 2 : 40 Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy Seasonal and extended services 4 : 41 Lyon - Part - Dieu 5 : 49 Avignon TGV 6 : 27 Marseille - Saint - Charles 7 : 12 Moûtiers 7 : 30 Aime - La Plagne ( set down only ) 7 : 51 Bourg - Saint - Maurice", "h : mm", "", "0 : 00 London St Pancras", "", "0 : 14 Ebbsfleet International", "", "0 : 29 Ashford International", "", "0 : 31 British portal", "", "Channel Tunnel UK France border", "", "UK France", "UK", "France", "0 : 51 French portal", "", "0 : 55 Calais - Fréthun", "", "1 : 22 Lille Europe", "", "", "", "", "France Belgium border", "", "", "France Belgium", "France", "Belgium", "2 : 01 Brussels - South", "", "", "Belgium Netherlands border", "", "", "Belgium Netherlands", "Belgium", "Netherlands", "3 : 01 Rotterdam Centraal", "", "", "3 : 41 Amsterdam Centraal", "", "", "2 : 16 Paris - Nord", "", "", "2 : 40 Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy", "", "", "Seasonal and extended services", "", "", "4 : 41 Lyon - Part - Dieu", "", "", "5 : 49 Avignon TGV", "", "", "6 : 27 Marseille - Saint - Charles", "", "", "7 : 12 Moûtiers", "", "7 : 30 Aime - La Plagne ( set down only )", "", "Aime - La Plagne ( set down only )", "Aime - La Plagne", "( set down only )", "7 : 51 Bourg - Saint - Maurice", "", "", "Fastest timetabled journeys from London St Pancras", "LGV Nord is a French 333 - kilometre ( 207 mi ) - long high - speed rail line that connects Paris to the Belgian border and the Channel Tunnel via Lille . It opened in 1993 . Its extensions to Belgium and towards Paris , as well as connecting to the Channel Tunnel , have made LGV Nord a part of every Eurostar journey undertaken . A Belgian high - speed line , HSL 1 , was added to the end of LGV Nord , at the Belgian border , in 1997 . Of all French high - speed lines , LGV Nord sees the widest variety of high - speed rolling stock and is quite busy ; a proposed cut - off bypassing Lille , which would reduce Eurostar journey times to Paris , is called LGV Picardie .", "The Channel Tunnel is a crucial part of the route as it is the only rail connection between Great Britain and the European mainland . It joins LGV Nord in France with High Speed One in Britain . Tunnelling began in 1988 , and the 50.5 - kilometre ( 31.4 mi ) tunnel was officially opened by British sovereign Queen Elizabeth II and the French President François Mitterrand at a ceremony in Calais on 6 May 1994 . It is owned by Getlink , which charges a significant toll to Eurostar for its use . In 1996 , the American Society of Civil Engineers named the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World . Along the current route of the Eurostar service , line speeds are 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) except within the Channel Tunnel , where a reduced speed of 160 kilometres per hour ( 100 mph ) applies for safety reasons . Since the launch of Eurostar services , severe disruptions and cancellations have been caused by fires breaking out within the Channel Tunnel , such as in 1996 , 2006 ( minor ) , 2008 and 2015 .", "Until the opening on 2 June 1996 , of the first phase of the Belgian high speed line , Eurostar trains were routed via the Belgian railway line 94 . The Eurostar routes still use the line as a diversion if engineering works are taking place on HSL1 , depending where it is . The 06 : 13 from London St Pancras to Brussels still uses the line as a diversion to bypass the peak time disruptions on HSL1 due to the extra TGV services from Brussels for the commuters . After 2 June 1996 , some Eurostars to Brussels were routed via the first phase of the Belgian High Speed line and the Belgian railway line 78 via Mons . Although this line is still as a diversion if HSL1 is doing engineering , also depending where the maintenance is taking place . Journey times between London and Brussels were improved when an 88 - kilometre ( 55 mi ) Belgian high - speed line , HSL 1 , opened on 14 December 1997 . It links with LGV Nord on the border with France , allowing Eurostar trains heading to Brussels to make the transition between the two without having to reduce speed . A further four - minute improvement for London -- Brussels trains was achieved in December 2006 , with the opening of the 435 - metre ( 1,427 ft ) Brussels South Viaduct . Linking the international platforms of Brussels - South railway station with the high - speed line , the viaduct separates Eurostar ( and Thalys ) from local services .", "High Speed 1 ( HS1 ) , formerly known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) , is a 108 - kilometre ( 67 mi ) high - speed railway line running from London through Kent to the British end of the Channel Tunnel . It was built in two stages . The first section between the tunnel and Fawkham Junction in north Kent opened in September 2003 , cutting London -- Paris journey times by 21 minutes to 2 hours 35 minutes , and London -- Brussels to 2 hours 20 minutes . On 14 November 2007 , commercial services began over the whole of the new HS1 line . The redeveloped St Pancras International station became the new London terminus for all Eurostar services . The completion of High Speed 1 has brought the British part of Eurostar 's route up to the same standards as the French and Belgian high - speed lines . Non-stop journey times were reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London -- Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes for London -- Brussels .", "Eurostar offers up to sixteen weekday London -- Paris services ( eighteen on Fridays ) including ten non-stop ( twelve on Fridays ) . Previously there were ten London -- Lille and Brussels services , including five running non-stop as far as Lille , but this has now been reduced to seven each way . In addition , there is a return trip from London to Marne - la - Vallée - Chessy for Disneyland Paris , which runs at least 4 times a week with increased frequency during school holidays , and an up - to - 5 - times - a-week service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon . There are also seasonal services in the winter . `` Snow trains '' , aimed at skiers , to Bourg - Saint - Maurice , Aime - la - Plagne and Moûtiers in the Alps ; these run twice - weekly , one overnight and one during the daytime . Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent , Ashford International in southeast Kent , and Calais - Fréthun and Lille - Europe in Nord - Pas - de-Calais . In February 2018 , Eurostar announced the start of its long planned service from London to Amsterdam , with an initial two trains per day from April of that year running between St Pancras and Amsterdam Centraal . This launched as a one - way service , with return trains carrying passengers to Rotterdam and Brussels Midi / Zuid , making a 28 - minute stop ( which has not been deemed long enough to process UK - bound passengers ) and then carrying different passengers from Brussels to London . Passengers travelling back must take Thalys services to Brussels Midi / Zuid where they can join the Eurostar . This is owing to the lack of UK Border Force facilities at Amsterdam Centraal and Rotterdam Centraal .", "Since 14 November 2007 , all Eurostar trains have been routed via High Speed 1 to or from the redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras International , which at a cost of £ 800 million was extensively rebuilt and extended to cope with 394 - metre ( 431 yd ) long Eurostar trains . It had originally been intended to retain some Eurostar services at Waterloo International , but this was ruled out on cost grounds . Completion of High Speed 1 has increased the potential number of trains serving London . Separation of Eurostar from British domestic services through Kent meant that timetabling was no longer affected by peak - hour restrictions .", "Eurostar 's fares were significantly higher in its early years ; the cheapest fare in 1994 was £ 99 return . In 2002 , Eurostar was planning cheaper fares , an example of which was an offer of £ 50 day returns from London to Paris or Brussels . By March 2003 , the cheapest fare from the UK was £ 59 return , available all year around . In June 2009 it was announced that one - way single fares would be available at £ 31 at the cheapest . Competition between Eurostar and airline services was a large factor in ticket prices being reduced from the initial levels . Business Premier fares also slightly undercut air fares on similar routes , targeted at regular business travellers . In 2009 , Eurostar greatly increased its budget ticket availability to help maintain and grow its dominant market share . The Eurostar ticketing system is very complex , being distributed through no fewer than 48 individual sales systems . Eurostar is a member of the Amadeus CRS distribution system , making its tickets available alongside those of airlines worldwide .", "First class on Eurostar is called Business Premier ; benefits include guaranteed faster checking - in and meals served at - seat , as well as the improved furnishings and interior of Business Premier carriages . The rebranding is part of Eurostar 's marketing drive to attract more business professionals . Increasingly , business people in a group have been chartering private carriages as opposed to individual seats on the train .", "Without the operation of Regional Eurostar services using the North of London trainsets across the rest of Britain , Eurostar has developed its connections with other transport services instead , such as integrating effectively with traditional UK rail operators ' schedules and routes , making it possible for passengers to use Eurostar as a quick connection to further destinations on the continent . All three main terminals used by the Eurostar service -- St Pancras International , Paris Gare du Nord , and Brussels Midi / Zuid -- are served by domestic trains and by local urban transport networks such as the London Underground and the Paris Metro . Standard Eurostar tickets no longer include free onward connections to or from any other station in Belgium : this is now available for a flat - rate supplement , currently £ 5.50 .", "Eurostar has announced several partnerships with other rail services , most notably Thalys connections at Lille and Brussels for passengers to go beyond current Eurostar routes towards the Netherlands and Germany . In 2002 , Eurostar initiated the Eurostar - Plus program , offering connecting tickets for onward journeys from Lille and Paris to dozens of destinations in France . Through fares are also available from 68 British towns and cities to destinations in France and Belgium . In May 2009 Eurostar announced that a formal connection to Switzerland had been established in a partnership between Eurostar and Lyria , which will operate TGV services from Lille to the Swiss Alps for Eurostar connection .", "Because the UK is not part of the Schengen Area , and because Belgium and France are not part of the Common Travel Area , all Eurostar passengers must go through border controls . Both the British Government and the Schengen governments concerned ( Belgium and France ) have legal obligations to check the travel documents of those entering their respective countries ( as well as those leaving , in the case of Belgium and France ) .", "To allow passengers to walk off the train without arrival checks in most cases , juxtaposed controls ordinarily take place at the embarkation station .", "In order to comply with special UK legislation , there are full security checks similar to those at airports , scanning both bags and people 's pockets . Security checks at Eurostar are comparable to those at a small airport and generally much quicker than at London Heathrow . The recommended check - in time is 30 minutes except for business class where it is 10 minutes .", "Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen Area ( Brussels -- Lille or Brussels -- Calais ; Lille -- Calais trips are not allowed to be performed by Eurostar ) pass through a separate corridor in Brussels bypassing border checks , and enter the preallocated cars of the train , which is reserved for these passengers . This arrangement was set up after numerous illegal immigrants entered the UK without the right to do so , by buying a ticket from Brussels to Lille or Calais but remaining on the train until London -- an issue exacerbated by Belgian police threatening to arrest UK Border Agency staff at Brussels - Midi if they tried to prevent passengers whom they suspected of attempting to exploit this loophole from boarding Eurostar trains .", "When the tripartite agreements were signed , the Belgian Government said that it had serious questions about the compatibility of this agreement with the Schengen Convention and the principle of free movement of people enshrined in various European Treaties . On 30 June 2009 Eurostar raised concerns at the UK House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee that it was illegal under French law for the collection of information desired by the UK government under the e-Borders scheme , and they would be unable to cooperate .", "On the northbound Marne la Vallée - Chessy - London train , the security check and French passport check take place at Marne la Vallée - Chessy , while the UK passport check takes place at the UK arrival stations - this is the only route where passengers are not cleared by UK border officials before crossing the channel .", "On the northbound Marseille - London train , there is no facility for security or passport checks at the southern French stations , so passengers must leave the train at Lille - Europe , taking all their belongings with them , and undergo security and border checks there before rejoining the train which waits at the station for just over an hour .", "On several occasions , people have illegally tried to stow away on board the train , sometimes in large groups , trying to enter the UK ; border monitoring and security is therefore extremely tight . Eurostar claims to have good and well - funded security measures .", "Eurostar 's punctuality has fluctuated from year to year , but usually remains over 90 % ; in the first quarter of 1999 , 89 % of services operated were on time , and in the second quarter it reached 92 % . Eurostar 's best punctuality record was 97.35 % , between 16 and 22 August 2004 . In 2006 , it was 92.7 % , and in 2007 , 91.5 % were on time . In the first quarter of 2009 , 96 % of Eurostar services were punctual , compared with rival air routes ' 76 % .", "An advantage held by Eurostar is the convenience and speed of the service : with shorter check - in times than at most airports and hence quicker boarding and less queueing and high punctuality , it takes less time to travel between central London and central Paris by high - speed rail than by air . Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail -- air market on its routes to Paris and Brussels . In 2004 , it had a 66 % share of the London -- Paris market , and a 59 % share of the London -- Brussels market . In 2007 , it achieved record market shares of 71 % for London -- Paris and 65 % for London -- Brussels routes .", "Eurostar 's passenger numbers initially failed to meet predictions . In 1996 , London and Continental Railways forecast that passenger numbers would reach 21.4 million annually by 2004 , but only 7.3 million was achieved . 82 million passengers used Waterloo International Station from its opening in 1994 to its closure in 2007 . 2008 was a record year for Eurostar , with a 10.3 % rise in passenger use , which was attributed to the use of High Speed 1 and the move to St Pancras . The following year , Eurostar saw an 11.5 % fall in passenger numbers during the first three months of 2009 , attributed to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire and the 2009 recession .", "As a result of the poor economic conditions , Eurostar received state aid in May 2009 to cancel out some of the accumulated debt from the High Speed 1 construction programme . Later that year , during snowy conditions in the run - up to Christmas , thousands of passengers were left stranded as several trains broke down and many more were cancelled . In an independent review commissioned by Eurostar , the company came in for serious criticism about its handling of the incident and lack of plans for such a scenario .", "In 2006 , the Department for Transport predicted that , by 2037 , annual cross-channel passenger numbers would probably reach 16 million , considerably less optimistic than London and Continental Railways 's original 1996 forecast . In 2007 Eurostar set a target of carrying 10 million passengers by 2010 . The company cited several factors to support this objective , such as improved journey times , punctuality and station facilities . Passengers in general , it stated , are becoming increasingly aware of the environmental effects of air travel , and Eurostar services emit much less carbon dioxide . and that its remaining carbon emissions are now offset , making its services carbon neutral . Further expansion of the high - speed rail network in Europe , such as the HSL - Zuid line between Belgium and the Netherlands , continues to bring more destinations within rail - competitive range , giving Eurostar the possibility of opening up new services in future .", "The following chart presents the estimated number of passengers annually transported by the Eurostar service since 1995 , in millions :", "Eurostar has been hailed as having set new standards in international rail travel and has won praise several times over , recognising its high standards . Eurostar won the Train Operator of the Year award in the HSBC Rail Awards for 2005 . It was declared the Best Train Company in the joint Guardian / Observer Travel Awards 2008 . Eurostar had previously struggled with its reputation and brand image . One commentator had defined the situation at the time as :", "In June 2003 , Eurostar was battling to recover from the worst period in its 10 - year history . Negative media coverage combined with poor sales and the general public 's low opinion of the British rail industry , created a major challenge ... Eurostar was finding it difficult to pick itself up from one of the worst periods in its decade - long history . The period post 9 / 11 had sent the business into a downturn . Passenger numbers were drying up due to worries over international travel . Several management changes had led to a pause in strategy . Punctuality had suffered badly because of wider problems with the UK 's rail infrastructure .", "By 2008 , Eurostar 's environmental credentials had become highly developed and promoted . In 2006 Eurostar 's Environment Group was set up , with the aim of making changes in the Eurostar services ' daily running to decrease the environmental impact , the organisation setting itself a target of reducing carbon emissions per passenger journey by 25 % by 2012 . Drivers are trained in techniques to achieve maximum energy efficiency , and lighting has been minimised ; the provider of the bulk of the energy for the Channel Tunnel has been switched to nuclear power stations in France .", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2014 )", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2014 )", "Eurostar 's current target is to reduce emissions by 35 percent per passenger journey by 2012 , putting itself beyond the efforts of other railway companies in this field and thereby winning the 2007 Network Rail Efficiency Award . In the grand opening ceremony of St Pancras International , one of the Eurostar trains was given the name ' Tread Lightly ' , said to symbolise their smaller impact on the environment compared to planes .", "Since 2010 , Eurostar is owned by Eurostar International Limited , a company jointly owned by SNCF ( 55 % ) , Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec ( CDPQ ) ( 30 % ) , Hermes Infrastructure ( 10 % ) and SNCB ( 5 % ) .", "Eurostar is a member of Railteam , a marketing alliance formed in July 2007 of seven European high - speed rail operators . The alliance plans to allow tickets to be booked from one end of Europe to the other on a single website . In June 2009 London and Continental Railways , and the Eurostar UK operations they held ownership of , became fully nationalised by the UK government .", "Class Image Type Top speed Carriages Number Unit Nos . Routes operated Built mph km / h Class 373 Eurostar E300 EMU 186 300 Two Class 373 locomotives with 18 Coaches between them 28 373001 - 373022 373101 - 373108 373201 - 373202 373205 - 373224 373229 - 373232 London -- Paris London -- Brussels London -- Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy London -- Bourg Saint Maurice London - Marseille - Saint - Charles Class 374 Eurostar E320 EMU 200 320 16 17 374001 - 374034 London -- Paris London -- Brussels / Amsterdam Centraal 2011 -", "Class Image Type Top speed Carriages Number Unit Nos . Routes operated Built", "mph km / h", "Class 373 Eurostar E300 EMU 186 300 Two Class 373 locomotives with 18 Coaches between them 28 373001 - 373022 373101 - 373108 373201 - 373202 373205 - 373224 373229 - 373232 London -- Paris London -- Brussels London -- Marne - la - Vallée -- Chessy London -- Bourg Saint Maurice London - Marseille - Saint - Charles", "Class 374 Eurostar E320 EMU 200 320 16 17 374001 - 374034 London -- Paris London -- Brussels / Amsterdam Centraal 2011 -", "In addition to its multiple unit fleet units , Eurostar operates a single Class 08 diesel shunter as the pilot at Temple Mills depot .", "Built between 1992 and 1996 , Eurostar 's fleet consists of 38 EMU trains , designated Class 373 in the United Kingdom and TGV TMST in France . The units have also been branded as the Eurostar e300 by Eurostar since 2015 . There are two variants :", "31 `` Inter-Capital '' sets consisting of two power cars and eighteen passenger carriages . These trains are 394 metres ( 1,293 ft ) long and can carry 750 passengers : 206 in first class , 544 in standard class . 7 shorter `` North of London '' sets which have two power cars and fourteen passenger carriages and are 320 metres ( 1,050 ft ) long . These sets have a capacity of 558 seats : 114 first class , 444 standard and which were designed to operate the aborted Regional Eurostar services .", "31 `` Inter-Capital '' sets consisting of two power cars and eighteen passenger carriages . These trains are 394 metres ( 1,293 ft ) long and can carry 750 passengers : 206 in first class , 544 in standard class .", "7 shorter `` North of London '' sets which have two power cars and fourteen passenger carriages and are 320 metres ( 1,050 ft ) long . These sets have a capacity of 558 seats : 114 first class , 444 standard and which were designed to operate the aborted Regional Eurostar services .", "The trains are essentially modified TGV sets , and can operate at up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on high - speed lines , and 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) in the Channel Tunnel . It is possible to exceed the 300 - kilometre - per - hour speed limit , but only with special permission from the safety authorities in the respective country . Speed limits in the Channel Tunnel are dictated by air - resistance , energy ( heat ) dissipation and the need to fit in with other , slower trains . The trains were designed with Channel Tunnel safety in mind , and consist of two independent `` half - sets '' each with its own power car . In the event of a serious fire on board while travelling through the tunnel , passengers would be transferred into the undamaged half of the train , which would then be detached and driven out of the tunnel to safety . If the undamaged part were the rear half of the train , this would be driven by the Chef du Train , who is a fully authorised driver and occupies the rear driving cab while the train travels through the tunnel for this purpose .", "As 27 of the 31 Inter-Capital sets are sufficient to operate the service , four are currently used by SNCF for domestic TGV services ; one of these regularly operates a Paris -- Lille shuttle . The Eurostar logos have been removed from these sets , but the base colours of white , black , and yellow remain . SNCF 's lease of the sets is scheduled to last until 2011 , with an option for a further two years .", "Each train has a unique four - digit number starting with `` 3 '' ( 3xxx ) . This designates the train as a Mark 3 TGV ( Mark 1 being SNCF TGV Sud - Est ; Mark 2 being SNCF TGV Atlantique ) . The second digit denotes the country of ownership :", "30xx UK 31xx Belgium 32xx France 33xx Regional Eurostar", "33xx Regional Eurostar", "In 2004 -- 2005 the `` Inter-Capital '' sets still in daily use for international services were refurbished with a new interior designed by Philippe Starck . The original grey - yellow scheme in Standard class and grey - red of First / Premium First were replaced with a grey - brown look in Standard and grey - burnt - orange in First class . Power points were added to seats in First class and coaches 5 and 14 in Standard class . Premium First class was renamed BusinessPremier .", "In 2008 , Eurostar announced that it would be carrying out a mid-life refurbishment of its Class 373 trains to allow the fleet to remain in service beyond 2020 . This will include the 28 units making up the Eurostar fleet , but not the three Class 373 / 1 units used by SNCF or the seven Class 373 / 2 `` North of London '' sets . As part of the refurbishment , the Italian company Pininfarina was contracted to redesign the interiors , and The Yard Creative was selected to design the new buffet cars . On 11 May 2009 Eurostar revealed the new look for its first - class compartments . The first refurbished train was due in service in 2012 , and Eurostar plans to have completed the entire process by 2014 .", "On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the first refurbished trains would not re-enter the fleet until the 3rd or 4th quarter of 2015 due to delays at the completion centre .", "In addition to the announced mid-life update of the existing Class 373 fleet , Eurostar in 2009 reportedly entered prequalification bids for eight new trainsets to be purchased . Any new trains would need to meet the same safety rules governing passage through the Channel Tunnel as the existing Class 373 fleet . The replacement to the Class 373 trains has been decided jointly between the French Transport Ministry and the UK Department for Transport . The new trains will be equipped to use the new ERTMS in - cab signalling system , due to be fitted to High Speed 1 around 2040 .", "On 7 October 2010 , it was reported that Eurostar had selected Siemens as preferred bidder to supply 10 Siemens Velaro e320 trainsets at a cost of € 600 million ( and a total investment of more than £ 700 million with the refurbishment of the existing fleet included ) to operate an expanded route network , including services from London to Cologne and Amsterdam . These would be sixteen - car , 400 - metre ( 1,312 ft ) long trainsets built to meet current Channel Tunnel regulations . The top speed will be 320 km / h ( 199 mph ) and they will have 894 -- 950 seats , unlike the current fleet built by the French company Alstom , which has a top speed of 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) and a seating capacity of 750 . Total traction power will be rated at 16 MW .", "The nomination of Siemens would see it break into the French high - speed market for the first time , as all French and French subsidiary high - speed operators use TGV derivatives produced by Alstom . Alstom attempted legal action to prevent Eurostar from acquiring German - built trains , claiming that the Siemens sets ordered would breach Channel Tunnel safety rules , but this was thrown out of court . Alstom said , after its High Court defeat , that it would `` pursue alternative legal options to uphold its position '' . On 4 November 2010 , the company lodged a complaint with the European Commission over the tendering process , which then asked the British government for `` clarification '' . Alstom then announced it had started legal action against Eurostar , again in the High Court in London . In July 2011 , the High Court rejected Alstom 's claim that the tender process was `` ineffective '' , and in April 2012 Alstom said it would call off pending court actions against Siemens . This effectively freed the way for Siemens to build the new Eurostar trains , the first of which were expected to enter service in late 2015 .", "On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the purchase of an additional seven e320s for delivery in the second half of 2016 . At the same time , Eurostar announced the first five e320s from the original order of ten would be available by December 2015 , with the remaining five entering service by May 2016 . Of the five sets ready by December 2015 , three of them were planned to be used on London - Paris and London - Brussels routes .", "Class Image Type Top speed Number Operated Notes mph km / h Class 37 Diesel locomotive 90 145 12 Intended to operate sleeper services over non-electrified parts of the railway network in Britain . Eurostar retained three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains , route learning and driver training , but sold them to Direct Rail Services when the new Temple Mills Depot opened in November 2007 . Class 73 Electro - diesel locomotive 90 145 Were used primarily to rescue failed trains . Eurostar operated two of these from its North Pole depot until 2007 , when they were loaned to a pair of educational initiatives having become redundant following the move to Temple Mills . Class 92 Electric locomotive 87 140 7 Intended to operate the Nightstar sleeper services . Eurostar owned seven units of this class , which never saw service until they were sold in 2007 to Europorte 2 .", "Class Image Type Top speed Number Operated Notes", "mph km / h", "Class 37 Diesel locomotive 90 145 12 Intended to operate sleeper services over non-electrified parts of the railway network in Britain . Eurostar retained three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains , route learning and driver training , but sold them to Direct Rail Services when the new Temple Mills Depot opened in November 2007 .", "Class 73 Electro - diesel locomotive 90 145 Were used primarily to rescue failed trains . Eurostar operated two of these from its North Pole depot until 2007 , when they were loaned to a pair of educational initiatives having become redundant following the move to Temple Mills .", "Class 92 Electric locomotive 87 140 7 Intended to operate the Nightstar sleeper services . Eurostar owned seven units of this class , which never saw service until they were sold in 2007 to Europorte 2 .", "In 2005 , the chief executive of Eurostar , Richard Brown , suggested that existing Eurostar trains could be replaced by double - deck trains similar to the TGV Duplex units when they are withdrawn from service . According to Brown , a double - deck fleet could carry 40 million passengers per year from Britain to Continental Europe , equivalent to adding an extra runway at a London airport .", "A number of technical incidents have affected Eurostar services over the years , but up to the present there has only been one major accident involving a service operated by Eurostar , a derailment in June 2000 . Other incidents in the Channel Tunnel -- such as the 1996 and 2008 Channel Tunnel fires -- have affected Eurostar services but were not directly related to Eurostar 's operations . However , the breakdowns in the tunnel , which resulted in cessation of service and inconvenience to thousands of passengers , in the run - up to Christmas 2009 , proved a public - relations disaster .", "There have been several minor incidents with a few Eurostar services . In October 1994 there were teething problems relating to the start of operations . The first preview train , carrying 400 members of the press and media , was delayed for two hours by technical problems . On 29 May 2002 a Eurostar train was initially sent down a wrong line -- towards London Victoria railway station instead of London Waterloo -- causing the service to arrive 25 minutes late . A signalling error that led to the incorrect routeing was stated to have caused `` no risk '' as a result .", "On 11 April 2006 , a house collapsed next to a railway line near London which caused Eurostar services to have to terminate and start from Ashford International instead of London Waterloo . Passengers waiting at Waterloo International were initially directed on to local trains towards Ashford leaving from the adjacent London Waterloo East railway station , until overcrowding occurred at Ashford .", "Approximately 1000 passengers were trapped in darkness for several hours inside two Eurostar trains on the night of 19 / 20 February 1996 . The trains stopped inside the tunnels due to electronic failures caused by snow and ice . Questions were raised at the time about the ability of the train and tunnel electronics to withstand the mix of snow , salt and ice which collect in the tunnels during periods of extreme cold .", "On 5 June 2000 a Eurostar train travelling from Paris to London derailed on the LGV Nord high - speed line while traveling at 290 km / h ( 180 mph ) . Fourteen people were treated for light injuries or shock , with no fatalities or major injuries . The articulated nature of the trainset was credited with maintaining stability during the incident and all of the train stayed upright . The incident was caused by a traction link on the second bogie of the front power car coming loose , leading to components of the transmission system on that bogie impacting the track .", "The first departures from St Pancras on 14 November 2007 coincided with an open - ended strike by French rail unions as part of general strike actions over proposed public - sector pension reforms . The trains were operated by uninvolved British employees and service was not interrupted .", "On 23 September 2009 an overhead power line dropped on to a Class 373 train arriving at St Pancras station , activating a circuit breaker and delaying eleven other trains . Two days later , on 25 September 2009 , electrical power via the overhead lines was lost on a section of high - speed line outside Lille , delaying passengers on two evening Eurostar - operated services .", "During the December 2009 European snowfall , four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel , after leaving France , and one in Kent on 18 December . Although the trains had been winterised , the systems had not coped with the conditions . Over 2,000 passengers were stuck inside failed trains inside the tunnel , and over 75,000 had their services disrupted . All Eurostar services were cancelled from Saturday 19 December to Monday 21 December 2009 . An independent review , published on 12 February 2010 , was critical of the contingency plans in place for assisting passengers stranded by the delays , calling them `` insufficient '' .", "On 7 January 2010 a Brussels - London train broke down in the Channel Tunnel , resulting in three other trains failing to complete their journeys . The cause of the failure was the onboard signalling system . Due to the severe weather , a limited service was operated in the next few days .", "On 15 February 2010 , services between Brussels and London were interrupted following the Halle train collision , this time after the dedicated HSL 1 lines in the suburbs of the Belgian capital were blocked by debris from a serious train crash on the suburban commuter lines alongside . No efforts were made to reroute trains around the blockage ; Eurostar instead terminated services to Brussels at Lille , directing passengers to continue their journey on local trains . Brussels services resumed on a limited scale on 22 February .", "On 21 February 2010 the 21 : 43 service from Paris to London broke down just outside Ashford International , stranding 740 passengers for several hours while a rescue train was called in .", "On 15 April 2010 air traffic in Western Europe closed because of the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano . Many travellers between the UK and the European mainland instead took the Eurostar train , all tickets between Brussels and London on 15 and 16 April being sold out within 31⁄2 hours after the closure of British airspace . Between 15 and 20 April , Eurostar put on 33 additional trains and carried 165,000 passengers -- 50,000 more than had been scheduled to travel during this period .", "On 20 December 2010 , the Channel Tunnel was closed off for a day due to snowy weather . Eurostar Trains were suspended that day with thousands of passengers stranded in the run up to Christmas", "On 17 October 2011 a man fell at approximately 17 : 40 or 17 : 50 from the 17 : 04 service from London to Brussels as it passed through Westenhanger and Cheriton in Folkestone , near the entry to the Channel Tunnel . The individual was an Albanian who had been refused entry to the United Kingdom and was voluntarily returning to Brussels . The line was handed back at 22 : 09 after being closed for several hours following the incident . The train itself returned north to Ashford International , where passengers were transferred to a Eurostar service operating from Marne - la - Vallée to London , where passengers arrived again at approximately 22 : 30 .", "Eurostar trains do not currently call at Stratford International , originally intended to be the London stop for the regional Eurostars . This was to be reviewed following the 2012 Olympics . However , in 2013 , Eurostar claimed that its ' business would be hit ' by stopping trains there .", "Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned , the significantly improved journey times available since the opening of High Speed 1 -- which is physically connected to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line ( for the West Coast Main Line ) at St Pancras -- and the recently increased maximum speeds on the West Coast Main Line may make potential Regional Eurostar services more commercially viable . This would be even more likely if proposals are adopted for a new high - speed line from London to the north of Britain . Simon Montague , Eurostar 's Director of Communications , commented that : `` ... International services to the regions are only likely once High Speed 2 is built . '' However , as of 2014 the current plans for High Speed 2 do not allow for a direct rail link between that new line , and High Speed 1 , meaning passengers would still be required to change at Euston and take some form of transportation to St Pancras International .", "Key pieces of infrastructure still belong to LCR via its subsidiary London & Continental Stations and Property , such as the Manchester International Depot , and Eurostar ( UK ) still owns several track access rights and the rights to paths on both the East Coast and West Coast Main Lines . While no announcement has been made of plans to start Regional Eurostar services , it remains a possibility for the future . In the meantime , the closest equivalent to Regional Eurostar services are same - station connections with East Midlands Trains and Thameslink , changing at St Pancras . The recent construction of a new concourse at adjacent King 's Cross Station has improved interchange with St Pancras and provided London North Eastern Railway , Great Northern , Hull Trains and Grand Central services with easier connections to Eurostar .", "Eurostar has already been involved in reviewing and publishing reports into High Speed 2 for the British Government and looks favourably upon such an undertaking . The operation of Regional Eurostar services will not be considered until such time as High Speed 2 has been completed . Alternatively , future loans of the North of London sets to other operators would enable the trains to operate at their full speed , unlike GNER 's previous loan between 2000 and 2005 , where the trains were limited to 175 km / h ( 109 mph ) on regular track . A separate company called High Speed Two ( HS2 ) Ltd has been set up to investigate the feasibility and viability of a new line likely serving a similar route to the West Coast Main Line .", "LGV Picardie is a proposed high - speed line between Paris and Calais via Amiens . By cutting off the corner of the LGV Nord at Lille , it would enable Eurostar trains to save 20 minutes on the journey between Paris and Calais , bringing the London -- Paris journey time under 2 hours . In 2008 the French Government announced its future investment plans for new LGVs to be built up to 2020 ; LGV Picardie was not included but was listed as planned in the longer term .", "Richard Brown , Chief Executive of Eurostar .", "The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1 and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL - Zuid bring more continental destinations within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel . By Eurostar 's estimates a train would then take 3 hours 30 minutes from London to Amsterdam . At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services , but direct services to other destinations would be possible . However , the routes that any potential services are likely to take would include infrastructure that Eurostar 's rolling stock has not been built to use -- German railways mostly have 15 kV AC electrification , while the Netherlands uses 1.5 kV DC ( except on HSL Zuid and the Betuweroute ) . To operate on these lines would require new or heavily modified rolling stock designed to operate at these different voltages , in addition to those already in use . Signalling systems also differ . In addition to the infrastructure difficulties , any potential Eurostar services beyond Paris and Brussels would also require the installation of stringent security measures , due to the UK 's not having signed up to the Schengen Agreement , which allows unrestricted movement across borders of member countries .", "The difficulties that Eurostar faces in expanding its services would also be faced by any potential competitors to Eurostar . As the UK is outside the Schengen Agreement , London - bound trains must use platforms that are physically isolated , a constraint which other international operators such as Thalys do not face . In addition , the British authorities are required to make passenger security and passport checks before they board the train , which might deter domestic passengers . Compounding the difficulties in providing a similar service are the Channel Tunnel safety rules , the major ones being the `` half - train rule '' and the `` length rule '' . The `` half - train rule '' stipulated that passenger trains had to be able to split in the case of emergency . Class 373 trains were designed as two half - sets , which when coupled form a complete train , enabling them to be split easily in the event of an emergency while in the tunnel , with the unaffected set able to be driven out . The half - train rule was finally abolished in May 2010 . However , the `` length rule '' , which states that passenger trains must be at least 375 metres long with a through corridor ( to match the distance between the safety doors in the tunnel ) , was retained , preventing any potential operators from applying to run services with existing fleets ( the majority of both TGV and ICE trains are only 200m long ) .", "In October 2009 the President of SNCF , Guillaume Pepy , outlined plans to expand TGV services around Paris as well as for fleet renewal . A plan to connect LGV Nord , the line used by Eurostar into Paris , with La Défense , a large commercial and business centre in the west of Paris , was described as the `` top priority '' . Pepy estimated that the connection ( which would also allow interchange to the proposed Paris -- Rouen -- Le Havre LGV line ) would allow a journey time from central London to La Défense of 2 hr 15 min . Guillaume Pepy defined SNCF 's priorities for the future as :", "Our dream is to have 12 TGV stations for the 12 million inhabitants of Île de France . Grand Paris would be linked with the European high speed network , to challenge London or Frankfurt .", "At the same time as Pepy 's announcement , Richard Brown announced that Eurostar 's plans for expanding its network potentially included Amsterdam and Rotterdam as destinations , using the HSL Zuid line . This would require either equipment upgrades of the existing fleet , or a new fleet equipped for both ERTMS and the domestic signalling systems used by Nederlandse Spoorwegen . Following the December 2009 opening of HSL Zuid , a London -- Amsterdam journey is estimated to take 4 hr 16 min .", "In an interview with Eurostar 's Chief Executive Nicolas Petrovic in the Financial Times in May 2012 , an intention for Eurostar to serve ten new destinations was expressed , including Amsterdam , Frankfurt , Cologne , Lyon , Marseille and Geneva , along with a likely second hub to be created in Brussels .", "In March 2016 in an interview with Bloomberg , Eurostar 's Chief Executive expressed interest in operating a direct train service between London and Bordeaux , but not before 2019 . Journey time was said to be around four and a half hours using the new LGV Sud Europe Atlantique .", "In December 2012 Eurostar announced that on Saturdays during May 2013 -- June 2013 a new seasonal service would be introduced to Aix - en - Provence , also serving Lyon Part - Dieu and Avignon TGV on the way ( the latter being 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) from central Avignon ) . This is in addition to the long - standing seasonal summer service on Saturdays during July and August and the first week of September travelling to Avignon Centre . The Aix - en - Provence services did not run in 2014 but was replaced along with the seasonal Avignon Centre services with the new year - round service to Lyon and Marseille as of 1 May 2015 . In 2018 , at least , direct services to Lyon , Avignon and Marseille ran only from May to September , with connections during the rest of the year being offered via Eurostar but requiring a change to SNCF trains in Paris or Lille . Travel time from London to Marseille was roughly 6.5 hours in 2018 .", "In September 2013 , Eurostar announced an agreement with the Government of Netherlands and NS , the Dutch railway company to start twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal ; the launch was initially planned for December 2016 . The service will use the newly bought Siemens Velaro trainsets and will also call at Brussels , and Rotterdam . The journey time will be around four hours .", "Trains will stop in Brussels for half an hour for a security check . Passengers for London from Amsterdam and Rotterdam will undertake all security checks before boarding and will not need to get off in Brussels . The train will also convey passengers from the Netherlands on journeys to Brussels who will not need to pass through security and they will be allocated half the train which will be kept separate from the London - bound passengers by locking the intermediate door . The Brussels - bound half of the train will be security swept on arrival at Brussels before Brussels - to - London passengers can board .", "The journey from London to Amsterdam Centraal will take 3 hr 41 min and trains will call at Brussels Zuid / Midi and Rotterdam Centraal Station . From Amsterdam Centraal to London St Pancras , trains will take 4 hr 9 min to include the 28 minute stop at Brussels . Eurostar trains from London will also call at Antwerp Centraal and Schiphol Airport , although trains from Amsterdam will miss out Antwerp on the journey back to London .", "In November 2014 , Eurostar announced the service to Amsterdam would start in `` 2016 - 2017 '' , and would include a stop at Schiphol Airport in addition to the previously announced destinations . Eurostar have indicated that the calling pattern ' is not set in stone ' and if a business case supports it the service might be extended to additional cities such as Utrecht .", "The service was finally planned to start running on 4 April 2018 , with fare prices starting at £ 35 for a single ticket . An `` inaugural train '' from St Pancras International to Amsterdam via Rotterdam broke a speed record for the journey to Brussels ( 1hr 46mins ) on 20 February 2018 . The first regular service to Amsterdam left St Pancras at 08 : 31 on 4 April 2018 .", "In 2010 , international rail travel was liberalised by new European Union directives , designed to break up monopolies in order to encourage competition for services between countries . This sparked interest among other companies in providing services in competition to Eurostar and new services to destinations beyond Paris and Brussels . The only rail carrier to formally propose and secure permission for such a service up to now is Deutsche Bahn , which intends to run services between London and Germany and the Netherlands . The sale of High Speed One by the British Government having effectively nationalised LCR in June 2009 is also likely to stimulate competition on the line .", "In March 2010 , it was announced that Eurotunnel was in discussions with the Intergovernment Commission , which oversees the tunnel , with the aim of amending elements of the safety code governing the tunnel 's usage . Most saliently , the requirement that trains be able to split within the tunnel and each part of the train be driven out to opposite ends has been removed . However , the proposal to allow shorter trains was not passed . Eurotunnel Chairman & Chief Executive Jacques Gounon said that he hoped the liberalisation of rules would allow entry into the market of competitors such as Deutsche Bahn . Sources at Eurotunnel suggested that Deutsche Bahn could have entered the market at the timetable change in December 2012 . This , however , did not happen .", "In July 2010 Deutsche Bahn ( DB ) announced that it intended to make a test run with a high - speed ICE - 3MF train through the Channel Tunnel in October 2010 in preparation for possible future operations . The trial ran on 19 October 2010 with a Class 406 ICE train specially liveried with a British `` Union flag '' decal . The train was then put on display for the press at St Pancras International . However , this is not the class of train that would be used for the proposed service . At the St Pancras ceremony , DB revealed that it planned to operate from London to Frankfurt and Amsterdam ( two of the biggest air travel markets in Europe ) , with trains ' splitting & joining ' in Brussels . It hoped to begin these services in 2013 using Class 407 ICE units , with three trains per day each way -- morning , midday and afternoon . Initially the only calling points would be Rotterdam on the way to Amsterdam , and Cologne on the way to Frankfurt . Amsterdam and Cologne would be under four hours from London , Frankfurt around five hours . DB decided to put this on hold mainly due to advance passport check requirements . DB had hoped that immigration checks could be done on board , but British authorities required immigration and security checks to be done at Lille Europe station , taking at least 30 minutes .", "In August 2010 , Trenitalia announced its desire to eventually run high - speed trains from Italy to the United Kingdom , using its newly ordered high - speed trains . The trains will be delivered from 2013 ." ]

[ [ "1998" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "A Bug 's Life Theatrical release poster Directed by John Lasseter Produced by Darla K. Anderson Kevin Reher Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Donald McEnery Bob Shaw Story by John Lasseter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft Starring Dave Foley Kevin Spacey Julia Louis - Dreyfus Music by Randy Newman Cinematography Sharon Calahan Edited by Lee Unkrich Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Budget $120 million Box office $363.3 million", "A Bug 's Life", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by John Lasseter", "Produced by Darla K. Anderson Kevin Reher", "Darla K. Anderson Kevin Reher", "Darla K. Anderson", "Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Donald McEnery Bob Shaw", "Andrew Stanton Donald McEnery Bob Shaw", "Story by John Lasseter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft", "John Lasseter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft", "Starring Dave Foley Kevin Spacey Julia Louis - Dreyfus", "Dave Foley Kevin Spacey Julia Louis - Dreyfus", "Julia Louis - Dreyfus", "Music by Randy Newman", "Cinematography Sharon Calahan", "Edited by Lee Unkrich", "Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios", "Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios", "Walt Disney Pictures", "Pixar Animation Studios", "Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures", "Release date November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 )", "November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 )", "November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 )", "Running time 95 minutes", "Country United States", "Budget $120 million", "Box office $363.3 million", "A Bug 's Life is a 1998 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by John Lasseter , the film involves a misfit ant named Flik that is looking for `` tough warriors '' to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers , only to recruit a group of bugs that turn out to be an inept circus troupe . The film stars the voices of Dave Foley , Kevin Spacey , and Julia Louis - Dreyfus , and also featured Roddy McDowall 's final film appearance before his death .", "The film is inspired by Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995 . The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw . The ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing , and Pixar 's animation unit employed new technical innovations in computer animation . During production , the filmmakers became embroiled in a public feud with DreamWorks Animation due to the production of their similar film Antz , which was released the same year . Randy Newman composed the music for the film .", "The film was released on November 25 , 1998 , and was a box office success , surpassing competition and grossing $363 million in receipts . It received positive reviews from film critics , who commended the storyline , witty dialogue and animation , while others unfavorably compared it to Antz . It was the first film to be digitally transferred frame - by - frame and released to DVD , and has been released multiple times on home video .", "Ant Island is a colony of ants led by the Queen and her daughter , Princess Atta . Every season , they are forced to give food to a gang of marauding grasshoppers led by Hopper . One day , when Flik , an individualist and would - be inventor , inadvertently knocks the offering into a stream with his latest invention , a grain harvesting device , Hopper demands twice as much food as compensation . When Flik suggests in earnest that they seek help from other stronger bugs , the other ants see it as an opportunity to remove him and send him off .", "At the `` bug city '' , which is a heap of trash under a trailer , Flik mistakes a troupe of Circus Bugs , who were recently dismissed by their greedy ringmaster , P.T. Flea , for the warrior bugs he seeks . The bugs , in turn , mistake Flik for a talent agent , and accept his offer to travel with him back to Ant Island . During a welcome ceremony upon their arrival , the Circus Bugs and Flik both discover their mutual misunderstandings . The Circus Bugs attempt to leave , but are attacked by a bird ; while fleeing , they save Dot , Atta 's younger sister , gaining the ants ' respect in the process . At Flik 's request , they continue the ruse of being `` warriors '' , so the troupe can continue to enjoy the hospitality of the ants . Hearing that Hopper fears birds inspires Flik to create a false bird to scare away the grasshoppers . Meanwhile , Hopper tells his gang how greatly the ants outnumber them and worries that they will eventually rebel against them .", "The ants finish constructing the fake bird , but during a celebration , P.T. Flea arrives , searching for his troupe , and he inadvertently reveals their secret . Outraged by Flik 's deception , the ants exile him , and desperately gather food for a new offering to the grasshoppers . However , when Hopper returns to discover the mediocre offering , he takes over the island , and demands the ants ' winter food supply , planning to assassinate the Queen afterwards . Overhearing the plan , Dot informs Flik and the Circus Bugs , convincing them to return to Ant Island .", "After rescuing the Queen , Flik deploys the bird ; it initially fools the grasshoppers , but P.T. Flea , also mistaking it for a real bird , burns it , exposing it as a decoy . Hopper beats Flik in retaliation , saying that the ants are humble and lowly life forms who live to serve the grasshoppers . However , Flik responds that Hopper actually fears the colony , because he has always known what they are capable of , inspiring the ants and the Circus Bugs to fight back against the grasshoppers . The ants attempt to force Hopper out of Ant Island using P.T. Flea 's circus cannon , but it suddenly begins to rain . In the ensuing chaos , Hopper frees himself from the cannon , and abducts Flik . After the Circus Bugs fail to catch them , Atta rescues Flik . As Hopper pursues them , Flik lures him to the nest of the bird he , Dot , and the Circus Bugs encountered earlier . Thinking that the bird is another decoy , Hopper taunts it before discovering it is real , and is captured and fed to its chicks .", "With their enemies gone , Flik has improved his inventions along with the quality of life for Ant Island , Atta professes her love for Flik , and they give Hopper 's younger brother Molt , and a few ants to P.T. Flea as new members of his troupe . Atta and Dot respectively become the new queen and princess . The ants congratulate Flik as a hero , and bid a fond farewell to the circus troupe , who promise to return in the future .", "Dave Foley as Flik , an inventive , but mostly accident - prone , ant Kevin Spacey as Hopper , the leader of the grasshopper gang Julia Louis - Dreyfus as Princess Atta , the soon - to - be queen of the colony Hayden Panettiere as Dot , Princess Atta 's younger sister and initially Flik 's only friend in the ant colony Phyllis Diller as the Queen , the leader of the ant colony Richard Kind as Molt , Hopper 's dim - witted younger brother David Hyde Pierce as Slim , a walking stick and Francis and Heimlich 's friend Joe Ranft as Heimlich , a plump , German - accented caterpillar that longs to be a butterfly Denis Leary as Francis , a short - tempered ladybug that is constantly mistaken for a female Jonathan Harris as Manny , a praying mantis and magician in P.T. Flea 's circus Madeline Kahn as Gypsy , a gypsy moth and Manny 's beautiful wife and assistant Bonnie Hunt as Rosie , a black widow spider and Dim 's tamer Michael McShane as Tuck and Roll , twin pillbug brothers from Hungary John Ratzenberger as P.T. Flea , the owner of the circus Brad Garrett as Dim , a rhinoceros beetle that plays the `` Ferocious Beast '' in the circus act Roddy McDowall as Mr. Soil , the lead thespian Edie McClurg as Dr. Flora , the doctor of the ant colony Alex Rocco as Thorny , Princess Atta 's assistant David Ossman as Cornelius , an elderly ant", "Dave Foley as Flik , an inventive , but mostly accident - prone , ant", "Kevin Spacey as Hopper , the leader of the grasshopper gang", "Julia Louis - Dreyfus as Princess Atta , the soon - to - be queen of the colony", "Hayden Panettiere as Dot , Princess Atta 's younger sister and initially Flik 's only friend in the ant colony", "Phyllis Diller as the Queen , the leader of the ant colony", "Richard Kind as Molt , Hopper 's dim - witted younger brother", "David Hyde Pierce as Slim , a walking stick and Francis and Heimlich 's friend", "Joe Ranft as Heimlich , a plump , German - accented caterpillar that longs to be a butterfly", "Denis Leary as Francis , a short - tempered ladybug that is constantly mistaken for a female", "Jonathan Harris as Manny , a praying mantis and magician in P.T. Flea 's circus", "Madeline Kahn as Gypsy , a gypsy moth and Manny 's beautiful wife and assistant", "Bonnie Hunt as Rosie , a black widow spider and Dim 's tamer", "Michael McShane as Tuck and Roll , twin pillbug brothers from Hungary", "John Ratzenberger as P.T. Flea , the owner of the circus", "Brad Garrett as Dim , a rhinoceros beetle that plays the `` Ferocious Beast '' in the circus act", "Roddy McDowall as Mr. Soil , the lead thespian", "Edie McClurg as Dr. Flora , the doctor of the ant colony", "Alex Rocco as Thorny , Princess Atta 's assistant", "David Ossman as Cornelius , an elderly ant", "During the summer of 1994 , Pixar 's story department began turning their thoughts to their next film . The storyline for A Bug 's Life originated from a lunchtime conversation between John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , Pete Docter , and Joe Ranft , the studio 's head story team ; other films such as Monsters , Inc. and Finding Nemo were also conceived at this lunch . Lasseter and his story team had already been drawn to the idea of insects serving as characters . Like toys , insects were within the reach of computer animation back then , due to their relatively simple surfaces . Stanton and Ranft wondered whether they could find a starting point in Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Walt Disney had produced his own version with a cheerier ending decades earlier in the 1934 short film The Grasshopper and the Ants . In addition , Walt Disney Feature Animation had considered producing a film in the late - 1980s entitled Army Ants , that centered around a pacifist ant living in a militaristic colony , but this never fully materialized .", "As Stanton and Ranft discussed the adaptation , they rattled off scenarios and storylines springing from their premise . Lasseter liked the idea and offered some suggestions . The concept simmered until early 1995 , when the story team began work on the second film in earnest . During an early test screening for Toy Story in San Rafael in June 1995 , they pitched the film to Disney CEO Michael Eisner . Eisner thought the idea was fine and they submitted a treatment to Disney in early - July under the title Bugs . Disney approved the treatment and gave notice on July 7 that it was exercising the option of a second film under the original 1991 agreement between Disney and Pixar . Lasseter assigned the co-director job to Stanton ; both worked well together and had similar sensibilities . Lasseter had realized that working on a computer - animated feature as a sole director was dangerous while the production of Toy Story was in process . In addition , Lasseter believed that it would relieve stress and that the role would groom Stanton for having his own position as a lead director .", "In The Ant and the Grasshopper , a grasshopper squanders the spring and summer months on singing while the ants put food away for the winter ; when winter comes , the hungry grasshopper begs the ants for food , but the ants turn him away . Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft hit on the notion that the grasshopper could just take the food . After Stanton had completed a draft of the script , he came to doubt one of the story 's main pillars -- that the Circus Bugs that had come to the colony to cheat the ants would instead stay and fight . He thought the Circus Bugs were unlikable characters as liars and that it was unrealistic for them to undergo a complete personality change . Also , no particularly good reason existed for Circus Bugs to stay with the ant colony during the second act . Although the film was already far along , Stanton concluded that the story needed a different approach .", "Stanton took one of the early circus bug characters , Red the red ant , and changed him into the character Flik . The Circus Bugs , no longer out to cheat the colony , would be embroiled in a comic misunderstanding as to why Flik was recruiting them . Lasseter agreed with this new approach , and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw spent a few months working on further polishing with Stanton . The characters `` Tuck and Roll '' were inspired by a drawing that Stanton did of two bugs fighting when he was in the second grade . Lasseter had come to envision the film as an epic in the tradition of David Lean 's 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia .", "The voice cast was heavy with television sitcom stars of the time : Flik was voiced by Dave Foley ( from NewsRadio ) , Princess Atta was voiced by Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( from Seinfeld ) , Molt was voiced by Richard Kind ( from Spin City ) , Slim was voiced by David Hyde Pierce ( from Frasier ) and Dim was voiced by Brad Garrett ( from Everybody Loves Raymond ) . Joe Ranft , member of Pixar 's story team , played Heimlich the caterpillar at the suggestion of Lasseter 's wife , Nancy , who had heard him playing the character on a scratch vocal track .", "The casting of Hopper , the film 's villain , proved problematic . Lasseter 's top choice was Robert De Niro , who repeatedly turned the part down , as did a succession of other actors . Kevin Spacey met John Lasseter at the 1995 Academy Awards and Lasseter asked Spacey if he would be interested in doing the voice of Hopper . Spacey was delighted and signed on immediately .", "A Bug 's Life was the final film appearance of actor Roddy McDowell , who played Mr. Soil , before passing away shortly before the film 's theatrical release .", "It was more difficult for animators during the production of A Bug 's Life than that of Toy Story , as computers ran sluggishly due to the complexity of the character models . Lasseter and Stanton had two supervising animators to assist with directing and reviewing the animation : Rich Quade and Glenn McQueen . The first sequence to be animated and rendered was the circus sequence that culminated with P.T. Flea 's `` Flaming Wall of Death '' . Lasseter placed this scene first in the pipeline because he believed it was `` less likely to change '' . Lasseter thought it would be useful to look at a view of the world from an insect 's perspective . Two technicians obliged by creating a miniature video camera on Lego wheels , which they dubbed as the `` Bugcam '' . Fastened to the end of a stick , the Bugcam could roll through grass and other terrain and send back an insect 's - eye outlook . Lasseter was intrigued by the way grass , leaves , and flower petals formed a translucent canopy , as if the insects were living under a stained - glass ceiling . The team also later sought inspiration from Microcosmos ( 1996 ) , a French documentary on love and violence in the insect world .", "The transition from treatment to storyboards took on an extra layer of complexity due to the profusion of storylines . Where Toy Story focused heavily on Woody and Buzz , with the other toys serving mostly as sidekicks , A Bug 's Life required in - depth storytelling for several major groups of characters . Character design also presented a new challenge , in that the designers had to make ants appear likable . Although the animators and the art department studied insects more closely , natural realism would give way to the film 's larger needs . The team took out mandibles and designed the ants to stand upright , replacing their normal six legs with two arms and two legs . The grasshoppers , in contrast , received a pair of extra appendages to appear less attractive . The story 's scale also required software engineers to accommodate new demands . Among these was the need to handle shots with crowds of ants . The film would include more than 400 such shots in the ant colony , some with as many as 800 . It was impractical for animators to control them individually , but neither could the ants remain static for even a moment without appearing lifeless , or move identically . Bill Reeves , one of the film 's two supervising technical directors , dealt with the quandary by leading the development of software for autonomous ants . The animators would only animate four or five groups of about eight individual `` universal ants '' . Each one of these `` universal ants '' would later be randomly distributed throughout the digital set . The program also allowed each ant to be automatically modified in subtle ways ( e.g. different color of eye or skin , different heights , different weights , etc . ) . This ensured that no two ants were the same . It was partly based on Reeves 's invention of particle systems a decade and a half earlier , which had let animators use masses of self - guided particles to create effects like swirling dust and snow .", "The animators also employed subsurface scattering -- developed by Pixar co-founder Edwin Catmull during his graduate student days at the University of Utah in the 1970s -- to render surfaces in a more lifelike way . This would be the first time that subsurface scattering would be used in a Pixar film , and a small team at Pixar worked out the practical problems that kept it from working in animation . Catmull asked for a short film to test and showcase subsurface scattering and the result , Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) , was attached alongside A Bug 's Life in its theatrical release .", "During the production of A Bug 's Life , a public feud erupted between DreamWorks ' Jeffrey Katzenberg , and Pixar 's Steve Jobs and John Lasseter . Katzenberg , former chairman of Disney 's film division , had left the company in a bitter feud with CEO Michael Eisner . In response , he formed DreamWorks SKG with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen and planned to rival Disney in animation . After DreamWorks ' acquisition of Pacific Data Images ( PDI ) -- long Pixar 's contemporary in computer animation -- Lasseter and others at Pixar were dismayed to learn from the trade papers that PDI 's first project at DreamWorks would be another ant film , to be called Antz . By this time , Pixar 's project was well - known within the animation community . Both Antz and A Bug 's Life center on a young male , a drone with oddball tendencies that struggles to win a princess 's hand by saving their society . Whereas A Bug 's Life relied chiefly on visual gags , Antz was more verbal and revolved more around satire . The script of Antz was also heavy with adult references , whereas Pixar 's film was more accessible to children .", "It was clear that Lasseter and Jobs believed that the idea was stolen by Katzenberg . Katzenberg had stayed in touch with Lasseter after the acrimonious Disney split , often calling to check up . In October 1995 , when Lasseter was overseeing postproduction work on Toy Story at the Universal lot 's Technicolor facility in Universal City , where DreamWorks was also located , he called Katzenberg and dropped by with Stanton . When Katzenberg asked what they were doing next , Lasseter described what would become A Bug 's Life in detail . Lasseter respected Katzenberg 's judgment and felt comfortable using him as a sounding board for creative ideas . Lasseter had high hopes for Toy Story , and he was telling friends throughout the tight - knit computer - animation business to get cracking on their own films . `` If this hits , it 's going to be like space movies after Star Wars '' for computer animation companies , he told various friends . `` I should have been wary , '' Lasseter later recalled . `` Jeffrey kept asking questions about when it would be released . ''", "When the trades indicated production on Antz , Lasseter , feeling betrayed , called Katzenberg and asked him bluntly if it were true , who in turn asked him where he had heard the rumor . Lasseter asked again , and Katzenberg admitted it was true . Lasseter raised his voice and would not believe Katzenberg 's story that a development director had pitched him the idea long ago . Katzenberg claimed Antz came from a 1991 story pitch by Tim Johnson that was related to Katzenberg in October 1994 . Another source gives Nina Jacobson , one of Katzenberg 's executives , as the person responsible for the Antz pitch . Lasseter , who normally did not use profane language , cursed at Katzenberg and hung up the phone . Lasseter recalled that Katzenberg began explaining that Disney was `` out to get him '' and that he realized that he was just cannon fodder in Katzenberg 's fight with Disney . In truth , Katzenberg was the victim of a conspiracy : Eisner had decided not to pay him his contract - required bonus , convincing Disney 's board not to give him anything . Katzenberg was further angered by the fact that Eisner scheduled Bugs to open the same week as The Prince of Egypt , which was then intended to be DreamWorks ' first animated release . Lasseter grimly relayed the news to Pixar employees but kept morale high . Privately , Lasseter told other Pixar executives that he and Stanton felt terribly let down by Katzenberg .", "Katzenberg moved the opening of Antz from spring 1999 to October 1998 to compete with Pixar 's release . David Price writes in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch that a rumor , `` never confirmed '' , was that Katzenberg had given PDI `` rich financial incentives to induce them to whatever it would take to have Antz ready first , despite Pixar 's head start '' . Jobs was furious and called Katzenberg and began yelling . Katzenberg made an offer : He would delay production of Antz if Jobs and Disney would move A Bug 's Life so that it did not compete with The Prince of Egypt . Jobs believed it `` a blatant extortion attempt '' and would not go for it , explaining that there was nothing he could do to convince Disney to change the date . Katzenberg casually responded that Jobs himself had taught him how to conduct similar business long ago , explaining that Jobs had come to Pixar 's rescue by making the deal for Toy Story , as Pixar was near bankruptcy at that time . `` I was the one guy there for you back then , and now you 're allowing them to use you to screw me , '' Katzenberg said . He suggested that if Jobs wanted to , he could simply slow down production on A Bug 's Life without telling Disney . If he did , Katzenberg said , he would put Antz on hold . Lasseter also claimed Katzenberg had phoned him with the proposition , but Katzenberg denied these charges later .", "As the release dates for both films approached , Disney executives concluded that Pixar should keep silent on the DreamWorks battle . Regardless , Lasseter publicly dismissed Antz as a `` schlock version '' of A Bug 's Life . Lasseter , who claimed to have never seen Antz , told others that if DreamWorks and PDI had made the film about anything other than insects , he would have closed Pixar for the day so the entire company could go see it . Jobs and Katzenberg would not back down and the rivaling ant films provoked a press frenzy . `` The bad guys rarely win , '' Jobs told the Los Angeles Times . In response , DreamWorks ' head of marketing Terry Press suggested , `` Steve Jobs should take a pill . '' Despite the successful box office performance of both Antz and A Bug 's Life , tensions would remain high between Jobs and Katzenberg for many years . According to Jobs , Katzenberg came to Jobs after the success of Shrek ( 2001 ) and insisted he had never heard the pitch for A Bug 's Life , reasoning that his settlement with Disney would have given him a share of the profits if that were so . Although the contention left all parties estranged , Pixar and PDI employees kept up the old friendships that had arisen from spending a long time together in computer animation .", "A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Randy Newman Released October 27 , 1998 Recorded 1998 Genre Score Length 47 : 32 Label Walt Disney Randy Newman chronology Michael ( 1996 ) A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Pixar soundtrack chronology Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 )", "A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack", "Soundtrack album by Randy Newman", "Released October 27 , 1998", "Recorded 1998", "Genre Score", "Length 47 : 32", "Label Walt Disney", "Randy Newman chronology", "Michael ( 1996 ) A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 )", "Michael ( 1996 ) A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 )", "Michael ( 1996 ) A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 )", "Pixar soundtrack chronology", "Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 )", "Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 )", "Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 )", "The film 's score was composed and conducted by Randy Newman . The soundtrack album was produced and released on October 27 , 1998 , by Walt Disney Records . The album 's first track is a song called `` The Time of Your Life '' written and performed by Newman , while all the other 19 tracks are orchestral cues . The album is no longer manufactured into physical media , but is available for purchase on iTunes . The time duration is 47 minutes and 32 seconds . Out of five stars , Allmusic , Empire Online , and Film Tracks rated the album three stars . Movie Wave rated it four and a half . The score won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition .", "On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 92 % , based on 85 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Bug 's Life is a rousing adventure that blends animated thrills with witty dialogue and memorable characters -- and another smashing early success for Pixar . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' .", "Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` Lasseter and Pixar broke new technical and aesthetic ground in the animation field with Toy Story , and here they surpass it in both scope and complexity of movement while telling a story that overlaps Antz in numerous ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` A Bug 's Life , like Toy Story , develops protagonists we can root for , and places them in the midst of a fast - moving , energetic adventure . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` Will A Bug 's Life suffer by coming out so soon after Antz ? Not any more than one thriller hurts the chances for the next one . Antz may even help business for A Bug 's Life by demonstrating how many dramatic and comedic possibilities can be found in an anthill . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` What A Bug 's Life demonstrates is that when it comes to bugs , the most fun ones to hang out with hang exclusively with the gang at Pixar . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` A Bug 's Life is one of the great movies -- a triumph of storytelling and character development , and a whole new ballgame for computer animation . Pixar Animation Studios has raised the genre to an astonishing new level '' .", "Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying `` The plot matures handsomely ; the characters neatly converge and combust ; the gags pay off with emotional resonance . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` A Bug 's Life may be the single most amazing film I 've ever seen that I could n't fall in love with . '' Paul Clinton of CNN gave the film a positive review , saying `` A Bug 's Life is a perfect movie for the holidays . It contains a great upbeat message ... it 's wonderful to look at ... it 's wildly inventive ... and it 's entertaining for both adults and kids . '' Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four , and compared the movie to `` Akira Kurosawa 's Seven Samurai ( with a little of another art - film legend , Federico Fellini , tossed in ) . '' where `` As in Samurai , the colony here is plagued every year by the arrival of bandits . '' On the contrary , Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , saying `` Clever as it is , the film lacks charm . One problem : too many bugs . Second , bigger world for two purposes : to feed birds and to irk humans . ''", "A Bug 's Life grossed approximately $33,258,052 on its opening weekend , ranking number 1 for that weekend . It managed to retain its number 1 spot for two weeks . The film grossed $162.8 million in its United States theatrical run , covering its estimated production costs of $120 million . The film made $200,460,294 in foreign countries , pushing its worldwide gross to $363.3 million , surpassing the competition from DreamWorks Animation 's Antz .", "A Bug 's Life won a number of awards and numerous nominations . The film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Animated Film ( tied with The Prince of Egypt ) and Best Family Film , the Satellite Award for Best Animated Film and the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition by Randy Newman . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the BAFTA Award for Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list .", "A Bug 's Life was the first ever home video release to be entirely created using a digital transfer , with every single frame of animation being readded from the film 's computer data as opposed to the standard analog film - to - videotape transfer process . This allowed for the film 's DVD release to retain its original 2 : 35 : 1 anamorphic widescreen format which it was presented with in movie theaters . The DVD was released on April 20 , 1999 alongside a VHS release which was presented in a standard 1 : 33 : 1 `` fullscreen '' format . The movie 's fullscreen transfer was performed by entirely `` reframing '' the film shot by shot ; more than half of the film 's footage was modified by Pixar animators in order for them to fit within the film 's aspect ratio , with several characters and objects being moved closer together in order to avoid being cut out of frame . The film 's VHS release was the best - selling VHS in the United Kingdom , with 1.76 million units sold by the end of the year .", "On August 1 , 2000 , the film was rereleased on VHS and DVD under the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection banner . On May 20 , 2003 , another DVD was released as a 2 - disc Collector 's Edition . This DVD was fully remastered and has substantial bonus features . On May 19 , 2009 , the film was released on Blu - ray .", "The film 's theatrical and video releases include Geri 's Game , an Academy Award winning Pixar short made in 1997 , a year before this film was released .", "A game , based on the film , was developed by Traveller 's Tales and Tiertex Design Studios and released by Sony Computer Entertainment , Disney Interactive , THQ and Activision for various systems . The game 's storyline was similar to the film 's , with a few changes . However , unlike the film , the game received mixed to negative reviews . Aggregating review website GameRankings gave the Nintendo 64 version 54.40 % , the PlayStation version 51.90 % and the Game Boy Color version 36.63 % . GameSpot gave the PlayStation version a 2.7 / 10 , concluding that it was `` obvious that Disney was more interested in producing a $40 advertisement for its movie than in developing a playable game . '' IGN gave the Nintendo 64 version a 6.8 / 10 , praising the presentation and sound by stating `` It was upbeat , cheery look and feel very much like the movie of the same name with cheery , happy tunes and strong sound effects but again criticised the gameplay by saying the controls were sluggish with stuttering framerate and tired gameplay mechanics '' . while they gave the PlayStation version a 4 / 10 , criticizing the gameplay as slow and awkward but praising the presentation as cinematic .", "A Bug 's Land is a section of Disney California Adventure that is inspired by A Bug 's Life . One of the main attractions is the 3D show It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! which is also in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The Disney California Adventure nighttime show World of Color features a segment that includes Heimlich , the caterpillar from the film ." ]

[ [ "Brian Kelly" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football head coaches . The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame , located in South Bend , Indiana , United States . The team competes as an Independent at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level . Notre Dame has produced more All - Americans than any other Football Bowl Subdivision school . Additionally , seven Fighting Irish football players have won the Heisman Trophy . Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision , the other being Boston College , and one of a handful of programs independent of a football conference . The team plays its home games on Notre Dame 's campus at Notre Dame Stadium , also known as the `` House that Rockne Built , '' which has a capacity of 80,795 . The current head coach is Brian Kelly .", "# Number of coaches GC Games Coached Wins Loses Ties W -- L % Win -- Loss percentage", "# Number of coaches", "GC Games Coached", "Wins", "Loses", "Ties", "W -- L % Win -- Loss percentage", "Tenure Coach Years Record Pct . National Titles ( outright & shared ) 1887 -- 89 , 92 -- 93 None 5 7 -- 4 -- 1 . 625 1894 James L. Morison 3 -- 1 -- 1 . 700 1895 H.G. Hadden 3 -- 1 -- 0 . 750 1896 -- 98 Frank E. Hering 12 -- 6 -- 1 . 658 1899 James McWeeney 6 -- 3 -- 1 . 650 1900 -- 01 Pat O'Dea 14 -- 4 -- 2 . 750 1902 -- 03 James F. Faragher 14 -- 2 -- 2 . 843 1904 Red Salmon 5 -- 3 -- 0 . 625 1905 Henry J. McGlew 5 -- 4 -- 0 . 556 1906 -- 07 Thomas A. Barry 12 -- 1 -- 1 . 893 1908 Victor M. Place 8 -- 1 -- 0 . 889 1909 -- 10 Frank Longman 11 -- 1 -- 2 . 857 1911 -- 12 John L. Marks 13 -- 0 -- 2 . 933 1913 -- 17 Jesse Harper 5 34 -- 5 -- 1 . 863 1918 -- 30 Knute Rockne 13 105 -- 12 -- 5 . 881 1924 , 1929 , 1930 1931 -- 33 Heartley Anderson 16 -- 9 -- 2 . 630 1934 -- 40 Elmer Layden 7 47 -- 13 -- 3 . 770 1941 -- 43 , 46 -- 53 Frank Leahy 11 87 -- 11 -- 9 . 855 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 1944 Edward McKeever 8 -- 2 -- 0 . 800 1945 , 63 Hugh Devore 9 -- 9 -- 1 . 500 1954 -- 58 Terry Brennan 5 32 -- 18 -- 0 . 640 1959 -- 62 Joe Kuharich 17 -- 23 -- 0 . 425 1964 -- 74 Ara Parseghian 11 95 -- 17 -- 4 . 836 1966 , 1973 1975 -- 80 Dan Devine 6 53 -- 16 -- 1 . 764 1977 1981 -- 85 Gerry Faust 5 30 -- 26 -- 1 . 535 1986 -- 96 Lou Holtz 11 100 -- 30 -- 2 . 765 1988 1997 -- 2001 Bob Davie 5 35 -- 25 . 583 2001 * George O'Leary 0 0 -- 0 . 000 2002 -- 2004 Tyrone Willingham 21 -- 15 . 583 2004 * * Kent Baer 0 -- 1 . 000 2005 -- 2009 Charlie Weis 5 35 -- 27 . 565 2010 -- present Brian Kelly 7 59 -- 31 . 656 Totals 31 coaches 126 seasons 895 -- 321 -- 42 . 731 * George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , being fired five days after being hired ; he had misrepresented his academic credentials . * * Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl , after Tyrone Willingham was fired .", "Tenure Coach Years Record Pct . National Titles ( outright & shared ) 1887 -- 89 , 92 -- 93 None 5 7 -- 4 -- 1 . 625 1894 James L. Morison 3 -- 1 -- 1 . 700 1895 H.G. Hadden 3 -- 1 -- 0 . 750 1896 -- 98 Frank E. Hering 12 -- 6 -- 1 . 658 1899 James McWeeney 6 -- 3 -- 1 . 650 1900 -- 01 Pat O'Dea 14 -- 4 -- 2 . 750 1902 -- 03 James F. Faragher 14 -- 2 -- 2 . 843 1904 Red Salmon 5 -- 3 -- 0 . 625 1905 Henry J. McGlew 5 -- 4 -- 0 . 556 1906 -- 07 Thomas A. Barry 12 -- 1 -- 1 . 893 1908 Victor M. Place 8 -- 1 -- 0 . 889 1909 -- 10 Frank Longman 11 -- 1 -- 2 . 857 1911 -- 12 John L. Marks 13 -- 0 -- 2 . 933 1913 -- 17 Jesse Harper 5 34 -- 5 -- 1 . 863 1918 -- 30 Knute Rockne 13 105 -- 12 -- 5 . 881 1924 , 1929 , 1930 1931 -- 33 Heartley Anderson 16 -- 9 -- 2 . 630 1934 -- 40 Elmer Layden 7 47 -- 13 -- 3 . 770 1941 -- 43 , 46 -- 53 Frank Leahy 11 87 -- 11 -- 9 . 855 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 1944 Edward McKeever 8 -- 2 -- 0 . 800 1945 , 63 Hugh Devore 9 -- 9 -- 1 . 500 1954 -- 58 Terry Brennan 5 32 -- 18 -- 0 . 640 1959 -- 62 Joe Kuharich 17 -- 23 -- 0 . 425 1964 -- 74 Ara Parseghian 11 95 -- 17 -- 4 . 836 1966 , 1973 1975 -- 80 Dan Devine 6 53 -- 16 -- 1 . 764 1977 1981 -- 85 Gerry Faust 5 30 -- 26 -- 1 . 535 1986 -- 96 Lou Holtz 11 100 -- 30 -- 2 . 765 1988 1997 -- 2001 Bob Davie 5 35 -- 25 . 583 2001 * George O'Leary 0 0 -- 0 . 000 2002 -- 2004 Tyrone Willingham 21 -- 15 . 583 2004 * * Kent Baer 0 -- 1 . 000 2005 -- 2009 Charlie Weis 5 35 -- 27 . 565 2010 -- present Brian Kelly 7 59 -- 31 . 656 Totals 31 coaches 126 seasons 895 -- 321 -- 42 . 731 * George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , being fired five days after being hired ; he had misrepresented his academic credentials . * * Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl , after Tyrone Willingham was fired .", "Tenure Coach Years Record Pct . National Titles ( outright & shared ) 1887 -- 89 , 92 -- 93 None 5 7 -- 4 -- 1 . 625 1894 James L. Morison 3 -- 1 -- 1 . 700 1895 H.G. Hadden 3 -- 1 -- 0 . 750 1896 -- 98 Frank E. Hering 12 -- 6 -- 1 . 658 1899 James McWeeney 6 -- 3 -- 1 . 650 1900 -- 01 Pat O'Dea 14 -- 4 -- 2 . 750 1902 -- 03 James F. Faragher 14 -- 2 -- 2 . 843 1904 Red Salmon 5 -- 3 -- 0 . 625 1905 Henry J. McGlew 5 -- 4 -- 0 . 556 1906 -- 07 Thomas A. Barry 12 -- 1 -- 1 . 893 1908 Victor M. Place 8 -- 1 -- 0 . 889 1909 -- 10 Frank Longman 11 -- 1 -- 2 . 857 1911 -- 12 John L. Marks 13 -- 0 -- 2 . 933 1913 -- 17 Jesse Harper 5 34 -- 5 -- 1 . 863 1918 -- 30 Knute Rockne 13 105 -- 12 -- 5 . 881 1924 , 1929 , 1930 1931 -- 33 Heartley Anderson 16 -- 9 -- 2 . 630 1934 -- 40 Elmer Layden 7 47 -- 13 -- 3 . 770 1941 -- 43 , 46 -- 53 Frank Leahy 11 87 -- 11 -- 9 . 855 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 1944 Edward McKeever 8 -- 2 -- 0 . 800 1945 , 63 Hugh Devore 9 -- 9 -- 1 . 500 1954 -- 58 Terry Brennan 5 32 -- 18 -- 0 . 640 1959 -- 62 Joe Kuharich 17 -- 23 -- 0 . 425 1964 -- 74 Ara Parseghian 11 95 -- 17 -- 4 . 836 1966 , 1973 1975 -- 80 Dan Devine 6 53 -- 16 -- 1 . 764 1977 1981 -- 85 Gerry Faust 5 30 -- 26 -- 1 . 535 1986 -- 96 Lou Holtz 11 100 -- 30 -- 2 . 765 1988 1997 -- 2001 Bob Davie 5 35 -- 25 . 583 2001 * George O'Leary 0 0 -- 0 . 000 2002 -- 2004 Tyrone Willingham 21 -- 15 . 583 2004 * * Kent Baer 0 -- 1 . 000 2005 -- 2009 Charlie Weis 5 35 -- 27 . 565 2010 -- present Brian Kelly 7 59 -- 31 . 656 Totals 31 coaches 126 seasons 895 -- 321 -- 42 . 731 * George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , being fired five days after being hired ; he had misrepresented his academic credentials . * * Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl , after Tyrone Willingham was fired .", "Tenure Coach Years Record Pct . National Titles ( outright & shared )", "1887 -- 89 , 92 -- 93 None 5 7 -- 4 -- 1 . 625", "1894 James L. Morison 3 -- 1 -- 1 . 700", "1895 H.G. Hadden 3 -- 1 -- 0 . 750", "1896 -- 98 Frank E. Hering 12 -- 6 -- 1 . 658", "1899 James McWeeney 6 -- 3 -- 1 . 650", "1900 -- 01 Pat O'Dea 14 -- 4 -- 2 . 750", "1902 -- 03 James F. Faragher 14 -- 2 -- 2 . 843", "1904 Red Salmon 5 -- 3 -- 0 . 625", "1905 Henry J. McGlew 5 -- 4 -- 0 . 556", "1906 -- 07 Thomas A. Barry 12 -- 1 -- 1 . 893", "1908 Victor M. Place 8 -- 1 -- 0 . 889", "1909 -- 10 Frank Longman 11 -- 1 -- 2 . 857", "1911 -- 12 John L. Marks 13 -- 0 -- 2 . 933", "1913 -- 17 Jesse Harper 5 34 -- 5 -- 1 . 863", "1918 -- 30 Knute Rockne 13 105 -- 12 -- 5 . 881 1924 , 1929 , 1930", "1931 -- 33 Heartley Anderson 16 -- 9 -- 2 . 630", "1934 -- 40 Elmer Layden 7 47 -- 13 -- 3 . 770", "1941 -- 43 , 46 -- 53 Frank Leahy 11 87 -- 11 -- 9 . 855 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949", "1944 Edward McKeever 8 -- 2 -- 0 . 800", "1945 , 63 Hugh Devore 9 -- 9 -- 1 . 500", "1954 -- 58 Terry Brennan 5 32 -- 18 -- 0 . 640", "1959 -- 62 Joe Kuharich 17 -- 23 -- 0 . 425", "1964 -- 74 Ara Parseghian 11 95 -- 17 -- 4 . 836 1966 , 1973", "1975 -- 80 Dan Devine 6 53 -- 16 -- 1 . 764 1977", "1981 -- 85 Gerry Faust 5 30 -- 26 -- 1 . 535", "1986 -- 96 Lou Holtz 11 100 -- 30 -- 2 . 765 1988", "1997 -- 2001 Bob Davie 5 35 -- 25 . 583", "2001 * George O'Leary 0 0 -- 0 . 000", "2002 -- 2004 Tyrone Willingham 21 -- 15 . 583", "2004 * * Kent Baer 0 -- 1 . 000", "2005 -- 2009 Charlie Weis 5 35 -- 27 . 565", "2010 -- present Brian Kelly 7 59 -- 31 . 656", "Totals 31 coaches 126 seasons 895 -- 321 -- 42 . 731", "* George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , being fired five days after being hired ; he had misrepresented his academic credentials .", "* * Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl , after Tyrone Willingham was fired ." ]

[ [ "Melanie Paxson" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Descendants Promotional poster Genre Musical Fantasy Adventure Teen Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Directed by Kenny Ortega Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart Sofia Carson Kristin Chenoweth Narrated by Dove Cameron Composer ( s ) David Lawrence Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Producer ( s ) Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer ) Judy Taylor ( executive producer ) Cinematography Thomas Burstyn Editor ( s ) Don Brochu Running time 112 minutes Production company ( s ) Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Original release July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) Chronology Followed by Descendants 2 Related shows Descendants : School of Secrets Descendants : Wicked World Website movies.disney.com/descendants", "Descendants", "Promotional poster", "Genre Musical Fantasy Adventure Teen", "Musical Fantasy Adventure Teen", "Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott", "Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott", "Directed by Kenny Ortega", "Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart Sofia Carson Kristin Chenoweth", "Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart Sofia Carson Kristin Chenoweth", "Narrated by Dove Cameron", "Composer ( s ) David Lawrence", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "Production", "Producer ( s ) Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer ) Judy Taylor ( executive producer )", "Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer ) Judy Taylor ( executive producer )", "Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer )", "Judy Taylor ( executive producer )", "Cinematography Thomas Burstyn", "Editor ( s ) Don Brochu", "Running time 112 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel", "Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel", "Bad Angels Productions", "Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television", "Release", "Original network Disney Channel", "Original release July 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 31 )", "Chronology", "Followed by Descendants 2", "Related shows Descendants : School of Secrets Descendants : Wicked World", "Descendants : School of Secrets Descendants : Wicked World", "Descendants : School of Secrets", "Descendants : Wicked World", "Website movies.disney.com/descendants", "Descendants is a 2015 American musical fantasy television film directed and choreographed by Kenny Ortega . The film stars Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Booboo Stewart , and Cameron Boyce as the teenage daughters and sons of Maleficent , the Evil Queen , Jafar , and Cruella De Vil , respectively . The film follows these teenagers adjusting to life outside their island prison , while on a mission to steal the Fairy Godmother 's wand and free their parents from captivity .", "The film also stars Mitchell Hope , Melanie Paxson , Brenna D'Amico , Sarah Jeffery , Zachary Gibson , Jedidiah Goodacre , Dianne Doan , Dan Payne , Keegan Connor Tracy , Wendy Raquel Robinson , Maz Jobrani , Kathy Najimy , and Kristin Chenoweth . The film debuted on July 31 , 2015 as a Disney Channel Original Movie , to positive reviews and 6.6 million viewers .", "Descendants was spun off into a CGI animated short - form series titled Descendants : Wicked World , and was followed by a sequel Descendants 2 that premiered in July 2017 .", "Twenty years after Belle and Beast marry and become king and queen , they establish the United States of Auradon , creating a prosperous new nation from the surrounding kingdoms , and banish the villains to the Isle of the Lost , a slum surrounded by a barrier where magic is suspended . Their son , Ben , announces that his first proclamation is to give four selected children from the Isle of the Lost the chance to live in Auradon , away from the influence of their villainous parents : Carlos , son of Cruella de Vil ; Jay , son of Jafar ; Evie , daughter of the Evil Queen ; and Mal , daughter of Maleficent . On the island , Maleficent instructs the quartet to steal the Fairy Godmother 's magic wand to release the barrier so she can take over Auradon .", "Traveling to Auradon Prep , the four meet Ben and his self - proclaimed girlfriend Audrey , daughter of Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip . They also meet the Fairy Godmother , the school 's headmistress . Evie uses her mother 's pocket - sized magic mirror to locate the wand in a nearby museum , and Mal uses her mother 's spinning wheel from the museum to put the security guard to sleep , but they fail to steal the wand due to a barrier around it . After learning that the Fairy Godmother will use the wand at Ben 's coronation , the four wait it out by attending classes , but start to fit in with the students . Jay is recruited into the school 's `` tourney '' team ( a sport similar to field hockey and lacrosse ) , while Carlos overcomes his fear of dogs by befriending the school 's dog , Dude . Evie , though intelligent , acts vain to impress Chad , Cinderella 's son , but ends up doing his homework for him . Dopey 's son , Doug , encourages her not to pander to others and be herself .", "Mal becomes popular , using Maleficent 's spell book to improve the looks of Jane and Lonnie , the daughters of the Fairy Godmother and Mulan , respectively . Learning that Ben 's `` girlfriend '' will be seated close to the wand during the coronation , which is used during the ceremony , Mal bakes a cookie laced with a love potion and gives it to Ben , who falls madly in love with her , much to his friends ' shock . On a date with Ben , Mal becomes conflicted with her inner goodness and desire to please her mother , unsure of how to react to Ben 's feelings towards her . During the school 's family day , the villains ' children are ostracized after an encounter with Audrey 's grandmother , Queen Leah , saying that Maleficent 's curse was the reason she missed Aurora 's childhood , prompting an argument that drives Mal to end the beauty spell she used on Jane . Though Ben , Lonnie and Doug remain friendly towards the quartet , they are forced to distance themselves from them .", "At Ben 's coronation , Mal gives him a brownie containing the love spell 's antidote , believing it is unnecessary to keep him under the spell . However , Ben reveals he was already freed of the spell since their date when he went swimming in the Enchanted Lake , believing that Mal only did it because she really liked him . During Ben 's crowning , a disillusioned Jane grabs the wand from her mother , wanting to improve her beauty , only for her to accidentally destroy the Isle 's barrier . Mal takes the wand from Jane , but torn over what to do , is encouraged by Ben to make her own choice rather than follow Maleficent 's path . Mal recognizes that she and her friends found happiness in Auradon , and they choose to be good .", "Maleficent crashes the ceremony , freezing everyone except herself and the four children . When they defy her , Maleficent transforms into a dragon . Mal and her friends use a counterspell , turning Maleficent into a lizard based on the amount of love in her heart . Mal returns the Fairy Godmother her wand as she unfreezes everyone and tells her not to be hard on Jane . While the villains watch the celebration from afar , Auradon Prep 's students party through the night , with Mal and her friends finding happiness .", "Dove Cameron as Mal , the daughter of Maleficent Cameron Boyce as Carlos , the son of Cruella de Vil Booboo Stewart as Jay , the son of Jafar Sofia Carson as Evie , the daughter of the Evil Queen and Snow White 's stepsister Mitchell Hope as Prince Ben , the son of Queen Belle and King Beast Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother from Cinderella , the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane 's mother Brenna D'Amico as Jane , the daughter of the Fairy Godmother Sarah Jeffery as Princess Audrey , the daughter of Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip Zachary Gibson as Doug , the son of Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Jedidiah Goodacre as Prince Chad Charming , the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming Dianne Doan as Lonnie , the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang Dan Payne as King Beast from Beauty and the Beast , king of Auradon and Prince Ben 's father Keegan Connor Tracy as Queen Belle from Beauty and the Beast , queen of Auradon and Prince Ben 's mother Wendy Raquel Robinson as Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians , Carlos ' mother Maz Jobrani as Jafar from Aladdin , Jay 's father who owns his own junk shop Kathy Najimy as the Evil Queen from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Evie 's mother who still has issues with her stepdaughter , Snow White Kristin Chenoweth as Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty , Mal 's mother who is known as the worst and cruelest villain in Auradon", "Dove Cameron as Mal , the daughter of Maleficent", "Cameron Boyce as Carlos , the son of Cruella de Vil", "Booboo Stewart as Jay , the son of Jafar", "Sofia Carson as Evie , the daughter of the Evil Queen and Snow White 's stepsister", "Mitchell Hope as Prince Ben , the son of Queen Belle and King Beast", "Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother from Cinderella , the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane 's mother", "Brenna D'Amico as Jane , the daughter of the Fairy Godmother", "Sarah Jeffery as Princess Audrey , the daughter of Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip", "Zachary Gibson as Doug , the son of Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "Jedidiah Goodacre as Prince Chad Charming , the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming", "Dianne Doan as Lonnie , the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang", "Dan Payne as King Beast from Beauty and the Beast , king of Auradon and Prince Ben 's father", "Keegan Connor Tracy as Queen Belle from Beauty and the Beast , queen of Auradon and Prince Ben 's mother", "Wendy Raquel Robinson as Cruella de Vil from One Hundred and One Dalmatians , Carlos ' mother", "Maz Jobrani as Jafar from Aladdin , Jay 's father who owns his own junk shop", "Kathy Najimy as the Evil Queen from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , Evie 's mother who still has issues with her stepdaughter , Snow White", "Kristin Chenoweth as Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty , Mal 's mother who is known as the worst and cruelest villain in Auradon", "On December 12 , 2013 , Disney Channel announced the production of the film and released the plot outline . Kenny Ortega , a director who has previously worked with Disney Channel on the High School Musical trilogy , was announced to be directing the film . The script was written by the Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott . Filming began in the spring of 2014 . Filming took place in Victoria , British Columbia , Canada . The costumes were designed by Kara Saun .", "Descendants made its debut on Family Channel in Canada on July 31 , 2015 , at the same time as the United States . It was also the last Disney Channel Original Movie to air in Canada on Family after moving all Disney Content to Disney Channel The film premiered on August 1 , 2015 on Disney Channel in Australia and New Zealand and on September 25 , 2015 on Disney Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland . In the Middle East and Africa , the film premiered on September 18 , 2015 on the English feed of Disney Channel . It premiered in Turkey on October 17 , 2015 on Disney Channel .", "Descendants was released on DVD on July 31 , 2015 .", "Before the film made its TV debut , it was viewed more than one million times on the Watch Disney Channel app . It was viewed by 6.6 million people on its premiere night and 10.5 million viewers in Early DVR Playback . Shortly after the premier air date , ratings showed the film was the fifth most watched original movie in cable history .", "In Australia , the film attracted 151,000 viewers , making it the sixth highest - rated broadcast on pay television on its premiere day . The British premiere was watched by 827,000 viewers , making it the most - watched broadcast on Disney Channel of that week and month . The viewers rose to 1.45 million in 28 days , making it the highest viewership ever on the network .", "Descendants received positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 63 out of 100 , based on 5 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' .", "Isabella Biedenharn of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a `` B '' grade , saying `` ... plot is n't really the point . The fun is in the roll call ... It 's no High School Musical , but the songs are catchy , and the junior villains are worth rooting for . '' Tisha Mae Eaton of Moviepilot.com stated , `` It 's a movie that definitely had the feel of a Disney classic with a modern twist and I highly recommend it . '' Alex Reif of LaughingPlace.com gave it a score of 4.5 out of 5 saying , `` ... I highly recommend this to any Disney fan , if for no other reason than to see what they 've done with the characters , the Hocus Pocus references , and Kristin Chenoweth 's Maleficent which is closer to the animated character than Angelina Jolie 's portrayal . '' Brian Lowry of Variety called it `` ... a playful and tuneful TV movie , exhibiting much higher ambitions than , say , the Teen Beach franchise . '' By contrast , Amy Amatangelo of The Hollywood Reporter gave it a mixed review , calling it `` High School Musical meets Once Upon a Time . It smartly ushers little girls who have grown up watching Disney movies into the tween audience and is an idea so ripe for merchandising that the Disney Store is already chock - full of Descendants costumes , dolls and T - shirts . '' She called the story `` flimsy '' , but singled out the performances of Chenoweth , Najimy , Robinson and Jobrani .", "During the 2015 D23 Expo , Disney announced that a sequel to Descendants has been ordered . The news was made official on the Disney Channel Facebook page on October 15 , 2015 . Deadline reported that Parriott and McGibbon will reprise their duties as screenwriters and executive producers and that all of the cast from the first film is expected to return . On June 10 , 2016 , it was announced that China Anne McClain , who was already voicing Freddie , the daughter of Dr. Facilier , in Wicked World , would join the sequel as Ursula 's daughter , Uma .", "Before the film 's premiere air date , Disney Channel announced a live action mini series leading up to the event . Every day leading up to the release of the film , a new episode of Descendants : School of Secrets would be released revealing more secrets about the students at Auradon Prep . Each episode of the series is under 5 minutes long , with 23 episodes in total .", "Right after the film finished airing on Disney Channel , it was announced that a CGI - animated short spinoff entitled Descendants : Wicked World would be released in September 18 , 2015 . Furthermore , former Phineas and Ferb storyboard artist Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft announced on Twitter that she was directing the series , with Jenni Cook as producer , and that the original cast would be reprising their roles .", "A prequel novel called The Isle of the Lost by Melissa de la Cruz , has the villains ' descendants banding together to retrieve the Dragon 's Eye . The book has spent over 14 weeks as a Children 's Middle Grade New York Times Best Seller .", "Besides detailing about the children of Maleficent , Jafar , Cruella De Vil , and the Evil Queen , it also talks about some of the known locations of the Isle of the Lost like Dragon Hall ( the only school on the Isle of the Lost ) , Goblin Wharf ( which is operated by goblins who would like amnesty for their involvement with Maleficent ) , Bargain Castle ( which sells enchanted robes and bargain hats while the top floor is where Maleficent lives ) , Jafar 's Junk Shop ( which is owned by Jafar as mentioned in the film ) , Castle Far Away ( where the Evil Queen lives ) , Hell Hall ( where Cruella de Vil lives ) , and the Isle of the Doomed ( which is hidden next to the Isle of the Lost ) . The sorcerer Yen Sid from Fantasia is positioned here by King Beast to work at Dragon Hall to help the students with formerly magical parents adapt to more modern methods since the Isle of the Lost 's barrier negates all magic .", "Other villains mentioned or hinted to be on the Isle of the Lost are Captain Hook from Peter Pan ( who is mentioned to own `` Hook 's Inlet and Shack '' and is the father of Harriet , CJ , and Harry Hook ) , Ursula from The Little Mermaid ( who owns `` Ursula 's Fish and Chips '' while the Strait of Ursula that 's named after her is what separates the Isle of the Lost from Charmington as well as her being the mother of Uma and the other Sea Witches ) , Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog ( who was the founder of Dragon Hall and the father of Freddie Facilier ) , Mother Gothel from Tangled ( who is mentioned to be a teacher at Dragon Hall teaching `` Selfishness 101 '' and is the mother of Ginny Gothel ) , Lady Tremaine and her two daughters Drizella and Anastasia from Cinderella ( Lady Tremaine is the grandmother of Anastasia 's son Anthony and Drizella 's daughter Dizzy and a teacher at Dragon Hall teaching `` Evil Schemes and Nasty Plots '' while her cat Lucifer is the school mascot ) , Clayton from Tarzan ( who is the father of Clay Clayton ) , Madame Mim from The Sword in the Stone ( who has Mad Maddy as one of her granddaughters ) , Governor John Ratcliffe from Pocahontas , Gaston from Beauty and the Beast ( who is the father of Gaston Jr , Gaston III , and Gil as well as the owner of `` Gaston Duels Without Rules '' ) , Shan Yu from Mulan , Shere Khan from The Jungle Book ( who owns `` Shere Khan Pawns '' ) , Scar and his hyena cronies from The Lion King , the Coachman from Pinocchio ( who operates a taxicab pulled by normal donkeys after spending a year rounding up the boys he had turned into donkeys ) , the Horned King from The Black Cauldron ( who is mentioned to own `` Cauldron Repair '' ) , Professor Padraic Ratigan from The Great Mouse Detective , Yzma from The Emperor 's New Groove ( who is the mother of Yzla and Zevon ) , and Claude Frollo from The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( who is mentioned to own `` Frollo 's Creperie '' and is the father of Claudine Frollo ) .", "Another Descendants novel titled Return to the Isle of the Lost was released on May 24 , 2016 . While Ben is running Auradon while his parents are on a cruise , Mal , Jay , Carlos , and Evie receive threatening messages to return to the Isle of the Lost at the time when it ends up in worse shape ever since Maleficent 's defeat and the fact that Cruella de Vil , the Evil Queen , and Jafar have gone missing .", "During this time , it was confirmed that the Crocodile from Peter Pan ( who has various children swimming around `` Hook 's Inlet and Shack '' ) , Edgar Balthazar from The Aristocats ( who is mentioned to have a son named Eddie ) , Hades from Hercules ( who is mentioned to have a son named Hadie ) , and the Ringmaster from Dumbo ( who is mentioned to have a daughter named Hermie Bing ) are also imprisoned on the Isle of the Lost . The Isle of the Lost also has an original character who was the former Royal Astronomer of Agrabah and an ally of Jafar who is the father of Reza . It also introduces Hercules 's son Herkie , Pinocchio 's son Pin , Grumpy 's son Gordon , Tiger Lily 's daughter Tiger Peony , and King Arthur 's son Artie in the book ...", "It is also revealed that apart from Jay and Audrey , the villain kids and hero kids introduced in the film that shared couple dances are dating . Mal is still with Ben , Evie is confirmed to be Doug 's girlfriend , and Carlos and Jane turned out to be a perfect match for each other .", "Also as Freddie , Jordan , and Ally appear in the book , the story takes place during Descendants : Wicked World .", "A junior novelization of the film Descendants adapted by Rico Green , was published on July 14 , 2015 .", "School of Secrets is a series of novels that serve as a continuation of the Descendants film . The first book , CJ 's Treasure Chase , was released on August 30 , 2016 and centers on Captain Hook 's daughter , CJ Hook . The second book , Freddie 's Shadow Cards , was released on November 1 , 2016 , and centers on Freddie , the daughter of Dr. Facilier . The third book , Ally 's Mad Mystery , was released on February 28 , 2017 and focuses on Ally , the daughter of Alice in Wonderland . The fourth novel , Lonnie 's Warrior Sword , is set to be released on August 25 , 2017 , and will focus on Lonnie , the daughter of Mulan and Li Shang , while an untitled fifth book is set to be released on November 14 , 2017 .", "Other books have been released , including Mal 's Diary , Mal 's Spell Book , a poster book , and a Guide to Auradon Prep .", "Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Ref . 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie TV Song Shawn Mendes -- `` Believe '' Nominated 2016 Writers Guild of America Award Children 's Longform Program Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott Won 2016 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Children 's Program Kenny Ortega Won 2016 Golden Reel Awards Sound Editing In Television - Musical : Long Form Amber Funk Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition For A Limited Series , Movie Or Special ( Original Dramatic Score ) David Lawrence Nominated", "Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result Ref .", "2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie TV Song Shawn Mendes -- `` Believe '' Nominated", "2016 Writers Guild of America Award Children 's Longform Program Josann McGibbon and Sara Parriott Won", "2016 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in a Children 's Program Kenny Ortega Won", "2016 Golden Reel Awards Sound Editing In Television - Musical : Long Form Amber Funk Nominated", "2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition For A Limited Series , Movie Or Special ( Original Dramatic Score ) David Lawrence Nominated" ]

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[ -1 ]

[ "`` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... ''", "The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote ,", "`` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' ''", "`` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' ''", "Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 ,", "`` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' ''", "`` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' ''", "Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . ''", "Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . ''", "In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate .", "Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact .", "When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents .", "When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities .", "The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office .", "Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents .", "The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England .", "The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists .", "The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants .", "New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists .", "The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England .", "The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens .", "The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church .", "West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment .", "The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens .", "Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868", "Colony Denomination Disestablished", "Connecticut Congregational 1818", "Georgia Church of England 1789", "Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776", "Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended )", "New Brunswick Church of England", "New Hampshire Congregational 1790", "Newfoundland Church of England", "North Carolina Church of England 1776", "Nova Scotia Church of England 1850", "Prince Edward Island Church of England", "South Carolina Church of England 1790", "Canada West Church of England 1854", "West Florida Church of England N / A", "East Florida Church of England N / A", "Virginia Church of England 1786", "West Indies Church of England 1868", "^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition .", "^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . ''", "^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 .", "^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion .", "^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections .", "^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule .", "^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) .", "^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body .", "The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne .", "New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . ''", "Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state :", "Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support .", "There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights .", "Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution .", "The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) :", "Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties .", "Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme :", "We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries .", "Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them .", "Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history", "Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional .", "Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that :", "the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III )", "Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts .", "The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York .", "Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue .", "The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States .", "For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides :", "That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects .", "This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one .", "The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 .", "The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided :", "And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz :", "I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration .", "I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration .", "And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State .", "Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . ''", "Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution .", "The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism .", "The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed :", "The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people .", "An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... ''", "Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate .", "Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice .", "Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment .", "The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language .", "At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today .", "Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations .", "The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states .", "The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) .", "Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . ''", "The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . ''", "While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . ''", "In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated :", "The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government .", "The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . ''", "In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . ''", "In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . ''", "Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause .", "In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue .", "When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education )", "The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote .", "On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed .", "In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers .", "In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 :", "As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries .", "Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . ''", "These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution .", "The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee .", "The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable .", "While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion .", "Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion .", "Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause .", "Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics .", "Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism .", "J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry ''", "Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . ''", "Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . ''", "Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . ''", "On July 26 , 2017 , President Donald Trump announced that the United States worships God ." ]

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[ "Polish language has been listed as a level - 4 vital article in Language . If you can improve it , please do . This article has been rated as C - Class .", "Polish language has been listed as a level - 4 vital article in Language . If you can improve it , please do . This article has been rated as C - Class .", "hide This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects : WikiProject Languages show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Languages Wikipedia : WikiProject Languages Template : WikiProject Languages language articles Language portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Languages , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of standardized , informative and easy - to - use resources about languages on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale . WikiProject Poland show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Poland Wikipedia : WikiProject Poland Template : WikiProject Poland Poland - related articles Poland portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Poland , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Poland on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "hide This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects :", "WikiProject Languages show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Languages Wikipedia : WikiProject Languages Template : WikiProject Languages language articles Language portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Languages , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of standardized , informative and easy - to - use resources about languages on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale . WikiProject Poland show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Poland Wikipedia : WikiProject Poland Template : WikiProject Poland Poland - related articles Poland portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Poland , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Poland on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "WikiProject Languages show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Languages Wikipedia : WikiProject Languages Template : WikiProject Languages language articles Language portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Languages , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of standardized , informative and easy - to - use resources about languages on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "WikiProject Languages show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Languages Wikipedia : WikiProject Languages Template : WikiProject Languages language articles", "Language portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Languages , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of standardized , informative and easy - to - use resources about languages on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "Language portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Languages , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of standardized , informative and easy - to - use resources about languages on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "Language portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Languages , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of standardized , informative and easy - to - use resources about languages on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks .", "Language portal", "", "This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale .", "Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "", "", "", "WikiProject Poland show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Poland Wikipedia : WikiProject Poland Template : WikiProject Poland Poland - related articles Poland portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Poland , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Poland on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "WikiProject Poland show ( Rated C - class , Top - importance ) Poland Wikipedia : WikiProject Poland Template : WikiProject Poland Poland - related articles", "Poland portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Poland , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Poland on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "Poland portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Poland , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Poland on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale . show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "Poland portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Poland , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Poland on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks .", "Poland portal", "", "This article has been rated as C - Class on the project 's quality scale .", "show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion .", "show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status : Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion .", "show This article has not yet been checked against the criteria for B - Class status :", "Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call : b1 < ! -- Referencing & citations -- > = < yes / no > b2 < ! -- Coverage & accuracy -- > = < yes / no > b3 < ! -- Structure -- > = < yes / no > b4 < ! -- Grammar & style -- > = < yes / no > b5 < ! -- Supporting materials -- > = < yes / no > assessing the article against each criterion .", "Referencing and citation : not checked Coverage and accuracy : not checked Structure : not checked Grammar and style : not checked Supporting materials : not checked", "Referencing and citation : not checked", "Coverage and accuracy : not checked", "Structure : not checked", "Grammar and style : not checked", "Supporting materials : not checked", "To fill out this checklist , please add the following code to the template call :", "Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale .", "", "", "", "Talk : Polish language / Archive 1", "Link No. 3 tells us , that polish IS NOT an official minority language in germany .", "`` Direct borrowings from Russian are extremely rare , in spite of long periods of dependence on Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union , and are limited to a few internationalisms , such as sputnik and pierestrojka '' This is not very true because Polish has many phraseological calques borrowed from Russian that came to Standard Polish from Eastern dialects . I hope someone will clear this out some day in the future . Anyway `` extremely rare '' in this case sounds POV 77.40. 103.127 ( talk ) 00 : 22 , 26 December 2013 ( UTC )", "`` Examples of loanwords include German Grenze ( border ) from Polish granica '' Lol , these is a borrowing from the protoslavic , not the Polish only ( Russian , Serbian `` granica '' , Czech hranice etc . ) 195.113. 149.177 ( talk ) 23 : 32 , 23 February 2009 ( UTC )", "It certainly comes from a word shared by all Slavic languages but in German 's case this loan was brought through the Polish language in particular . I think this is what was intended in the article . Correct me if this is wrong . CormanoSanchez ( talk ) 18 : 21 , 16 March 2009 ( UTC )", "How do you know it 's from Poland exactly when Germans also have Sorbians ? Polish language per se did n't exist when such borrowings were made . 77.40. 103.127 ( talk ) 00 : 22 , 26 December 2013 ( UTC )", "How do you know it 's from Poland exactly when Germans also have Sorbians ? Polish language per se did n't exist when such borrowings were made . 77.40. 103.127 ( talk ) 00 : 22 , 26 December 2013 ( UTC )", "The article does n't have any references in either of the loanwords sections . `` Grenze '' , or some form of that word , can be found in all Germanic languages . Seems like original research ... -- 89.79. 65.198 ( talk ) 02 : 08 , 7 December 2010 ( UTC )", "The article does n't have any references in either of the loanwords sections . `` Grenze '' , or some form of that word , can be found in all Germanic languages . Seems like original research ... -- 89.79. 65.198 ( talk ) 02 : 08 , 7 December 2010 ( UTC )", "`` granica '' is not root word . Origin of `` granica '' is another common all slavic word - `` grań '' , hran ' , gran '. `` grań '' means line of top peaks of the mountains - thus english mountain ridge , crest - usually a border , line of division . So `` Grenze '' common for all German languages is still loan from protoslavic and directly via Polish or northern Serbians from Lużyce ( ger. Lausitz ) . Added by Marek", "- Ogórek does n't come from Greek perhaps ? They have similar name for that . - Is really Kiełbasa word comming from turkish ? In Turkey kiełbasa is `` sucuk '' -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.26. 0.21 ( talk ) 02 : 42 , 22 May 2011 ( UTC )", "Someone deleted Polish language pages . I wonder who replaced the Polish language pages with such unintelligent comments . Only some brainless and ill - mannered people would do such things ! Can someone reset the changes to the previous version of Polish Language page ? -- Thomaspca 00 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Someone deleted Polish language pages . I wonder who replaced the Polish language pages with such unintelligent comments . Only some brainless and ill - mannered people would do such things ! Can someone reset the changes to the previous version of Polish Language page ? -- Thomaspca 00 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Cnyborg , thank you very much for fixing the Polish language article . -- Thomaspca 00 : 31 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Cnyborg , thank you very much for fixing the Polish language article . -- Thomaspca 00 : 31 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC )", "I edited the introduction section of the page to make it sound more positive . I did not realized that I was not signed - in that is why there is no my signature next to the minor changes . I hope that everyone will like the positive introductory changes . -- Thomaspca 00 : 34 , 3 December 2006 ( UTC )", "I edited the introduction section of the page to make it sound more positive . I did not realized that I was not signed - in that is why there is no my signature next to the minor changes . I hope that everyone will like the positive introductory changes . -- Thomaspca 00 : 34 , 3 December 2006 ( UTC )", "I 'm seeing vandalism in the sidebar - `` leet '' native speakers , emoticons ... I 'm on a cell right now , but can someone fix this please ? Tiptop9227 ( talk ) 17 : 51 , 8 February 2017 ( UTC )", "I 've seen some anon user erase the mention of Czech and Russian influence on the Polish language several times in a row . It is not clear to me why did he ( or she ) do so .", "There are zillions of Russian words in Polish and the Czech influence , although not that clear , is also visible .", "really ' zillions ' of Russian words ? Such as ? It seems to me that you are confounding Russian with Ukrainian and / or White - or Byelorussian ( short : Ruthenian ) words which were adopted during the Golden Age of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , of which Ruthenians were inhabitants . By contrast , the Czech lexical influence is much easier to find , for those who know about such things ( most Czech words , such as ' kościół ' , church , or ' obywatel ' , citizen , are not at all perceived as foreign , no more than ' sister ' or ' they ' are perceived as foreign ( Scandinavian , which they are ) in English ) .", "really ' zillions ' of Russian words ? Such as ? It seems to me that you are confounding Russian with Ukrainian and / or White - or Byelorussian ( short : Ruthenian ) words which were adopted during the Golden Age of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , of which Ruthenians were inhabitants . By contrast , the Czech lexical influence is much easier to find , for those who know about such things ( most Czech words , such as ' kościół ' , church , or ' obywatel ' , citizen , are not at all perceived as foreign , no more than ' sister ' or ' they ' are perceived as foreign ( Scandinavian , which they are ) in English ) .", "Such as `` jebać '' ( to copulate ) to name one . There are zillions ...", "Such as `` jebać '' ( to copulate ) to name one . There are zillions ...", "`` jebać '' is not borrowed from russian , it 's a common slavic root you ignorant -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.184. 202.224 ( talk ) 09 : 20 , 20 July 2010 ( UTC )", "I 'd like to correct you . `` Jebać '' indeed means `` to copulate '' , but this is such a vulgar word ( even more vulgar than English `` to fuck '' ) . sir , I do n't know how much a ' zillion ' is for you , but apart from a few four - letter words such as the above and a few russicisms inherited from the partitions era and used mainly for humorous purposes I should be rather hard put ( and so should I , I reckon ) to name , say , twenty quite normal Polish words borrowed from Russian . 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I 'd like to correct you . `` Jebać '' indeed means `` to copulate '' , but this is such a vulgar word ( even more vulgar than English `` to fuck '' ) . sir , I do n't know how much a ' zillion ' is for you , but apart from a few four - letter words such as the above and a few russicisms inherited from the partitions era and used mainly for humorous purposes I should be rather hard put ( and so should I , I reckon ) to name , say , twenty quite normal Polish words borrowed from Russian . 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I 'd like to correct you . `` Jebać '' indeed means `` to copulate '' , but this is such a vulgar word ( even more vulgar than English `` to fuck '' ) . sir , I do n't know how much a ' zillion ' is for you , but apart from a few four - letter words such as the above and a few russicisms inherited from the partitions era and used mainly for humorous purposes I should be rather hard put ( and so should I , I reckon ) to name , say , twenty quite normal Polish words borrowed from Russian . 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I 'd like to correct you . `` Jebać '' indeed means `` to copulate '' , but this is such a vulgar word ( even more vulgar than English `` to fuck '' ) .", "I 'd like to correct you . `` Jebać '' indeed means `` to copulate '' , but this is such a vulgar word ( even more vulgar than English `` to fuck '' ) .", "I 'd like to correct you . `` Jebać '' indeed means `` to copulate '' , but this is such a vulgar word ( even more vulgar than English `` to fuck '' ) .", "sir , I do n't know how much a ' zillion ' is for you , but apart from a few four - letter words such as the above and a few russicisms inherited from the partitions era and used mainly for humorous purposes I should be rather hard put ( and so should I , I reckon ) to name , say , twenty quite normal Polish words borrowed from Russian . 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "Similarities between Czech and Polish grammar are , by contrast , mostly due to the close relationship between the tongues , not to ' copying ' . Wojciech Żełaniec zelaniec@aol.com , 25 . April 2006 .", "Similarities between Czech and Polish grammar are , by contrast , mostly due to the close relationship between the tongues , not to ' copying ' . Wojciech Żełaniec zelaniec@aol.com , 25 . April 2006 .", "The Polish grammar is an almost exact copy of the Czech grammar coined by Jan Hus ( with the notable difference of past tense construction ) . Whole morphology , parts of speech , declension model , usage of present and future tenses are almost identical . There are also countless lexical connections , for instance most of Polish words related to religion come from Czech language ( msza , kościół , wierni , opat , poganin ) as well as some military terms ( rycerz , pułk ) . Halibu tt 02 : 49 , Oct 11 , 2004 ( UTC )", "The Czech syntax , though , is modelled mainly on German patterns and so quite differemt from the Polish 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "The Czech syntax , though , is modelled mainly on German patterns and so quite differemt from the Polish 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "The Czech syntax , though , is modelled mainly on German patterns and so quite differemt from the Polish 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "The Czech syntax , though , is modelled mainly on German patterns and so quite differemt from the Polish 92.228. 86.131 ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 10 August 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I do n't understand something here : are you claiming that Polish grammar was formulated by someone , who used as its model Czech grammar , which itself was created by a person called Jan Hus ? Or is he an author of a grammar book you read ? I can not fathom how someone `` made - up '' Polish nor Czech grammar - I believe it was a natural development , as languages live , and not `` thought - up '' by someone . If I have understood you correctly or not , could you please clarify this for me : anthony.ash.unn@gmail.com -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "I do n't understand something here : are you claiming that Polish grammar was formulated by someone , who used as its model Czech grammar , which itself was created by a person called Jan Hus ? Or is he an author of a grammar book you read ? I can not fathom how someone `` made - up '' Polish nor Czech grammar - I believe it was a natural development , as languages live , and not `` thought - up '' by someone . If I have understood you correctly or not , could you please clarify this for me : anthony.ash.unn@gmail.com -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "I do n't understand something here : are you claiming that Polish grammar was formulated by someone , who used as its model Czech grammar , which itself was created by a person called Jan Hus ? Or is he an author of a grammar book you read ? I can not fathom how someone `` made - up '' Polish nor Czech grammar - I believe it was a natural development , as languages live , and not `` thought - up '' by someone . If I have understood you correctly or not , could you please clarify this for me : anthony.ash.unn@gmail.com -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "I do n't understand something here : are you claiming that Polish grammar was formulated by someone , who used as its model Czech grammar , which itself was created by a person called Jan Hus ? Or is he an author of a grammar book you read ? I can not fathom how someone `` made - up '' Polish nor Czech grammar - I believe it was a natural development , as languages live , and not `` thought - up '' by someone . If I have understood you correctly or not , could you please clarify this for me : anthony.ash.unn@gmail.com -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "`` Whole morphology , parts of speech , declension model , usage of present and future tenses are almost identical . '' Because Polish and Czech are both West - Slavonic languauges , Polish and Czech are sister lang . not mother and sister as you suggest . Polish and Czech declension patterns differ in many point . eg . soft declensions in Czech compared with Polish ones are oft very `` degenarated '' ( most vowels after soft consonnnt became ' i ' in Czech ) . Yes , there are countless lexical connections , but in both direction . There are also words of polish origine in czech . They were borrowed in 19 . century .", "`` Whole morphology , parts of speech , declension model , usage of present and future tenses are almost identical . '' Because Polish and Czech are both West - Slavonic languauges , Polish and Czech are sister lang . not mother and sister as you suggest . Polish and Czech declension patterns differ in many point . eg . soft declensions in Czech compared with Polish ones are oft very `` degenarated '' ( most vowels after soft consonnnt became ' i ' in Czech ) . Yes , there are countless lexical connections , but in both direction . There are also words of polish origine in czech . They were borrowed in 19 . century .", "Of course , but the main bulk of Czech lexicalisms in Polish came in 9th to 15th centuries , and the number of borrowed words is indeed awesome . Also you are right that the grammar is similar because both languages are Western Slavic . However , there are several parts of grammar in Polish that were actually modelled on purpose after the grammar of our southern neighbours . So , all in all , Polish language was influenced by Czech language heavily . Halibu tt 20 : 28 , Nov 19 , 2004 ( UTC )", "Of course , but the main bulk of Czech lexicalisms in Polish came in 9th to 15th centuries , and the number of borrowed words is indeed awesome . Also you are right that the grammar is similar because both languages are Western Slavic . However , there are several parts of grammar in Polish that were actually modelled on purpose after the grammar of our southern neighbours . So , all in all , Polish language was influenced by Czech language heavily . Halibu tt 20 : 28 , Nov 19 , 2004 ( UTC )", "Of course , but the main bulk of Czech lexicalisms in Polish came in 9th to 15th centuries , and the number of borrowed words is indeed awesome . Also you are right that the grammar is similar because both languages are Western Slavic . However , there are several parts of grammar in Polish that were actually modelled on purpose after the grammar of our southern neighbours . So , all in all , Polish language was influenced by Czech language heavily . Halibu tt 20 : 28 , Nov 19 , 2004 ( UTC )", "Of course , but the main bulk of Czech lexicalisms in Polish came in 9th to 15th centuries , and the number of borrowed words is indeed awesome . Also you are right that the grammar is similar because both languages are Western Slavic . However , there are several parts of grammar in Polish that were actually modelled on purpose after the grammar of our southern neighbours . So , all in all , Polish language was influenced by Czech language heavily . Halibu tt 20 : 28 , Nov 19 , 2004 ( UTC )", "Halibutt , do n't you mix the Czech influence on Polish with an influence of the Latin grammar system on both languages ? 82.210. 159.30 00 : 59 , 6 Apr 2005 ( UTC )", "No , I do n't . The Czech influence was far more prominent , especially that it was accepted in the already - historical times . On the contrary , the latin grammatical influence is not so obvious , especially that the Latin - based constructions are no longer used by Poles , contrary to Czech - based ones . And , apart of certain lexical borrowings that were accepted to Polish from Latin through Czech and German ( Pol . ołtarz - Lat . altar ) , most of the Czech - borrowed words were either genuine Czech words or Czech barbarizations . In the latter case the link between Polish and the distant original is really not important . Halibu tt 06 : 55 , 14 October 2005 ( UTC )", "No , I do n't . The Czech influence was far more prominent , especially that it was accepted in the already - historical times . On the contrary , the latin grammatical influence is not so obvious , especially that the Latin - based constructions are no longer used by Poles , contrary to Czech - based ones . And , apart of certain lexical borrowings that were accepted to Polish from Latin through Czech and German ( Pol . ołtarz - Lat . altar ) , most of the Czech - borrowed words were either genuine Czech words or Czech barbarizations . In the latter case the link between Polish and the distant original is really not important . Halibu tt 06 : 55 , 14 October 2005 ( UTC )", "No , I do n't . The Czech influence was far more prominent , especially that it was accepted in the already - historical times . On the contrary , the latin grammatical influence is not so obvious , especially that the Latin - based constructions are no longer used by Poles , contrary to Czech - based ones . And , apart of certain lexical borrowings that were accepted to Polish from Latin through Czech and German ( Pol . ołtarz - Lat . altar ) , most of the Czech - borrowed words were either genuine Czech words or Czech barbarizations . In the latter case the link between Polish and the distant original is really not important . Halibu tt 06 : 55 , 14 October 2005 ( UTC )", "No , I do n't . The Czech influence was far more prominent , especially that it was accepted in the already - historical times . On the contrary , the latin grammatical influence is not so obvious , especially that the Latin - based constructions are no longer used by Poles , contrary to Czech - based ones . And , apart of certain lexical borrowings that were accepted to Polish from Latin through Czech and German ( Pol . ołtarz - Lat . altar ) , most of the Czech - borrowed words were either genuine Czech words or Czech barbarizations . In the latter case the link between Polish and the distant original is really not important . Halibu tt 06 : 55 , 14 October 2005 ( UTC )", "I did n't mean actual Latin constructs , but rather the model of the language description . You mention `` declension model '' and `` parts of speech '' above - but all this is expressed in terms imported from Latin grammar and might have influenced the language in the following manner : 1 ) we describe the language in terms imported from Latin grammar , 2 ) if something does n't fit quite accurately , we instance it as `` incorrect '' and so we teach young people in schools , 3 ) educated people try to speak in the `` correct '' way , 4 ) uneducated - but ambitious - people follow the educated ones .", "I did n't mean actual Latin constructs , but rather the model of the language description . You mention `` declension model '' and `` parts of speech '' above - but all this is expressed in terms imported from Latin grammar and might have influenced the language in the following manner : 1 ) we describe the language in terms imported from Latin grammar , 2 ) if something does n't fit quite accurately , we instance it as `` incorrect '' and so we teach young people in schools , 3 ) educated people try to speak in the `` correct '' way , 4 ) uneducated - but ambitious - people follow the educated ones .", "I did n't mean actual Latin constructs , but rather the model of the language description . You mention `` declension model '' and `` parts of speech '' above - but all this is expressed in terms imported from Latin grammar and might have influenced the language in the following manner : 1 ) we describe the language in terms imported from Latin grammar , 2 ) if something does n't fit quite accurately , we instance it as `` incorrect '' and so we teach young people in schools , 3 ) educated people try to speak in the `` correct '' way , 4 ) uneducated - but ambitious - people follow the educated ones .", "I did n't mean actual Latin constructs , but rather the model of the language description . You mention `` declension model '' and `` parts of speech '' above - but all this is expressed in terms imported from Latin grammar and might have influenced the language in the following manner : 1 ) we describe the language in terms imported from Latin grammar , 2 ) if something does n't fit quite accurately , we instance it as `` incorrect '' and so we teach young people in schools , 3 ) educated people try to speak in the `` correct '' way , 4 ) uneducated - but ambitious - people follow the educated ones .", "An easy example is the order of cases in the declesion : it is not Polish , nor Czech , and not even purely Latin - it is Greek . So even if the Polish and Czech languages have the same order of cases , this does n't mean that one influenced the other - but rathery both were in this case influenced by some third language and esp . grammar system . Other similarities , e.g. that both languages actually feature the same set of declension cases , regardless of the order , comes from the fact that both are of the same indo - european and west - slavic origin . 82.210. 159.30 02 : 12 , 11 January 2006 ( UTC )", "An easy example is the order of cases in the declesion : it is not Polish , nor Czech , and not even purely Latin - it is Greek . So even if the Polish and Czech languages have the same order of cases , this does n't mean that one influenced the other - but rathery both were in this case influenced by some third language and esp . grammar system . Other similarities , e.g. that both languages actually feature the same set of declension cases , regardless of the order , comes from the fact that both are of the same indo - european and west - slavic origin . 82.210. 159.30 02 : 12 , 11 January 2006 ( UTC )", "An easy example is the order of cases in the declesion : it is not Polish , nor Czech , and not even purely Latin - it is Greek . So even if the Polish and Czech languages have the same order of cases , this does n't mean that one influenced the other - but rathery both were in this case influenced by some third language and esp . grammar system . Other similarities , e.g. that both languages actually feature the same set of declension cases , regardless of the order , comes from the fact that both are of the same indo - european and west - slavic origin . 82.210. 159.30 02 : 12 , 11 January 2006 ( UTC )", "An easy example is the order of cases in the declesion : it is not Polish , nor Czech , and not even purely Latin - it is Greek . So even if the Polish and Czech languages have the same order of cases , this does n't mean that one influenced the other - but rathery both were in this case influenced by some third language and esp . grammar system . Other similarities , e.g. that both languages actually feature the same set of declension cases , regardless of the order , comes from the fact that both are of the same indo - european and west - slavic origin . 82.210. 159.30 02 : 12 , 11 January 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , Ukrainian also has 7 cases , I think the system with 7 cases is fairly common in Slavic languages ( if you count Russian to have the vocative ) - Iopq 19 : 22 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC ) Why do you claim that Polish or Czech HAD to be influenced by any third language ? Polish language ( and grammar ) is elder than any contacts between Polish and Roman people , so it 's an exageration to state the influence .", "Well , Ukrainian also has 7 cases , I think the system with 7 cases is fairly common in Slavic languages ( if you count Russian to have the vocative ) - Iopq 19 : 22 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , Ukrainian also has 7 cases , I think the system with 7 cases is fairly common in Slavic languages ( if you count Russian to have the vocative ) - Iopq 19 : 22 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , Ukrainian also has 7 cases , I think the system with 7 cases is fairly common in Slavic languages ( if you count Russian to have the vocative ) - Iopq 19 : 22 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , Ukrainian also has 7 cases , I think the system with 7 cases is fairly common in Slavic languages ( if you count Russian to have the vocative ) - Iopq 19 : 22 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , Ukrainian also has 7 cases , I think the system with 7 cases is fairly common in Slavic languages ( if you count Russian to have the vocative ) - Iopq 19 : 22 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Why do you claim that Polish or Czech HAD to be influenced by any third language ? Polish language ( and grammar ) is elder than any contacts between Polish and Roman people , so it 's an exageration to state the influence .", "Polish ( or rather indo - european ) grammar system itself , yes . But my advice for you is to try to understand the text you want to comment before an attempt to comment it . It was n't said here , that the grammar itself was influenced ( or rather : significantly influenced ) by Latin or Greek . The Polish language has ( f.e. ) 7 cases and it would have this number of them even if Latin or Greek never existed . But the formal description of the language is clearly influenced by the works of Roman and Greek grammarians : the classification of the cases , their names , and even the ORDER of them was established in 4th century BC in Greece , later propagated to Rome , and yet later , with Christianity , all over the Europe . So I disregard your following comment as being irrelevant . 83.7. 50.139 ( talk ) 02 : 31 , 28 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Polish ( or rather indo - european ) grammar system itself , yes . But my advice for you is to try to understand the text you want to comment before an attempt to comment it . It was n't said here , that the grammar itself was influenced ( or rather : significantly influenced ) by Latin or Greek . The Polish language has ( f.e. ) 7 cases and it would have this number of them even if Latin or Greek never existed . But the formal description of the language is clearly influenced by the works of Roman and Greek grammarians : the classification of the cases , their names , and even the ORDER of them was established in 4th century BC in Greece , later propagated to Rome , and yet later , with Christianity , all over the Europe . So I disregard your following comment as being irrelevant . 83.7. 50.139 ( talk ) 02 : 31 , 28 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Polish ( or rather indo - european ) grammar system itself , yes . But my advice for you is to try to understand the text you want to comment before an attempt to comment it . It was n't said here , that the grammar itself was influenced ( or rather : significantly influenced ) by Latin or Greek . The Polish language has ( f.e. ) 7 cases and it would have this number of them even if Latin or Greek never existed . But the formal description of the language is clearly influenced by the works of Roman and Greek grammarians : the classification of the cases , their names , and even the ORDER of them was established in 4th century BC in Greece , later propagated to Rome , and yet later , with Christianity , all over the Europe . So I disregard your following comment as being irrelevant . 83.7. 50.139 ( talk ) 02 : 31 , 28 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Polish ( or rather indo - european ) grammar system itself , yes . But my advice for you is to try to understand the text you want to comment before an attempt to comment it . It was n't said here , that the grammar itself was influenced ( or rather : significantly influenced ) by Latin or Greek . The Polish language has ( f.e. ) 7 cases and it would have this number of them even if Latin or Greek never existed . But the formal description of the language is clearly influenced by the works of Roman and Greek grammarians : the classification of the cases , their names , and even the ORDER of them was established in 4th century BC in Greece , later propagated to Rome , and yet later , with Christianity , all over the Europe . So I disregard your following comment as being irrelevant . 83.7. 50.139 ( talk ) 02 : 31 , 28 December 2007 ( UTC )", "My advice to you is to learn better English - no wonder someone is getting confused with your statements , I am a native speaker and find it difficult to follow . I don ́ t know what you do in life , i.e. whether you ́ re a scholar or no , but your statements on Czech and Polish are either outrageous or just need better clarification ; for example , you claim Polish has case - based word order ? ? ? I am told by a colleague that Czech as some kind of word order with regards to the cases in the sentence but Polish doesn ́ t ( this is not a random statement , I do speak Polish ) . In writing this I had no intention to be rude to you , so if you write back please don ́ t be rude to me. -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "My advice to you is to learn better English - no wonder someone is getting confused with your statements , I am a native speaker and find it difficult to follow . I don ́ t know what you do in life , i.e. whether you ́ re a scholar or no , but your statements on Czech and Polish are either outrageous or just need better clarification ; for example , you claim Polish has case - based word order ? ? ? I am told by a colleague that Czech as some kind of word order with regards to the cases in the sentence but Polish doesn ́ t ( this is not a random statement , I do speak Polish ) . In writing this I had no intention to be rude to you , so if you write back please don ́ t be rude to me. -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "My advice to you is to learn better English - no wonder someone is getting confused with your statements , I am a native speaker and find it difficult to follow . I don ́ t know what you do in life , i.e. whether you ́ re a scholar or no , but your statements on Czech and Polish are either outrageous or just need better clarification ; for example , you claim Polish has case - based word order ? ? ? I am told by a colleague that Czech as some kind of word order with regards to the cases in the sentence but Polish doesn ́ t ( this is not a random statement , I do speak Polish ) . In writing this I had no intention to be rude to you , so if you write back please don ́ t be rude to me. -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "My advice to you is to learn better English - no wonder someone is getting confused with your statements , I am a native speaker and find it difficult to follow . I don ́ t know what you do in life , i.e. whether you ́ re a scholar or no , but your statements on Czech and Polish are either outrageous or just need better clarification ; for example , you claim Polish has case - based word order ? ? ? I am told by a colleague that Czech as some kind of word order with regards to the cases in the sentence but Polish doesn ́ t ( this is not a random statement , I do speak Polish ) . In writing this I had no intention to be rude to you , so if you write back please don ́ t be rude to me. -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "My advice to you is to learn better English - no wonder someone is getting confused with your statements , I am a native speaker and find it difficult to follow . I don ́ t know what you do in life , i.e. whether you ́ re a scholar or no , but your statements on Czech and Polish are either outrageous or just need better clarification ; for example , you claim Polish has case - based word order ? ? ? I am told by a colleague that Czech as some kind of word order with regards to the cases in the sentence but Polish doesn ́ t ( this is not a random statement , I do speak Polish ) . In writing this I had no intention to be rude to you , so if you write back please don ́ t be rude to me. -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "My advice to you is to learn better English - no wonder someone is getting confused with your statements , I am a native speaker and find it difficult to follow . I don ́ t know what you do in life , i.e. whether you ́ re a scholar or no , but your statements on Czech and Polish are either outrageous or just need better clarification ; for example , you claim Polish has case - based word order ? ? ? I am told by a colleague that Czech as some kind of word order with regards to the cases in the sentence but Polish doesn ́ t ( this is not a random statement , I do speak Polish ) . In writing this I had no intention to be rude to you , so if you write back please don ́ t be rude to me. -- Geordieant ( talk ) 00 : 36 , 18 March 2009 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "The point here is not a `` case - based word order '' , but the order of the cases in the formal description of the language . The formal description of the language is obviously influenced by Latin grammar ( as the formal description of the Latin language ) , which in turn originates from the formal description of Greek language . This has nothing to do with an influence of the languages themselves ( Greek and Latin ) onto Polish . Short : you do n't know what they 're talking about , yet you 're trying to comment . Just stop . - 212.87. 13.78 ( talk ) 05 : 58 , 5 January 2012 ( UTC )", "Polish grammar was only DESCRIBED using Latin or Czech tools , just in the same way we today describe Sanscrit . Does it mean that Sanscrit is influenced by English ? :) ... BTW , have you studied the similarities between Polish and Sanscrit ? In grammar and vocabulary , for example : Sanscrit veda , knowledge and Polish wiedza , knowlegde as well ( after the process of palatization popular for Polish language during the ages , viedia , with ( dj ) becoming pronounced dz ) , budda , awaken and Polish bud root of the words budź awake ! , budzić to awake , przebudzony awaken , budzik alarm - clock . Merewyn 20 : 02 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC )", "I would like to see some more details about the influence of Russian on Polish . I have not been able find any my self even though the influence of many other languages is much more clearly demonstrable . Do we have any good sources on this ? Het ( talk ) 12 : 12 , 18 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Correct me , if I 'm wrong , but almost almost all of curses polish take from russian , is n't it ? Je. ać , K ... a , Ch. j are common in russian , and Poles take it cause they sound cool . ( LPet ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.9. 33.118 ( talk ) 20 : 51 , 13 July 2011 ( UTC )", "Yes , you are teribly wrong . You have no knowledge of languages at all , and you should not make any statements on this subject . -- Jidu Boite ( talk ) 17 : 15 , 30 September 2013 ( UTC )", "Yes , you are teribly wrong . You have no knowledge of languages at all , and you should not make any statements on this subject . -- Jidu Boite ( talk ) 17 : 15 , 30 September 2013 ( UTC )", "Yes , you are teribly wrong . You have no knowledge of languages at all , and you should not make any statements on this subject . -- Jidu Boite ( talk ) 17 : 15 , 30 September 2013 ( UTC )", "Yes , you are teribly wrong . You have no knowledge of languages at all , and you should not make any statements on this subject .", "-- Jidu Boite ( talk ) 17 : 15 , 30 September 2013 ( UTC )", "In the Consonants section , the sounds represented by cz , sz , ż / rz and dż are described as retroflex ( ( tʂ ) , ( ʂ ) , ( ʐ ) and ( dʐ ) ) , yet the table in the Orthography section lists them as postalveolar sounds ( ( ʧ ) , ( ʃ ) , ( ʒ ) and ( dʒ ) ) . While I think the latter one is correct , it may also be possible that the Polish sounds are somewhere in between , so both versions are correct . This is still inconsistent , though . Any ideas ? -- Pipifax 21 : 52 , 3 September 2005 ( UTC )", "Although the values of sz , ż / rz , cz and dż may be inbetween postalveolar and retroflex , thy are clearly more postalveolar ( if you have ever heard true retroflex sounds made by native speakers of some Indian languages , you 'll know wha I mean ) . Because of this I would strongly vote for listing them as postalveolar ( ( ʧ ) ( ʃ ) ( ʒ ) ( dʒ ) ) . -- Kubusj 10 : 35 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "You can compare the sounds yourself szum has Media : voiceless retroflex fricative. ogg , not Media : voiceless postalveolar fricative. ogg . You can see the rest by following the links on Polish phonology . As stated lower down in Polish retroflexes are laminal , as opposed to the Hindi apical , neither of these are `` true '' retroflexes . In any case ( ʧ ) , ( ʃ ) , ( ʒ ) and ( dʒ ) are miles closer to ć , ś , ź and dź . -- BadSeed 10 : 38 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "You can compare the sounds yourself szum has Media : voiceless retroflex fricative. ogg , not Media : voiceless postalveolar fricative. ogg . You can see the rest by following the links on Polish phonology . As stated lower down in Polish retroflexes are laminal , as opposed to the Hindi apical , neither of these are `` true '' retroflexes . In any case ( ʧ ) , ( ʃ ) , ( ʒ ) and ( dʒ ) are miles closer to ć , ś , ź and dź . -- BadSeed 10 : 38 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "The History section needs work . A list of words with German / French origin is pointless here . What about Old Church Slavonic ? What about the origin , the first time it was written down ? I will be renaming the section to `` Outside Influence on Polish '' .", "I get an impression that the Polish IPA table is still incomplete . Does IPA distinguish various versions of palatallized / non-pallatalized consonants ? Also , what about the softened e ( all - Slavic ye , as in siebie ) ? It seems to be different from i + e cluster , but is it identical to the Russian ( jɛ ) ? . Any polonists here ? Halibu tt 07 : 02 , 14 October 2005 ( UTC )", "- Halibutt , I 'm no linguist , but I think palatalized are be different from non-palatalized , just look at sz and s or spanish n and n with tilda - if you substitute one with the other , it 's a completely different word . I think the `` ye '' is a case for itself because it can have at least three uses : the most used I believe is as `` j '' as in `` wiem '' , then as `` i '' proper as in `` widmo '' and then an auxilliary role as softening the preceding consonant as in `` ciekawe '' ( also a frequent use , mind you that this could just as well be replaced with the accented `` c '' if not for the spelling rules in place ) . Any scientific approaches ? :) -- Konrad Jaglak", "siebie ( śeb'e ) , there is no ( j ) in correct pronounciation , the same thing in wiem ( w'em ) . consonant + `` i '' + vowel is always pronounced as pallatalized consonant + vowel .", "siebie ( śeb'e ) , there is no ( j ) in correct pronounciation , the same thing in wiem ( w'em ) . consonant + `` i '' + vowel is always pronounced as pallatalized consonant + vowel .", "siano ( ɕɑnɔ ) vs. sinus ( sjinus ) But the actual reason why I 'm writing here is that I 've noticed some inconsequence of the author : ł = ( w ) and ( u ) = ( sometimes ) ( u̯ ) , but this is one and the same sound ! These are just two different conventions , write either the first or the latter , or both . and is n't the Polish ' a ' pronounced as ( ɑ ) BTW , only vowels can be accented ;-)", "( w ) and ( u ) in polish are totally different sounds . I think he ( she ? ) is speaking about IPA symbols , not Polish letters . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.96. 95.178 ( talk ) 19 : 13 , 14 January 2008 ( UTC )", "( w ) and ( u ) in polish are totally different sounds . I think he ( she ? ) is speaking about IPA symbols , not Polish letters . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.96. 95.178 ( talk ) 19 : 13 , 14 January 2008 ( UTC )", "I think he ( she ? ) is speaking about IPA symbols , not Polish letters . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.96. 95.178 ( talk ) 19 : 13 , 14 January 2008 ( UTC )", "I think he ( she ? ) is speaking about IPA symbols , not Polish letters . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.96. 95.178 ( talk ) 19 : 13 , 14 January 2008 ( UTC )", "The term palatalized can mean various things , and perhaps this is one reason leading to misunderstandings . In phonetics , a palatalized consonant is any consonant which has a secondary place of articulation at or near the hard palate ; we may indicate these using ( j ) following the basic symbol . ( A purely palatal consonant is a consonant which has it 's main place of articulation at or near the hard palate ; these are , e.g. , ( c , ɟ , ç , ʝ ) ) . In , Slavic linguistics , however , a palatalized consonant ( often called a soft consonant ) is a consonant that has been affected in a certain way by front vowels in the course of language evolution . This latter definition is not straightforward as it relies on the specifications of this certain affect . As examples : PS k → č was a palatalization ( cf . ' four ' in various IE languages : French quatre and Polish cztery ) ; PS k → c was also a palatalization ( cf . PIE kail - and PS cěl - ' whole ' ) ; Polish and Russian ky → ki ( which did not occur in Ukrainian ) was also a palatization , as was Polish dьnь → dzień . All these , however , are processes from various `` epochs '' , and they often may have lost their true phonetic palatalization ( as defined above ) , as is the case with Polish cz and c , which even suggestively of it 's `` hardness '' take a following y , and not i , even in declension paradigms that follow the Slavic soft - stem ( or palatalized - stem ) pattern . As languages evolve , they shift their phonology ( sound system ) around . The `` all - Slavic ye '' is not really `` all - Slavic '' anymore . The y ( soft ) part of this PS sound was incorporated in Polish into the preceding consonants ( hence giving Polish so many consonants ! ) , and the Polish vowel e today is bare , as can be seen in the word sen ' dream ' . Therefore , if we are describing the sound system of Polish as it is today in an accurate synchronic phonetic analysis , we must depart from historical palatization , although the latter is very interesting . The orthography of any language is yet another ocean of historical accumulations . To be specific , the writing of ' i ' between a consonant and a vowel is just a means of signalizing a certain palatization of the consonant ( in most cases of words of Slavic origin ) , but this is only a convention of Polish orthography , unlike , e.g. , the convention used by the Sorbian languages , which use diacritics as well as j to do the same job. -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 16 : 09 , 26 June 2008 ( UTC )", "The part about mutual intelligibility with Russian should n't be here . Not that there is n't some truth in it : Russian is my mother tongue and during my visit to Poland a few years ago i learnt to not just understand Polish , but to actually speak it in less than two weeks , but it could be said about Polish and any other Slavic language . AFAIK , Polish and Slovak are much closer to each other . Anyway , this section is poorly written , non-scientific and non-encyclopedic , especially the Jabberwocky reference. -- Amir E. Aharoni 21 : 33 , 31 October 2005 ( UTC )", "- I second the russian / polish thing . However , it seems clear from various pages here that russian and polish are part of separate slavic language groups. Perhaps this has been edited since you last looked ?", "Even if this has been edited , I think it is clear to anyone trained in Slavic diachronic linguistics that barring certain phonological changes , the grammars of Polish and Russian ( but not necessarily those two languages particularly , perhaps we should say `` most Slavic languages '' instead ) are remarkably close . In my experience relative `` fluency '' can easily be attained through selective phonological moderation even if a speaker has no training in the B language . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.136. 218.0 ( talk ) 00 : 09 , 2 October 2007 ( UTC )", "a rrWhat exactly is the significance of the Vocabulary section ? It seems to be a rather arbitrary selection of mostly pronouns and nouns . Why bother ? - dcljr ( talk ) 20 : 55 , 6 November 2005 ( UTC )", "I 've gathered a list of Polish & Russian roots in Esperanto ( here ) , but I suspect that many of the affixes might be Polish as well . Would someone mind taking a look at the lists of affixes ( two lists here ) and point out any that appear to be Polish ?", "Thanks , kwami 01 : 24 , 23 November 2005 ( UTC )", "Esperanto was made by a polish jew - Ludwik Zamenhof , naturally polish language must have an influence in esperanto ( bob )", "Actually , he was ( Belo ) Russian , not Polish , but what I was wondering was if anyone could take a look at that list of suffixes and see if any were recognizably Polish . -- kwami ( talk ) 04 : 58 , 22 January 2012 ( UTC )", "Actually , he was ( Belo ) Russian , not Polish , but what I was wondering was if anyone could take a look at that list of suffixes and see if any were recognizably Polish . -- kwami ( talk ) 04 : 58 , 22 January 2012 ( UTC )", "No , he was indeed Polish . Check his Wikipedia article : `` Zamenhof was born on December 15 ( December 3 OS ) , 1859 in the town of Białystok in the Russian Empire ( now part of Poland ) . He considered his native language to be his father 's Russian , but he also spoke his mother 's Yiddish natively '' so nothing about him being ethnic or otherwise Belarusian . Another website I say claims that his `` Russian '' may have been Belarusian , but that it was considered a dialect at the time . He however was still born in what is now Poland and was ethnically Jewish and not Belarusian . saɪm duʃan Talk Contribs 14 : 16 , 21 May 2012 ( UTC )", "No , he was indeed Polish . Check his Wikipedia article : `` Zamenhof was born on December 15 ( December 3 OS ) , 1859 in the town of Białystok in the Russian Empire ( now part of Poland ) . He considered his native language to be his father 's Russian , but he also spoke his mother 's Yiddish natively '' so nothing about him being ethnic or otherwise Belarusian . Another website I say claims that his `` Russian '' may have been Belarusian , but that it was considered a dialect at the time . He however was still born in what is now Poland and was ethnically Jewish and not Belarusian . saɪm duʃan Talk Contribs 14 : 16 , 21 May 2012 ( UTC )", "No , he was indeed Polish . Check his Wikipedia article : `` Zamenhof was born on December 15 ( December 3 OS ) , 1859 in the town of Białystok in the Russian Empire ( now part of Poland ) . He considered his native language to be his father 's Russian , but he also spoke his mother 's Yiddish natively '' so nothing about him being ethnic or otherwise Belarusian . Another website I say claims that his `` Russian '' may have been Belarusian , but that it was considered a dialect at the time . He however was still born in what is now Poland and was ethnically Jewish and not Belarusian . saɪm duʃan Talk Contribs 14 : 16 , 21 May 2012 ( UTC )", "No , he was indeed Polish . Check his Wikipedia article : `` Zamenhof was born on December 15 ( December 3 OS ) , 1859 in the town of Białystok in the Russian Empire ( now part of Poland ) . He considered his native language to be his father 's Russian , but he also spoke his mother 's Yiddish natively '' so nothing about him being ethnic or otherwise Belarusian . Another website I say claims that his `` Russian '' may have been Belarusian , but that it was considered a dialect at the time . He however was still born in what is now Poland and was ethnically Jewish and not Belarusian . saɪm duʃan Talk Contribs 14 : 16 , 21 May 2012 ( UTC )", "The article `` Polish Language '' is 33 kilobytes long . This may be longer than is preferable ; see article size . -- 84.61. 29.246 11 : 22 , 28 November 2005 ( UTC )", "On this page and on Polish phonology sz was given as a Voiceless postalveolar fricative and ż / rz as a Voiced postalveolar fricative , they are both retroflex fricatives , voiceless and voiced , respectivly . I 've corrected the error . -- BadSeed 18 : 35 , 16 December 2005 ( UTC )", "Might want to comment that they 're laminal retroflex , like Mandarin , but unlike Hindi or Tamil . kwami 21 : 01 , 16 December 2005 ( UTC )", "Might want to comment that they 're laminal retroflex , like Mandarin , but unlike Hindi or Tamil . kwami 21 : 01 , 16 December 2005 ( UTC )", "Hmmm , I would n't quite know where to fit them in . The thing is that Voiceless retroflex fricative and Voiced retroflex fricative both have articles along the lines of other phones . Those two articles do n't make a disinction between laminal and apical , but the Retroflex article does . My knowlegde of articulatory phonetics is not quite good enough to mess around with those articles . If you can that fact in a way which does n't mess up the consistency of the two tables , that would be great . -- BadSeed 21 : 35 , 16 December 2005 ( UTC )", "I had missed out cz and dż , which imo are also retroflex . The digraph table also gives has pretty odd sounds under the heading Other phonetic values I can not think of any instances where those pronounciations as used , although I 'm not familiar with regional pronunciation . Unless someone provides evidence to the contraty I will remove them . -- BadSeed 22 : 17 , 16 December 2005 ( UTC )", "I do n't think that these are true retroflex sounds , and conventionally they are transcribed as if they were postalveolar - which is imo more accurate than transribing them as `` truely '' retroflex ... If you really would like to be accurate , you should use a narrow transcription marking them as laminal ... -- Kubusj 10 : 45 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "What 's the IPA mark for laminal retroflexes ? -- BadSeed 10 : 41 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "The IPA mark for laminal consonates is a little square under the consonant - and I 'm still not convinced ... The voiceless postalveolar fricative example sounds for me rather palatal ... -- Kubusj 12 : 30 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "Ok , but do you know how do I get it to appear on the browser . I know that sz is often transcribed as ( ʃ ) , but this is plain wrong . I do n't think the ( ʃ ) example sounds like ( ç ) , but in any case if you go up to a Polish speaker as say ( ʃ ) instead of ( ʂ ) he will ( unless he 's very polite ) correct you . -- BadSeed 11 : 52 , 1 February 2006 ( UTC )", "I hope that you mean `` unless he is very impolite '' . Both sounds are really very different and so allowing a foreigner to make such fundamental mistakes without making him realize that he 's wrong is very impolite IMHO. 82.210. 159.30 22 : 33 , 6 February 2006 ( UTC )", "I hope that you mean `` unless he is very impolite '' . Both sounds are really very different and so allowing a foreigner to make such fundamental mistakes without making him realize that he 's wrong is very impolite IMHO. 82.210. 159.30 22 : 33 , 6 February 2006 ( UTC )", "I do n't know how to handle it with a browser ( maybe copy & paste ) ... And I am a Polish speaker , and have been seldomly corrected ;) -- Kubusj 13 : 25 , 2 February 2006 ( UTC )", "Sorry , did n't mean to be presumptuous . I looked for the symbol in character map , for Lucida Sans Unicode fonts , but ca n't find it . The IPA chart is a graphic , so you ca n't exactly copy & paste . I 'll add a note mentioning the laminal thing for now and if I manage to find the right IPA symbol I 'll put it in . -- BadSeed 15 : 03 , 2 February 2006 ( UTC )", "IPA allows you to copy from the table closer to the bottom of the page . - Iopq 19 : 28 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "IPA allows you to copy from the table closer to the bottom of the page . - Iopq 19 : 28 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "I agree that laminal retroflex would be the best way to describe the sounds for cz , sz , rz , ż and dż in Polish . I 've updated the IPA transcriptions with the laminal diactrics as per discussion here . Mind you , it starts to look a bit funky when the tails run into the diactric marks . Also , for the affricates represented with the tie - bar I was n't sure which character to put the diactric under so I did , for example : ( t͡ʂ̻ ) rather than ( t̻͡ʂ ) because in this case it more closely resembles the consonant ( ʂ̻ ) . Although if convention states otherwise this should be fixed , any comment on this would be helpful . -- Het 07 : 05 , 27 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Hmmmm . The transcriptions look kind of blurry with the dactrics . Do we need this level of precision to be specified in the transcription or is it sufficient to keep it as mention in the text of the article ? -- Het 07 : 16 , 27 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Hmmmm . The transcriptions look kind of blurry with the dactrics . Do we need this level of precision to be specified in the transcription or is it sufficient to keep it as mention in the text of the article ? -- Het 07 : 16 , 27 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Ok , the laminal diactrics are gone . Partly for readability and partly because I could not actually find anyone using this IPA transcription . What I did find is that the retroflex transcription is often used for these Polish consonants . I have also added a note regarding a more accurate transcription for these sounds ( and removed the odd suggestion these consonants are apical in Polish ) . -- Het 14 : 51 , 28 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Ok , the laminal diactrics are gone . Partly for readability and partly because I could not actually find anyone using this IPA transcription . What I did find is that the retroflex transcription is often used for these Polish consonants . I have also added a note regarding a more accurate transcription for these sounds ( and removed the odd suggestion these consonants are apical in Polish ) . -- Het 14 : 51 , 28 December 2006 ( UTC )", "The article states that Polish stress is penultimate , and that there are no diphthongs . Does that mean that a word like radio is stressed on the i ? Are there many words where final - ia is stressed on the i ? Or does the i just palatalize the preceding consonant without itself being pronounced as a vowel ? kwami 20 : 38 , 20 December 2005 ( UTC )", "Nevermind , I 've answered my own question . Looks like i + V always indicates palatalization . kwami 10 : 48 , 21 December 2005 ( UTC ) That 's right . The word radio is a two - syllable one in Polish ( RA - dio , not ra - DI - o ) . -- Kpalion ( talk ) 00 : 54 , 22 December 2005 ( UTC ) Exactly , if you wanted a stressed `` i '' in radio you 'd have to spell it radyjo or radijo . -- Konrad Jaglak", "Nevermind , I 've answered my own question . Looks like i + V always indicates palatalization . kwami 10 : 48 , 21 December 2005 ( UTC ) That 's right . The word radio is a two - syllable one in Polish ( RA - dio , not ra - DI - o ) . -- Kpalion ( talk ) 00 : 54 , 22 December 2005 ( UTC ) Exactly , if you wanted a stressed `` i '' in radio you 'd have to spell it radyjo or radijo . -- Konrad Jaglak", "That 's right . The word radio is a two - syllable one in Polish ( RA - dio , not ra - DI - o ) . -- Kpalion ( talk ) 00 : 54 , 22 December 2005 ( UTC ) Exactly , if you wanted a stressed `` i '' in radio you 'd have to spell it radyjo or radijo . -- Konrad Jaglak", "That 's right . The word radio is a two - syllable one in Polish ( RA - dio , not ra - DI - o ) . -- Kpalion ( talk ) 00 : 54 , 22 December 2005 ( UTC ) Exactly , if you wanted a stressed `` i '' in radio you 'd have to spell it radyjo or radijo . -- Konrad Jaglak", "Exactly , if you wanted a stressed `` i '' in radio you 'd have to spell it radyjo or radijo . -- Konrad Jaglak", "Exactly , if you wanted a stressed `` i '' in radio you 'd have to spell it radyjo or radijo . -- Konrad Jaglak", "I can not see where the article says there are no diphthongs in Polish . No matter what it says , there are diphthongs in Polish , for instance in the word `` Europa '' or `` jutro '' or many many others .", "I can not see where the article says there are no diphthongs in Polish . No matter what it says , there are diphthongs in Polish , for instance in the word `` Europa '' or `` jutro '' or many many others .", "j in jutro is a consonant . - Iopq 19 : 32 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "j in jutro is a consonant . - Iopq 19 : 32 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "j in jutro is a consonant . - Iopq 19 : 32 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "j in jutro is a consonant . - Iopq 19 : 32 , 23 August 2006 ( UTC )", "' j ' in ' jutro ' a consonant ? ' J ' in any Polish word a consonant ? I used to think ' j ' is an ' i ' ( i ) that is not syllable - forming , so no matter where it occurs , in front of , or after a syllable - forming vowel , it forms with that vowel a diphthong , a falling one ( ' aj ' ) or an ascending one ( ' ja ' ) , or a triphthong even , such as in ' jaje ' . Correct me if I am wrong . If not being syllable - forming entails being a consonant , then ' j ' in ' aj ' is a consonant too , and ' aj ' is no diphthong , either , which seems absurd to me . 212.109. 139.193 18 : 53 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "' j ' in ' jutro ' a consonant ? ' J ' in any Polish word a consonant ? I used to think ' j ' is an ' i ' ( i ) that is not syllable - forming , so no matter where it occurs , in front of , or after a syllable - forming vowel , it forms with that vowel a diphthong , a falling one ( ' aj ' ) or an ascending one ( ' ja ' ) , or a triphthong even , such as in ' jaje ' . Correct me if I am wrong . If not being syllable - forming entails being a consonant , then ' j ' in ' aj ' is a consonant too , and ' aj ' is no diphthong , either , which seems absurd to me . 212.109. 139.193 18 : 53 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "' j ' in ' jutro ' a consonant ? ' J ' in any Polish word a consonant ? I used to think ' j ' is an ' i ' ( i ) that is not syllable - forming , so no matter where it occurs , in front of , or after a syllable - forming vowel , it forms with that vowel a diphthong , a falling one ( ' aj ' ) or an ascending one ( ' ja ' ) , or a triphthong even , such as in ' jaje ' . Correct me if I am wrong . If not being syllable - forming entails being a consonant , then ' j ' in ' aj ' is a consonant too , and ' aj ' is no diphthong , either , which seems absurd to me . 212.109. 139.193 18 : 53 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "' j ' in ' jutro ' a consonant ? ' J ' in any Polish word a consonant ? I used to think ' j ' is an ' i ' ( i ) that is not syllable - forming , so no matter where it occurs , in front of , or after a syllable - forming vowel , it forms with that vowel a diphthong , a falling one ( ' aj ' ) or an ascending one ( ' ja ' ) , or a triphthong even , such as in ' jaje ' . Correct me if I am wrong . If not being syllable - forming entails being a consonant , then ' j ' in ' aj ' is a consonant too , and ' aj ' is no diphthong , either , which seems absurd to me . 212.109. 139.193 18 : 53 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "' j ' in ' jutro ' a consonant ? ' J ' in any Polish word a consonant ? I used to think ' j ' is an ' i ' ( i ) that is not syllable - forming , so no matter where it occurs , in front of , or after a syllable - forming vowel , it forms with that vowel a diphthong , a falling one ( ' aj ' ) or an ascending one ( ' ja ' ) , or a triphthong even , such as in ' jaje ' . Correct me if I am wrong . If not being syllable - forming entails being a consonant , then ' j ' in ' aj ' is a consonant too , and ' aj ' is no diphthong , either , which seems absurd to me . 212.109. 139.193 18 : 53 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "' j ' in ' jutro ' a consonant ? ' J ' in any Polish word a consonant ? I used to think ' j ' is an ' i ' ( i ) that is not syllable - forming , so no matter where it occurs , in front of , or after a syllable - forming vowel , it forms with that vowel a diphthong , a falling one ( ' aj ' ) or an ascending one ( ' ja ' ) , or a triphthong even , such as in ' jaje ' . Correct me if I am wrong . If not being syllable - forming entails being a consonant , then ' j ' in ' aj ' is a consonant too , and ' aj ' is no diphthong , either , which seems absurd to me . 212.109. 139.193 18 : 53 , 3 September 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "It 's a consonant at the beginning of the syllable as in ' jutro ' , and phonologically it could be treated as a consonant elsewhere . But PHONETICALLY it is pronounced as non-syllabic i at the end of syllables . The DIFFERENCE between a consonant ( j ) and non-syllabic ( i ) is in pronunciation . How exactly it is pronounced in every single word I honestly do n't know , but in ' jutro ' it tends to be pronounced more like a consonant than a vowel . - Iopq 15 : 21 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC )", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "Is anyone of you native speaker ? I think none ... `` J '' is always pronounced as ( j ) , never as ( i ) , although sometimes it becomes quite similar for foreigners . -- The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.25. 2.9 ( talk ) 16 : 33 , 18 February 2007 ( UTC ) .", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I am a native speaker of Polish ( and only of Polish ) . It seems to me , if my ears are to be trusted , that `` j '' is always non-syllabic `` i '' , whether at the beginning , or at the end of a syllable . If it is `` quite similar '' to foreigners , as the former contributor maintains , it is exactly identical to at least one native , i.e. to me . Maybe the previous contributor lets himself be impressed by the spelling , a consonantal letter , J. I think `` ju - '' is a diphthong and so is `` - uj '' etc. in Polish . 172.178. 60.160 17 : 11 , 1 May 2007 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "I would assume / raj / is pronounced ( rai̯ ) rather than ( raj ) . - iopq 10 : 09 , 19 February 2007 ( UTC )", "172.174. 22.42 22 : 37 , 5 July 2006 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "Cóżeście zrobili ? ( a form that could be derived from Cóż zrobiliście ? which actually sounds archaic and is not used , except for eg . biblical usage ) It is used , but rarely , in the case of this sentence , probably only when somebody is quite angry ... ;)", "* Co wy zrobiliście ?", "These are just some of the possible variants. ' Co wy zrobiliście ? ' - is perfectly correct , though here the pronoun is emphasised , just like in ' Co wyście zrobili ? ' ' Co żeście zrobili ? ' in turn is incorrect not only in written Polish . It 's incorrect in general , even though there people who do n't realise this . I know that there are quite a few people speaking thus and that this encourages to claiming that it is incorrect , still the authority responsible for , among others , setting rules etc. for Polish is very decissive at this point , and considers such a usage incorrect . ' ż ( e ) ' may be used either as a conjunction or as an emphasising particle . Therefore the correct version is ' Cóżeście zrobili ? ' .", "`` Past tense is `` był '' for all persons , although it does `` conjugate '' for gender and number like `` on '' ( on był , ona była , ono było , my byliśmy ) . ''", "`` Past tense is `` był '' for all persons , although it does `` conjugate '' for gender and number like `` on '' ( on był , ona była , ono było , my byliśmy ) . ''", "This is wrong . Somebody confused Polish with Russian . `` Być '' ( to be ) does conjugate by person ( and gender and number ) in the past tense , e.g. byłem = I was , byłeś = you were , byliśmy = we were etc ... Pro-dropping would not be possible if the verb did not inflect by person .", "The past forms with the emphatic particle ż ( e ) are not technically wrong . They are simply irrelevant in formal speech , and hence are discouraged from being used at all . Cożeście zrobili ? is a typical form in common speech . The particles ż ( e ) and ście , however , do not hold the stress since , by their very definition , they are particles . The words which they orthgraphically and phonetically attach to remain with the main stress . With respects to the past tense , these are formed from the so - called ł - particples that inflect for noun class ( `` gender '' ) , but not for person . To these we attach our personal particles that do indicate inflection for person , but , alternatively , we may be attached these to certain function words upstream in the sentence : Gdybyście mieli samochód , pojechalibyście do miasta. -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 16 : 30 , 26 June 2008 ( UTC )", "Gentlemen , I know that this irrelevant , but do any of you know of the Polish spelling for the English name Howard ? -- Anglius 03 : 49 , 17 May 2006 ( UTC )", "Hałard ? On the other hand , I do n't know much Polish , and I 'm unsure of whether foreign names really get transcribed in that way ? It 's different with languages using the Cyrillic alphabet. 85.226. 122.218 10 : 34 , 19 May 2006 ( UTC ) That 's a cool attempt ! A relevant question here what is the origin of the name `` Howard '' . If it 's a saint 's name , or comes from latin , a Polish equivalent can probably be tracked down e.g. by searching through a calendar of saints ' feast days . If not , then it would be just left as is : `` Howard '' , and pronounced Hoh - vard ( short o ) . I 'm not familiar with it or an equivalent being used to name people of Polish descent . Deuar 12 : 54 , 19 May 2006 ( UTC ) There 's no name in Poland even loosely resembling the Germanic Howard ( I assume it 's relative to other Germanic names like Hagard , Hermenegild , Helmut and so on ) . It indeed would 've been spelt Hołard or even Chołard if it was polonised , but it 's always left as - is as a foreign name ( Poles , unlike Czechs and Slovaks , barely ever translate the names ) . I doubt you could call a child with that name in Poland though .", "Hałard ? On the other hand , I do n't know much Polish , and I 'm unsure of whether foreign names really get transcribed in that way ? It 's different with languages using the Cyrillic alphabet. 85.226. 122.218 10 : 34 , 19 May 2006 ( UTC ) That 's a cool attempt ! A relevant question here what is the origin of the name `` Howard '' . If it 's a saint 's name , or comes from latin , a Polish equivalent can probably be tracked down e.g. by searching through a calendar of saints ' feast days . If not , then it would be just left as is : `` Howard '' , and pronounced Hoh - vard ( short o ) . I 'm not familiar with it or an equivalent being used to name people of Polish descent . Deuar 12 : 54 , 19 May 2006 ( UTC ) There 's no name in Poland even loosely resembling the Germanic Howard ( I assume it 's relative to other Germanic names like Hagard , Hermenegild , Helmut and so on ) . It indeed would 've been spelt Hołard or even Chołard if it was polonised , but it 's always left as - is as a foreign name ( Poles , unlike Czechs and Slovaks , barely ever translate the names ) . I doubt you could call a child with that name in Poland though .", "That 's a cool attempt ! A relevant question here what is the origin of the name `` Howard '' . If it 's a saint 's name , or comes from latin , a Polish equivalent can probably be tracked down e.g. by searching through a calendar of saints ' feast days . If not , then it would be just left as is : `` Howard '' , and pronounced Hoh - vard ( short o ) . I 'm not familiar with it or an equivalent being used to name people of Polish descent . Deuar 12 : 54 , 19 May 2006 ( UTC ) There 's no name in Poland even loosely resembling the Germanic Howard ( I assume it 's relative to other Germanic names like Hagard , Hermenegild , Helmut and so on ) . It indeed would 've been spelt Hołard or even Chołard if it was polonised , but it 's always left as - is as a foreign name ( Poles , unlike Czechs and Slovaks , barely ever translate the names ) . I doubt you could call a child with that name in Poland though .", "That 's a cool attempt ! A relevant question here what is the origin of the name `` Howard '' . If it 's a saint 's name , or comes from latin , a Polish equivalent can probably be tracked down e.g. by searching through a calendar of saints ' feast days . If not , then it would be just left as is : `` Howard '' , and pronounced Hoh - vard ( short o ) . I 'm not familiar with it or an equivalent being used to name people of Polish descent . Deuar 12 : 54 , 19 May 2006 ( UTC ) There 's no name in Poland even loosely resembling the Germanic Howard ( I assume it 's relative to other Germanic names like Hagard , Hermenegild , Helmut and so on ) . It indeed would 've been spelt Hołard or even Chołard if it was polonised , but it 's always left as - is as a foreign name ( Poles , unlike Czechs and Slovaks , barely ever translate the names ) . I doubt you could call a child with that name in Poland though .", "There 's no name in Poland even loosely resembling the Germanic Howard ( I assume it 's relative to other Germanic names like Hagard , Hermenegild , Helmut and so on ) . It indeed would 've been spelt Hołard or even Chołard if it was polonised , but it 's always left as - is as a foreign name ( Poles , unlike Czechs and Slovaks , barely ever translate the names ) . I doubt you could call a child with that name in Poland though .", "There 's no name in Poland even loosely resembling the Germanic Howard ( I assume it 's relative to other Germanic names like Hagard , Hermenegild , Helmut and so on ) . It indeed would 've been spelt Hołard or even Chołard if it was polonised , but it 's always left as - is as a foreign name ( Poles , unlike Czechs and Slovaks , barely ever translate the names ) . I doubt you could call a child with that name in Poland though .", "BTW , this dictionary mentions the etymology of either * Hugihard ( `` heart - brave '' ) or * Hoh - weard ( `` high warden '' ) . In such case we could create a similar Slavic name , but in fact these are very rarely used in modern times . In the earlier case it would 've been something like Serbor or Syrbor ( from * srd , heart and * - bor - fight ) . In the latter case it would be something like Strażywoj ( from straż - guard , and woj - a warrior ) . Note that these are but my attempts as creating the names out of morphemes used commonly in ancient Slavic names . / / Halibu tt 11 : 33 , 20 May 2006 ( UTC )", "BTW , this dictionary mentions the etymology of either * Hugihard ( `` heart - brave '' ) or * Hoh - weard ( `` high warden '' ) . In such case we could create a similar Slavic name , but in fact these are very rarely used in modern times . In the earlier case it would 've been something like Serbor or Syrbor ( from * srd , heart and * - bor - fight ) . In the latter case it would be something like Strażywoj ( from straż - guard , and woj - a warrior ) . Note that these are but my attempts as creating the names out of morphemes used commonly in ancient Slavic names . / / Halibu tt 11 : 33 , 20 May 2006 ( UTC )", "BTW , this dictionary mentions the etymology of either * Hugihard ( `` heart - brave '' ) or * Hoh - weard ( `` high warden '' ) . In such case we could create a similar Slavic name , but in fact these are very rarely used in modern times . In the earlier case it would 've been something like Serbor or Syrbor ( from * srd , heart and * - bor - fight ) . In the latter case it would be something like Strażywoj ( from straż - guard , and woj - a warrior ) . Note that these are but my attempts as creating the names out of morphemes used commonly in ancient Slavic names . / / Halibu tt 11 : 33 , 20 May 2006 ( UTC )", "BTW , this dictionary mentions the etymology of either * Hugihard ( `` heart - brave '' ) or * Hoh - weard ( `` high warden '' ) . In such case we could create a similar Slavic name , but in fact these are very rarely used in modern times . In the earlier case it would 've been something like Serbor or Syrbor ( from * srd , heart and * - bor - fight ) . In the latter case it would be something like Strażywoj ( from straż - guard , and woj - a warrior ) . Note that these are but my attempts as creating the names out of morphemes used commonly in ancient Slavic names . / / Halibu tt 11 : 33 , 20 May 2006 ( UTC )", "BTW , this dictionary mentions the etymology of either * Hugihard ( `` heart - brave '' ) or * Hoh - weard ( `` high warden '' ) . In such case we could create a similar Slavic name , but in fact these are very rarely used in modern times . In the earlier case it would 've been something like Serbor or Syrbor ( from * srd , heart and * - bor - fight ) . In the latter case it would be something like Strażywoj ( from straż - guard , and woj - a warrior ) . Note that these are but my attempts as creating the names out of morphemes used commonly in ancient Slavic names . / / Halibu tt 11 : 33 , 20 May 2006 ( UTC )", "BTW , this dictionary mentions the etymology of either * Hugihard ( `` heart - brave '' ) or * Hoh - weard ( `` high warden '' ) . In such case we could create a similar Slavic name , but in fact these are very rarely used in modern times . In the earlier case it would 've been something like Serbor or Syrbor ( from * srd , heart and * - bor - fight ) . In the latter case it would be something like Strażywoj ( from straż - guard , and woj - a warrior ) . Note that these are but my attempts as creating the names out of morphemes used commonly in ancient Slavic names . / / Halibu tt 11 : 33 , 20 May 2006 ( UTC )", "I am here to answers your question . It turns out that there is no Polish equivalent of Howard . Too bad .", "Guys , I 'm a Pole and I 've tryed to find out something about that name 's translation . The result is disappointing - we do n't have any translation of it . And for an instance we say ' Howard Phillips Lovecraft ' as ' Hołard Filips Lowecraft `` . But we have funny for us translation of ' Lawrence ' = ' Wawrzyniec ' . As you may know ' Warzywo ' is ' Vegetable ' , and ' Wawrzyniec ' seems like ' Vegetableman ' ;) Konikov 12 : 34 , 11 November 2007 ( UTC ) You know there is also a ' wawrzyn ' = = ' laurel ' ? ( latin ' laurus ' , and the original name in latin is ' Laurentius ' if I remember correctly ) . There was a time in history of polish language , when we tried to translate even names . TumorMozgowicz 17 : 29 , 2 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Guys , I 'm a Pole and I 've tryed to find out something about that name 's translation . The result is disappointing - we do n't have any translation of it . And for an instance we say ' Howard Phillips Lovecraft ' as ' Hołard Filips Lowecraft `` .", "But we have funny for us translation of ' Lawrence ' = ' Wawrzyniec ' . As you may know ' Warzywo ' is ' Vegetable ' , and ' Wawrzyniec ' seems like ' Vegetableman ' ;)", "Konikov 12 : 34 , 11 November 2007 ( UTC ) You know there is also a ' wawrzyn ' = = ' laurel ' ? ( latin ' laurus ' , and the original name in latin is ' Laurentius ' if I remember correctly ) . There was a time in history of polish language , when we tried to translate even names . TumorMozgowicz 17 : 29 , 2 December 2007 ( UTC )", "You know there is also a ' wawrzyn ' = = ' laurel ' ? ( latin ' laurus ' , and the original name in latin is ' Laurentius ' if I remember correctly ) . There was a time in history of polish language , when we tried to translate even names . TumorMozgowicz 17 : 29 , 2 December 2007 ( UTC )", "You know there is also a ' wawrzyn ' = = ' laurel ' ? ( latin ' laurus ' , and the original name in latin is ' Laurentius ' if I remember correctly ) . There was a time in history of polish language , when we tried to translate even names .", "TumorMozgowicz 17 : 29 , 2 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Kashubian as a language is not that closely related to Polish , surely ? I know it is quite easy to understand for poles , but the Kashubians staunchly defend it as entirely separate from Polish . I do n't thinkt hat is just pride .", "I 'm no expert but from experience , being a Polish speaker , I found Kashubian similarly understandable to Slovakian , and easier to understand than Czech or Russian . Possibly harder to understand than Slovakian but I 'm not sure . All the other languages including Slovakian are clearly separate from Polish , so Kashubian must be as well , based on mutual intelligibility or lack thereof . They 're all West Slavic and pretty closely related in absolute terms , though , having diverged something like 2000 - 1000 years ago . I 'm guessing the difference between Kashubian and Polish is similar to Russian and Ukrainian . Deuar 19 : 26 , 3 June 2006 ( UTC )", "I 'm no expert but from experience , being a Polish speaker , I found Kashubian similarly understandable to Slovakian , and easier to understand than Czech or Russian . Possibly harder to understand than Slovakian but I 'm not sure . All the other languages including Slovakian are clearly separate from Polish , so Kashubian must be as well , based on mutual intelligibility or lack thereof . They 're all West Slavic and pretty closely related in absolute terms , though , having diverged something like 2000 - 1000 years ago . I 'm guessing the difference between Kashubian and Polish is similar to Russian and Ukrainian . Deuar 19 : 26 , 3 June 2006 ( UTC )", "Kashubian is a dialect of Polish , sometimes considered as a dialect of Pomeranian or as a separate language . 83.25. 102.123 19 : 11 , 5 May 2007 ( UTC ) Maks", "Kashubian is a dialect of Polish , sometimes considered as a dialect of Pomeranian or as a separate language . 83.25. 102.123 19 : 11 , 5 May 2007 ( UTC ) Maks", "What is dialect and what is language , exactly ? -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 14 : 11 , 13 July 2008 ( UTC )", "What is dialect and what is language , exactly ? -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 14 : 11 , 13 July 2008 ( UTC )", "What is dialect and what is language , exactly ? -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 14 : 11 , 13 July 2008 ( UTC )", "What is dialect and what is language , exactly ? -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 14 : 11 , 13 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Kashubian is similar to Polish but this dialect has many words that their origins are in German . Because Kaszuby was long time in Germany . Kashubian has also pomeranian words . When I 'm listening conversation , I often ca n't understand .", "Kashubian is similar to Polish but this dialect has many words that their origins are in German . Because Kaszuby was long time in Germany . Kashubian has also pomeranian words . When I 'm listening conversation , I often ca n't understand .", "Kashubian is similar to Polish but this dialect has many words that their origins are in German . Because Kaszuby was long time in Germany . Kashubian has also pomeranian words . When I 'm listening conversation , I often ca n't understand .", "Kashubian is similar to Polish but this dialect has many words that their origins are in German . Because Kaszuby was long time in Germany . Kashubian has also pomeranian words . When I 'm listening conversation , I often ca n't understand .", "Kashubian is similar to Polish but this dialect has many words that their origins are in German . Because Kaszuby was long time in Germany . Kashubian has also pomeranian words . When I 'm listening conversation , I often ca n't understand .", "Kashubian is similar to Polish but this dialect has many words that their origins are in German . Because Kaszuby was long time in Germany . Kashubian has also pomeranian words . When I 'm listening conversation , I often ca n't understand .", "217.173. 176.14 ( talk ) 18 : 17 , 7 August 2008 ( UTC )", "`` The Kashubian language , spoken in the Pomorze region west of Gdańsk on the Baltic sea , is closely related to Polish , and was once considered a dialect by some . However , the differences are significant enough to merit its classification as a separate language ; for instance , it is not readily understandable to Polish speakers unless written . ''", "Under no circumstances , Kashubian language is understandable to standard Polish speaker - no matter whether spoken or written . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 148.122. 35.197 ( talk ) 04 : 14 , 27 October 2008 ( UTC )", "Is it possible for the plosive to be dental and the fricative retroflex in an affricate , as we have ( tʂ ) , or should they both have the same place of articulation ( ie ʈʂ or tʃ ) ? I tried sounding it out but ca n't tell on my own . Moszczynski 19 : 11 , 6 July 2006 ( UTC )", "Hey , I made a recent picture of the polish speaking world Red colored country means official language Purple colored , historical , very significant , Polish speaking minority Circles ( depending on size ) shows that there is a sizable Polish language speakers , over 100,000 Squares , small , but significant , Polish language speakers , less then 100,000", "Can u teach me how to put a pic on Wiki ? The thing is saved on my Microsoft Paint", "Chatnin -- Chatnin 07 : 17 , 26 July 2006 ( UTC )", "Take a look at Wikipedia : Images and Wikipedia : Extended image syntax . Jacek Kendysz 13 : 07 , 11 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Take a look at Wikipedia : Images and Wikipedia : Extended image syntax . Jacek Kendysz 13 : 07 , 11 August 2006 ( UTC )", "Is n't United Kingdom , Wielka Britanii ( sp ? ) in Polish ?", "Królestwo does mean Kingdom . Please respond .", "Jelleh 30 20 : 41 , 14 October 2006 ( UTC )", "Great Britain - Wielka Brytania United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ) - Zjednoczone Królestwo ( Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej )", "Great Britain - Wielka Brytania", "United Kingdom ( of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ) - Zjednoczone Królestwo ( Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej )", "Jacek Kendysz 20 : 45 , 14 October 2006 ( UTC )", "Jacek Kendysz 20 : 45 , 14 October 2006 ( UTC )", "When reffering to UK , we ussually say Wielka Brytania , for example in news etc . Even though the correct translations is `` Zjednoczone królewstwo '' nobody uses it . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.56. 211.206 ( talk ) 13 : 26 , 18 March 2015 ( UTC )", "Hello , I hope someone may be able to provide me Polish language assistance . In the Bagpipes article , it is described that some European surnames such as Piper ( English ) , Gaitero ( Spanish ) , Gajdar ( Czech ) , Dudás ( Hungarian ) , Tsambounieris ( Greek ) , Gaidarski ( Bulgarian ) , etc. may signify that an ancestor played the bagpipes . I 've just learned that a Polish and Ukrainian name for bagpipes is koza . Thus , I wonder whether Kozar , Kozak , or some other Polish surnames may have a similar meaning . Is there an equivalent surname in Polish that is the equivalent to the English `` Piper '' in that it originally meant `` bagpiper '' ( or `` player of the koza '' ) ? Thank you , Badagnani 08 : 09 , 23 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , I 'm not particularly knowledgeable linguistically , but here 's what I can tell : Kozak is the polish name for Cossacks , so people with this name are much more likely to have an association with them in their ancestry than bagpipes ; Kozar may be a somewhat better candidate , but again you 've got to watch out because koza is primarily the Polish word for goat , which might be the likely root of that name instead . Incidentally , however , I happen to know a Polish person with the surname Gajda which is fairly unusual - to the point that I 've wondered where it comes from . Comparing to the Czech and Bulgarian forms , it 's likely from the bagpipes . Also , Dudy is the word for bagpipes among the Gorale in the southern Polish highlands , and the surnames Duda or Dudek may be related . There 's a caveat again , at least for Dudek , because it 's the name of a distinctive bird , the Hoopoe . Anyone know something more ? Deuar 11 : 26 , 23 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Well , I 'm not particularly knowledgeable linguistically , but here 's what I can tell : Kozak is the polish name for Cossacks , so people with this name are much more likely to have an association with them in their ancestry than bagpipes ; Kozar may be a somewhat better candidate , but again you 've got to watch out because koza is primarily the Polish word for goat , which might be the likely root of that name instead . Incidentally , however , I happen to know a Polish person with the surname Gajda which is fairly unusual - to the point that I 've wondered where it comes from . Comparing to the Czech and Bulgarian forms , it 's likely from the bagpipes . Also , Dudy is the word for bagpipes among the Gorale in the southern Polish highlands , and the surnames Duda or Dudek may be related . There 's a caveat again , at least for Dudek , because it 's the name of a distinctive bird , the Hoopoe . Anyone know something more ? Deuar 11 : 26 , 23 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Interesting -- because the Gothic root `` gait '' or `` gaita '' also means `` goat '' -- and there are so many pipes in Spain and the Slavic lands called `` gaita . '' So it seems an analogous situation . Badagnani 21 : 09 , 26 November 2006 ( UTC )", "The Polish word for bagpipe is ' kobza ' not ' koza ' ( which actually means goat `` . -- A-lbi 02 : 46 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "The Polish word for bagpipe is ' kobza ' not ' koza ' ( which actually means goat `` . -- A-lbi 02 : 46 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "The Polish word for bagpipe is ' kobza ' not ' koza ' ( which actually means goat `` . -- A-lbi 02 : 46 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "The Polish word for bagpipe is ' kobza ' not ' koza ' ( which actually means goat `` . -- A-lbi 02 : 46 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "So is there a Polish surname that would be the equivalent of English `` Piper , '' Asturian `` Gaiteru , '' or Slavic `` Gajdar '' ? Badagnani 02 : 49 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Tell me . Why do you need to know that ?", "I do n't know any famous Polish surname related to ' kobza ' .", "However I have to rectify my last post . According to polish Wikipedia , and my dictionary ' kobza ' is only informal word for ' bagpipe ' . Indeed ' kobza ' is stringed instrument used by Cossacks . The correct name for the instrument is ' dudy ' as was mentioned before .", "I think that surname most related with ' dudy ' could be ' Dudziak . See Urszula Dudziak , the famous polish singer .", "Maybe ' Dudek ' also originate from ' dudy ' ( see ' Jerzy Dudek ' polish footbal player ) . However ' dudek ' is also a sort of bird .", "-- A-lbi 18 : 45 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Thank you very much for this . I had asked because of my question above ( under `` Polish language question '' ) . I work at the article Bagpipes and we know about surnames that refer to bagpipe - playing in other languages , and I had wondered if `` Kozar '' was one . But `` Dudziak '' and `` Dudek '' sound like good possibilities . Badagnani 20 : 33 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Thank you very much for this . I had asked because of my question above ( under `` Polish language question '' ) . I work at the article Bagpipes and we know about surnames that refer to bagpipe - playing in other languages , and I had wondered if `` Kozar '' was one . But `` Dudziak '' and `` Dudek '' sound like good possibilities . Badagnani 20 : 33 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Thank you very much for this . I had asked because of my question above ( under `` Polish language question '' ) . I work at the article Bagpipes and we know about surnames that refer to bagpipe - playing in other languages , and I had wondered if `` Kozar '' was one . But `` Dudziak '' and `` Dudek '' sound like good possibilities . Badagnani 20 : 33 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Thank you very much for this . I had asked because of my question above ( under `` Polish language question '' ) . I work at the article Bagpipes and we know about surnames that refer to bagpipe - playing in other languages , and I had wondered if `` Kozar '' was one . But `` Dudziak '' and `` Dudek '' sound like good possibilities . Badagnani 20 : 33 , 24 December 2006 ( UTC )", "In polish Bagpipes is `` Dudy '' . `` Kobza '' is alike a `` Dudy '' but is an instrument from Tatry ( Mountains in south Polland ) .", "No no no ! As someone already wrote above , Polish name for `` Bagpipes '' is DUDY , name for similar Polish instrument is KOZA ( but you ca n't call Scottish or Asturian pipes `` koza '' ) . KOBZA is common mistake , but actually it 's Ukrainian string instrument ( you can check in wikipedia ;) - mistake comes probably from similarity of words `` koza '' and `` kobza '' . Similar instruments in Poland are also called Gajda and Koziol ( Polish for `` male goat '' , `` Koza '' is goat female or goat in general ) . It 's very interesting to learn about ethymology of `` gaita '' - very logical also , when I think about it , since bagpipes `` bag '' was usually made of goat 's skin . Koziol ( instrument ) can still have quite a lot of hair ( fur ) and wooden goat 's head as a decoration . As for the name , Polish for piper is `` dudziarz '' ( I heave n't heard about such surname , though ) , so `` Dudziak '' seems very likely , `` Kozar '' is also possible ( and Kozak surely comes from Cossack ) - but that 's all just guessing , not real linguistic knowledge", "No no no ! As someone already wrote above , Polish name for `` Bagpipes '' is DUDY , name for similar Polish instrument is KOZA ( but you ca n't call Scottish or Asturian pipes `` koza '' ) . KOBZA is common mistake , but actually it 's Ukrainian string instrument ( you can check in wikipedia ;) - mistake comes probably from similarity of words `` koza '' and `` kobza '' . Similar instruments in Poland are also called Gajda and Koziol ( Polish for `` male goat '' , `` Koza '' is goat female or goat in general ) . It 's very interesting to learn about ethymology of `` gaita '' - very logical also , when I think about it , since bagpipes `` bag '' was usually made of goat 's skin . Koziol ( instrument ) can still have quite a lot of hair ( fur ) and wooden goat 's head as a decoration . As for the name , Polish for piper is `` dudziarz '' ( I heave n't heard about such surname , though ) , so `` Dudziak '' seems very likely , `` Kozar '' is also possible ( and Kozak surely comes from Cossack ) - but that 's all just guessing , not real linguistic knowledge", "No no no ! As someone already wrote above , Polish name for `` Bagpipes '' is DUDY , name for similar Polish instrument is KOZA ( but you ca n't call Scottish or Asturian pipes `` koza '' ) . KOBZA is common mistake , but actually it 's Ukrainian string instrument ( you can check in wikipedia ;) - mistake comes probably from similarity of words `` koza '' and `` kobza '' . Similar instruments in Poland are also called Gajda and Koziol ( Polish for `` male goat '' , `` Koza '' is goat female or goat in general ) . It 's very interesting to learn about ethymology of `` gaita '' - very logical also , when I think about it , since bagpipes `` bag '' was usually made of goat 's skin . Koziol ( instrument ) can still have quite a lot of hair ( fur ) and wooden goat 's head as a decoration . As for the name , Polish for piper is `` dudziarz '' ( I heave n't heard about such surname , though ) , so `` Dudziak '' seems very likely , `` Kozar '' is also possible ( and Kozak surely comes from Cossack ) - but that 's all just guessing , not real linguistic knowledge", "No no no ! As someone already wrote above , Polish name for `` Bagpipes '' is DUDY , name for similar Polish instrument is KOZA ( but you ca n't call Scottish or Asturian pipes `` koza '' ) . KOBZA is common mistake , but actually it 's Ukrainian string instrument ( you can check in wikipedia ;) - mistake comes probably from similarity of words `` koza '' and `` kobza '' . Similar instruments in Poland are also called Gajda and Koziol ( Polish for `` male goat '' , `` Koza '' is goat female or goat in general ) . It 's very interesting to learn about ethymology of `` gaita '' - very logical also , when I think about it , since bagpipes `` bag '' was usually made of goat 's skin . Koziol ( instrument ) can still have quite a lot of hair ( fur ) and wooden goat 's head as a decoration . As for the name , Polish for piper is `` dudziarz '' ( I heave n't heard about such surname , though ) , so `` Dudziak '' seems very likely , `` Kozar '' is also possible ( and Kozak surely comes from Cossack ) - but that 's all just guessing , not real linguistic knowledge", "No no no ! As someone already wrote above , Polish name for `` Bagpipes '' is DUDY , name for similar Polish instrument is KOZA ( but you ca n't call Scottish or Asturian pipes `` koza '' ) . KOBZA is common mistake , but actually it 's Ukrainian string instrument ( you can check in wikipedia ;) - mistake comes probably from similarity of words `` koza '' and `` kobza '' . Similar instruments in Poland are also called Gajda and Koziol ( Polish for `` male goat '' , `` Koza '' is goat female or goat in general ) . It 's very interesting to learn about ethymology of `` gaita '' - very logical also , when I think about it , since bagpipes `` bag '' was usually made of goat 's skin . Koziol ( instrument ) can still have quite a lot of hair ( fur ) and wooden goat 's head as a decoration . As for the name , Polish for piper is `` dudziarz '' ( I heave n't heard about such surname , though ) , so `` Dudziak '' seems very likely , `` Kozar '' is also possible ( and Kozak surely comes from Cossack ) - but that 's all just guessing , not real linguistic knowledge", "No no no ! As someone already wrote above , Polish name for `` Bagpipes '' is DUDY , name for similar Polish instrument is KOZA ( but you ca n't call Scottish or Asturian pipes `` koza '' ) . KOBZA is common mistake , but actually it 's Ukrainian string instrument ( you can check in wikipedia ;) - mistake comes probably from similarity of words `` koza '' and `` kobza '' . Similar instruments in Poland are also called Gajda and Koziol ( Polish for `` male goat '' , `` Koza '' is goat female or goat in general ) . It 's very interesting to learn about ethymology of `` gaita '' - very logical also , when I think about it , since bagpipes `` bag '' was usually made of goat 's skin . Koziol ( instrument ) can still have quite a lot of hair ( fur ) and wooden goat 's head as a decoration . As for the name , Polish for piper is `` dudziarz '' ( I heave n't heard about such surname , though ) , so `` Dudziak '' seems very likely , `` Kozar '' is also possible ( and Kozak surely comes from Cossack ) - but that 's all just guessing , not real linguistic knowledge", "There is not a sound g in czech language but h instead so the czech surname might be Hajdar . A man playing the bagpipes is `` dudziarz '' or `` koziarz '' . Kozar is rather ukrainian or jugoslavian name . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.10. 185.230 ( talk ) 12 : 33 , 13 March 2009 ( UTC )", "There is not a sound g in czech language but h instead so the czech surname might be Hajdar .", "A man playing the bagpipes is `` dudziarz '' or `` koziarz '' . Kozar is rather ukrainian or jugoslavian name . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.10. 185.230 ( talk ) 12 : 33 , 13 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Neither Gajdar nor Hajdar is a native Czech surname . You might presumably find some Gajdars of foreign origin . -- Emil J. 15 : 20 , 23 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Neither Gajdar nor Hajdar is a native Czech surname . You might presumably find some Gajdars of foreign origin . -- Emil J. 15 : 20 , 23 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Neither Gajdar nor Hajdar is a native Czech surname . You might presumably find some Gajdars of foreign origin . -- Emil J. 15 : 20 , 23 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Neither Gajdar nor Hajdar is a native Czech surname . You might presumably find some Gajdars of foreign origin . -- Emil J. 15 : 20 , 23 March 2009 ( UTC )", "When Polish imports words with an ' x ' , is the ' x ' changed to ' ks ' ? Thanks for your time. Cameron Nedland 14 : 49 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC )", "Definately . Deuar 17 : 48 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC ) Cool thanks. Cameron Nedland 20 : 41 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC ) Is ' x ' ever brought in as ' gz ' or something like that ? Cameron Nedland 14 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Definately . Deuar 17 : 48 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC ) Cool thanks. Cameron Nedland 20 : 41 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC ) Is ' x ' ever brought in as ' gz ' or something like that ? Cameron Nedland 14 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Cool thanks. Cameron Nedland 20 : 41 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC ) Is ' x ' ever brought in as ' gz ' or something like that ? Cameron Nedland 14 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Cool thanks. Cameron Nedland 20 : 41 , 27 November 2006 ( UTC ) Is ' x ' ever brought in as ' gz ' or something like that ? Cameron Nedland 14 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Is ' x ' ever brought in as ' gz ' or something like that ? Cameron Nedland 14 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Is ' x ' ever brought in as ' gz ' or something like that ? Cameron Nedland 14 : 26 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "No such case comes to mind , but there might possibly be some exceptions − you can never tell with that . Have you got any particular case in mind ? Anyone else know something about this ? Deuar 17 : 04 , 30 November 2006 ( UTC ) ' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "' Exact ' , ' example ' , ' exhaust ' , etc. Cameron Nedland 01 : 50 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Yeah , I see what you 're getting at . Now we 're on the right track . All the examples above have home - grown versions , but continuing in this vein I can see that it depends on the particular word . Some use ' ks ' , e.g. experiment → eksperyment , but some DO use ' gz '. e.g. exam → egzamin . Deuar 18 : 36 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Thank you very much. Cameron Nedland 20 : 49 , 1 December 2006 ( UTC ) Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "Seems like ' x ' transforms into ' gz ' when it 's located between two vowels ( because then it sounds like Polish `` gz '' ) But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "But it is used just for words of foreign origin , not surnames ! My original ( Polish ) surname has `` x '' in it and there is no change in declination -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 17 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "There is also yet another aspect of importing new words into Polish . In case of names the original form is always preserved only in nominative case . In other cases an ' x ' is replaced with ' ks ' . For example : Linux to system operacyjny o wolnym kodzie . / Linux is an open source operating system. / But , Mowimy o Linuksie . / We are talking about Linux. / This rule is applicable to all foreign words ending with ' x ' . See : http://www.forum.ubuntu.pl/showthread.php?t=70061 ( some short discussion in polish ) . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Pptaszek ( talk contribs ) 12 : 10 , 25 April 2008 ( UTC )", "I was reading about how the language was banned in Congress Poland by the Russian tsar in the 19th century , so was there a major hit to the language , or did it just carry on fine ? John Riemann Soong 19 : 45 , 30 December 2006 ( UTC )", "Not sure - I do n't have the impression that it took a major blow , since Polish culture and literature seemed to carry on fairly well in the late 1800s and early 1900s . Although , this might have been carried by the German - and Austrian - occupied parts of Poland . That statement about the banning in Congress Poland could use some elaboration too ( like e.g. did the official ban last from 1880s until 1915 or was it removed at some stage ? ) . Anyone know more details ? Deuar 14 : 50 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC ) Not sure as well , but in general Polish culture seem to be doing very well ( or even - much better ) when it 's banned . To some extent of course , but we are good at opposing ;)", "Not sure - I do n't have the impression that it took a major blow , since Polish culture and literature seemed to carry on fairly well in the late 1800s and early 1900s . Although , this might have been carried by the German - and Austrian - occupied parts of Poland . That statement about the banning in Congress Poland could use some elaboration too ( like e.g. did the official ban last from 1880s until 1915 or was it removed at some stage ? ) . Anyone know more details ? Deuar 14 : 50 , 5 January 2007 ( UTC ) Not sure as well , but in general Polish culture seem to be doing very well ( or even - much better ) when it 's banned . To some extent of course , but we are good at opposing ;)", "Not sure as well , but in general Polish culture seem to be doing very well ( or even - much better ) when it 's banned . To some extent of course , but we are good at opposing ;)", "Not sure as well , but in general Polish culture seem to be doing very well ( or even - much better ) when it 's banned . To some extent of course , but we are good at opposing ;)", "Sorry I from poland and population of poles around the word is about 58 to 60 milion . Adrian Witkowski Poland gdansk . It thanks for comment", "Otto von Bismark said - `` Give Poles their own country , and they will kill each other '' funny , but he said it in polish ;) Cebi Poland , Słupsk", "Otto von Bismark said - `` Give Poles their own country , and they will kill each other '' funny , but he said it in polish ;) Cebi Poland , Słupsk", "Otto von Bismark said - `` Give Poles their own country , and they will kill each other '' funny , but he said it in polish ;) Cebi Poland , Słupsk", "Otto von Bismark said - `` Give Poles their own country , and they will kill each other '' funny , but he said it in polish ;) Cebi Poland , Słupsk", "Otto von Bismark said - `` Give Poles their own country , and they will kill each other '' funny , but he said it in polish ;) Cebi Poland , Słupsk", "Otto von Bismark said - `` Give Poles their own country , and they will kill each other ''", "funny , but he said it in polish ;) Cebi Poland , Słupsk", "Just checking , but is anyone considering the alternative Polish usage of this phrase , or is this just an in - joke ?", "Or is the phraseology I am surreptitiously referring to so archaic that I sound completely insane ?", "Clapaucius 08 : 22 , 5 February 2007 ( UTC )", "not a joke ( bob )", "Article states that hańba is borrowed from czech language , but in fact is ukrainian word .", "Article : `` However , only the first three examples sound natural in Polish , and others should be used for special emphasis only , if at all . ''", "Starting a sentence off with a verb is very popular in Polish , especially if you 're elaborating , so ... Ma on , mają oni etc. are used quite frequently , and the emphasis is n't particularly special , especially when you consider the fact that OVS ( `` Kota ma Ala '' ) is * really * rare ... -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.142. 77.221 ( talk ) 10 : 44 , 22 September 2007 ( UTC )", "83.20. 215.99 ( talk ) 08 : 39 , 18 May 2008 ( UTC ) qoute : ``", "However , only the first three examples sound natural in Polish , and others should be used for special emphasis only , if at all . ''", "`` Ala kota ma '' does not sound natural in Polish . `` Ma Ala kota '' would sound natural if there were a question mark ( `` Ma Ala kota ? '' )", "All above mentioned examples sound natural for me . For example : `` ma chłop gadane '' ( `` ma Ala kota '' ) , `` ma gadane chłop '' ( `` ma kota Ala '' ) , `` Piwo ? Piwo Tadziu pije '' ( `` Kota Ala ma '' ). :)", "All above mentioned examples sound natural for me . For example : `` ma chłop gadane '' ( `` ma Ala kota '' ) , `` ma gadane chłop '' ( `` ma kota Ala '' ) , `` Piwo ? Piwo Tadziu pije '' ( `` Kota Ala ma '' ). :)", "It 's sounds naturally to me . ie. 1 . `` Ala nie ma psa , nie ma papugi , nie ma kota ... Nie , zaraz Ala kota ma ... '' ( `` Alicia has no dog , has no parrot , has no cat ... No , wait , Alicia does have a cat ... '' ) . 2 . `` - Ala nie ma kota ! - Nieprawda , ma ! - Nie ma ! - Ma ! - Nie ma ! - Ma Ala kota ! '' ( `` - Alicia does n't have a cat ! - That 's not true , she has one ! - She does n't ! - She does ! - She does n't ! - Alicia does have a cat ! '' ) -- Barry Kent ( talk ) 23 : 12 , 28 July 2008 ( UTC )", "It 's sounds naturally to me . ie. 1 . `` Ala nie ma psa , nie ma papugi , nie ma kota ... Nie , zaraz Ala kota ma ... '' ( `` Alicia has no dog , has no parrot , has no cat ... No , wait , Alicia does have a cat ... '' ) . 2 . `` - Ala nie ma kota ! - Nieprawda , ma ! - Nie ma ! - Ma ! - Nie ma ! - Ma Ala kota ! '' ( `` - Alicia does n't have a cat ! - That 's not true , she has one ! - She does n't ! - She does ! - She does n't ! - Alicia does have a cat ! '' ) -- Barry Kent ( talk ) 23 : 12 , 28 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Cool . ; ) -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 01 : 58 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Cool . ; ) -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 01 : 58 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Cool . ; ) -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 01 : 58 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Cool . ; ) -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 01 : 58 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "`` Ala kota ma '' , `` kota Ala ma '' , `` Kota ma Ala '' , `` Ma kota Ala '' - absurd ! ! ! `` Ala ma kota '' or `` Ma Ala kota ? '' ( better say `` Czy Ala ma kota ? '' ) . Stop creating new language ! It 's like `` Alice cat has '' or `` has cat Alice '' ... nonsens . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20. 148.173 ( talk ) 10 : 10 , 10 February 2010 ( UTC )", "`` Ala kota ma '' , `` kota Ala ma '' , `` Kota ma Ala '' , `` Ma kota Ala '' - absurd ! ! ! `` Ala ma kota '' or `` Ma Ala kota ? '' ( better say `` Czy Ala ma kota ? '' ) . Stop creating new language ! It 's like `` Alice cat has '' or `` has cat Alice '' ... nonsens . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20. 148.173 ( talk ) 10 : 10 , 10 February 2010 ( UTC )", "`` Ala kota ma '' , `` kota Ala ma '' , `` Kota ma Ala '' , `` Ma kota Ala '' - absurd ! ! ! `` Ala ma kota '' or `` Ma Ala kota ? '' ( better say `` Czy Ala ma kota ? '' ) . Stop creating new language ! It 's like `` Alice cat has '' or `` has cat Alice '' ... nonsens . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20. 148.173 ( talk ) 10 : 10 , 10 February 2010 ( UTC )", "`` Ala kota ma '' , `` kota Ala ma '' , `` Kota ma Ala '' , `` Ma kota Ala '' - absurd ! ! ! `` Ala ma kota '' or `` Ma Ala kota ? '' ( better say `` Czy Ala ma kota ? '' ) . Stop creating new language ! It 's like `` Alice cat has '' or `` has cat Alice '' ... nonsens . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20. 148.173 ( talk ) 10 : 10 , 10 February 2010 ( UTC )", "`` Ala kota ma '' , `` kota Ala ma '' , `` Kota ma Ala '' , `` Ma kota Ala '' - absurd ! ! ! `` Ala ma kota '' or `` Ma Ala kota ? '' ( better say `` Czy Ala ma kota ? '' ) . Stop creating new language ! It 's like `` Alice cat has '' or `` has cat Alice '' ... nonsens . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20. 148.173 ( talk ) 10 : 10 , 10 February 2010 ( UTC )", "`` Ala kota ma '' , `` kota Ala ma '' , `` Kota ma Ala '' , `` Ma kota Ala '' - absurd ! ! ! `` Ala ma kota '' or `` Ma Ala kota ? '' ( better say `` Czy Ala ma kota ? '' ) . Stop creating new language ! It 's like `` Alice cat has '' or `` has cat Alice '' ... nonsens . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.20. 148.173 ( talk ) 10 : 10 , 10 February 2010 ( UTC )", "Ala ma kota seems to be the only one that sounds naturally , all the others sound like spoken by master Yoda . ( Alice cat has , cat good is XD ) 89.72. 45.20 ( talk ) 18 : 09 , 19 March 2012 ( UTC )", "The number of 50 million native speakers is not plausible , as there are some 37 million native speakers in Poland and the academic estimates for the number of Polish native speakers abroad range from 3.5 million to 10 million . The anonymous user supports his edits with links to tourist agencies or political speeches , which in my opinion are not reliable sources of information . Boraczek 08 : 59 , 4 May 2007 ( UTC )", "Was looking at Russian demoscope site that predicts that the number of Polish speakers will decline significantly to 31.4 million in 2050 a rate of - 18 % . In Russia the rate of population decline is - 22 % , in Ukraine - 28 % in Bulgaria - 38 % . Not good for the Slvic world . Bandurist ( talk ) 21 : 48 , 2 May 2009 ( UTC )", "Th reference used next to that number of 50 million links to ethnologue where the number of 39,990,670 is used . This number is much more realistic . So I will change to that . Nicob1984 ( talk ) 18 : 36 , 23 April 2010 ( UTC )", "The history section needs a serious trim . Most of it is just a history of Poland , which is repeated ( in better structured form and with more detail ) at Poland . Some of it is relevant ( since the history of languages is inextricably bound together with the history of peoples ) but please remember that this article is about the language , and as such we should concentrate on what parts of the history are documented ( verifiably ) as having influenced the language . Hairy Dude 19 : 11 , 6 June 2007 ( UTC )", "According to the Polish Wiki , Polish has 44 million speakers and is ranked number 25 in world languages . According to the English Wiki , it has 43 million speakers and is ranked number 29 . -- MosheA 21 : 15 , 8 July 2007 ( UTC )", "Polish Wiki gives three sources . tells about 44 millions , about 40 and about 48 millions . Awodwanrazc ( talk ) 15 : 33 , 3 April 2011 ( UTC )", "Hmm ... Of course it 's true that sometimes ( rarely ) people are rhyming ( using `` częstochowskie rymy '' ) when speaking , but is it reall so unique and so characteristic to deserve it 's own place in the article , which is long enough without it ? Szopen 07 : 19 , 21 August 2007 ( UTC )", "Article : `` There are also few words borrowed form Mongolian language , those are dzida ( spear ) or szereg ( a line , column ) . Those words were brought to Polish language during wars with Genghis Khan 's armies . ''", "The word ' szereg ' is actually of Hungarian origin and was introduced into the Polish language during Stefan Batory 's rule . It is still present in modern Hungarian ( spelled ' sereg ' ) and means , according to http://dict.sztaki.hu , ' cohort ' , ' crowd ' or ' troop ' , reflecting it 's usage in Polish as a largely military term . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.90. 160.247 ( talk ) 23 : 55 , 13 October 2007 ( UTC )", "In fact , I have no idea where this `` Mongolian '' stuff comes from , and there 's no reference to back it up . As for ' szereg ' ( row ) various etymological dictionaries ( Boryś , Słownik Etymologiczny J. Polskiego for example ) confirm the notion that the Hungarian ' sereg ' is the source . As for ' dzida ' ( spear ) , Bańkowski 's Słownik Etymologiczny J. Polskiego derives this from via Ukrainian from Osman Turkish ' cida ' ( pike ) . I suggest that the whole `` Mongolian '' paragraph be axed altogether . 83.31. 251.51 15 : 14 , 8 November 2007 ( UTC )", "Native Polish speaker here . What does mean `` chzelea ( Chezlava , `` Chris '' ) '' and `` kazhiki ( Kashik , `` ken '' ) `` ? Most probably these are just spelling errors . I would love to correct them ( some other words need a correction too ) , but I do not know what English `` Chris '' or `` ken '' mean ( they are not in my dictionary either ) . TumorMozgowicz 17 : 49 , 2 December 2007 ( UTC )", "I agree . They were uncited and doubtful , so I removed them . Knepflerle ( talk ) 18 : 29 , 10 December 2007 ( UTC )", "I agree . They were uncited and doubtful , so I removed them . Knepflerle ( talk ) 18 : 29 , 10 December 2007 ( UTC )", "Minor issue : `` punkt '' is said to derive from German `` punkt '' ( naturally enough ) , and `` punktualny '' is said to derive from `` pünktlich '' , which seems less likely . For one thing , in other German borrowings into Polish , `` ü '' becomes `` y '' ( e.g. on this page , `` Meisterstück '' > `` majstersztyk '' ) . Also , there 's no source for the sequence ' ua ' in the German . A source from the English ' punctual ' or ( more likely ) the French equivalent ( which I guess is similar ? ) would seem more correct . Ataltane ( talk ) 04 : 01 , 1 February 2008 ( UTC )", "Whoever thought of such nonsense ? I edited it out . -- SergeiXXX ( talk ) 17 : 38 , 14 May 2008 ( UTC )", "They are many Poles in Russia that still live there as a result of ethnic cleansing campaigns performed from Catherine in Imperial Russia to Stalin in Bolshevist Russia . Last census gave 73.001 Poles in Russia . Polish organisations help to teach Polish and provide education for children . There are a couple of Polish majority villages in Siberia even today IIRC .", "They are many Poles in Russia that still live there as a result of ethnic cleansing campaigns performed from Catherine in Imperial Russia to Stalin in Bolshevist Russia . Last census gave 73.001 Poles in Russia . Polish organisations help to teach Polish and provide education for children . There are a couple of Polish majority villages in Siberia even today IIRC .", "-- Molobo ( talk ) 21 : 43 , 15 May 2008 ( UTC )", "Example :", "( 1 ) Near Irkutsk , the village of Vershina still exists , which was founded by Poles in the year 1910 . Residents of the village , almost all of whom are Polish and Roman Catholic Christians , rebuilt and rededicated in 1992 the small church that had been built in 1912 and destroyed during the Soviet era . ( 2 ) In the historical sense , Siberia does not evoke positive connotations , particularly in Poland . Koperski has included the town of Vershina along the rally 's route - 500 Polish families , descendants of Polish exiles to Siberia , live in the town . `` Making the first preparations for the rally , we provided some help to those people who live in horrible poverty , '' said Koterski . `` It is unbelievable that they still speak Polish and cultivate Polish traditions . We really felt like home there . '' -- Molobo ( talk ) 22 : 04 , 15 May 2008 ( UTC )", "We currently have three runaway lists of countries in which Polish is spoken within the first 10 % of the article ( one in the infobox , one in `` statistics '' and one in `` geographic distribution '' ) . These lists are repetitive , unsourced , have no clearly defined criteria for inclusion , and are hard to maintain with numerous unsourced inclusions and deletions . The current runaway list in the geographic distribution is equally pointless - there is no point listing every country in the world where there are two Poles ( or one Pole talking to themselves ! ) , and what is a `` significant number '' ? My proposal :", "infobox contains only countries where Polish has official standing , as at German language . All instances have sources geographic distribution section mentions all countries with more than a certain number of speakers , or the ten countries with the most speakers . Source . information from statistics section incorporated into geographic distribution section , make the latter a subsection of the former . put a hidden comment in the page text asking editors to propose changes to the lists here first .", "infobox contains only countries where Polish has official standing , as at German language . All instances have sources", "geographic distribution section mentions all countries with more than a certain number of speakers , or the ten countries with the most speakers . Source .", "information from statistics section incorporated into geographic distribution section , make the latter a subsection of the former .", "put a hidden comment in the page text asking editors to propose changes to the lists here first .", "Thoughts ? Knepflerle ( talk ) 00 : 22 , 1 June 2008 ( UTC )", "Watching edits recently , this is still an issue - some other editors ' thoughts would be nice Knepflerle ( talk ) 10 : 04 , 28 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Watching edits recently , this is still an issue - some other editors ' thoughts would be nice Knepflerle ( talk ) 10 : 04 , 28 July 2008 ( UTC )", "No thoughts at all ? If not I 'll just put into action what I propose above . Knepflerle ( talk ) 12 : 38 , 22 August 2008 ( UTC )", "No thoughts at all ? If not I 'll just put into action what I propose above . Knepflerle ( talk ) 12 : 38 , 22 August 2008 ( UTC )", "No thoughts at all ? If not I 'll just put into action what I propose above . Knepflerle ( talk ) 12 : 38 , 22 August 2008 ( UTC )", "No thoughts at all ? If not I 'll just put into action what I propose above . Knepflerle ( talk ) 12 : 38 , 22 August 2008 ( UTC )", "I mind translating from `` Jak leci '' to `` how is it flying '' , cause you can also translate that to `` jak TO leci '' and that it means sthng like `` how is that written / sung / played / etc '' . By the way , german `` wie geht 's '' ( jak leci ) is exactly means `` how is it going '' , but in polish `` jak idzie '' ( how is it going ) means `` is your job done '' ; D oh , I love Europeans ;) http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedysta:Wilqw3 -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.11. 194.172 ( talk ) 06 : 34 , 3 June 2008 ( UTC )", "Polish does have five grammatical genders ( noun classes ) based on grammatical agreement , taking into account all seven cases and both numbers : masculine - personal , masculine - animate - non-personal , masculine - inanimate , neuter , and feminine . There are many overlaps when it comes to grammatical agreement , but consider the following : I. Widzę jednego dobrego nauczyciela . Widzę i innych dobrych nauczycieli . ( dobrego ~ - ych ) II . Widzę jednego dobrego psa . Widzę i inne dobre psy . ( dobrego ~ - e ) III . Widzę jeden * dobry dom . Widzę i inne dobre domy . ( dobry ~ - e ) IV . Widzę jedno dobre drzewo . Widzę i inne dobre drzewa . ( dobre ~ - e ) V. Widzę jedną dobrą dziewczynę . Widzę i inne dobre dziewczyny . ( dobrą ~ - e ) All the above nouns ( nauczyciel , pies , dom , drzewo , and dziewczyna ) are of different grammatical genders ( noun classes ) because there exists at least one instance of a case and number that distinguishes one from another. -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 02 : 28 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "if `` there exists at least one instance of a case and number that distinguishes one from another '' is the criterium , there exist in Polish far more than five genders . For instance : pani ( Nom . ) panią ( Acc . ) , `` lady '' , as distinct from koza ( Nom . ) kozę ( Acc . ) , `` she - goat '' . So let 's have a ' ladylike - feminine '' gender , and `` non-ladylike - feminine '' gender ... In a similar vein , how many past tenses are there in English ? `` go '' -- `` went '' , `` chide '' -- `` chid '' , `` strike '' -- `` struck '' , `` swim '' -- `` swam '' , `` put '' -- `` put '' , `` creep '' -- `` crept '' , `` take '' -- `` took '' , `` sell '' -- - `` sold '' ... at least 8 then , and then also `` smile '' -- `` smiled '' . Clearly , this proliferation of grammatical categories has to stop somewhere ... 87.206. 222.228 ( talk ) 10 : 44 , 14 December 2008 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "if `` there exists at least one instance of a case and number that distinguishes one from another '' is the criterium , there exist in Polish far more than five genders . For instance : pani ( Nom . ) panią ( Acc . ) , `` lady '' , as distinct from koza ( Nom . ) kozę ( Acc . ) , `` she - goat '' . So let 's have a ' ladylike - feminine '' gender , and `` non-ladylike - feminine '' gender ... In a similar vein , how many past tenses are there in English ? `` go '' -- `` went '' , `` chide '' -- `` chid '' , `` strike '' -- `` struck '' , `` swim '' -- `` swam '' , `` put '' -- `` put '' , `` creep '' -- `` crept '' , `` take '' -- `` took '' , `` sell '' -- - `` sold '' ... at least 8 then , and then also `` smile '' -- `` smiled '' . Clearly , this proliferation of grammatical categories has to stop somewhere ... 87.206. 222.228 ( talk ) 10 : 44 , 14 December 2008 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "This wondrous proliferation of grammatical genders comes from the fact that one no longer believes ( in Anglo - Saxon countries , at least ) that the Nominative singular is the basic form of a noun . For the nominative singular , there are three genders in Polish , and everything else is a variation thereof . Genders of verbs , in the past tense , are a different matter , the school - lore at Polish schools used to be that there are 3 genders in the singular and 2 genders ( masculine - personal , and non-masculine - personal ) in the plural . I would avoid departing from such school - wisdom and multiplying genders no end . 87.206. 222.228 ( talk ) 12 : 05 , 14 December 2008 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "The correct pronoun selection only works for personal pronouns on , ona , ono ... , where accusative singular jego / go works for all masculine nouns . Other pronouns , however , will distinguish ( as mentioned in the article ) animacy here ; e.g. , którego versus który. -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 02 : 39 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "The correct pronoun selection only works for personal pronouns on , ona , ono ... , where accusative singular jego / go works for all masculine nouns . Other pronouns , however , will distinguish ( as mentioned in the article ) animacy here ; e.g. , którego versus który. -- Jeziorko ( talk ) 02 : 39 , 31 July 2008 ( UTC )", "Polish is difficult ! ! ! -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.208. 117.129 ( talk ) 00 : 56 , 25 October 2008 ( UTC )", "This topic may be discussed later in the article but it does not belong in the intro . That would imply they are a major , defining characteristic of the language but in truth the number of loanwords is comparable to most other languages ( except English where there is indeed an abnormal number of loanwords ). Kasnie ( talk ) 16 : 53 , 27 October 2008 ( UTC )", "I disagree . There are indeed more borrowings in English or Russian than in Polish , but it 's not as much about the number ( still , a quarter of some Polish dictionaries ' contents are borrowings ) , as about what they say about the language . Borrowings are discussed at length in the article precisely because they are important . Presently , the intro says only `` The language developed indigenously and retains many ancient Slavic features of pronunciation and grammar '' and as such creates a misleading conception that Polish has been isolated from foreign influences , while in fact - as the section `` Borrowings '' correctly states - Polish contains loanwords from all sorts of languages , and they serve as a reminder of intercultural relations that Poland had in the past . If the intro states that the language retained many ancient features - which is half of the truth - it should also say something about the loanwords . The way it is now , the intro is misleading . Adding half a sentence wo n't do any harm . Dawidbernard ( talk ) 18 : 38 , 28 October 2008 ( UTC )", "While I agree that sentence is somewhat misleading , I do n't feel that adding the mention of loanwords is really the solution because it too creates a misleading impression , that loanwords are a more significant part of Polish than in most languages . Perhaps it would be best to simply remove that entire sentence ? Kasnie ( talk ) 19 : 12 , 28 October 2008 ( UTC )", "Loanwords show the history of a language especially well . In the case of Polish , these loans show how the language has grown and refined to become one of the major European languages . Loans are very important for any language and are just as integral to Polish as they are to English , German , Japanese etc .", "Yes , Polish , as a Slavic language , retains many ancient satem features of Proto - Indo - European ( it can be said that the Balto - Slavic languages were the last pure remnant of the proto - Indo European peoples ) , but like Dawidbernard said , only mentioning that fact seems to suggest that the language was isolated , which quite contrary it has expanded and grown in sophistication and influence over history .", "Remember , loans really are n't given because of politics . There is nothing wrong with loanwords . If you look at say , German and French , those languages resisted loanwords due to their governments , and still they continue to be influenced by other languages ( read : English ) .", "Yes , the core vocabulary of Polish is Slavic , but in conclusion , the number of loans is a fact of the language 's vitality and growth . CormanoSanchez ( talk ) 17 : 54 , 2 February 2009 ( UTC )", "( The mentioned correctness could be subject to an argument . It is clearly not an `` official language '' form , no apparent reason I can see for deeming its written form as incorrect , though . )", "The `` apparent '' ( and obvious ) reason to condemn that as incorrect is that there is no reason to put the `` że '' particle there . The form `` że - ście '' is based on wrong analysis of expressions like `` cóżeście '' ( = `` cóż '' + e + verb ending ) as `` co '' + `` żeście '' ( the difference between `` co '' = `` what '' , and `` cóż '' = `` what on earth '' is less or more like between Latin `` quid '' and `` quidnam '' ) . The result of such analysis is then casted onto sentences , which are not questions , resulting in such expressions as `` wy żeście zrobili '' ( instead of `` wyście zrobili '' or simply `` zrobiliście '' ) , which is even worse . Mamurra ( talk ) 18 : 59 , 26 December 2008 ( UTC )", "I 've been living in Krakow almost since I 've been born and I do n't agree . It is not based from `` cóżeście '' , but instead it is the same particle `` ż ( e ) '' that is in word `` chodźże '' or `` toż '' etc . `` Że '' is an emphatic particle , maybe regional nowadays , but it 's been in literature for a long time . About the analytic etymology : I would say that it is just the other way around . `` Cóż '' is a contraction of `` co '' and `` że '' . The only problem with that particle is that it is no longer used in Warsaw . For me there is a difference between `` wy żeście zrobili '' and `` wyście zrobili '' , just like there is difference between `` Ja zrobiłem to '' and `` Ja to zrobiłem '' . And there are three different expressions : `` cóżeście '' , which is archaic so I do n't really get all the little nuances , `` co żeście '' and `` cóż żeście '' , latter two being quite normal in southern part of Poland . In Highland and Silesian dialect ( or maybe rather language ) , this is even more common . My conclusion - it is correct in some dialects , even if they lack official recognition . So if you say that this is incorrect than are n't all regional traits incorrect ? When I say `` żeście '' in Kraków it is totally correct , although it might not sound formal enough in some situations . And I do use it entirely intentionally and knowingly , so it can not be dubbed error or mistake , can it ? Cosmi ( talk ) 03 : 06 , 15 February 2009 ( UTC )", "I 've been living in Krakow almost since I 've been born and I do n't agree . It is not based from `` cóżeście '' , but instead it is the same particle `` ż ( e ) '' that is in word `` chodźże '' or `` toż '' etc . `` Że '' is an emphatic particle , maybe regional nowadays , but it 's been in literature for a long time . About the analytic etymology : I would say that it is just the other way around . `` Cóż '' is a contraction of `` co '' and `` że '' . The only problem with that particle is that it is no longer used in Warsaw . For me there is a difference between `` wy żeście zrobili '' and `` wyście zrobili '' , just like there is difference between `` Ja zrobiłem to '' and `` Ja to zrobiłem '' . And there are three different expressions : `` cóżeście '' , which is archaic so I do n't really get all the little nuances , `` co żeście '' and `` cóż żeście '' , latter two being quite normal in southern part of Poland . In Highland and Silesian dialect ( or maybe rather language ) , this is even more common . My conclusion - it is correct in some dialects , even if they lack official recognition . So if you say that this is incorrect than are n't all regional traits incorrect ? When I say `` żeście '' in Kraków it is totally correct , although it might not sound formal enough in some situations . And I do use it entirely intentionally and knowingly , so it can not be dubbed error or mistake , can it ? Cosmi ( talk ) 03 : 06 , 15 February 2009 ( UTC )", "I took the liberty and NPOVed the forementioned topic in the article . In addition I remove the following passage :", "I took the liberty and NPOVed the forementioned topic in the article . In addition I remove the following passage :", "The examples below show how the subject could be included in such sentences , where possible :", "Co wy zrobiliście ? Coście zrobili ? ( a native speaker would not use a subject here ) Co wyście zrobili ? ( this example emphasizes the pronoun -- `` wy '' + ście ) Co żeście zrobili ? ( this example emphasizes the że - particle , but it is not correct in a written form ) ( The mentioned correctness could be subject to an argument . It is clearly not an `` official language '' form , no apparent reason I can see for deeming its written form as incorrect , though . )", "Co wy zrobiliście ?", "Coście zrobili ? ( a native speaker would not use a subject here )", "Co wyście zrobili ? ( this example emphasizes the pronoun -- `` wy '' + ście )", "Co żeście zrobili ? ( this example emphasizes the że - particle , but it is not correct in a written form ) ( The mentioned correctness could be subject to an argument . It is clearly not an `` official language '' form , no apparent reason I can see for deeming its written form as incorrect , though . )", "This is neither necessary nor encyclopaedic . Firstly , it does n't prove anything , and even if it could , it is not consistent . Moreover , you could say `` Wy co zrobiliście ? '' or something even more wicked , depending on a context . So it 's pretty arbitrary , unless we want to list all possibilities ( that means all permutations in such a simple sentence ! ) . Cosmi ( talk ) 03 : 30 , 15 February 2009 ( UTC )", "`` Żeście '' ( or in singular form `` żem '' ) may be correct or incorrect :", "`` My żeśmy tam poszli '' - incorrect `` Powiedział żeśmy tam poszli '' - correct `` Ja żem tam poszedł '' - incorrect `` Powiedział żem tam poszedł '' - correct", "`` My żeśmy tam poszli '' - incorrect", "`` Powiedział żeśmy tam poszli '' - correct", "`` Ja żem tam poszedł '' - incorrect", "`` Powiedział żem tam poszedł '' - correct", "Unfortunatelly incorrect forms are very popular , but still they are incorrect . Sometimes incorect forms are easier to pronounce then correct . ( e.g. incorrect `` Z mamą żem nie rozmawiał '' vs. formally correct `` '' Z mamąm nie rozmawiał `` ) Milek80 ( talk ) 05 : 04 , 7 July 2009 ( UTC )", "Why should `` wy żeście zrobili ? '' be incorrect ? Why should not `` że '' be inserted between the pronoun and the verb ? ( `` śćie '' = `` jesteście '' ) ? 131.220. 251.41 ( talk ) 14 : 57 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC ) Wojciech Żełaniec", "Silesian is official consider as a dialect , look the encyclopedia Britannica . @ Ivan Štambuk : Why you changed it back without any reason ? I gave a source ! -- 84.142. 63.91 ( talk ) 15 : 20 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Britannica is not actually . LUCPOL ( talk ) 15 : 49 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC ) Of course it is up - to - date . Why you think it is n't ? -- 84.142. 63.91 ( talk ) 17 : 27 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Britannica is not actually . LUCPOL ( talk ) 15 : 49 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC ) Of course it is up - to - date . Why you think it is n't ? -- 84.142. 63.91 ( talk ) 17 : 27 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Of course it is up - to - date . Why you think it is n't ? -- 84.142. 63.91 ( talk ) 17 : 27 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Of course it is up - to - date . Why you think it is n't ? -- 84.142. 63.91 ( talk ) 17 : 27 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Other encyclopaedias can not be used as sources for Wikipedia per policy . Plus , we can not treat one source as the bearer of the Truth , per WP : NPOV policy we must give appropriate account to all of the relevant viewpoints ( except those held by the irrelevant minority ) . For example , according to 99 % of the Bulgarian linguists and the Bulgarian Academy , Macedonian is officially a dialect of Bulgarian , whilst for the rest of the word ( except , maybe , for the Greeks ) , it 's a language of its own , with separate literatures , history , standardological process ... Do you see the similarity wrt Silesian language / dialect : Polish language ? -- Ivan Štambuk ( talk ) 18 : 50 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Other encyclopaedias can not be used as sources for Wikipedia per policy . Plus , we can not treat one source as the bearer of the Truth , per WP : NPOV policy we must give appropriate account to all of the relevant viewpoints ( except those held by the irrelevant minority ) . For example , according to 99 % of the Bulgarian linguists and the Bulgarian Academy , Macedonian is officially a dialect of Bulgarian , whilst for the rest of the word ( except , maybe , for the Greeks ) , it 's a language of its own , with separate literatures , history , standardological process ... Do you see the similarity wrt Silesian language / dialect : Polish language ? -- Ivan Štambuk ( talk ) 18 : 50 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Other encyclopaedias can not be used as sources for Wikipedia per policy . Plus , we can not treat one source as the bearer of the Truth , per WP : NPOV policy we must give appropriate account to all of the relevant viewpoints ( except those held by the irrelevant minority ) . For example , according to 99 % of the Bulgarian linguists and the Bulgarian Academy , Macedonian is officially a dialect of Bulgarian , whilst for the rest of the word ( except , maybe , for the Greeks ) , it 's a language of its own , with separate literatures , history , standardological process ... Do you see the similarity wrt Silesian language / dialect : Polish language ? -- Ivan Štambuk ( talk ) 18 : 50 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Other encyclopaedias can not be used as sources for Wikipedia per policy . Plus , we can not treat one source as the bearer of the Truth , per WP : NPOV policy we must give appropriate account to all of the relevant viewpoints ( except those held by the irrelevant minority ) . For example , according to 99 % of the Bulgarian linguists and the Bulgarian Academy , Macedonian is officially a dialect of Bulgarian , whilst for the rest of the word ( except , maybe , for the Greeks ) , it 's a language of its own , with separate literatures , history , standardological process ... Do you see the similarity wrt Silesian language / dialect : Polish language ? -- Ivan Štambuk ( talk ) 18 : 50 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Other encyclopaedias can not be used as sources for Wikipedia per policy . Plus , we can not treat one source as the bearer of the Truth , per WP : NPOV policy we must give appropriate account to all of the relevant viewpoints ( except those held by the irrelevant minority ) . For example , according to 99 % of the Bulgarian linguists and the Bulgarian Academy , Macedonian is officially a dialect of Bulgarian , whilst for the rest of the word ( except , maybe , for the Greeks ) , it 's a language of its own , with separate literatures , history , standardological process ... Do you see the similarity wrt Silesian language / dialect : Polish language ? -- Ivan Štambuk ( talk ) 18 : 50 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "Other encyclopaedias can not be used as sources for Wikipedia per policy . Plus , we can not treat one source as the bearer of the Truth , per WP : NPOV policy we must give appropriate account to all of the relevant viewpoints ( except those held by the irrelevant minority ) . For example , according to 99 % of the Bulgarian linguists and the Bulgarian Academy , Macedonian is officially a dialect of Bulgarian , whilst for the rest of the word ( except , maybe , for the Greeks ) , it 's a language of its own , with separate literatures , history , standardological process ... Do you see the similarity wrt Silesian language / dialect : Polish language ? -- Ivan Štambuk ( talk ) 18 : 50 , 31 January 2009 ( UTC )", "No discussion of case ? kwami ( talk ) 22 : 03 , 24 February 2009 ( UTC )", "I think it 's uralic . See in Hungarian langage . Many words is same to Polish . And i see that Polish is similar to Hungarian language more than Russian and Serbian language -- 125.25. 244.44 ( talk ) 09 : 03 , 25 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Uh , it 's transparently Slavic -- and nothing like Hungarian . kwami ( talk ) 16 : 30 , 25 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Uh , it 's transparently Slavic -- and nothing like Hungarian . kwami ( talk ) 16 : 30 , 25 March 2009 ( UTC )", "Ough , apart from some words borrowed from Hungarian to Polish and from Polish to Hungarian and using the digraph sz ( which marks different sounds in Polish and Hungarian ) , these languages do not have nothing in common . Slovak is the closest related language , followed by Czech and rest of West Slavic languages . Remigiu ( talk ) 16 : 22 , 6 April 2009 ( UTC )", "Ough , apart from some words borrowed from Hungarian to Polish and from Polish to Hungarian and using the digraph sz ( which marks different sounds in Polish and Hungarian ) , these languages do not have nothing in common . Slovak is the closest related language , followed by Czech and rest of West Slavic languages . Remigiu ( talk ) 16 : 22 , 6 April 2009 ( UTC )", "Ough , apart from some words borrowed from Hungarian to Polish and from Polish to Hungarian and using the digraph sz ( which marks different sounds in Polish and Hungarian ) , these languages do not have nothing in common . Slovak is the closest related language , followed by Czech and rest of West Slavic languages . Remigiu ( talk ) 16 : 22 , 6 April 2009 ( UTC )", "Ough , apart from some words borrowed from Hungarian to Polish and from Polish to Hungarian and using the digraph sz ( which marks different sounds in Polish and Hungarian ) , these languages do not have nothing in common . Slovak is the closest related language , followed by Czech and rest of West Slavic languages . Remigiu ( talk ) 16 : 22 , 6 April 2009 ( UTC )", "And another thing is : Why Hungarian is Uralic ? I compared with Finnish , Estonian and it 's NOT THE SAME !", "And Polish is not the same as Bengali . So ? You might want to read the articles . kwami ( talk ) 15 : 12 , 22 May 2009 ( UTC )", "And Polish is not the same as Bengali . So ? You might want to read the articles . kwami ( talk ) 15 : 12 , 22 May 2009 ( UTC )", "If they were the same , they would n't be considered different languages . And it 's rather impossible to compare three languages without the profundial knowledge on their history , which , I assume , the one who asked , does n't have . Remigiu ( talk ) 19 : 42 , 13 June 2009 ( UTC )", "If they were the same , they would n't be considered different languages . And it 's rather impossible to compare three languages without the profundial knowledge on their history , which , I assume , the one who asked , does n't have . Remigiu ( talk ) 19 : 42 , 13 June 2009 ( UTC )", "Simply Polish ( like Czech , Russian ) have their origins in Slavonic , which Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian , ( and some people say Basque too ) does not . They all have their origins in language of the Urals ; the Magyar split ( 4th Century ? ) and moved west . Differences with Estonian / Finnish and similarities with Slavonic languages are due to proximity ( or distance , depending on the language ) , and cultural exchanges . This is exactly the same as comparing English and French . Shared history ( and therefore some similarities in language ) , but different origins. Hrcolyer ( talk ) 15 : 38 , 30 June 2009 ( UTC )", "Simply Polish ( like Czech , Russian ) have their origins in Slavonic , which Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian , ( and some people say Basque too ) does not . They all have their origins in language of the Urals ; the Magyar split ( 4th Century ? ) and moved west . Differences with Estonian / Finnish and similarities with Slavonic languages are due to proximity ( or distance , depending on the language ) , and cultural exchanges . This is exactly the same as comparing English and French . Shared history ( and therefore some similarities in language ) , but different origins. Hrcolyer ( talk ) 15 : 38 , 30 June 2009 ( UTC )", "Simply Polish ( like Czech , Russian ) have their origins in Slavonic , which Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian , ( and some people say Basque too ) does not . They all have their origins in language of the Urals ; the Magyar split ( 4th Century ? ) and moved west . Differences with Estonian / Finnish and similarities with Slavonic languages are due to proximity ( or distance , depending on the language ) , and cultural exchanges . This is exactly the same as comparing English and French . Shared history ( and therefore some similarities in language ) , but different origins. Hrcolyer ( talk ) 15 : 38 , 30 June 2009 ( UTC )", "Simply Polish ( like Czech , Russian ) have their origins in Slavonic , which Hungarian , Finnish , Estonian , ( and some people say Basque too ) does not . They all have their origins in language of the Urals ; the Magyar split ( 4th Century ? ) and moved west . Differences with Estonian / Finnish and similarities with Slavonic languages are due to proximity ( or distance , depending on the language ) , and cultural exchanges .", "This is exactly the same as comparing English and French . Shared history ( and therefore some similarities in language ) , but different origins. Hrcolyer ( talk ) 15 : 38 , 30 June 2009 ( UTC )", "No mention is made of Polish being written in other scripts , such as the Arabic alphabet ( by the Lipka Tatars ) . Obviously should n't be in the top , but it should be mentioned surely ? Hrcolyer ( talk ) 15 : 42 , 30 June 2009 ( UTC )", "I 've noticed manyPolish words used in administration are German based ( ratusz , gminy etc ) . Is it fair to suggest that this is due less to just having been neighbours for a Millenium ( as stated in the text ) and more to significant areas of Poland being under German speaking administrations ( Germany and Austria ) during 19th century ? ( 79.190. 69.142 ( talk ) 08 : 03 , 22 October 2009 ( UTC ) )", "you are not correct . The words mentioned by you appeared in Polish because of two elements : German migration to Polish cities and towns in middleages and the fact , that the towns were created under the Laws of Magdeburg ( being general framework for establishing such entity ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 23 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "you are not correct . The words mentioned by you appeared in Polish because of two elements : German migration to Polish cities and towns in middleages and the fact , that the towns were created under the Laws of Magdeburg ( being general framework for establishing such entity ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 23 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "The Polish language is x , q , and v but very rarely .", "Q - ku V - fau X - iks -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.54. 80.247 ( talk ) 17 : 58 , 5 May 2010 ( UTC )", "East German ? This is why Wikipedia is a lackluster resource . Somone changed the word `` Polish '' to `` East German '' :", "East German ( język polski , polszczyzna ) is a West Slavic language ( 4 ) and the official language of East Germany . Its written standard is the East German alphabet which corresponds basically to the Latin alphabet with a few additions . East German - speakers use the language in a uniform manner throughout most of East Germany .", "Despite the pressure of non-East German administrations in East Germany , who have often attempted to suppress the East German language , a rich literature has developed over the centuries and the language is currently the largest in terms of speakers of the West Slavic group . It is also the third most widely spoken Slavic language , after Russian and Ukrainian. ( 5 ) ( 6 ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.70. 68.128 ( talk ) 23 : 51 , 6 August 2010 ( UTC )", "I do not know essentially any Polish words with qvx . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.213. 255.7 ( talk ) 23 : 52 , 19 January 2012 ( UTC )", "Can someone please elaborate on when and why there was a transition in the Polish language in the use of the letter `` Y '' to denounce the `` ya '' sound instead of the letter `` J ''", "I noticed this when I was reading some historical books and most predominantly it jumped out at me when I saw the name `` Zamoyski '' .", "Thanks . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.238. 110.152 ( talk ) 17 : 13 , 12 September 2010 ( UTC ) It was done after 1918 , while standarizing written Polish ( people from different partitions were using different rules or simply has problems using written language ) . I think the exact year of passing that act was 1919 or 1918 . That was as well the time , when `` yj '' was replaced by `` i '' -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.177. 237.239 ( talk ) 20 : 27 , 29 September 2011 ( UTC )", "`` Error using ( ( IPAsym ) ) : IPA symbol `` li '' not found in list `` . Needs attention from someone who knows IPA . Lestermandersson ( talk ) 20 : 20 , 14 March 2013 ( UTC )", "The error was introduced with this edit -- Wbm1058 ( talk ) 01 : 49 , 15 March 2013 ( UTC ) The error caused the article to populate Category : International Phonetic Alphabet pages needing attention . -- Wbm1058 ( talk ) 01 : 54 , 15 March 2013 ( UTC )", "The error was introduced with this edit -- Wbm1058 ( talk ) 01 : 49 , 15 March 2013 ( UTC )", "The error caused the article to populate Category : International Phonetic Alphabet pages needing attention . -- Wbm1058 ( talk ) 01 : 54 , 15 March 2013 ( UTC )", "On the one hand , in the section `` Dialects '' , we read : `` ( Kashubian ) contains a number of features not found elsewhere in Poland , e.g. nine distinct oral vowels ( vs. the five of standard Polish ) ... ''", "On the other hand , in the `` Phonology '' section , we read : `` Polish has six oral vowels ( all monophthongs ) ... ''", "Which is correct ? Does Polish have five oral vowels , or six ? 108.246. 205.134 ( talk ) 03 : 44 , 2 August 2014 ( UTC )", "Six oral vowels : a , e , i , o , u , y ( ɨ ) And seven letters which are oral vowels ( ó = u ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.183. 14.53 ( talk ) 13 : 29 , 2 December 2015 ( UTC )", "`` Recent loanwords come primarily from the English language , mainly those that have Latin or Greek roots , for example komputer ( computer ) , korupcja ( from ' corruption ' , but sense restricted to ' bribery ' ) , etc . Slang sometimes borrows and alters common English words , e.g. luknąć ( to look ) . Concatenation of parts of words ( e.g. auto - moto ) , which is not native to Polish but common in English , for example , is also sometimes used . When borrowing English words , Polish often changes their spelling . For example , Latin suffix ' - tio ' corresponds to - cja . To make the word plural , - cja becomes - cje . Examples of this include inauguracja ( inauguration ) , dewastacja ( devastation ) , recepcja ( reception ) , konurbacja ( conurbation ) and konotacje ( connotations ) . Also , the digraph qu becomes kw ( kwadrant = quadrant ; kworum = quorum ) . ''", "Except that most of those words were borrowed from French during the time of the Normans . So can they really be considered as words borrowed from English ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.125. 60.93 ( talk ) 10 : 40 , 23 April 2015 ( UTC )", "Correct , most of those words are common Latin - besed internationalisms , and appeared before the WW2 due to French cultural influence at that time . Except for `` komputer '' and `` luknąć '' , they are by no means English loan words Wicki ( talk ) 18 : 31 , 26 April 2015 ( UTC )", "Correct , most of those words are common Latin - besed internationalisms , and appeared before the WW2 due to French cultural influence at that time . Except for `` komputer '' and `` luknąć '' , they are by no means English loan words Wicki ( talk ) 18 : 31 , 26 April 2015 ( UTC )", "The originality of Polish culture is tied to its language and to its Slavonic roots . Linguistic studies indicate that 5000 to 4000 years ago early Balto - Slavic languages were part of the Aryan or the Eastern Indo - European languages . Over 3500 years ago , the languages of the Balto - Slavs separated from the Aryan languages ; some 3000 years ago , the Baltic and Slavic languages separated from each other ; and for the next 1500 years , the Slavic languages evolved parallel to the Greek , Latin , Celtic , Germanic , and other languages . The evolution of the Polish language occurred during the following 1500 years .", "While this is correct in its broad outlines ( datings are always difficult ) , it 's strangely and confusingly worded in part . First , it would be preferrable to use BC and AD datings ( for example `` in the 3rd millennium BC '' ) , not relative datings ( even though the dates are so rough that this wo n't become a serious problem for several centuries , hehe ) . Second , the use of the term `` Aryan '' here appears to be ambiguous , first referring to an eastern group of Indo - European ( the `` satem '' group , apparently ) and then specifically to Indo - Iranian , which is the only strictly correct meaning , but the reader can not be expected to know even this , so it should be explained . Finally , some phrasings are simply unclear , vague , awkward or describe truisms not specific to Polish . As the problem lies with the source , and the source is not really wrong , just badly worded , I hesitate to edit the section as it could appear that the source is misrepresented if I brought it in line with current thinking . -- Florian Blaschke ( talk ) 18 : 24 , 6 May 2015 ( UTC )", "Hello fellow Wikipedians ,", "I have just added archive links to 2 external links on Polish language . Please take a moment to review my edit . If necessary , add ( ( cbignore ) ) after the link to keep me from modifying it . Alternatively , you can add ( ( nobots deny = InternetArchiveBot ) ) to keep me off the page altogether . I made the following changes :", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131016163022/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE= &VNAMEF = to http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE= &VNAMEF = Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130602110608/http://multitree.linguistlist.org/codes/szl to http://multitree.linguistlist.org/codes/szl", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131016163022/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE= &VNAMEF = to http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE= &VNAMEF =", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130602110608/http://multitree.linguistlist.org/codes/szl to http://multitree.linguistlist.org/codes/szl", "When you have finished reviewing my changes , please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know .", "As of February 2018 , `` External links modified '' talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot . No special action is required regarding these talk page notices , other than regular verification using the archive tool instructions below . Editors have permission to delete the `` External links modified '' sections if they want , but see the RfC before doing mass systematic removals . This message is updated dynamically through the template ( ( sourcecheck ) ) ( last update : 15 July 2018 ) .", "If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool . 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I made the following changes :", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110907172244/http://www.cactuslanguagetraining.com/us/english/view/the-importance-of-polish-as-a-language-today/ to http://www.cactuslanguagetraining.com/us/english/view/the-importance-of-polish-as-a-language-today/", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110907172244/http://www.cactuslanguagetraining.com/us/english/view/the-importance-of-polish-as-a-language-today/ to http://www.cactuslanguagetraining.com/us/english/view/the-importance-of-polish-as-a-language-today/", "When you have finished reviewing my changes , please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know .", "As of February 2018 , `` External links modified '' talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot . No special action is required regarding these talk page notices , other than regular verification using the archive tool instructions below . 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Alternatively , you can add ( ( nobots deny = InternetArchiveBot ) ) to keep me off the page altogether . I made the following changes :", "Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150402094201/https://www.pnc.com/webapp/unsec/Requester?resource=/wps/wcm/connect/831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7/Diversity_FactSheet_0209.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7 to https://www.pnc.com/webapp/unsec/Requester?resource=/wps/wcm/connect/831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7/Diversity_FactSheet_0209.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7", "Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20150402094201/https://www.pnc.com/webapp/unsec/Requester?resource=/wps/wcm/connect/831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7/Diversity_FactSheet_0209.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7 to https://www.pnc.com/webapp/unsec/Requester?resource=/wps/wcm/connect/831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7/Diversity_FactSheet_0209.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=831f05004e5c6ce68c1f8ffc6d630ad7", "When you have finished reviewing my changes , please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know .", "As of February 2018 , `` External links modified '' talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot . 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Please take a moment to review my edit . If you have any questions , or need the bot to ignore the links , or the page altogether , please visit this simple FaQ for additional information . I made the following changes :", "Corrected formatting / usage for http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE= &VNAMEF =", "Corrected formatting / usage for http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE= &VNAMEF =", "When you have finished reviewing my changes , please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know ( documentation at ( ( Sourcecheck ) ) ) .", "As of February 2018 , `` External links modified '' talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot . No special action is required regarding these talk page notices , other than regular verification using the archive tool instructions below . Editors have permission to delete the `` External links modified '' sections if they want , but see the RfC before doing mass systematic removals . This message is updated dynamically through the template ( ( sourcecheck ) ) ( last update : 15 July 2018 ) .", "If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool . If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool .", "If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool .", "If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool .", "Cheers. -- 07 : 48 , 12 April 2016 ( UTC )", "In the article it is written : `` believed to have come from Polish Ducal Prussia '' . Shouldn it be from Royal Prussia ? xRiffRaffx ( talk ) 10 : 05 , 21 July 2016 ( UTC )", "could someone correct the infobox ? it should give the Polish language Council ( Rada Języka Polskiego ) as the regulator , but it links to a uk translation firm . I 'd correct it myself , but the infobox markup is Greek to me :( . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.37. 80.50 ( talk ) 02 : 11 , 27 April 2017 ( UTC )", "Done , well spotted. Nico ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 27 April 2017 ( UTC )", "Done , well spotted. Nico ( talk ) 08 : 35 , 27 April 2017 ( UTC )", "`` Polish began to emerge as a distinct language around the 10th century , the process largely triggered by the establishment and development of the Polish state . ''", "How can an establishment of a state `` trigger '' an establishment of a distinct language ? -- Yomal Sidoroff - Biarmskii 12 : 03 , 6 August 2017 ( UTC )", "While in formal speech and some other situations yes / no questions ar indeed fored by adding czy at the begining of sentence , in casual speech czy is often ( or should I say usually ) dropped and the fact that the sentence is a question , rather then declartive is distinguished solely by intonation . 78.8. 83.16 ( talk ) 14 : 52 , 12 October 2017 ( UTC )", "Hello fellow Wikipedians ,", "I have just modified 3 external links on Polish language . Please take a moment to review my edit . If you have any questions , or need the bot to ignore the links , or the page altogether , please visit this simple FaQ for additional information . I made the following changes :", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080630012313/https://www.bartleby.com/61/68/K0056800.html to http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/K0056800.html Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131123031658/http://polish.slavic.pitt.edu/polish/ to http://polish.slavic.pitt.edu/polish/ Added archive http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141128233029/http%3A//www.kellyproject.eu/wp%2Dcontent/uploads/2012/07/Polish_M3.xls to http://www.kellyproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Polish_M3.xls", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080630012313/https://www.bartleby.com/61/68/K0056800.html to http://www.bartleby.com/61/68/K0056800.html", "Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131123031658/http://polish.slavic.pitt.edu/polish/ to http://polish.slavic.pitt.edu/polish/", "Added archive http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141128233029/http%3A//www.kellyproject.eu/wp%2Dcontent/uploads/2012/07/Polish_M3.xls to http://www.kellyproject.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Polish_M3.xls", "When you have finished reviewing my changes , you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs .", "As of February 2018 , `` External links modified '' talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot . 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If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool .", "If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool .", "If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool .", "Cheers. -- InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug ) 20 : 00 , 1 December 2017 ( UTC )", "Jump up ^ World Almanac and Book of Facts , World Almanac Books , Mahwah , 1999 Jump up ^ Hanna Dalewska - Greń , Języki słowiańskie , PWN , Warszawa 2002 , ISBN 83 - 01 - 12391 - 5 , s . 584 Jump up ^ Encyklopedia języka polskiego , pod red . S Urbańczyka i M. Kucały , Ossolineum , wyd. 3 , Warszawa 1999 , ISBN 83 - 04 - 02994 - 4 , s . 156", "Jump up ^ World Almanac and Book of Facts , World Almanac Books , Mahwah , 1999", "Jump up ^ Hanna Dalewska - Greń , Języki słowiańskie , PWN , Warszawa 2002 , ISBN 83 - 01 - 12391 - 5 , s . 584", "Jump up ^ Encyklopedia języka polskiego , pod red . S Urbańczyka i M. Kucały , Ossolineum , wyd. 3 , Warszawa 1999 , ISBN 83 - 04 - 02994 - 4 , s . 156" ]

[ [ "scrolling" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "A scroll wheel ( or mouse wheel ) is a hard plastic or rubbery disc ( the `` wheel '' ) on a computer mouse that is perpendicular to the mouse surface . It is normally located between the left and right mouse buttons .", "It is used , as the name suggests , for scrolling . It can often also be used as a third mouse button by pressing on it . The wheel is often -- but not always -- engineered with detents to turn in discrete steps , rather than continuously as an analog axis , to allow the operator to more easily intuit how far they are scrolling .", "Some modern mice can scroll horizontally as well as vertically , using a tilting scroll - wheel ( introduced by Microsoft ) , scroll ball ( found , for example , on Apple 's Mighty Mouse ) , pointing stick , touchpad ( as on Apple 's Magic Mouse ) , optical sensor , or a second scroll wheel . Logitech mice with ' Free Spinning ' scroll wheels use a 14 gram scroll wheel with high rotational inertia like a flywheel that can be used to quickly scroll through long pages and lists . A peculiar early example was a mouse by Saitek which had a joystick - style hatswitch on it .", "Scroll wheels are prevalent on modern computer mice and have become an integral part of the hardware interface . However , non-wheeled mice are still available .", "Scroll wheels can also be found on such handheld devices such as PDAs , portable digital audio players such as the original Apple iPod , or mobiles phones such as early Sony models and BlackBerry devices .", "In 1985 NTT , Japan and ETH Zürich , Switzerland ( Kunio Ōno , Ken'ichi Fukaya and Jürg Nievergelt ) jointly invented and developed the first scrolling mouse . Their Mighty Mouse had the scroll wheel accessible on the side . In 1987 , an early prototype of the top mounted scrolling wheel mouse was developed by Jack McCauley for gaming applications . Between 1989 and 1993 Daniel S. Venolia of Apple developed another mouse prototype with a thumb - wheel accessible on the side .", "In 1995 , the Taiwanese company KYE Systems released the first commercial mouse with scroll wheel . It was named Genius EasyScroll and was also available as Mouse Systems ProAgio .", "The scroll wheel was popularized by the Microsoft IntelliMouse in 1996 along with support for the mouse wheel in Microsoft Office 97 . It was based on ideas developed by Eric Michelman since 1993 with input from Chris Graham .", "The introduction of the scroll wheel is notably one of the first additions to the basic two - button mouse design used for PCs that became a de facto standard . Its popularity increased with the proliferation of the World Wide Web , where efficient mouse - only scrolling is most useful , since it allows the mouse pointer to remain close to the page 's hyperlinks while scrolling rather than moving to a scroll bar .", "In the 21st century , scroll wheels started appearing on keyboards as well , particularly on Logitech and Microsoft models . It is usually located to the left of the caps lock key . The implementation of scroll wheels on laptop computers has generally faded , while touchpads are often programmed with a pointing device gesture to substitute for them ; such as allowing the edges to scroll the page ( rather than to move the pointer ) , partly making up for the lack of a scroll wheel ; touchpads with multitouch capability usually achieve scroll capability by touching and dragging two fingers on the touchpad at the same time ; many Linux distributions offer a third method of scrolling using the touchpad , where the user will first activate scroll - mode by pressing in a corner of the pad , and then dragging in a circle around the center of the pad , letting go of the touchpad will switch back to the default mouse - mode .", "In many applications ( e.g. , web browsers ) , holding down the control key while rolling the scroll wheel causes the text size to increase or decrease , or an image in an image - editing or map - viewing program to zoom in or out , if such a feature is available . Also clicking the link with a scroll wheel button makes the link open in a new tab , and clicking on the opened tab closes it .", "In first - person shooter ( FPS ) games , the scroll wheel is usually set to change weapons . Because of this some gaming mice , such as Logitech G500 , implement a locking feature that lets the mouse switch between scrolling in steps ( needed for gaming ) and continuous scrolling ( good for web browsing ) . The scroll wheel is also sometimes used to control the zoom of scoped weapons and binoculars . FPS games with an emphasis on realism may choose to use the wheel for changing between stances or adjusting the range settings on iron sights . Since the introduction of tilting scroll - wheels , many FPS games use the left - right motion of the scroll wheel to cause the player to lean left and right . A less common use is to use the mouse wheel to adjust the player 's speed of movement .", "Real time strategy games often use the mouse wheel to change the altitude of the camera ; many also allow the view to either tilt or pan with mouse movement when the scroll wheel button is held down .", "CAD applications such as AutoDesk 's AutoCAD use the mouse wheel to navigate the space in which the user is drawing . This has also become a de facto standard in 3D applications such as Trimble 's SketchUp where the wheelscroll is zoom , and wheelclick with a mouse drag is orbit ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In Greek mythology , Iphigenia ( / ɪfɪdʒɪˈnaɪ. ə / ; Ancient Greek : Ἰφιγένεια , Iphigeneia ) was a daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra , and thus a princess of Mycenae . Agamemnon offends the goddess Artemis , who retaliates by commanding him to kill Iphigenia as a sacrifice so his ships can sail to Troy . In some versions , Iphigenia is sacrificed at Aulis , but in others , Artemis rescues her . In the version where she is saved , she goes to the Taurians and meets her brother Orestes .", "`` Iphigenia '' means `` strong - born , '' `` born to strength , '' or `` she who causes the birth of strong offspring . ''", "Iphianassa ( Ἰφιάνασσα ) is the name of one of Agamemnon 's three daughters in Homer 's Iliad ( ix. 145 , 287 ) The name Iphianassa may be simply an older variant of the name Iphigenia . `` Not all poets took Iphigenia and Iphianassa to be two names for the same heroine , '' Kerenyi remarks , `` though it is certain that to begin with they served indifferently to address the same divine being , who had not belonged from all time to the family of Agamemnon . ''", "In Greek mythology , Iphigenia appears as the Greek fleet gathers in Aulis to prepare for war against Troy . At Aulis , the leader of the Greeks , Agamemnon , accidentally kills a deer in a grove sacred to the goddess Artemis . She punishes him by interfering with the winds so that his fleet can not sail to Troy . The seer Calchas reveals that , to appease Artemis , Agamemnon must sacrifice his eldest daughter , Iphigenia . Agamemnon at first refuses but , pressured by the other commanders , eventually agrees .", "Iphigenia and her mother Clytemnestra are brought to Aulis under the pretext of a marriage to Achilles , but soon discover the marriage is a ruse . In some versions of the story , Iphigenia remains unaware of her imminent sacrifice until the last moment , believing that she is led to the altar to be married .", "In some versions , Iphigenia is not actually sacrificed . According to Hyginus ' Fabulae , Iphigenia was not sacrificed . Some sources claim that Iphigenia was taken by Artemis to Tauris in Crimea at the moment of the sacrifice , and that the goddess left a deer or a goat ( the god Pan transformed ) in her place . The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women called her Iphimede ( Ἰφιμέδη ) and told that Artemis transformed her into the goddess Hecate . Antoninus Liberalis said that Iphigenia was transported to the island of Leuke , where she was wedded to immortalized Achilles under the name Orsilochia .", "In Aeschylus 's Agamemnon , the first play in the Oresteia , the sacrifice of Iphigenia is given as one of the reasons that Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus plan to murder Agamemnon .", "In Euripides ' Iphigenia at Aulis , it is Menelaus who convinces Agamemnon to heed the seer Calchas 's advice . After Agamemnon sends a message to Clytemnestra informing her of Iphigenia 's supposed marriage , he immediately regrets his decision and tries to send another letter telling them not to come . Menelaus intercepts the letter and he and Agamemnon argue . Menelaus insists that it is Agamemnon 's duty to do all he can to aid the Greeks . Clytemnestra arrives at Aulis with Iphigenia and the infant Orestes . Agamemnon tries to convince Clytemnestra to go back to Argos , but Clytemnestra insists on staying for the wedding . When she sees Achilles , Clytemnestra mentions the marriage ; Achilles , however , appears to be unaware of it , and she and Iphigenia gradually learn the truth . Achilles , angry that Agamemnon has used him in his plot , vows to help prevent the murder of Iphigenia . Iphigenia and Clytemnestra plead with Agamemnon to spare his daughter 's life . Achilles informs them that the Greek army , eager for war , has learned of the seer 's advice and now demand that Iphigenia be sacrificed . If Agamemnon refuses , it is likely they will turn on him and kill him and his family . Iphigenia , knowing she is doomed , decides to be sacrificed willingly , reasoning that as a mere mortal , she can not go against the will of a goddess . She also believes that her death will be heroic , as it is for the good of all Greeks . Iphigenia exits , and the sacrifice takes place offstage . Later , Clytemnestra is told of her daughter 's purported death -- and how at the last moment , the gods spared Iphigenia and whisked her away , replacing her with a deer .", "Euripides ' other play about Iphigenia , Iphigenia in Tauris , takes place after the sacrifice , and after Orestes has killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus . Apollo orders Orestes -- to escape persecution by the Erinyes for killing his mother , Clytemnestra , and her lover -- to go to Tauris . While in Tauris , Orestes is to carry off the xoanon ( carved wooden cult image ) of Artemis , which had fallen from heaven , and bring it to Athens . When Orestes arrives at Tauris with Pylades , son of Strophius and intimate friend of Orestes , the pair are immediately captured by the Tauri , who have a custom of sacrificing all Greek strangers to Artemis . Iphigenia is the priestess of Artemis , and it is her duty to perform the sacrifice . Iphigenia and Orestes do n't recognize each other ( Iphigenia thinks her brother is dead -- a key point ) . Iphigenia finds out from Orestes , who is still concealing his identity , that Orestes is alive .", "Iphigenia then offers to release Orestes if he will carry home a letter from her to Greece . Orestes refuses to go , but bids Pylades to take the letter while Orestes will stay to be slain . After a conflict of mutual affection , Pylades at last yields , but the letter makes brother and sister recognize each other , and all three escape together , carrying with them the image of Artemis . After they return to Greece -- having been saved from dangers by Athena along the way -- Athena orders Orestes to take the Xoanon to the town of Halae , where he is to build a temple for Artemis Tauropolos . At the annual festival held there in honor of Artemis , a single drop of blood must be drawn from the throat of a man to commemorate Orestes 's near - sacrifice . Athena sends Iphigenia to the sanctuary of Artemis in Brauron where she is to be the priestess until she dies . According to the Spartans , however , they carried the image of Artemis to Laconia , where the goddess was worshipped as Artemis Orthia .", "These close identifications of Iphigenia with Artemis encourage some scholars to believe that she was originally a hunting goddess whose cult was subsumed by the Olympian Artemis .", "The people of Tauris / Taurica facing the Euxine Sea worshipped the maiden goddess Artemis . Some very early Greek sources in the Epic Cycle affirmed that Artemis rescued Iphigenia from the human sacrifice her father was about to perform , for instance in the lost epic Cypria , which survives in a summary by Proclus : `` Artemis ... snatched her away and transported her to the Tauroi , making her immortal , and put a stag in place of the girl ( Iphigenia ) upon the altar . '' The goddess swept the young princess off to Tauris where she became a priestess at the Temple of Artemis .", "The earliest known accounts of the purported death of Iphigenia are included in Euripides ' Iphigenia at Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris , both Athenian tragedies of the fifth century BC set in the Heroic Age . In the dramatist 's version , the Taurians worshipped both Artemis and Iphigenia in the Temple of Artemis at Tauris . Other variants include her being rescued at her sacrifice by Artemis and transformed into the goddess Hecate . Another example includes Iphigenia 's brother , Orestes , discovering her identity and helping him steal an image of Artemis . Possible reasons for key discrepancies in the telling of the myth by playwrights such as Euripides are to make the story more palatable for audiences and to allow sequels using the same characters .", "Many traditions arose from the sacrifice of Iphigenia . One prominent version is credited to the Spartans . Rather than sacrificing virgins , they would whip a male victim in front of a sacred image of Artemis . However , most tributes to Artemis inspired by the sacrifice were more traditional . Taurians especially performed sacrifices of bulls and virgins in honour of Artemis .", "The myth was retold in classical Greece and Italy , but it became most popular in Etruria , especially in Perusia . In the second and first centuries BC the Etruscans adorned their cremation - urns with scenes from the sacrifice . The most common scene : `` Iphigenia , a little girl , is held over the altar by Odysseus while Agamemnon performs the aparchai . Clytemnestra stands beside Agamemnon and Achilles beside Odysseus and each one begs for the life of Iphigenia . '' This version is closest to the myth as the Romans told it .", "Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Euripides . Iphigénie en Aulide , play by Jean Racine . Iphigénie en Aulide , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigenia , film by Michael Cacoyannis . The Songs of the Kings , novel by Barry Unsworth . Iphigenia , play by Mircea Eliade . Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters ) Ifigeneia , a rewrite of the play by Finn Iunker Iphigenia at Aulis , the first part of The Greeks trilogy , adapted and directed by John Barton for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980 . Iphigenia 2.0 , modern adaptation of the play by Charles L. Mee Iph ... , adapted by Colin Teevan . Iphigenia in Tauris , play by Euripides . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Henri Desmarets and André Campra . Ifigenia in Tauride , opera by Tommaso Traetta . Iphigenie auf Tauris , play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Niccolò Piccinni Iphigenia at Tauris , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters ) Metamorphoses , narrative poem by Ovid ( books 12 and 13 ) Daughters of Atreus , play by Robert Turney Iphigenia in Brooklyn , a solo cantata by Peter Schickele under the guise of P.D.Q. Bach . Iphigénie , ballet by Charles le Picq . Iphigenia , play by Samuel Coster . Iphigenia in Orem , part of Bash : Latter - Day Plays , a collection of three plays by Neil LaBute . A Memory of Wind , story by Rachel Swirsky . Agamemnon 's Daughter , novel by Ismail Kadare . Iphigenia at Aulis , a poem by Walter Savage Landor A Fair Wind For Troy , novel by Doris Gates Iphigenia , a 1977 Greek film directed by Michael Cacoyannis Iphigenia in Crimea , BBC Radio 3 play by Tony Harrison Iphigenia in Splott , play by Gary Owen House of Names , novel by Colm Toibin The Killing of a Sacred Deer , a 2017 film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos", "Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Euripides . Iphigénie en Aulide , play by Jean Racine . Iphigénie en Aulide , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigenia , film by Michael Cacoyannis . The Songs of the Kings , novel by Barry Unsworth . Iphigenia , play by Mircea Eliade . Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters ) Ifigeneia , a rewrite of the play by Finn Iunker Iphigenia at Aulis , the first part of The Greeks trilogy , adapted and directed by John Barton for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980 . Iphigenia 2.0 , modern adaptation of the play by Charles L. Mee Iph ... , adapted by Colin Teevan .", "Iphigénie en Aulide , play by Jean Racine . Iphigénie en Aulide , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigenia , film by Michael Cacoyannis . The Songs of the Kings , novel by Barry Unsworth . Iphigenia , play by Mircea Eliade . Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters ) Ifigeneia , a rewrite of the play by Finn Iunker Iphigenia at Aulis , the first part of The Greeks trilogy , adapted and directed by John Barton for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980 . Iphigenia 2.0 , modern adaptation of the play by Charles L. Mee Iph ... , adapted by Colin Teevan .", "Iphigénie en Aulide , play by Jean Racine .", "Iphigénie en Aulide , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck .", "Iphigenia , film by Michael Cacoyannis .", "The Songs of the Kings , novel by Barry Unsworth .", "Iphigenia , play by Mircea Eliade .", "Iphigenia at Aulis , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters )", "Ifigeneia , a rewrite of the play by Finn Iunker", "Iphigenia at Aulis , the first part of The Greeks trilogy , adapted and directed by John Barton for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1980 .", "Iphigenia 2.0 , modern adaptation of the play by Charles L. Mee", "Iph ... , adapted by Colin Teevan .", "Iphigenia in Tauris , play by Euripides . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Henri Desmarets and André Campra . Ifigenia in Tauride , opera by Tommaso Traetta . Iphigenie auf Tauris , play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Niccolò Piccinni Iphigenia at Tauris , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters )", "Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Henri Desmarets and André Campra . Ifigenia in Tauride , opera by Tommaso Traetta . Iphigenie auf Tauris , play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck . Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Niccolò Piccinni Iphigenia at Tauris , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters )", "Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Henri Desmarets and André Campra .", "Ifigenia in Tauride , opera by Tommaso Traetta .", "Iphigenie auf Tauris , play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe .", "Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Christoph Willibald Gluck .", "Iphigénie en Tauride , opera by Niccolò Piccinni", "Iphigenia at Tauris , play by Ellen McLaughlin ( part of Iphigenia and Other Daughters )", "Metamorphoses , narrative poem by Ovid ( books 12 and 13 )", "Daughters of Atreus , play by Robert Turney", "Iphigenia in Brooklyn , a solo cantata by Peter Schickele under the guise of P.D.Q. Bach .", "Iphigénie , ballet by Charles le Picq .", "Iphigenia , play by Samuel Coster .", "Iphigenia in Orem , part of Bash : Latter - Day Plays , a collection of three plays by Neil LaBute .", "A Memory of Wind , story by Rachel Swirsky .", "Agamemnon 's Daughter , novel by Ismail Kadare .", "Iphigenia at Aulis , a poem by Walter Savage Landor", "A Fair Wind For Troy , novel by Doris Gates", "Iphigenia , a 1977 Greek film directed by Michael Cacoyannis", "Iphigenia in Crimea , BBC Radio 3 play by Tony Harrison", "Iphigenia in Splott , play by Gary Owen", "House of Names , novel by Colm Toibin", "The Killing of a Sacred Deer , a 2017 film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos", "This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The Atlantic speculates that Shireen Baratheon , a young girl from the TV series Game of Thrones who was sacrificed to a God by her father , was based on Iphigenia . Slate similarly writes : `` Every beat of the Greek myth is the same as Stannis 's story : The troops are stuck and starving and the general , Agamemnon , must sacrifice his own daughter to turn the fates to their favor . The mother begging for mercy , the disapproving second - in - command who can do nothing to stop it , the daughter who says she will do whatever it takes to help -- it 's all a clear echo . ''", "In Sacrifice , the second volume of Eric Shanower 's Age of Bronze comic book series , the substitution of a deer for Iphigenia is a pious lie invented by Odysseus to comfort the grieving Clytemnestra . However , it does not work and Clytemnestra angrily curses the whole Achaean army , wishing they all die in the war .", "Sheri S. Tepper 's The Gate to Women 's Country contains a similar idea , with a play named Iphigenia at Ilium running through the novel as a leitmotif . Within the novel , the ghost of Iphigenia tells Achilles that all the poets lied . Iphigenia says that she did not die willingly , nor was a hind sent to take her place . Iphigenia also realizes that these myths no longer have any power over her . Achilles then attempts to claim her as his wife , but she reminds him that `` women are no good to you dead '' .", "There is also speculation that Iphigenia was actually the daughter of Helen and Theseus .", "In Madeline Miller 's The Song of Achilles , Iphigenia comes to Aulis under the belief that she is to marry Achilles . Instead she is unwillingly sacrificed to appease Artemis .", "The full ( rarely used ) name of the fictional private investigator V.I. Warshawski , created by Sara Paretsky , is Victoria Iphigenia Warshawski . In the 1985 novel Killing Orders , third in the series , the protagonist identifies herself with the character of Greek myth , and recognizes the similarity of a traumatic event of her childhood with the act of Iphigenia 's sacrifice .", "In Yorgos Lanthimos ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer , the myth of Iphigenia is given a modern re-telling ." ]

[ [ "Aztec Empire" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The city now known as Mexico City was founded as Tenochtitlan by the Aztecs in 1325 and a century later became the dominant city - state of the Aztec Triple Alliance , formed in 1430 and composed of Tenochtitlan , Texcoco , and Tlacopan . At its height , Tenochtitlan had enormous temples and palaces , a huge ceremonial center , residences of political , religious , military , and merchants . Its population was estimated at least 100,000 and perhaps as high as 200,000 in 1519 when the Spaniards first saw it .", "During the final stage of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs , Tenochtitlan was besieged and essentially razed . Hernán Cortés understood the strategic and symbolic importance of the Aztec capital and founded the Spanish capital of Mexico City on the site , and in particular rebuilt the Aztec ceremonial and political center as the main square , the Plaza Mayor , usually called the Zócalo . Some of the oldest structures in Mexico City date from the early conquest era . Many colonial - era buildings remain standing and have been re-purposed government buildings and museums . As the seats of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Archbishopric of New Spain , Mexico City was the center of political and religious institutions , but it was also the center of Mexico 's economic activity and the residence of social elites in colonial Mexico ( 1521 -- 1821 ) . It was where the great merchant houses were located and the economic elites of the country lived , even if their sources of wealth were elsewhere . The concentration of mansions and palaces in what is now the Mexico City historic center led it to be nicknamed , the `` City of Palaces '' , a sobriquet often attributed to great savant Alexander von Humboldt , perhaps in error . It was also a major educational center , with the University of Mexico founded in 1553 as part of the complex of the Plaza Mayor . The crown - approved attempt to train Nahua men to become Christian priests saw the establishment in 1536 of the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco in one of the two sections of the capital governed by a Nahua city council ( cabildo ) . Many religious institutions for the education of the sons of Spanish elites were also based in the capital . Mexico City had the colony 's largest concentration of those of Spanish heritage ( both Iberian - born peninsulares and American - born criollos ) , as well as the largest concentration of mixed race casta population in the colony . Many Indians also lived outside the center of the capital .", "Following independence in 1821 to the current era , Mexico City remains the country 's largest and most important city . Post-independence , Mexico City was captured by U.S. forces during the Mexican -- American War and saw violence during the Reform War and the French Intervention as well as the Mexican Revolution . At the beginning of the 20th century , the city 's population stood at about 500,000 . The city 's history in the 20th and 21st centuries has been marked by explosive population growth and the problems that have accompanied it . The city center deteriorated . and the government has had problems keeping up with basic services , but the building of the Mexico City Metro has alleviated some major transportation problems . Smog became a serious problem as the shanty towns evolved , formed by the poor of the country migrating to the city . Since the 1985 Mexico City earthquake , which caused significant damage to the center of the city , efforts have been made to correct some of these problems . In the 2000s , businessman and philanthropist Carlos Slim created a foundation to revitalize the historic center as well as sites near the Basilica of the Virgin of Guadalupe .", "The Aztecs were one of the last of the Nahuatl - speaking peoples who migrated to this part of the Valley of Mexico after the fall of the Toltec Empire . Their presence was resisted by the peoples who were already there , but the Aztecs were able to establish a city on a small island on the western side of Lake Texcoco . The Aztecs themselves had a story about how their city was founded after being led to the island by their principal god , Huitzilopochtli . According to the story , the god indicated their new home with a sign , an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a snake in its beak . This image appears in Codex Mendoza , an early post-conquest manuscript , one of many Aztec codices , pictorial texts , and since Mexico 's independence from Spain in 1821 , the image is in the center of the Mexican flag . Between 1325 and 1521 , Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength , eventually dominating the other city - states or altepetl around Lake Texcoco , and in the Valley of Mexico . When the Spaniards arrived , the Aztec Empire reached much of Mesoamerica , touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean .", "There are two overlapping narratives about the founding to the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan , which would become modern Mexico City . The first is told by the archeological and historic record , and the second comes from the Mexica themselves , which is both mythological and historical . The central highlands of what is now Mexico were occupied for many centuries before the founding of the city . To the northeast are the ruins of Teotihuacan , whose empire and civilization mysteriously disappeared around 750 CE . After that , the Toltecs ruled the area in and around the Valley of Mexico until about 1200 CE . After the fall of the Toltec capital of Tollan , large migrations of people moved into the Valley of Mexico , bringing with them the concept of city - state known in Nahuatl as altepetl . This led to the founding of a number of semi-autonomous urban centers around Lake Texcoco each claiming legitimacy as descendants of the Toltecs . By the early 16th century , at least a dozen of these city - states had reached 10,000 in population with Tenochtitlan by far the largest at 150,000 and perhaps as high as 200,000 .", "The Mexica who founded Tenochtitlan were part of the last wave of migration of Nahuatl - speaking peoples into the valley . Their presence was resisted ; however , taking advantage of the nearly - constant conflict among the city - states along the lake shores , the Mexica of Tenochtitlan and their allies since 1430 of Texcoco and Tlacopan conquered the Valley of Mexico , exacting tribute from the same powers that resisted their migration in the first place .", "The Mexica story is that they came from a place called Aztlán , described as an island in the middle of a lake . Their god Huitzilopochtli told them to go and look for a promised land . They first arrived around the territory known as Culiacán by 960 CE , but then left and returned to Aztlan . Wandering from Aztlan again around the year `` 1 Tecpatl '' or 1064 -- 65 according to the codices Chimalpahin , Aubin and the Anales de Tlalteloco , they soon arrived at Pátzcuaro . They thought that was the land promised to them by Huitzilopochtli , but the god told them to continue . They went east and arrived at Chapultepec , on the edge of what was then Lake Texcoco . The god told them that their promised land was close but that they would have to fight for it . Their first opponent was a chief named Cópil , son of a witch named Malinalxochitl and sister of Huitzilopochtli . The Mexica surrounded Cópil 's forces , captured and sacrificed the chief 's heart to Huitzilopochtli .", "However , their arrival was still opposed by the lords of Azcapotzalco , Tlacopan , Coyoacán and Culhuacan . At first they tried diplomacy to convince the Mexica to leave . The Mexica fought these lords and lost , retreating to a place called Acocolco and hid in the marshes , becoming subjects of a people named the Colhuas . Two years later , the Colhuas asked the Mexicas to fight with them against Xochimilco . While the Mexica impressed the Colhuas with their battle skills , they were expelled again when they sacrificed the hearts of their captives to Huitzilopochtli . They went to Tizapan . After that , they wandered the rim of Lake Texcoco . The migration lasted around 260 years ; from 1064 - 1065 to 1325 .", "The god indicated that they were getting closer when they arrived at a place called Nexticpan , which is where the San Antonio Abad Hospital is now , and later to a place called Mixiuhcan , now the colonia of Magdalena Mixiuhcan . They wandered another 36 years knowing that they were extremely close . Then they sent two priests named Axolóhua and Cuauhcoatl to look for the sign promised by their god . The two found an islet near the western shore of Lake Texcoco surrounded by green water . In the middle of the islet was a nopal and perched upon it was an eagle with its wings spread and its face looking toward the sun . When the eagle left , Axolóhua submerged himself into the waters around the island and Cuaucoatl went back to report what he saw . The people were confused because what the two priests had seen was only part of the sign they were told to expect . Twenty - four hours later Axolóhua returned stating that while underwater , he saw the god Tlaloc who told him that they did indeed find the place and that they were welcome . They moved to the islet and began to construct their city . Later versions of the story have a snake in the eagle 's mouth . The Mexica called their city Tenochtitlan meaning `` place of the nopal , '' referring to the myth of its discovery . Gongora gives the day 18 July 1327 , but at least three other codices ( Azcatitlan , Mexicanus and Mendoza ) placed the time of its founding in the year 1325 , and los Anales de Tlatelolco adds the day - sign `` 1 Zipaktli , '' correlated to the beginning of summer solstice on 20 June .", "Thirteen years after the founding of Tenochtitlan , the population of the islet had grown and there was internal strife . A portion of the population left and went to the nearby island of Tlatelolco , establishing a monarchy there , with their first ruler being Acamapitzin . Shortly thereafter , the people of Tenochtitlan had their own monarchy . The two cities became rivals . Eventually , Tenochtitlan conquered Tlatelolco eliminating its rulers and incorporated the city into Tenochtitlan and was named Mexico which some natives did n't like .", "At its height , just before the Spanish arrived , Tenochtitlan was the center of the vast Aztec Empire , stretching from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts and south towards the Yucatán Peninsula and Oaxaca . With a vast income of tribute , Tenochtitlan grew to become one of the largest and richest urban areas in the world at that time . The city had services and infrastructure that was unheard of in the rest of the world : potable water brought in by aqueducts , drainage systems and wide , paved streets . Their markets boasted of products from nearly every part of Mesoamerica .", "Tenochtitlan roughly correlates with the historic center of modern Mexico City . During the pre-Hispanic era , the city developed in a planned fashion , with streets and canals aligned with the cardinal directions , leading to orderly square blocks . The island that the city was founded on was divided into four calpullis or neighborhoods that were divided by the main north - south roads leading to Tepeyac and Iztapalapa respectively and the west - east road that lead to Tacuba and to a dike into the lake , respectively . The calpullis were named Cuepopan , Atzacualco , Moyotla and Zoquipan , which had subdivisions and a `` tecpan '' or district council for each one . The intersection of these roads was the center of the city and of the Aztec world . Here were the main temple , the palaces of the tlatoani or emperors , palaces of nobles such as the `` House of the Demons '' and the `` House of the Flowers '' . Also located here were the two most renowned Aztec schools : the Telpuchcalli for secular studies and the Calmecac for priestly training .", "After landing near the modern - day city of Veracruz , Hernán Cortés heard about the great city and also never learned of long - standing rivalries and grievances against it . Although Cortés came to Mexico with a very small army , he was able to persuade many of the other Indian peoples to help him destroy Tenochtitlan .", "For a time , these allied peoples made use of the arrival of the European in the hopes of creating a world freed of Aztec domination . Spanish objective , however , was that they themselves would benefit from the destruction of Tenochtitlan , making the Indians not free , but rather more subservient to the Spaniards than they were to the Aztecs . The Spaniards intended to put themselves into the position held by the Aztec elite and rule their conquered territory in a substantially similar manner , though on a different religious basis .", "Moctezuma , then - chief of the Aztecs , had been receiving accounts of the Europeans ' arrival since their ships ( reported as towers or small mountains on the eastern sea ) arrived in the Yucatán then Veracruz . First - hand accounts indicate that the Aztec were under some impression that Cortés was the god Quetzalcoatl . According to these reports , the direction of the ships ' arrival and because of the Spaniards light skin , long beards and short hair fit a prophecy about this god 's return . This motivated Moctezuma to send gifts to the Spaniards when they arrived in Veracruz .", "Cortés first saw Tenochtitlan on 8 November 1519 . Upon viewing it for the first time , Cortes and his men were `` stunned by its beauty and size ... '' The Spaniards marched along the causeway leading into the city from Iztapalapa . The towers , temples and canoes filled with crowds who gathered to look at the strange men and their horses . Moctezuma came out from the center of Tenochtitlan onto the causeway to greet them . The two processions met at the entrance to the city . Moctezuma was in a litter draped with fine cotton mantles and borne on the shoulders of a number of lords . He emerged from the litter and the two leaders exchanged gifts . The Aztecs led the Spaniards into the heart of the city where Moctezuma gave them with more gifts and then quartered them in lavish apartments . However , Aztec accounts of the first meeting indicate that Moctezuma was too deferent and generous to the newcomers . An Aztec account relates how the people of Tenochtitlan felt : `` as if everyone had eaten stupefying mushrooms ... , as if they had seen something astonishing . Terror dominated everyone , as if all the world were being disembowelled ... People fell into a fearful slumber ... ''", "However , the camaraderie between the two leaders did not last long . While the Spaniards marveled at the city 's artifacts and strange foods , they were horrified by the religious rites involving human sacrifice and , being vastly outnumbered , Cortes worried greatly that Moctezuma was plotting to destroy him . So on 16 November , Cortés detained Moctezuma , placing him under house arrest . In this way , Cortés hoped to rule through the emperor . However , Moctezuma 's power was dwindling in the eyes of his people . The Aztecs grew ever more resentful of the Spaniards ' attacks on their religion and their relentless demands for gold . Resistance broke out on one of the lakeside settlements , which Cortés tried to quell by having a formal ceremony where the emperor swore allegiance to the Spanish king . He also tried to have the Mexica idols in the main temple replaced by Christian ones or at least put them side - by - side . To add to Cortés ' troubles , the Spanish governor of Cuba sent an arrest party for Cortés , as his orders were not to conquer but simply to trade . This forced Cortés to leave Tenochtitlan in the hands of Pedro de Alvarado as he went to Veracruz to confront this party .", "While Cortés was gone , Alvarado imprisoned two important Aztec leaders and killed several others . Tensions exploded when Alvarado ordered a massacre during the spring festival of Huizilopochtli . When Cortés returned in June 1520 the situation was dire . Communications and entrances to the city were cut off . The Spanish outside the city had no food supplies and a severe shortage of drinking water . Cortés had Moctezuma try to pacify his people by speaking to them from the palace , but the emperor was greeted with a storm of stones and arrows , wounding him badly . Moctezuma died a short time later , but whether he died from his injuries or whether the Spanish killed him , seeing that he was no longer of use to them , is unknown . The news of Moctezuma 's death caused uproar in the city . The Spanish tried to flee unnoticed but were caught . Hundreds of canoes closed in on the city from all sides .", "The Aztecs recaptured their city with Cortés 's men fleeing the city , followed by arrows and rocks . Some found their way to a causeway out of the city . Some others , like the troops of Juan Velázquez , were forced to retreat toward the center of the city , where they were captured and sacrificed . When night fell , Aztec attacks on the Spaniards eased . Cortés took advantage of this to cross the causeway to a place called Popotla . Here is still found an ahuehuete tree called the `` Tree of the Sad Night '' because Cortés supposedly wept here after his defeat . At least 600 of the Spanish were killed ( some estimates state over 1,000 ) , many weighed down by the gold they were carrying ; several thousand Tlaxcalans were probably lost , too .", "At Tlaxcala , Cortés pacified his Indian allies and rebuilt his military force . The Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone . They elected a new king , Cuauhtemoc . He was in his mid-20s , the son of Moctezuma 's uncle , Ahuitzotl , and was an experienced leader .", "After regrouping in Tlaxcala , Cortés decided to lay siege to Tenochtitlan in May 1521 . For three months , the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of disease brought by the Europeans . Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island and fought their way through the city , street by street , and house by house . The Spanish pushed the defenders to the northern tip of the island . Finally , Cuauhtemoc had to surrender in August 1521 .", "With Tenochtitlan in ruins , the victorious Cortés first settled himself in Coyoacán on the lake shore at the southern edge of Lake Texcoco . He created the ayuntamiento or town council of the Spanish capital there , so that he could choose where the city would finally be . No one but Cortés wanted to rebuild the Aztec site . Most of the other conquistadors wanted the new city to be closer to the mountains , pastures and groves they would need for supplies , for example in Tacuba or in Coyoacán . Some accounts state that the Aztec islet was chosen because its location was strategic , allowing for rapid communication by boat to communities on the shorelines . However , the decision was Cortés 's alone . According to Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia Cortés 's reason was cultural . Leaving the site as it was would leave a memory of what was and would perhaps allow for a rival city to emerge . So the site was chosen so that all remains of the old empire could be erased . Major flooding in the early seventeenth century , however , raised again the question of where the capital should be located , with elite property owners facing losses if the capital were moved .", "Although the fall of Tenochtitlan was a swift and definitive occurrence , this did not imply that the Spanish domination of the entire city , or the rest of Mexico , would be a rapid process . Indian cooperation in the destruction of Aztec power ensured that Cortés would have to take allied interests into consideration as well . In a number of ways , this made the Spaniards another factor in the ongoing political conflicts between rival native peoples , not to mention that Spanish were vastly outnumbered . For much of the colonial period , parts of Mexico City would remain very indigenous in character , with elements of these cultures surviving into modern times . Two separate parts of the capital were under indigenous rule , San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco , with Nahua governors who were intermediaries between the indigenous population and the Spanish rulers , although the capital was designated a ciudad de españoles ( Spanish city ). ,", "Cortés did not establish an independent , conquered territory under his own personal rule , but remained loyal to the Habsburg Emperor Charles V , who was also King of Spain and its associated European territories . Although Cortés was portrayed to the Spanish court as an ambitious and untrustworthy adventurer by his enemies , he sought to prove his loyalty . First , he wrote the Five Letters to explain what he had done and why , and between 1528 and 1530 , he traveled to see the emperor in Toledo , Spain . However , the emperor decided not to appoint him as governor of New Spain but instead the noble hereditary title of Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca , with vast numbers of tributary Indians there and elsewhere . The first viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza of the new Viceroyalty of New Spain arrived in Mexico City fourteen years later . But Mexico City had long since been the major settlement of `` conquerors and immigrant ( Spaniards , who ) for their own reasons already made ... Mexico City their principal ( seat ) '' before the establishment of the high court ( Audiencia ) , the archbishop , and the viceroy . The town council ( cabildo ) of the city had power that extended far beyond the city 's established borders , due to the existence of areas on the mainland that in the prehispanic period were subordinate to Tenochtitlan . Such was approved by Charles V in 1522 , authorizing the city to step into rural affairs to `` protect and benefit '' Indians as well as the Spanish .", "Between late 1521 and mid-1522 , Alonso García Bravo and Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia were tasked with the layout of the new Spanish city . They were assisted by two Aztecs , but their names are lost to history . The Spaniards decided to keep the main north - south and east - west roads that divided the city into four and the boundaries of the city were set with an area of 180 hectares , which was divided into 100 blocks . There were eight principal canals in the Aztec city , including the one that ran on the south side of the main plaza ( today Zócalo ) , which were renamed .", "Around the main plaza , which became the Plaza Mayor or Zócalo in the colonial period , Cortés took over what were the `` Old Houses '' of Axayacatl and the `` New Houses '' of Moctezuma , both grand palaces , for his own . Other conquistadors of the highest rank took positions around this square . In the northeast corner , Gil González Dávila built his house at the foot of the old Aztec main temple . To the south , on what is now Avenida Pino Suárez were the homes of Pedro de Alvarado , and the Altamirano family , cousins of Cortés . To the north of the plaza , the Dominicans established a monastery , in an area now known as Santo Domingo . Most of these houses were built to be residences , warehouses or stores , and fortresses all at once .", "The Spaniards began to build houses , copying the luxury residences of Seville . Being of firmer ground and less subject to subsidize , the area east of the main plaza was built up first , with the lake 's waters up against the walls of a number of these constructions . The west side grew more slowly as flooding was more of an issue , and it was farther from the city 's docks that brought in needed supplies .", "The Spanish may well have found `` Tenochtitlan '' hard to say . They did shift the accent from Nahuatl pronunciation from Tenochtítlan ( with the standard emphasis on the penultimate syllable ) to Tenochtitlán. and eventually adopted the city 's secondary name `` Mexico '' , the `` place of the Mexica '' or Aztecs . For a period , the city was called by the dual name Mexico - Tenochtitlan , but at some point , the capital of the viceroyalty 's name was shortened to Mexico . The name `` Tenochtilan '' endured in one of the capital 's two indigenous - ruled sections , known as San Juan Tenochtitlan .", "After the conquest , the Spaniards generally left the existing Nahua city - states or altepetl largely intact after the conquest of the Aztec empire , but Mexico City was an exception since it became the seat of Spanish political power . It was established as a ciudad de españoles ( city of Spaniards ) and initially kept the remnants of its prehispanic place name , being called `` Mexico - Tenochtitlan '' . No longer the seat of Aztec power , nonetheless in Mexico City the Spaniards allowed two areas to be ruled through Nahua governors ( gobernadores ) and town councils ( cabildos ) , separate from the Spanish city council . San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco became the mechanism for the crown to rule through indigenous intermediaries , particularly important in the Spanish capital since it also had a significant indigenous population . San Juan Tenochtitlan and Santiago Tlatelolco were not called altepetl but rather `` partes '' or `` parcialidades '' of Mexico City , with their new place names having a Christian saint 's name preceding the prehispanic designation , in typical colonial fashion . The structure in these two indigenous - ruled sections of the capital were on the same pattern of Indian towns elsewhere in central Mexico . In the sixteenth century , these indigenous political structures mobilized tribute and labor rendered to the Spanish capital . Even though prehispanic Tenochtitlan - Tlatelolco was built on an island in the middle of the major lake system , they had political power over holdings on the mainland , a standard pattern of scattered rather than compact settlement and rule . These mainland holdings or estancias rendered tribute and labor in the prehispanic period ; in the colonial period this pattern continued during the early colonial period , but during the late period ( ca . 1650 -- 1821 ) , the pattern broke down and estancias were separated .", "The city grew with buildings all near the same height and with the same terraced roofs ( azoteas ) , with only the tower and cross of the convent of San Francisco peaking up from above it all . This profile was due to royal decree . Even the new cathedral being built had limitations as to its height . Near the end of the 16th century however , there was a proliferation of churches with bell towers , leading to a zigzag profile of the city , which was then later modified by church cupolas . For centuries afterward , this profile remained constant with only the continuous building of the main Cathedral making any change in the skyline . In the 19th century , the tallest structures were all churches . In addition to the Cathedral , there were the bell towers and copulas of Santa Teresa la Antigua , the College of Saints Peter and Paul and the chapel of San Felipe Neri as landmarks .", "In 1525 , the city had 30,000 inhabitants , in 104 blocks , with 18 main streets north to south and seven east - west as well as seven main plazas . Only 2,000 of these people were Spaniards , the rest were from various indigenous groups with the allied Tlaxcalans there to keep order . The new city inherited much of the old city 's look , oriented to the four cardinal directions with both canals and streets to move people and goods . However , the canals had already begun to shrink due to efforts to make the land streets wider . The first public building was called Las Atarazanas , where the brigantines used to lay siege to Tenochititlan were kept , at a place called San Lázaro . Shortly thereafter , the Palacio de Ayuntamiento was started , with the first coin production facilities . Mechlor Dávila built the Portales de Mercadores on the southwest side of the main plaza . Las Casas Consistoriales was built on the south side next to the Palacio de Ayuntamiento , which later became known as the Casa de las Flores .", "The first extension of the originally - laid city occurred on the north and east sides , taking over lands originally held by native peoples . One example is the neighborhood known as Lecumberri , founded by Basques , meaning `` new , good land . ''", "In 1600 , the city grew again , towards the east to what is now the Circuito Interior and to the north towards Tlatelolco , which was then called Real de Santa Ana , stopping at the Calzada de los Misterios , which was a pre-Hispanic processional route to the sanctuary of Tonantzin , the mother of the gods in Tepeyac .", "Since Mexico City was built on an island in the center of a large but shallow lake system , flooding became a serious issue during the colonial period . Spaniards denuded hillsides of their trees from the early conquest era on , so that mud and silt made the lake system even shallower , exacerbating the periodic flooding . Spaniards had not maintained the Aztec drainage system , which included a major dike . Major floods in Mexico City were recorded in 1555 , 1580 , 1604 , and 1607 , Indian labor was diverte when crown officials undertook a major project to divert water via a drainage system , known as the desagüe . In 1607 , 4,500 Indians were drafted to build the 8 - mile - long combination drainage ditch and tunnel and 1608 , the work was continued with 3,000 . Flooding was controlled in the short term , and in subsequent years the desagüe infrastructure was not maintained . In 1629 , rains inundated the capital and flood waters remained in the capital for the next few years . Viceroy Don Rodrigo Pacheco , 3rd Marquis of Cerralvo , the Mexico City council ( cabildo ) , secular and regular clergy , and elite Spanish residents of Mexico City combined efforts to provide immediate relief , and taxes and diversion of Indian labor to construction of the desagüe aimed at dealing with the long term problem of flooding . A number of Spaniards moved to dry land to the nearby settlement of Coyoacán ( now part of Mexico City ) , increasing the displacement of Indian ownership of land there . In 1630 , there was a serious proposal to move the capital to dry land rather than continue dealing with constant flooding . Elite Mexico City property owners and the city council opposed the plan , since they would incur huge real estate losses . There was another major push to deal with flooding , but the pattern of neglect of the desagüe infrastructure and subsequent inundation of the capital recurred , with flooding in 1645 , 1674 , 1691 , 1707 , 1714 , 1724 , 1747 and 1763 . Floods continued into the early republic after independence , and it was not until Porfirio Díaz successfully finished the major engineering project to drain the lake that the cycle of flooding finally ended . The lake waters ceased to threaten the capital as they disappeared .", "From the early eighteenth century , the city was able to grow as the waters of the lake receded . In 1700 , the city advanced towards the east and south and west , as the north was still bounded by water . To the west , it expanded to what is now Balderas Street . In the latter half of the 18th century the populated area reached eastward to the lakeshore , which then was just beyond the now Circuito Interior and the La Merced Market . To the south began to appear houses in an area now called Colonia Doctores . To the west , following what is now Avenida Chapultepec towards the Ciudadela , now the National Library , near Metro Balderas . To the north past Tlatelolco and to the south to Topacioa and the now Calzada de la Viga .", "After independence , there were continued attempts to complete the drainage project , with activity in the early 1830s . During the U.S. invasion of the valley of Mexico , its army made a study of the problem , but the withdrawal of U.S. forces with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo put an end to that attempt . During the Liberal Reform of the 1850s , there was a revived plan for solving the problem , settling on a plan proposed by Francisco de Garay for a series of open canals to channel water out of the capital and through the mountains . As public health became more of a concern during the Porfiriato , the stench , uncleanliness , and perceived danger from the capital 's water renewed efforts to implement the drainage project . Díaz created a commission to oversee work , but the project went further than merely controlling rainwater and stagnation and sought the expansion of water rights under its control for a growing population . This affected indigenous communities around the lake system . The commission sought foreign loans from the British firm of Pearson and Sons and foreign technology was utilized . The government authorized securing land for area through which the canal was to be built . Díaz considered the desagüe a top priority , since Mexico 's capital was considered a very dangerous place in terms of health .", "By the 1530s , Mexico City was given jurisdiction over other town councils of New Spain and quickly established itself as the most populous and powerful city in the Americas . Like that of the Aztecs , the Spaniards ' grasp extended well beyond the capital and the Valley of Mexico -- only much farther . As the site of the viceroyalty of New Spain and archbishopric of Mexico , as well as economic elites , Mexico City was the center of power . Socially , the viceregal government and ecclesiastical authorities remained the pillars of Spanish colonialism . Its prestige as representing civilization allowed the colonial system to function during the long period from the 1640s to the 1760s when crown authorities in Mexico City were too weak politically to regulate much of the economic activities over such a vast territory . These institutions ' close association with Mexico City also ensured this city 's dominance in the political territory of New Spain , providing the links that kept the vast and expanding empire together .", "As the seat of the Archbishopric of Mexico and the site of many diocesan institutions and those of mendicant orders and the Jesuits , and nunneries , Mexico City had a concentration of religious institutional power . The Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City was built over an extended period of time and designed to show the religious power of the Catholic Church . Built on the Plaza Mayor , or Zócalo , its architecture reflected several styles of Spanish Colonial architecture .", "Despite this concentration of Catholic power , the indigenous population 's understanding of Catholic doctrine and practice was not thorough . even in the capital itself . Residual native practices survived and were reflected in the natives ' practice of the new faith . Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún suspected that the emerging cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe , which is said to have originated with the vision at Tepeyac Hill to the north of the city 's borders in 1531 , represented a post-Conquest adoption of the Aztec cult of Tonantzin . He was also concerned that the prior cult of Quetzalcoatl would find its way into the new religion by equating this god with the Apostle Thomas , as an earlier attempt to evangelize the Indians before the Spanish conquest .", "The Spanish also brought with them the Inquisition as a social and political tool . Public hangings and even burnings , not unusual in Europe at the time , were also used in New Spain , especially in Mexico City , as demonstrations of the joint power of the Church and the State over individual actions and social status . One group that suffered during this time were the so - called `` crypto - Jews '' of Portuguese descent . Many converted Portuguese Jews came to New Spain looking for commercial opportunities . In 1642 , 150 of these individuals were arrested within three or four days , and the Inquisition began a series of trials on suspicion of still practicing Judaism . Many of these were merchants involved in New Spain 's principal economic activities . On 11 April 1649 , twelve were burned after being strangled and one person was burned alive . A similar fate was in store for those found guilty of homosexuality . Men were burned at the stake in 1568 , 1660 , 1673 and 1687 after being denounced . While not as likely to be executed , scholars had to be careful at this time , too . Academics such as Fray Diego Rodríguez who advocated the separation of science and theology found themselves the subject of investigations by the Holy Office . Booksellers who did not have their inventory approved by the Church faced fines and possible excommunication .", "Palace of the Archbishop of Mexico City , now a museum Church of Santo Domingo , Mexico City Temple of San Felipe Neri `` La Profesa '' , 17th c . Jesuit church La Soledad Church , originally Augustinian , secularized and rebuilt as a neoclassical church 18th c La Santísima Church , built in the 18th c . 17th c . Jeronymite convent where Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz lived , now the University of the Cloister of Sor Juana La Enseñanza Church , 18th c. nunnery Ex Temple of Corpus Christi , an 18th c. nunnery for elite Indian women", "Palace of the Archbishop of Mexico City , now a museum", "Palace of the Archbishop of Mexico City , now a museum", "Church of Santo Domingo , Mexico City", "Church of Santo Domingo , Mexico City", "Temple of San Felipe Neri `` La Profesa '' , 17th c . Jesuit church", "Temple of San Felipe Neri `` La Profesa '' , 17th c . Jesuit church", "La Soledad Church , originally Augustinian , secularized and rebuilt as a neoclassical church 18th c", "La Soledad Church , originally Augustinian , secularized and rebuilt as a neoclassical church 18th c", "La Santísima Church , built in the 18th c .", "La Santísima Church , built in the 18th c .", "17th c . Jeronymite convent where Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz lived , now the University of the Cloister of Sor Juana", "17th c . Jeronymite convent where Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz lived , now the University of the Cloister of Sor Juana", "La Enseñanza Church , 18th c. nunnery", "La Enseñanza Church , 18th c. nunnery", "Ex Temple of Corpus Christi , an 18th c. nunnery for elite Indian women", "Ex Temple of Corpus Christi , an 18th c. nunnery for elite Indian women", "Economically , Mexico City prospered as a result of its primacy . It was the capital of the viceroyalty , seat of the archbishopric , residence of civil and religious officials of all ranks , as well as wealthy merchants who engaged in international trade , but also the center of much regional trade . The establishment of a consulado de mercaderes ( merchant guild ) in Mexico City indicates the concentration and organization of this economic elite .", "The consulado was founded in Mexico City in 1594 , controlled by peninsular wholesale merchants who dealt in long distance trade , who often married into local elite families with commercial ties . Their assets had to amount to at least 28,000 pesos . Although they were not supposed to deal in local retail trade , they often did some indirectly . They mainly lived in Mexico City and had positions on the city council cabildo . A number of them were connected to the crown mint in the capital . They diversified the assets locally , investing in urban real estate . In the eighteenth century , as New Spain 's economy boomed , consulados were established in the port of Veracruz and in Guadalajara Mexico , indicating increased trade and the expansion of the merchant elite . The consulado in late colonial Mexico had approximately 200 members , who divided themselves into two factions based , the Basque and Montañés , even though some were from neither of those Iberian regions . American - born merchants came to be part of the consulado in the later colonial period , but a small number of peninsular merchants dominated . Goods were shipped from the Spanish port of Cádiz to Veracruz , but many of the goods were produced elsewhere in Europe .", "Since Mexico City was the hub of so much sustained economic activity , the capital also attracted large numbers of skilled artisans , who often organized themselves into guilds to protect their monopoly on production for a relatively small market .", "Unlike Brazil or Peru , New Spain and its capital had easy contact with both the Atlantic and Pacific worlds . In fact , the Philippines were colonized and evangelized from Mexico City rather than directly from Spain itself . From the late 1560s until 1813 , the annual Manila galleon took Mexican silver from the port of Acapulco across the Pacific Ocean to Manila , in exchange for Chinese silks and porcelain from Canton . The viceroy in Mexico City sought to restrict cargoes and frequency on the grounds that the Asiatic trade diverted silver from the principal route which was to Europe . There were also attempts to restrict , then prohibit , trade between Peru and Mexico City in the late 16th and early 17th century , with the objective of keeping control of Peruvian silver . The overall goal was to keep Spain 's colonies dependent on trade with the motherland , rather than with each other and even less with colonies of other European powers . Although the viceroy 's attempts were not 100 % effective , they were effective enough that Mexico City merchants lost control of the Pacific trade , which fell under the control of contrabandists operating from the smaller ports in Guatemala and Nicaragua .", "The size of Mexico City 's population and its demographic contours have been enduring questions for crown officials as well as modern scholars . There were major epidemics that affected the population , starting with the smallpox epidemic of 1520 that was a factor in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire , but there were other major epidemics throughout the colonial period . There were estimates taken in the late seventeenth century , with the largest and most detailed census mandated by Viceroy Revillagigedo in 1790 . In 1689 , there was an estimate of 57,000 residents . An estimate for 1753 based on a partial census mandated by the Audiencia put the population at 70,000 . In the period between 1689 and 1753 , there were at least nine epidemics . The Revillagigedo census of 1790 counts 112,926 residents , a significant increase . This might be due to migration to the city accelerating . An 1811 census done by the ' ' Juzgado de Policía ' ' put the number even higher , at 168,811 , which might well reflect displacement from the countryside from the insurgency of Miguel Hidalgo and his successors . The census of 1813 done by the city government ( Ayuntamiento ) shows a significant decrease to 123,907 , perhaps showing the return of short - term migrants to their home communities following the waning of the insurgency , but also possibly `` fevers '' that affected the population .", "In his analysis of the 1790 census of Mexico City and its surrounding area , Dennis Nodin Valdés compared the population of the capital with the census of the Intendancy of Mexico in 1794 . The total number of Mexico City residents counted in 1793 was 104,760 ( which excludes 8,166 officials ) and in the intendancy as a whole 1,043,223 , excluding 2,299 officials . In both the capital and the intendancy , the European population was the smallest percentage , with 2,335 in the capital ( 2.2 % ) and the intendancy 1,330 (. 1 % ) . The listing for Spaniard ( español ) was 50,371 ( 48.1 % ) , with the intendancy showing 134,695 ( 12.9 % ) . For mestizos ( in which he has merged the castizos ) , in the capital there were 19,357 ( 18.5 % ) and in the intendancy 112,113 ( 10.7 % ) . For the mulatto category , the capital listed 7,094 ( 6.8 % ) with the intendancy showing 52,629 ( 5.0 % ) . There is apparently no separate category for blacks ( Negros ) . The category Indian showed 25,603 ( 24.4 % ) , with the intendancy with 742,186 ( 71.1 ) . The capital thus had the largest concentration of Spaniards and castas , with the countryside being overwhelmingly Indian . The population of the capital `` indicates that conditions favoring mestizaje were more favorable in the city than the outlying area '' and that there were more high status occupations in the city .", "Further analysis of the two censuses found that the population of the capital was older and had more women . Women migrated to the capital in higher numbers than men from the surrounding countryside .", "In studying the 1811 census , there is no absolute segregation by race . The highest concentration of Spaniards was around the traza , the central sector of the city where the civil and religious institutions were based and where there was the highest concentration of wealthy merchants . But non-Spaniards also lived there . Indians were found in higher concentrations in the sectors on the fringes of the capital . Castas appear as residents in all sectors of the capital .", "The concept of nobility transferred to New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas . A noble title here did not mean one exercised great political power as one 's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not . Between the 16th and 18th centuries , most of those who had titles gained them after their families had accumulated wealth over several generations . Many of these nobles made their money outside of the capital at large haciendas or in mining but spent their fortunes in the capital . Those who made their money in the city were usually wholesalers from lower social backgrounds . The merchant - financiers became almost as prominent as the landowners because they were the decisive element of the city 's economy . Many of the leading figures were of Spanish origin , although their principal economic interests and family connections were within New Spain . For example , the Andalusian , Pedro Romero de Terreros , who became Count of Regla in 1768 , made his money in silver mining at Real del Monte , near Pachuca , from 1742 . This blending of wealth of landowners and merchant - financiers led to a blending of traditional and modern practices . Matrimony and personal ties continued to be the principal means of solidifying business interests . Nephews , other relatives and friends formed broad networks of interest over a wide geographical area from the capital cities into the countryside and through the span of economic activities . The landowners , however , remained in a slightly higher social position because their livelihoods stemmed from their close working arrangement with the colonial state .", "Some landowners ' holdings were almost kingdoms . Between the 1730s and the 19th century , the Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo had amassed properties that combined were about two - thirds the size of Portugal , or 19,000,000 acres ( 77,000 km ) . These estates were centered in the modern - day state of Durango , and their specialty was sheep - raising . Meat from their stock supplied Mexico City and wool was sold to various textile workshops . The Aguayos left these estates in the hands of administrators , backed by armed guards to ward off Indian attack , to live off the revenues in Mexico City , where they possessed four palatial residences . Their title had been awarded in 1682 , but the land purchases by the family dated from the 1580s .", "The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one , based on proving the worthiness of the family , not the individual . For an individual to receive a noble title , he would have to prove his family 's bloodline as well as their loyalty to God and king for a number of generations prior . Such a quest was costly but once a title was secured the costs did not stop there .", "Nobles in New Spain had to continually reinforce their devotion to both God and king . To show their piety , most nobles donated temporal goods to the Roman Catholic Church , by building churches , funding missionary activities and charities . Sometimes nobles would also hold religious office or give one or more children ( usually daughters ) to a religious vocation but this was relatively rare . Demonstrating loyalty to king meant paying taxes to maintain their titles , sometimes purchasing military rank as well .", "Their last duty was to maintain a certain show of luxury . It was not a case of `` keeping up with the Jones ' '' , but rather a requirement of the position . Families that could not keep up a certain level of luxury were scolded by royal officers as not honoring their title . Such conspicuous consumption manifested itself in dress , jewels , furniture and especially in the building of mansions and palaces .", "The pressure to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century . Nobles leveled old buildings , using their Aztec stones and Spanish bricks to build more fashionable Baroque and Neo classic style mansions . Many of the most costly were on what was called San Francisco street ( now Madero street ) and near the Alameda Central . Near the Alameda were the homes of the Marquis of Guardiola , of the Borda family and the house of the Marquis of Prado Alegre as well as the home of the Counts of the Valley of Orizaba who covered the entire façade with talavera tiles from Puebla . On San Francisco Street , the most famous house was that of the Marquis of Jaral . It was a former convent that the marquis converted into a replica of the royal palace of Palermo for his daughter and her Sicilian husband . Later it was the home of Felix Calleja and then Agustín de Iturbide , who accepted the crown of Mexico from its balcony . Today it is known as the Palace of Iturbide .", "Most of these palaces still remain in the city center . Their abundance led Charles Joseph Latrobe , a man of high standing in Australia , to name Mexico City the `` city of palaces '' in his book `` The rambler in Mexico . '' This moniker is often erroneously attributed to the famous scientist and savant Alexander von Humboldt , who traveled extensively through New Spain and wrote The Political Essay of the Kingdom of New Spain , published in 1804 .", "Such need for pomp made for an extreme social class difference . Alexander von Humboldt reported that foreigners were often horrified at the differences between how the nobles lived and the misery of the common people . In the late 18th century and early 19th century , there was a strong desire among nobles to transform colonial absolutism to something like an autonomous , constitutional state . More specifically , they looked for more power in the rural regions outside of Mexico City where their holdings were . There was an experience in such decentralization in September 1808 , when tensions between the metropolis and the other regions of New Spain were high . Then regional elites used this situation to subvert the colonial government in the city , turning to popular mobilization against the elite of Mexico City when they failed to subvert the colonial militia .", "Mexico City also has a long tradition of urban poverty , while at the same time being home to the largest concentration of wealthy people in New Spain . There were institutions designed both to control the urban poor , but also aid them , created by private donors , the Church , and the crown . The establishment of the Nacional Monte de Piedad , the pawnshop still in operation in modern Mexico City , allowed urban dwellers who had any property at all to pawn access to interest - free , small - scale credit . It was set up in 1777 , by the Count of Regla , who had made a fortune in silver mining , and the pawnshop continues to operate as a national institution in the twenty - first century , with its headquarters still right off the Zócalo in Mexico City with branches in many other places in Mexico . The Count of Regla 's donation is an example of private philanthropy in the late colonial period . A much earlier example was the endowment that conqueror Hernán Cortés gave to establish the Hospital de Jesús , which is the only venue in Mexico City that has a bust of the conqueror . Another eighteenth - century example of private philanthropy that then became a crown institution was the ' ' Hospicio de Pobres ' ' , the Mexico City Poor House , founded in 1774 with funds of a single ecclesiastical donor , Choirmaster of the Cathedral , Fernando Ortiz Cortés , who became its first director . That institution lasted about a century , until 1871 , going from a poor house or work house for adults to mainly being an orphanage for abandoned street children . The Mexico City Poor House was partially supported by another eighteenth - century institution , the Royal Lottery . There was also a foundling home established in 1767 , the ' ' Casa de Cuna ' ' ( house of the cradle ) .", "The founding of the Royal Cigar Factory was another eighteenth - century crown project , part of the establishment of the royal tobacco monopoly , which both brought significant revenue to the crown in the sale of cigars and cigarettes , but the factory in Mexico City and a few other major colonial centers , created thousands of good jobs for the urban poor including women .", "As Mexico experienced a series of droughts and bad harvests in the eighteenth century , the crown set up granaries ( alhóndigas ) to store wheat and corn so that the price of basic staples did not soar for the urban poor . It was as much an act of charity as prudent state planning to prevent bread riots . Mexico City had experienced two major riots in the seventeenth century , one in 1624 that ousted the viceroy who attempted to eliminate excessive profits for grain and other goods by creole traders . The other was in 1692 where a mob burned the archbishop 's and the viceroy 's official residence . A first - hand account of the 1692 riot was recorded by seventeenth - century savant , Don Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora .", "Other institutions designed to protect and aid the vulnerable were the General Indian Court , founded in 1591 , to give access of Indian communities and individual Indians to justice and supported by a half - real tax to pay for lawyers . For women who needed protection , the Church created the recogimientos de mujeres , a kind of shelter for healthy women who voluntarily wished to live a sheltered life in a religious atmosphere ; some other institutions for women were to reform prostitutes and were not voluntary . Both types were in decline when the Mexico City Poor House was established .", "In the capital and other Spanish cities in New Spain ( and later after independence in 1821 ) , there was a population of léperos , a term elites gave to shiftless vagrants of various racial categories in the colonial hierarchical racial system , the sociedad de castas . They were considered a kind of criminal class , contributing to the disorder of Mexico City . Research has found that they included mestizos , Indians , and poor whites ( españoles ) . Léperos were viewed as unrespectable people ( el pueblo bajo ) by polite society ( la gente culta ) , who judged them as being morally and biologically inferior . Léperos supported themselves as they could through petty commerce or begging , but many resorted to crime . A study of crime in eighteenth - century Mexico City based on official arrest records of the two police forces of Mexico City indicates that léperos were `` neither marginal types nor dregs of the lower classes . They consisted of both men and women ; they were not particularly young ; they were not mainly single and rootless ; they were not merely Indian and casta ; and they were not largely unskilled . '' All of the popular stereotypes of a young rootless , unskilled male are not borne out by the arrest records . `` The dangerous class existed only in the collective mind of the colonial elite . '' Claudio Linati depicts a barefoot and shirtless `` lépero or vagabond '' , in the 1820s , lounging against a wall , smoking a cigarette with his dog gazing up at him . The scene suggests both his vice and laziness .", "Arrest records are one of the few ways to get at empirical data about the urban poor . Not all arrests led to criminal cases and prosecuted , and not all prosecutions led to convictions . Formal prosecutions usually involved serious crimes against persons ( homicide , aggravated assault ) , but also gambling . In the late colonial period , the police actively arrested the largest number of people ( both men and women ) for tavern violations , drunkenness , gambling , disorderly conduct , and violence , as well as the sexual crimes of `` incontinence '' , i.e. , what English law calls common - law marriage , living together without marriage , and promiscuity . They made arrests for other crimes only when a complaint was filed ; these crimes included theft , vagrancy , family offenses , and debt .", "Indians were over-represented in arrest records , that is they were arrested at higher rates than their proportion of the population . They were most often arrested for drunkenness , theft , and violence . Non-Indians ( ' ' gente de razón ' ' , a category that included Spaniards , mestizos , mulatos , and other mixed - race castas ) were arrested for financial crimes ( gambling , debt ) , tavern violations , family offenses , vagrancy , and disorderly conduct . Indians and non-Indians were jailed separately . Women were arrested less frequently than men , but they were still about a quarter of total arrests . Women were arrested for violence , mainly violence against other women . An early nineteenth - century lithograph by Claudio Linati shows two Indian women fighting , each with a baby on her back . Women also attacked men whom the woman knew as an acquaintance or a common law partner ; less frequently they attacked their legitimate husbands . One explanation for the pattern of female violence among the poor in Mexico City is that their position within the family was subordinate , that there was a pattern of male domestic violence `` often growing out of a need to demonstrate virility or control over the wife '' , resulting in the wife violently acting out against others outside of the nuclear family . Women were also arrested for desertion at higher rates than men , mainly when the women were in their twenties . Arrest records indicate that many of these women had provincial origins and the women migrated to the capital leaving a spouse behind . Their arrests for desertion indicates their spouses wanted them reunited with the family . In trials the women often stated that nonsupport or domestic abuse was the reason they deserted .", "Men also deserted their wives , but were arrested in smaller numbers ( perhaps not reflecting the real extent of their desertion ) ; these men abandoning their families did so between the ages of 20 and 49 . In their trials , many men cited their inability to support their families as the reason for desertion . The insecurity of employment of the lower classes meant that there was continuous stress on the urban poor families , particularly for unskilled or semi-skilled workers , although artisans also abandoned their families .", "When rebellion against Spanish rule broke out , interests outside of Mexico City would be represented by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , José María Morelos and others . While the nobility in Mexico City also did not like the absolute colonial system , their goal was limited representation and autonomy within the Spanish empire . They decided to make their stand in 1820 , after the rural insurgency had been going on for several years , choosing Colonel Agustín de Iturbide to push their interests militarily . Iturbide had fought against Morelos between 1813 and 1816 . However , between 1816 and 1820 , Iturbide was becoming sympathetic to the idea of some degree of independence for Mexico . In 1821 , Iturbide was the supreme commander of the royalist forces and had put down all but one of the major rebels , Vicente Guerrero . Iturbide decided to meet with Guerrero , after becoming convinced that independence was the only real course for Mexico . However , Iturbide 's idea was a Mexican monarchy with ties to King Ferdinand VII of Spain . After switching sides , Iturbide chose to pressure the colonial government by repeating Hidalgo 's strategy of closing in on the city from the surrounding area . Iturbide was able to succeed where Hidalgo had not because the Spanish - born commanders in the city supported Iturbide 's idea of limited autonomy , and many the royalist forces were in the field battling insurgents like Guerrero . Iturbide 's Army of the Three Guarantees ( Independence , Union , Religion ) entered Mexico City on 21 September 1821 . On the following 27 September , Mexico was declared independent . The Mexico City nobles sought to preserve as much of the old as possible , and garnered the support of a substantial section of the royalist army to recreate central power . Their objective was to halt the devolution of power to the regions outside the city and the lower echelons of society . Shortly after his triumphant entrance into the city , Iturbide declared what is now known as the First Mexican Empire , with himself as emperor , from the palace that now bears his name . The coronation of Agustín as emperor and his wife Ana María as empress took place amid much pomp and circumstance on the 21 July 1822 at the Cathedral of Mexico City . The Archbishop Fonte presided over the anointment of the Emperor who following Napoleon 's example , crowned himself . Following his coronation , the new empire was politically and financially unstable . Iturbide was accused of taking too much power for himself , and his main rival was Antonio López de Santa Anna . In the spring of 1823 , Iturbide offered his abdication , which was accepted by his political opponents and then left the country for Europe . Mexico was then declared a republic . The republican constitution of 1824 established Mexico City as the nation 's capital . Unrest followed for the next several decades , as different factions fought for control of Mexico .", "During the Mexican -- American War , American forces marched toward Mexico City itself after capturing Veracruz . President Santa Anna first tried blocking their way at Cerro Gordo in the Veracruz highlands . The first battle to defend Mexico City itself was the Battle of Contreras . A fortified hacienda in the town of San Antonio covered the southeastern approach , while the town of San Ángel covered the southwestern . Between them lay a vast , seemingly impenetrable lava field , called El Pedrégal . General Gabriel Valencia decided to move his troops from San Ángel to the then town of Contreras . Despite being forewarned of U.S. intentions by a tactical mistake , the Mexicans found themselves outgunned by the invading army at Contreras . This allowed the Americans to cross the Pedrégal and move in on the Mexican troops at San Antonio from behind . The assault on the carefully laid defenses at San Antonio became known as the Battle of Churubusco . Knowing of the Americans ' approach , Santa Anna ordered General Pedro María de Anaya to move his troops to a monastery in Churubusco . While Anaya 's position was eventually overrun , he held off the Americans for some time . However , the Mexican army lost 10,000 defenders . The Battle of Molino del Rey was the last just before the Americans entered the old city itself . The war ended with the attack of Chapultepec Castle , headquarters of the military college , where young students defended the castle . In this place died in the battle the Niños Héroes , students of the college with ages from 13 to 19 years . General Gideon Pillow and his 2,500 men led the assault , starting from the Molino del Rey to the west of Chapultepec . General John Quitman entered in from the south to cut Chapultepec off from reinforcements , while General David Twiggs fought against positions further east . Inside the walls , General Nicolás Bravo realized that his 1,000 men were too few to hold the castle , but he attempted to do so . Mexican troops on the western slope of the castle held for a while , but Pillow 's men captured the castle by 9 : 30 am the day of the attack . To end the war officially , American and Mexican representatives met at the Villa of Guadalupe Hidalgo , across from the shrine of the patron saint of Mexico , in what is now the far north of the city . They signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , and then celebrated a mass together at the basilica .", "Battle map of Churubusco Battle map of Chapultepec", "Battle map of Churubusco", "Battle map of Churubusco", "Battle map of Chapultepec", "Battle map of Chapultepec", "Peace did not last long . Santa Anna 's losses to the Americans created great discontent among his political opponents who coalesced to call themselves the Reform movement or the Liberals . Those who supported the dictatorial regime and the power of the Catholic Church were called the Conservatives . The Reform War lasted from 1857 to 1861 . For a time , the two factions had parallel governments with the Liberals in Veracruz and the Conservatives in Mexico City . When the Liberals were victorious , Liberal president Benito Juárez moved his government to the capital city . As the Catholic Church was as much a target of the Reform movement as the government was , the city 's convents were destroyed or turned to other uses . Since then , Mexico 's government has maintained an uneasy relationship with the Vatican . However , Benito Juárez was soon faced with a new threat , the invasion of the French . The captured Mexico City , creating the Second Mexican Empire and placing Emperor Maximilian on the throne in Mexico City .", "For the most part , growth of Mexico City in the 19th century , was based on extending the rectangular layout of the original Spanish colonial city , even if its borders had an irregular , even zigzag , appearance . In 1865 , Emperor Maximilian had road now known as Paseo de la Reforma built to connect the Castle of Chapultepec with the downtown . All along this avenue he had statues of heroes such as Christopher Columbus , Cuauhtemoc and those from the War of Independence erected . However , the road extends southwest to northeast , breaking the north - south , east - west orientation of roads before it . During this time Benito Juárez and other Liberal leaders fought to dethrone Maximilian and eventually succeeded .", "President Porfirio Díaz ruled the nation for more than three decades between 1876 and 1910 . During this time , he developed the city 's infrastructure , such as roads , schools , transportation , and communication systems . He also encouraged foreign investment and laid the groundwork for industrial development . In Mexico City , these improvements were most apparent , since this is where government elites , foreign investors , and domestic entrepreneurs lived and worked , while the countryside and smaller cities and pueblos languished .", "With the ouster of the French occupiers and the political exile of their conservative Mexican supporters , liberalism put its stamp on Mexico City in the form of new monuments and the renaming of streets . Most prominently , the new , wide avenue became Paseo de la Reforma , with statues of liberal heroes lining its route .", "As with earlier regimes , Díaz re-purposed a number of older buildings . One became Belem Prison , a colonial - era building that became infamous . Mexico followed new ideas about dealing with criminals and built Lecumberri penitentiary on the design of a Jeremy Bentham panopticon prison , which allowed surveillance of prisons by a single guard in the central tower .", "In 1910 , Mexico celebrated the 1810 Hidalgo revolt that initiated the independence movement in Mexico . Díaz had been in power since 1876 and saw the occasion of the centenary as an opportunity for the creation of new buildings and monuments and to invite world dignitaries to show off Mexico 's progress . For buildings , much advance planning and other work was needed to have them completed in time for September 1910 . During that month in Mexico City , there were `` inaugurations of a new modern mental hospital , a popular hygiene exhibition , an exhibition of Spanish art and industry , exhibitions of Japanese products and avant - garde Mexican art , a monument to Alexander von Humboldt at the National Library , a seismological station , a new theater in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria , primary schools , new buildings for ministries , and new large schools for teachers . '' On the actual anniversary of Hidalgo 's grito , September 16 , Díaz inaugurated the monument to Independence , `` the Angel '' .", "Bird 's - eye view of Mexico City in 1890 Belem Prison , a colonial building opened as a prison in 1886 . Blueprint of Lecumberri Prison , which was used to incarcertate ordinary criminals as well as political prisoners , 1900 - 1976 . It now houses the Archivo General de la Nación Monument to Cuauhtémoc erected during the Porfiriato , one of many statues of historical figures erected in Mexico City in this era . Museo Nacional de Arte , designed 1904 by Silvio Contri to be the Ministry of Communications building Benito Juárez Hemicycle , Alameda Central inaugurated 1910 Palacio de Correos de Mexico , built in 1907 by Italian architect Adamo Boari Construction of the Palacio Legislativo , during the Porfiriato , construction stalled during the Mexican Revolution , photo by Guillermo Kahlo , 12 June 1912 Palacio de Bellas Artes , construction started under Porfirio Díaz and stalled during the Mexican Revolution", "Bird 's - eye view of Mexico City in 1890", "Bird 's - eye view of Mexico City in 1890", "Belem Prison , a colonial building opened as a prison in 1886 .", "Belem Prison , a colonial building opened as a prison in 1886 .", "Blueprint of Lecumberri Prison , which was used to incarcertate ordinary criminals as well as political prisoners , 1900 - 1976 . It now houses the Archivo General de la Nación", "Blueprint of Lecumberri Prison , which was used to incarcertate ordinary criminals as well as political prisoners , 1900 - 1976 . It now houses the Archivo General de la Nación", "Monument to Cuauhtémoc erected during the Porfiriato , one of many statues of historical figures erected in Mexico City in this era .", "Monument to Cuauhtémoc erected during the Porfiriato , one of many statues of historical figures erected in Mexico City in this era .", "Museo Nacional de Arte , designed 1904 by Silvio Contri to be the Ministry of Communications building", "Museo Nacional de Arte , designed 1904 by Silvio Contri to be the Ministry of Communications building", "Benito Juárez Hemicycle , Alameda Central inaugurated 1910", "Benito Juárez Hemicycle , Alameda Central inaugurated 1910", "Palacio de Correos de Mexico , built in 1907 by Italian architect Adamo Boari", "Palacio de Correos de Mexico , built in 1907 by Italian architect Adamo Boari", "Construction of the Palacio Legislativo , during the Porfiriato , construction stalled during the Mexican Revolution , photo by Guillermo Kahlo , 12 June 1912", "Construction of the Palacio Legislativo , during the Porfiriato , construction stalled during the Mexican Revolution , photo by Guillermo Kahlo , 12 June 1912", "Palacio de Bellas Artes , construction started under Porfirio Díaz and stalled during the Mexican Revolution", "Palacio de Bellas Artes , construction started under Porfirio Díaz and stalled during the Mexican Revolution", "By the early 20th century , Mexico City was becoming a modern city , with gas and electric lighting , streetcars , and other modern amenities . However , the regime concentrated resources and wealth in the hands of a few people . The majority of the nation languished in poverty . Social injustice led to nationwide revolts , and ultimately the Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 1917 ) . The city was not untouched by the revolution . Battles were fought on its streets , and thousands of displaced villagers became refugees in the city . During the revolution , the city was briefly taken over by the famous revolutionaries Francisco `` Pancho '' Villa and Emiliano Zapata . While most of the Mexican Revolution was not fought within the city , one major episode of this era was . La decena trágica ( `` The Ten Tragic Days '' ) was a series of events leading to a coup d'etat in Mexico City between 9 and 22 February 1913 against President Francisco I. Madero and his vice president , José María Pino Suárez . After deposing President Porfirio Díaz and taking power in 1911 , Mexicans expected Madero to make widespread changes in government but were surprised and disappointed to find Madero following many of the same policies and employing the same personnel as the Díaz government . This eventually resulted in revolts against the Madero regime . Madero 's fear of these revolts led him to commission Victoriano Huerta as chief general of the Federal Army . Huerta was effective in putting down rebellions , but had ambitions that Madero was blind to . Military success gave Huerta power , and he saw an opportunity to make himself dictator . La decena trágica began when military academy cadets quartered in Tacubaya revolted and began an attack against the National Palace . Madero and Pino Suárez returned to the Palace to address the crisis , calling in reserves from other military academies and the forces of Felipe Ángeles in Cuernavaca to assist in defense . Meanwhile , Huerta convinced Madero to allow him to take over defense of the National Palace . Huerta betrayed Madero and Pino Suárez forcing Madero and Pino Suárez to sign resignations . On the night of 22 February , Huerta ordered Madero and Pino Suárez to be transferred to the Lecumberri prison , supposedly to be held for transfer to exile . Before the car reached the prison , it was pulled over by armed men and Madero and Pino Suárez were shot and killed .", "In 1900 , the population of Mexico City was about 500,000 . By the end of the 19th century , the perimeter of the city had noticeably grown again and by 1929 , the boundaries lost any sense of regularity . The city had grown to reach Tacuba , Nextengo , Popotla , east of now Metro San Lázaro and Metro Tasqueña , Miguel Ángel de Quevedo to the south and Lomas de Chapultepec and Azcapotzalco to the west and north as the last of the lake dried up . The city continued to modernize at a rapid pace . Old palaces and colonial homes were demolished to make way for new roads and modern buildings . By 1924 , Avenida de los Insurgentes , considered today one of the world 's longest avenues , was being laid out .", "The city would begin to extend south starting in 1905 , breaking the Avenida Chapultepec / Arcos de Belen southern boundary that had existed for centuries . Colonia Hidalgo ( now Colonia Doctores ) was being established with Colonia Obrera and Colonia Roma being laid out in a rectangular fashion , similar to the older part of the city . Obrera was named after the artisans that populated the place when it was established , and Roma was for the upper - classes , reaching the height of its splendor between 1917 and 1922 . Another wealthy neighborhood that was established at this time was Colonia Juárez , naming their streets after the capitals of Europe . In the first decades of the 20th century , the city extended north to the Río de Consulado , east to Metro Jamaica , west to Chapultepec and south to roughly were the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation building at Xola is now .", "From the 1930s on , Mexico City would see an increase in the rate of growth of the city . Colonias Roma and Juárez prospered rapidly and this with the wide Paseo de Reforma to help with transportation , led to the establishments of colonias heading west such as Lomas de Chapultepec and Hipodromo , extending the city past the Chapultepec forest ( now a park ) . The extension of Insurgentes Avenue southward to where the Chilpancingo Metro station is now , led to the establishment of even more colonias . Between 1928 and 1953 , other western colonias such as Anzures , and Polanco for the wealthy , and colonias 20 de Noviembre , Bondojito , Gertrudis Sánchez and Petrolera for the working class arose with another additional 585 colonias .", "Between 1929 and 1953 , growth spread east to establish colonias Federal , Moctezuma and Jardín Balbuena , to the north and urban area included all of Azcapotzalco and reached Ampliacion Gabriel Hernández including Ticoman , Zacatenco and Santa Isabel Tola . To the west , the most notable growth was from Lomas de Chapultepec west to the limits of the State of Mexico . Areas such as Tacubaya , Villa de Guadalupe , Coyoacán and San Ángel were still considered separate entities . A major infrastructure project for mass transit was the ring road , or Anillo Periférico , completed in 1964 . It allow for quick transit on the periphery of the city , and with easy access to the airport .", "In the 20th century , the city began to grow upwards as well as outwards . The column with the Angel of Independence was erected in 1910 for the centenary of Mexican Independence , the ironwork Legislative Palace , Palacio de Bellas Artes and a building called La Nacional . The first skyscraper , 40 - story Torre Latinoamericana was built in the 1950s . All of these were in the main core of the city , laid out in the sixteenth century .", "A major departure in location and scale was the construction of the Ciudad Universitaria from 1950 to 1953 in the south of the city . It had a noticeable effect on subsequent architecture in the city . The most notable buildings are the Rectoría designed by Salvador Ortega , Mario Pani and Enrique del Moral , the Library , by Juan O'Gorman , Gustavo Saavedra and Juan Martínez de Velasco and the Science Building by Raúl Cacho , Eugenio Peschard and Félix Sánchez . Much of what makes the campus culturally significant is its huge murals that decorate the facades of many of the buildings . These murals were done by Diego Rivera , David Siqueiros and others , with themes relating to Mexican history and identity .", "The 1968 Olympic Games brought about the construction of large sporting facilities such as the Palacio de los Deportes ( Sports Palace ) , the Velódromo Olímpico ) ) and the 24 buildings of the Olympic Village .", "The construction of the Mexico City Metro was not ready in time for the 1968 Olympics , but in 1969 , Line 1 , the `` Pink Line '' the underground rapid transit system of the city , was inaugurated by President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz . The subway system was a huge infrastructure project , designed to be mass transit for those in Mexico City without cars . There had been proposals for a subway system dating back decades , but political forces in favor of car owners ( middle class and elites ) blocked the plans for underground mass transit . The subway system allows for movement of large numbers of people to increasingly far flung areas of the city . When the Ciudad Universitaria opened , which relocated UNAM to the south of the city , there was no metro line .", "Explosive growth in the population of the city started from the 1960s , with the population overflowing the boundaries of the Federal District into neighboring state of Mexico , especially to the north , northwest and northeast . Between 1960 and 1980 the city 's population more than doubled to 8,831,079 . Under relentless growth , Mexico City had lost its charm by the 1970s , when the government could barely keep up with services . Mexico City was choking in smog and pollution . Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city 's problems . With no housing available , they took over lands surrounding the city , creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles .", "Mexico City is still the cultural , economic , and industrial center for the nation . With a metropolitan - area population approaching 20 million , roughly equivalent to the entire state of Texas , it is a magnet of growth . People in large numbers still migrate from rural areas to the city in search of work and the other economic . Many of these immigrants settle illegally in the urban fringe with the hope that the government will eventually provide public services . The provision of water and wastewater service for the growing population of Mexico City is the problem air pollution was in the 1970s and 1980s . Such growth rates and patterns mean substandard potable water supplies and waste water treatment , if they exist at all . Over 70 % of Mexico City 's potable water from the aquifer below it , which is being overexploited , causing the city to sink .", "The south of the Federal District contains a number of ecological reserves ; one of the most important being the Ajusco reserve . Growth pushing of the edges of this reserve has been causing both economic and political struggles which include fraudulent real estate schemes , illegal development of ejidal property , along with popular resistance and opposition movements . A major problem is the illegal movement of the poor building shantytowns , then resisting eviction , often with violence , often until the government gives into demands to build popular - sector housing in the area . While such housing is needed , the whole process is ecologically destructive .", "From Aztec times , the Centro Histórico used to be where the wealthy and elite lived . However , in the early 20th century , these classes began to move to areas west and southwest of the Centro , to neighbourhoods such as Colonia Juárez , Colonia Cuauhtémoc , Colonia Roma and Colonia Condesa . The Centro remained the commercial , political and intellectual center through the mid 20th century , although it was around this time that UNAM moved most of its facilities to the new Ciudad Universitaria . The reason for the decline of the city center was partly man - made and partly natural . In the 1940s , the city government froze rents so that until 1998 , when the government repealed the law , tenants were still paying what they were in the 1950s . With no financial incentive to keep up their properties , landlords let their buildings disintegrate . The 1985 earthquake took its toll on a number of these structures , which were never fixed or rebuilt , leading to slums with and garbage - strewn vacant lots . The result was the loss of about 100,000 residents of the `` Colonia Centro '' , leaving the area almost deserted at night .", "By the 1980s , so much had fled the Centro that many of its former mansions were either abandoned or turned into tenements for the poor , and its sidewalks and streets taken over by pickpockets and milling vendors . For many people , especially international visitors , Mexico City 's reputation for pollution , traffic and crime has made the city someplace `` get into and out of as fast as you can , '' seeing it as little more than an airport through which to make their connecting flights to the more attractive resort areas . Until recently , many of the restaurants of the area , even the best , would close early to allow employees time to get home because the area was not particularly safe at night .", "Since then the government has made efforts to revitalize this part of the city . Starting in the early 2000s , it infused 500 million pesos ( 55 million USD ) into the Historic Center Trust and entered into a partnership with a business group led by Carlos Slim , to buy dozens of centuries - old buildings and other real estate to rehabilitate . Work began with renovating 34 blocks west of the Zócalo , digging up the antiquated drainage system and improving water supply . An architect was put in charge of each of the thirteen main streets to restore the facades of more than 500 buildings . The latest infrastructure projects of this type have been centered on the southeast portions of the area , on República de El Salvador , Talavera , Correo Mayor , Mesones and Pino Suárez streets , mostly focusing on repaving streets and updating the very old drainage system of the area . In the process , the construction is unearthing artifacts from the pre-Hispanic period to the present day .", "All over the historic center , streets have been pedestrianized , buildings have been remodeled and restored , and new museums opened . In the 1990s , after many years of controversy , protests and even riots , most street vendors were evicted to other parts of the city . The impetus to bring things back to the city center included the construction of the new mayoral residence just off the Zócalo . The government has buried electric and telephone cables in the area , and replaced old asphalt with paving stones . It has also installed nearly 100 security cameras to help with crime issues . This paved the way for the opening of upscale eateries , bars and fashionable stores . Also , young people are moving into downtown lofts . To attract more tourists , there are new red double - decker buses .", "From the days of the Aztecs , Mexico City has been the center of power for much of Mesoamerica and the Mexican nation . This centralism simply changed hands when the Spanish arrived , The Institutional Revolutionary Party ( PRI ) , which came to power after the Mexican Revolution , again consolidated political power to the city , which benefited to the detriment of other parts of the country . The rapid expansion of Mexico City is related to the country 's economic development in the period after World War II , the widening of the manufacturing sector , the success of the oil industry , and the country 's proximity to U.S. markets . This growth allowed for the tolerance of PRI 's authoritarianism . It still experienced economic growth up to the 1960s , but problems brought on by the one - party system were beginning to show . In 1968 , Mexico City hosted the Summer Olympic Games . The event was meant to signal the prosperity of a developing nation , but serious problems had been masked by the PRI 's authoritarian regime . Shortly before the inauguration of the Games , government troops massacred an unknown number of protesting students in Tlatelolco . However , the last straw may have been the 1985 Mexico City earthquake . On Thursday , 19 September 1985 , at 7 : 19am local time , Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1. on the Richter magnitude scale . The event caused between three and four billion USD in damage as 412 buildings collapsed and another 3,124 were seriously damaged in the city . While the number is in dispute , the most - often cited number of deaths is about 10,000 people .", "While this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America it proved to be a disaster politically for the PRI . The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption , forcing ordinary citizens to not only create and direct their own rescue efforts but efforts to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well . This significantly affected politics in the years after the event . This discontent eventually led to Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas , a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution , becoming the first elected mayor of Mexico City in 1997 . Cárdenas promised a more democratic government , and his party claimed some victories against crime , pollution , and other major problems . He resigned in 1999 to run ( unsuccessfully ) for the presidency . Rosario Robles Berlanga , the first woman to hold the mayoral post , promised she would continue to reverse the city 's decline ." ]

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[ "Dada ( / ˈdɑːdɑː / ) or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant - garde in the early 20th century , with early centers in Zürich , Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire ( circa 1916 ) ; New York Dada began circa 1915 , and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris . Developed in reaction to World War I , the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic , reason , and aestheticism of modern capitalist society , instead expressing nonsense , irrationality , and anti-bourgeois protest in their works . The art of the movement spanned visual , literary , and sound media , including collage , sound poetry , cut - up writing , and sculpture . Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence , war , and nationalism , and maintained political affinities with the radical left .", "There is no consensus on the origin of the movement 's name ; a common story is that the Austrian artist Richard Huelsenbeck plunged a knife at random into a dictionary , where it landed on `` dada '' , a colloquial French term for a hobby horse . Others note that it suggests the first words of a child , evoking a childishness and absurdity that appealed to the group . Still others speculate that the word might have been chosen to evoke a similar meaning ( or no meaning at all ) in any language , reflecting the movement 's internationalism .", "The roots of Dada lay in pre-war avant - garde . The term anti-art , a precursor to Dada , was coined by Marcel Duchamp around 1913 to characterize works which challenge accepted definitions of art . Cubism and the development of collage and abstract art would inform the movement 's detachment from the constraints of reality and convention . The work of French poets , Italian Futurists and the German Expressionists would influence Dada 's rejection of the tight correlation between words and meaning . Works such as Ubu Roi ( 1896 ) by Alfred Jarry , and the ballet Parade ( 1916 -- 17 ) by Erik Satie would also be characterized as proto - Dadaist works . The Dada movement 's principles were first collected in Hugo Ball 's Dada Manifesto in 1916 .", "The Dadaist movement included public gatherings , demonstrations , and publication of art / literary journals ; passionate coverage of art , politics , and culture were topics often discussed in a variety of media . Key figures in the movement included Hugo Ball , Marcel Duchamp , Emmy Hennings , Hans Arp , Raoul Hausmann , Hannah Höch , Johannes Baader , Tristan Tzara , Francis Picabia , Huelsenbeck , George Grosz , John Heartfield , Man Ray , Beatrice Wood , Kurt Schwitters , Hans Richter , and Max Ernst , among others . The movement influenced later styles like the avant - garde and downtown music movements , and groups including surrealism , nouveau réalisme , pop art and Fluxus .", "Dada was an informal international movement , with participants in Europe and North America . The beginnings of Dada correspond to the outbreak of World War I . For many participants , the movement was a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests , which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war , and against the cultural and intellectual conformity -- in art and more broadly in society -- that corresponded to the war .", "Avant - garde circles outside France knew of pre-war Parisian developments . They had seen ( or participated in ) Cubist exhibitions held at Galeries Dalmau , Barcelona ( 1912 ) , Galerie Der Sturm in Berlin ( 1912 ) , the Armory Show in New York ( 1913 ) , SVU Mánes in Prague ( 1914 ) , several Jack of Diamonds exhibitions in Moscow and at De Moderne Kunstkring , Amsterdam ( between 1911 and 1915 ) . Futurism developed in response to the work of various artists . Dada subsequently combined these approaches .", "Many Dadaists believed that the ' reason ' and ' logic ' of bourgeois capitalist society had led people into war . They expressed their rejection of that ideology in artistic expression that appeared to reject logic and embrace chaos and irrationality . For example , George Grosz later recalled that his Dadaist art was intended as a protest `` against this world of mutual destruction . ''", "According to Hans Richter Dada was not art : it was `` anti-art . '' Dada represented the opposite of everything which art stood for . Where art was concerned with traditional aesthetics , Dada ignored aesthetics . If art was to appeal to sensibilities , Dada was intended to offend .", "As Hugo Ball expressed it , `` For us , art is not an end in itself ... but it is an opportunity for the true perception and criticism of the times we live in . ''", "A reviewer from the American Art News stated at the time that `` Dada philosophy is the sickest , most paralyzing and most destructive thing that has ever originated from the brain of man . '' Art historians have described Dada as being , in large part , a `` reaction to what many of these artists saw as nothing more than an insane spectacle of collective homicide . ''", "Years later , Dada artists described the movement as `` a phenomenon bursting forth in the midst of the postwar economic and moral crisis , a savior , a monster , which would lay waste to everything in its path ... ( It was ) a systematic work of destruction and demoralization ... In the end it became nothing but an act of sacrilege . ''", "To quote Dona Budd 's The Language of Art Knowledge ,", "Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of the First World War . This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich . Dada rejected reason and logic , prizing nonsense , irrationality and intuition . The origin of the name Dada is unclear ; some believe that it is a nonsensical word . Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzara 's and Marcel Janco 's frequent use of the words `` da , da , '' meaning `` yes , yes '' in the Romanian language . Another theory says that the name `` Dada '' came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French -- German dictionary happened to point to ' dada ' , a French word for ' hobbyhorse ' .", "The movement primarily involved visual arts , literature , poetry , art manifestos , art theory , theatre , and graphic design , and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works .", "In 1916 , Hugo Ball , Emmy Hennings , Tristan Tzara , Jean Arp , Marcel Janco , Richard Huelsenbeck , Sophie Taeuber , and Hans Richter , along with others , discussed art and put on performances in the Cabaret Voltaire expressing their disgust with the war and the interests that inspired it .", "Some sources state that Dada coalesced on October 6 at the Cabaret Voltaire . Other sources state that Dada did not originate fully in a Zürich literary salon but grew out of an already vibrant artistic tradition in Eastern Europe , particularly Romania , that transposed to Switzerland when a group of Jewish modernist artists ( Tzara , Janco , Arthur Segal , and others ) settled in Zürich . In the years prior to the First World War similar art had already risen in Bucharest and other Eastern European cities ; it is likely that Dada 's catalyst was the arrival in Zürich of artists like Tzara and Janco .", "Having left Germany and Romania during the Great War , the artists found themselves in Switzerland , a country recognized for its neutrality . Inside this space of political neutrality they decided to use abstraction to fight against the social , political , and cultural ideas of that time . The Dadaists believed those ideas to be a byproduct of bourgeois society , a society so apathetic it would rather fight a war against itself than challenge the status quo .", "Janco recalled , `` We had lost confidence in our culture . Everything had to be demolished . We would begin again after the tabula rasa . At the Cabaret Voltaire we began by shocking common sense , public opinion , education , institutions , museums , good taste , in short , the whole prevailing order . ''", "The Cabaret closed its doors in early July and then at the first public soiree at Waag Hall on July 14 , 1916 , Ball recited the first manifesto . In 1917 , Tzara wrote a second Dada manifesto considered one of the most important Dada writings , which was published in 1918 . Other manifestos followed .", "A single issue of the magazine Cabaret Voltaire was the first publication to come out of the movement .", "After the cabaret closed down , Dada activities moved on to a new gallery , and Hugo Ball left for Bern . Tzara began a relentless campaign to spread Dada ideas . He bombarded French and Italian artists and writers with letters , and soon emerged as the Dada leader and master strategist . The Cabaret Voltaire re-opened , and is still in the same place at the Spiegelgasse 1 in the Niederdorf .", "Zürich Dada , with Tzara at the helm , published the art and literature review Dada beginning in July 1917 , with five editions from Zürich and the final two from Paris .", "Other artists , such as André Breton and Philippe Soupault , created `` literature groups to help extend the influence of Dada . ''", "After the fighting of the First World War had ended in the armistice of November 1918 , most of the Zürich Dadaists returned to their home countries , and some began Dada activities in other cities . Others , such as the Swiss native Sophie Taeuber , would remain in Zürich into the 1920s .", "`` Berlin was a city of tightened stomachers , of mounting , thundering hunger , where hidden rage was transformed into a boundless money lust , and men 's minds were concentrating more and more on questions of naked existence ... Fear was in everybody 's bones `` - Richard Hülsenbeck", "The groups in Germany were not as strongly anti-art as other groups . Their activity and art were more political and social , with corrosive manifestos and propaganda , satire , public demonstrations and overt political activities . The intensely political and war - torn environment of Berlin had a dramatic impact on the ideas of Berlin Dadaists . Conversely , New York 's geographic distance from the war spawned its more theoretically - driven , less political nature .", "In February 1918 , while the Great War was approaching its climax , Huelsenbeck gave his first Dada speech in Berlin , and he produced a Dada manifesto later in the year . Following the October Revolution in Russia , by then out of the war , Hannah Höch and George Grosz used Dada to express communist sympathies . Grosz , together with John Heartfield , Höch and Hausmann developed the technique of photomontage during this period . After the war , the artists published a series of short - lived political magazines and held the First International Dada Fair , ' the greatest project yet conceived by the Berlin Dadaists ' , in the summer of 1920 . As well as work by the main members of Berlin Dada -- Grosz , Raoul Hausmann , Hannah Höch , Johannes Baader , Huelsenbeck and Heartfield -- the exhibition also included the work of Otto Dix , Francis Picabia , Jean Arp , Max Ernst , Rudolf Schlichter , Johannes Baargeld and others . In all , over 200 works were exhibited , surrounded by incendiary slogans , some of which also ended up written on the walls of the Nazi 's Entartete Kunst exhibition in 1937 . Despite high ticket prices , the exhibition lost money , with only one recorded sale .", "The Berlin group published periodicals such as Club Dada , Der Dada , Everyman His Own Football , and Dada Almanach .", "In Cologne , Ernst , Baargeld , and Arp launched a controversial Dada exhibition in 1920 which focused on nonsense and anti-bourgeois sentiments . Cologne 's Early Spring Exhibition was set up in a pub , and required that participants walk past urinals while being read lewd poetry by a woman in a communion dress . The police closed the exhibition on grounds of obscenity , but it was re-opened when the charges were dropped .", "Like Zürich , New York City was a refuge for writers and artists from the First World War . Soon after arriving from France in 1915 , Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia met American artist Man Ray . By 1916 the three of them became the center of radical anti-art activities in the United States . American Beatrice Wood , who had been studying in France , soon joined them , along with Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven . Arthur Cravan , fleeing conscription in France , was also in New York for a time . Much of their activity centered in Alfred Stieglitz 's gallery , 291 , and the home of Walter and Louise Arensberg .", "The New Yorkers , though not particularly organized , called their activities Dada , but they did not issue manifestos . They issued challenges to art and culture through publications such as The Blind Man , Rongwrong , and New York Dada in which they criticized the traditionalist basis for museum art . New York Dada lacked the disillusionment of European Dada and was instead driven by a sense of irony and humor . In his book Adventures in the arts : informal chapters on painters , vaudeville and poets Marsden Hartley included an essay on `` The Importance of Being ' Dada ' '' .", "During this time Duchamp began exhibiting `` readymades '' ( everyday objects found or purchased and declared art ) such as a bottle rack , and was active in the Society of Independent Artists . In 1917 he submitted the now famous Fountain , a urinal signed R. Mutt , to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition but they rejected the piece . First an object of scorn within the arts community , the Fountain has since become almost canonized by some as one of the most recognizable modernist works of sculpture . Art world experts polled by the sponsors of the 2004 Turner Prize , Gordon 's gin , voted it `` the most influential work of modern art '' . As recent scholarship documents , the work is likely more collaborative than it has been given credit for in twentieth - century art history . Duchamp indicates in a 1917 letter to his sister that a female friend was centrally involved in the conception of this work . As he writes : `` One of my female friends who had adopted the pseudonym Richard Mutt sent me a porcelain urinal as a sculpture . '' The piece is more in line with the scatological aesthetics of Duchamp 's friend and neighbour , the Baroness Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven , than Duchamp 's . In an attempt to `` pay homage to the spirit of Dada '' a performance artist named Pierre Pinoncelli made a crack in a replica of The Fountain with a hammer in January 2006 ; he also urinated on it in 1993 .", "Picabia 's travels tied New York , Zürich and Paris groups together during the Dadaist period . For seven years he also published the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona , New York City , Zürich , and Paris from 1917 through 1924 .", "By 1921 , most of the original players moved to Paris where Dada had experienced its last major incarnation .", "The French avant - garde kept abreast of Dada activities in Zürich with regular communications from Tristan Tzara ( whose pseudonym means `` sad in country , '' a name chosen to protest the treatment of Jews in his native Romania ) , who exchanged letters , poems , and magazines with Guillaume Apollinaire , André Breton , Max Jacob , Clément Pansaers , and other French writers , critics and artists .", "Paris had arguably been the classical music capital of the world since the advent of musical Impressionism in the late 19th century . One of its practitioners , Erik Satie , collaborated with Picasso and Cocteau in a mad , scandalous ballet called Parade . First performed by the Ballets Russes in 1917 , it succeeded in creating a scandal but in a different way than Stravinsky 's Le Sacre du printemps had done almost five years earlier . This was a ballet that was clearly parodying itself , something traditional ballet patrons would obviously have serious issues with .", "Dada in Paris surged in 1920 when many of the originators converged there . Inspired by Tzara , Paris Dada soon issued manifestos , organized demonstrations , staged performances and produced a number of journals ( the final two editions of Dada , Le Cannibale , and Littérature featured Dada in several editions . )", "The first introduction of Dada artwork to the Parisian public was at the Salon des Indépendants in 1921 . Jean Crotti exhibited works associated with Dada including a work entitled , Explicatif bearing the word Tabu . In the same year Tzara staged his Dadaist play The Gas Heart to howls of derision from the audience . When it was re-staged in 1923 in a more professional production , the play provoked a theatre riot ( initiated by André Breton ) that heralded the split within the movement that was to produce Surrealism . Tzara 's last attempt at a Dadaist drama was his `` ironic tragedy '' Handkerchief of Clouds in 1924 .", "In the Netherlands the Dada movement centered mainly around Theo van Doesburg , best known for establishing the De Stijl movement and magazine of the same name . Van Doesburg mainly focused on poetry , and included poems from many well - known Dada writers in De Stijl such as Hugo Ball , Hans Arp and Kurt Schwitters . Van Doesburg and Thijs Rinsema ( nl ) ( a cordwainer and artist in Drachten ) became friends of Schwitters , and together they organized the so - called Dutch Dada campaign in 1923 , where van Doesburg promoted a leaflet about Dada ( entitled What is Dada ? ) , Schwitters read his poems , Vilmos Huszár demonstrated a mechanical dancing doll and Nelly van Doesburg ( Theo 's wife ) , played avant - garde compositions on piano .", "Van Doesburg wrote Dada poetry himself in De Stijl , although under a pseudonym , I.K. Bonset , which was only revealed after his death in 1931 . ' Together ' with I.K. Bonset , he also published a short - lived Dutch Dada magazine called Mécano ( 1922 -- 3 ) . Another Dutchman identified by K. Schippers in his study of the movement in the Netherlands was the Groningen typographer H.N. Werkman , who was in touch with van Doesburg and Schwitters while editing his own magazine , The Next Call ( 1923 -- 6 ) . Two more artists mentioned by Schippers were German - born and eventually settled in the Netherlands . These were Otto van Rees , who had taken part in the liminal exhibitions at the Café Voltaire in Zürich , and Paul Citroen .", "Although Dada itself was unknown in Georgia until at least 1920 , from 1917 until 1921 a group of poets called themselves `` 41st Degree '' ( referring both to the latitude of Tbilisi , Georgia and to the temperature of a high fever ) organized along Dadaist lines . The most important figure in this group was Iliazd , whose radical typographical designs visually echo the publications of the Dadaists . After his flight to Paris in 1921 , he collaborated with Dadaists on publications and events .", "In Yugoslavia there was significant Dada activity between 1920 and 1922 , run mainly by Dragan Aleksić and including work by Mihailo S. Petrov , Zenitism 's two brothers Ljubomir Micić and Branko Ve Poljanski . Aleksić used the term `` Yougo - Dada '' and is known to have been in contact with Raoul Hausmann , Kurt Schwitters , and Tristan Tzara .", "The Dada movement in Italy , based in Mantua , was met with distaste and failed to make a significant impact in the world of art . It published a magazine for a short time and held an exhibition in Rome , featuring paintings , quotations from Tristan Tzara , and original epigrams such as `` True Dada is against Dada '' . The most notable member of this group was Julius Evola , who went on to become an eminent scholar of occultism , as well as a right - wing philosopher and an assistant to Benito Mussolini .", "A prominent Dada group in Japan was MAVO ( ja ) , founded in July 1923 by Tomoyoshi Murayama and Yanase Masamu ( de ; ja ) . Other prominent artists were Jun Tsuji , Eisuke Yoshiyuki , Shinkichi Takahashi and Katsue Kitasono .", "In the Tsuburaya Productions 's Ultra Series , an alien named Dada was designed after the Dadaism movement , with said character first appearing in episode 28 of the 1966 tokusatsu series , Ultraman , and was designed by character artist Toru Narita . Dada 's design is primarily monochromatic , and features numerous sharp lines and alternating black and white stripes , as a reference to the movement . On May 19 , 2016 , in celebration to the 100 year anniversary of Dadaism in Tokyo , the Ultra Monster was invited to meet the Swiss Ambassador Urs Bucher .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Dada in itself was relatively unknown in Russia , however , avant - garde art was widespread due to the Bolshevik 's revolutionary agenda . The Nichevoki ( ru ) , a literary group sharing Dadaist ideals achieved infamy after one of its members suggested that Vladimir Mayakovsky should go to the `` Pampushka '' ( Pameatnik Pushkina -- Pushkin monument ) on the `` Tverbul '' ( Tverskoy Boulevard ) to clean the shoes of anyone who desired it , after Mayakovsky declared that he was going to cleanse Russian literature .", "Dada was not confined to the visual and literary arts ; its influence reached into sound and music . Kurt Schwitters developed what he called sound poems , while Francis Picabia and Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes composed Dada music performed at the Festival Dada in Paris on 26 May 1920 . Other composers such as Erwin Schulhoff , Hans Heusser and Alberto Savinio all wrote Dada music , while members of Les Six collaborated with members of the Dada movement and had their works performed at Dada gatherings . Erik Satie also dabbled with Dadaist ideas during his career , although he is primarily associated with musical Impressionism .", "In the very first Dada publication , Hugo Ball describes a `` balalaika orchestra playing delightful folk - songs . '' African music and jazz were common at Dada gatherings .", "Marc Lowenthal , in I Am a Beautiful Monster : Poetry , Prose , and Provocation , writes :", "Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry , a starting point for performance art , a prelude to postmodernism , an influence on pop art , a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho - political uses in the 1960s and the movement that laid the foundation for Surrealism .", "Musician Frank Zappa was a self - proclaimed Dadaist after learning of the movement :", "In the early days , I did n't even know what to call the stuff my life was made of . You can imagine my delight when I discovered that someone in a distant land had the same idea -- AND a nice , short name for it .", "While broadly based , the movement was unstable . By 1924 in Paris , Dada was melding into surrealism , and artists had gone on to other ideas and movements , including surrealism , social realism and other forms of modernism . Some theorists argue that Dada was actually the beginning of postmodern art .", "By the dawn of the Second World War , many of the European Dadaists had emigrated to the United States . Some ( Otto Freundlich , Walter Serner ) died in death camps under Adolf Hitler , who actively persecuted the kind of `` degenerate art '' that he considered Dada to represent . The movement became less active as post-war optimism led to the development of new movements in art and literature .", "Dada is a named influence and reference of various anti-art and political and cultural movements , including the Situationist International and culture jamming groups like the Cacophony Society . Upon breaking up in July 2012 , anarchist pop band Chumbawamba issued a statement which compared their own legacy with that of the Dada art movement .", "At the same time that the Zürich Dadaists were making noise and spectacle at the Cabaret Voltaire , Lenin was planning his revolutionary plans for Russia in a nearby apartment . Tom Stoppard used this coincidence as a premise for his play Travesties ( 1974 ) , which includes Tzara , Lenin , and James Joyce as characters . French writer Dominique Noguez imagined Lenin as a member of the Dada group in his tongue - in - cheek Lénine Dada ( 1989 ) .", "The former building of the Cabaret Voltaire fell into disrepair until it was occupied from January to March 2002 , by a group proclaiming themselves Neo-Dadaists , led by Mark Divo . The group included Jan Thieler , Ingo Giezendanner , Aiana Calugar , Lennie Lee , and Dan Jones . After their eviction , the space was turned into a museum dedicated to the history of Dada . The work of Lee and Jones remained on the walls of the new museum .", "Several notable retrospectives have examined the influence of Dada upon art and society . In 1967 , a large Dada retrospective was held in Paris . In 2006 , the Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted a Dada exhibition in partnership with the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. and the Centre Pompidou in Paris . The LTM label has released a large number of Dada - related sound recordings , including interviews with artists such as Tzara , Picabia , Schwitters , Arp , and Huelsenbeck , and musical repertoire including Satie , Ribemont - Dessaignes , Picabia , and Nelly van Doesburg .", "The Dadaists imitated the techniques developed during the cubist movement through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items , but extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets , maps , plastic wrappers , etc. to portray aspects of life , rather than representing objects viewed as still life .", "Cut - up technique is an extension of collage to words themselves , Tristan Tzara describes this in the Dada Manifesto :", "TO MAKE A DADAIST POEM Take a newspaper . Take some scissors . Choose from this paper an article of the length you want to make your poem . Cut out the article . Next carefully cut out each of the words that makes up this article and put them all in a bag . Shake gently . Next take out each cutting one after the other . Copy conscientiously in the order in which they left the bag . The poem will resemble you . And there you are -- an infinitely original author of charming sensibility , even though unappreciated by the vulgar herd .", "The Dadaists -- the `` monteurs '' ( mechanics ) -- used scissors and glue rather than paintbrushes and paints to express their views of modern life through images presented by the media . A variation on the collage technique , photomontage utilized actual or reproductions of real photographs printed in the press . In Cologne , Max Ernst used images from the First World War to illustrate messages of the destruction of war .", "The assemblages were three - dimensional variations of the collage -- the assembly of everyday objects to produce meaningful or meaningless ( relative to the war ) pieces of work including war objects and trash . Objects were nailed , screwed or fastened together in different fashions . Assemblages could be seen in the round or could be hung on a wall .", "Marcel Duchamp began to view the manufactured objects of his collection as objects of art , which he called `` readymades '' . He would add signatures and titles to some , converting them into artwork that he called `` readymade aided '' or `` rectified readymades '' . Duchamp wrote : `` One important characteristic was the short sentence which I occasionally inscribed on the ' readymade . ' That sentence , instead of describing the object like a title , was meant to carry the mind of the spectator towards other regions more verbal . Sometimes I would add a graphic detail of presentation which in order to satisfy my craving for alliterations , would be called ' readymade aided . ' '' One such example of Duchamp 's readymade works is the urinal that was turned onto its back , signed `` R. Mutt '' , titled `` Fountain '' , and submitted to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition that year , though it was not displayed .", "Louis Aragon ( 1897 -- 1982 ) , France Jean Arp ( 1886 -- 1966 ) , Germany , France Hugo Ball ( 1886 -- 1927 ) , Germany , Switzerland André Breton ( 1896 -- 1966 ) , France Otto Dix ( 1891 -- 1969 ) , Germany Theo van Doesburg ( 1883 -- 1931 ) Netherlands Marcel Duchamp ( 1887 -- 1968 ) , France Paul Éluard ( 1895 -- 1952 ) , France Max Ernst ( 1891 -- 1976 ) , Germany , USA Julius Evola ( 1898 -- 1974 ) , Italy George Grosz ( 1893 -- 1959 ) , Germany , France , USA Raoul Hausmann ( 1886 -- 1971 ) , Germany John Heartfield ( 1891 -- 1968 ) , Germany , USSR , Czechoslovakia , Great Britain Hannah Höch ( 1889 -- 1978 ) , Germany Richard Huelsenbeck ( 1892 -- 1974 ) , Germany Marcel Janco ( 1895 -- 1984 ) , Romania , Israel Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven ( 1874 -- 1927 ) , Germany , USA Clément Pansaers ( 1885 -- 1922 ) , Belgium Francis Picabia ( 1879 -- 1953 ) , France Man Ray ( 1890 -- 1976 ) , France , USA Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes ( 1884 -- 1974 ) , France Kurt Schwitters ( 1887 -- 1948 ) , Germany Walter Serner ( 1889 -- 1942 ) , Austria Philippe Soupault ( 1897 -- 1990 ) , France Sophie Taeuber - Arp ( 1889 -- 1943 ) , Switzerland , France Tristan Tzara ( 1896 -- 1963 ) , Romania , France Beatrice Wood ( 1893 -- 1998 ) , USA", "Louis Aragon ( 1897 -- 1982 ) , France", "Jean Arp ( 1886 -- 1966 ) , Germany , France", "Hugo Ball ( 1886 -- 1927 ) , Germany , Switzerland", "André Breton ( 1896 -- 1966 ) , France", "Otto Dix ( 1891 -- 1969 ) , Germany", "Theo van Doesburg ( 1883 -- 1931 ) Netherlands", "Marcel Duchamp ( 1887 -- 1968 ) , France", "Paul Éluard ( 1895 -- 1952 ) , France", "Max Ernst ( 1891 -- 1976 ) , Germany , USA", "Julius Evola ( 1898 -- 1974 ) , Italy", "George Grosz ( 1893 -- 1959 ) , Germany , France , USA", "Raoul Hausmann ( 1886 -- 1971 ) , Germany", "John Heartfield ( 1891 -- 1968 ) , Germany , USSR , Czechoslovakia , Great Britain", "Hannah Höch ( 1889 -- 1978 ) , Germany", "Richard Huelsenbeck ( 1892 -- 1974 ) , Germany", "Marcel Janco ( 1895 -- 1984 ) , Romania , Israel", "Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven ( 1874 -- 1927 ) , Germany , USA", "Clément Pansaers ( 1885 -- 1922 ) , Belgium", "Francis Picabia ( 1879 -- 1953 ) , France", "Man Ray ( 1890 -- 1976 ) , France , USA", "Georges Ribemont - Dessaignes ( 1884 -- 1974 ) , France", "Kurt Schwitters ( 1887 -- 1948 ) , Germany", "Walter Serner ( 1889 -- 1942 ) , Austria", "Philippe Soupault ( 1897 -- 1990 ) , France", "Sophie Taeuber - Arp ( 1889 -- 1943 ) , Switzerland , France", "Tristan Tzara ( 1896 -- 1963 ) , Romania , France", "Beatrice Wood ( 1893 -- 1998 ) , USA" ]

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[ "The Constitutional Convention ( also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17 , 1787 , in the old Pennsylvania State House ( later known as Independence Hall because of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence there eleven years before ) in Philadelphia . Although the Convention was intended to revise the league of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation , the intention from the outset of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The delegates elected George Washington of Virginia , former commanding general of the Continental Army in the late American Revolutionary War ( 1775 - 1783 ) , to preside over the Convention . The result of the Convention was the creation of the Constitution of the United States , placing the Convention among the most significant events in American history .", "At the time the convention was not referred to as a Constitutional Convention , nor was it known among most of the delegates that the purpose of the convention was to draft a new Constitution . Many of the delegates assumed that the purpose of the convention was to discuss and draft improvements to the existing Articles of Confederation and would have abandoned the effort otherwise . The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the upper legislative house in the future bicameral Congress , to be known as the Senate , how `` proportional representation '' was to be defined ( whether to include slaves or other property ) , whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single chief executive to be called the President , how to elect the President , how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection , what offenses should be impeachable , the nature of a fugitive slave clause , whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade , and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive . Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues , while the powers of legislature , executive , and judiciary were not heavily disputed . Once the Convention began , the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention , then they agreed on Madison 's proposed Virginia Plan and began to modify it . A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4th recess , eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution . Most of the rough draft remained in place , and can be found in the final version of the constitution . After the final issues were resolved , the Committee on Style produced the final version , and it was voted on by the delegates , inscribed on parchment with engraving for printing and sent to the states and their legislatures .", "Before the Constitution was drafted , the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , created by the Second Continental Congress , first proposed in 1776 , adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778 and only finally unanimously ratified by the Original Thirteen States by 1781 . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government , as originally organized , was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states . As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states , any state had effective veto power over any proposed change . In addition , the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power : it was wholly dependent on the states for its money , and had no power to force delinquent states to pay .", "Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War of 1775 to 1783 had passed , the states began to look to their own interests , and disputes arose . These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states ; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony '' .", "Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 - 1787 . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues including tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections .", "These and other issues greatly worried many of the Founders that the Union as it existed up to that point was in danger of breaking apart , and being subject to the persuasion of foreign powers .", "In September 1786 , at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation . The subsequent Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia , convening in the Old Pennsylvania State House ( then becoming known as Independence Hall ) on May 14 , 1787 . Rhode Island , fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage , boycotted the Convention and , when the Constitution was put to the states during the next year of controversial debates , initially refused to ratify it , waiting until May 1790 to become the thirteenth , a year after the new federal government commenced .", "Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century , very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14 , 1787 , and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured . ( New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings , on July 23 . ) James Madison arrived first , and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived . While waiting for the other delegates , the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25 , the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House .", "George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany .", "Outside the Convention in Philadelphia , there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed . The 1776 `` old republican '' delegates like Elbridge Gerry ( MA ) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession , dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship . Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner . Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments . Merchants of Providence , Rhode Island , petitioned for consideration , though their Assembly had not sent a delegation .", "Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates . He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators '' , including some who were attending the Convention . A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris , Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing . `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention '' advocated adoption of the Constitution . It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today 's better known Federalist Papers .", "While waiting for the Convention to formally begin , James Madison sketched out his initial draft , which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist . By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived , most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well . They agreed on Madison 's plan , and formed what came to be the predominant coalition . By the time the Convention started , the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison 's Virginia Plan , and Charles Pinckney 's plan . As Pinckney did n't have a coalition behind his plan , Madison 's plan was the starting point for deliberations .", "The Convention agreed on several principles . Most importantly , they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright . While some delegates thought this illegal , the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution , so the genuine legal problems were limited . Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress , plus additional powers over the states . Once agreeing on these principles , the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it . Once this was done , they began modifying it .", "Madison 's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged . During the deliberations , few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress , nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function . As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions , law making embodied in the legislature , and law executing embodied in the king and his courts , the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point .", "The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house was n't questioned either , despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility . Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures , both in Britain and in most state governments . The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election . Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners . Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite , the `` minority of the opulent , '' against the interests of the lower classes , who constituted the majority of the population .", "-- James Madison , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates", "On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously .", "The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature . In their aversion to kingly power , American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature , and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis . The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this .", "Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them .", "In a few areas , Madison 's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates . Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws , so the idea was dropped . While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress , few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this . Instead , the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto . Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive , whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature . Also , during the deliberations , the New Jersey Plan was introduced , although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan , and was not seriously considered . The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations , mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son '' from their own state or region .", "Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state 's delegates . Throughout the Convention , delegates would regularly come and go , with only 30 -- 40 being present on a typical day . Consequently , if a state 's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal , or if too few of the state 's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal , that state 's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal . Thus , for example , after two of New York 's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning , New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention , although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates .", "-- Alexander Hamilton , quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates", "The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight , though this was never seriously considered . Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population . Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose , the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty , and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population .", "Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population , although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this . The Three - Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three - fifths of `` all other persons '' ( slaves ) was agreed to without serious dispute . In 1783 , when attempting to assess a national taxation system , the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio , which did not achieve unanimity . This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states , including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia , backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition . That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute .", "More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house . Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house . James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature , but his proposal was shot down 10 -- 1 by the delegates . Most delegates did n't question the intelligence of the voters , rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century .", "At the time of the Convention , they noted that local newspapers said little of current events , and what little they had was sketchy and dated . Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention . Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life , considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born '' to have a `` distinct , permanent share in the government , '' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy . '' Moreover , Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public , but by `` electors '' chosen for that purpose .", "Besides the problems of direct election , the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system , by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures , that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical . The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment . The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state 's population , while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states , irrespective of size . The large states , fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan , opposed this proposal . Unable to reach agreement , the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting .", "The delegates could n't agree on whether the executive should be a single person , or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons . The possible problems of this system , in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president , calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition . This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled , but was never again seriously doubted .", "Another issue concerned the election of the president . Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature . There was widespread concern with direct election , because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century , and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region . A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states .", "The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved , and was done so in the electoral college . At the time , before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college . The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue . Most thought that the house should then choose the president , since it most closely reflected the will of the people . This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states , who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage . To resolve this dispute , the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc , rather than individually .", "As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations , it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention . The members of this `` Grand Committee , '' as it has come to be known , included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford , Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5 , the committee offered a compromise . The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states . The Grand Committee 's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house ( although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house , or Senate ) . With this modification , the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16 . Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed , however , until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power , rather than having votes taken by each state 's representatives en bloc , as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation . This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress 's choice to make national laws . The final document was thus a mixture of Madison 's original `` national '' constitution and the desired `` federal '' Constitution that many of the delegates sought .", "The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution . It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham .", "Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings , three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee 's handiwork : an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge , extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson , also with Rutledge 's edits , and the committee 's final report to the Convention . From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan , the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan , and other sources , such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions , and even Charles Pinckney 's plan , to produce the first full draft , which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy - and - paste job . ''", "Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline : that the Constitution should only include essential principles , avoiding minor provisions that would change over time , and that it should be stated in simple and precise language .", "Much of what was included in the committee 's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged ; and as such , much of the committee 's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate . Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs , and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate .", "However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed .", "The first major change , insisted on by Rutledge , was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union '' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress . Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states . In Randolph 's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated '' powers , many adopted from the Articles of Confederation , that would strictly limit the Congress ' authority to measures such as imposing taxes , making treaties , going to war , and establishing post offices . Rutledge , however , was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change . Over the course of a series of drafts , a catchall provision ( the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added , most likely by Wilson , a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states , giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers , and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States , or in any department or officer thereof . '' Another revision of Wilson 's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states , such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money , providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge 's list of enumerated powers . In addition , Wilson 's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention , to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws .", "These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document , as the Convention never challenged this dual - sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson .", "Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee 's report was presented to the Convention . On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee , Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , of South Carolina , had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states , or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports . Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress ' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests . The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade . It would also prohibit taxation of exports , and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas ( that is , any laws akin to England 's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress . While much of the rest of the committee 's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor , these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents .", "The final report of the committee , which became the first draft of the Constitution , was the first workable constitutional plan , as Madison 's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September .", "Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed , during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft , though few were successful . Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office , while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money . Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan .", "One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808 . Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two - thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts '' ( regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments ) . The two - thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates , who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders .", "Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail , a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution . The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president . Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts .", "A new committee was created , the Committee on Postponed Parts , to address other questions that had been postponed . Its members , such as Madison , were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home . The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes , war making , patents and copyrights , relations with Indian tribes , and Franklin 's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House . The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency , and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee 's input . They adopted Wilson 's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college , and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority , which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty '' .", "The committee also shortened the president 's term from seven years to four years , freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term , and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate . They also created the office of the vice president , whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office , to preside over the Senate , and to cast tie - breaking votes in the Senate . The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president , for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors . One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president 's term , and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress ; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress , so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option .", "Near the end of the Convention , Gerry , Randolph , and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition . Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison 's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge 's Committee of Detail . Some have argued that Randolph 's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition , in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election . The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts '' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions . Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president .", "Though most of their complaints did not result in changes , a couple did . Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors '' to the impeachment clause . Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments . The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment , in which two - thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments . Upon Gerry 's urging , the Convention added back the Virginia Plan 's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify . All amendments to the Constitution , save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method .", "Despite their successes , these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention 's business to an end and return home . As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion , and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version , one delegate raised an objection over civil trials . He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters , and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity . Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours . Gerry agreed , though the rest of the committee overruled them . They wanted to go home , and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic .", "Few at the time realized how important the issue would become , with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification . Most of the Convention 's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights , and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights , so there was no need to include protections of rights . Once the Convention moved beyond this point , the delegates addressed a couple of last - minute issues . Importantly , they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected , unmodified , by the Senate . The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House .", "Once the final modifications had been made , the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house . '' Unlike other committees , whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions , this final committee included no champions of the small states . Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states ' rights . They were William Samuel Johnson ( Connecticut ) , Alexander Hamilton ( New York ) , Gouverneur Morris ( Pennsylvania ) , James Madison ( Virginia ) , and Rufus King ( Massachusetts ) . On Wednesday , September 12 , the report of the `` committee of style '' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates . For three days , the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention . The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday , September 15 by Jacob Shallus , and was submitted for signing on September 17 . It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to ; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts . Although the Convention never took up the matter , his language was now inserted , creating the contract clause .", "Gouverneur Morris is credited , both now and then , as the chief draftsman of the final document , including the stirring preamble . Not all the delegates were pleased with the results ; thirteen left before the ceremony , and three of those remaining refused to sign : Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution . The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification , but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow . Shortly before the document was to be signed , Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens . A similar measure had been proposed earlier , and failed by one vote . George Washington spoke up here , making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move . The Convention adopted it without further debate . Gorham would sign the document , although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single , unified nation for more than 150 years . Ultimately , 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing , but it is likely that none were completely satisfied . Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said ,", "I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain , may be able to make a better Constitution ... It therefore astonishes me , Sir , to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does ; and I think it will astonish our enemies ...", "Rhode Island never sent delegates , and two of New York 's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long . Therefore , as George Washington stated , the document was executed by `` eleven states , and Colonel Hamilton . '' Washington signed the document first , and then moving by state delegation from north to south , as had been the custom throughout the Convention , the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names .", "At the time the document was signed , Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington 's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison 's notes :", "Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun .", "The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification , pursuant to its own Article VII .", "Several plans were introduced , with the most important plan being that of James Madison ( the Virginia Plan ) . The Convention 's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan . Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan , although this was n't considered and its exact character has been lost to history . After the Convention was well under way , the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered . It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation . Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way , though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy . Historians are unsure how serious he was about this , and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison 's plan look moderate by comparison . The Connecticut Compromise was n't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation . It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution , but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states .", "Prior to the start of the Convention , the Virginian delegates met and , drawing largely from Madison 's suggestions , came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan , also known as the Large State Plan . For this reason , James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution . Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29 , 1787 , the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature . Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately . The lower house would be elected by the people , and the upper house would be elected by the lower house . The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature . The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary , and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto , subject to override .", "After the Virginia Plan was introduced , New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan . Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress , exercising one vote each . The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states ' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population . On June 14 and 15 , 1787 , a small - state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan . The result was the New Jersey Plan , otherwise known as the Small State Plan .", "Paterson 's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan , and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention : drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it . Under the New Jersey Plan , the existing Continental Congress would remain , but it would be granted new powers , such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection . An executive branch was created , to be elected by Congress ( the plan allowed for a multi-person executive ) . The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors . The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life , to be appointed by the executives . Lastly , any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws . When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15 , 1787 , it was ultimately rejected , but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests .", "Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan , Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan . It also was known as the British Plan , because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government . In his plan , Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation . The plan featured a bicameral legislature , the lower house elected by the people for three years . The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life . The plan also gave the Governor , an executive elected by electors for a life - term of service , an absolute veto over bills . State governors would be appointed by the national legislature , and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation .", "Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18 , 1787 . The plan was perceived as a well - thought - out plan , but it was not considered , because it resembled the British system too closely . It also contemplated the loss of most state authority , which the states were unwilling to allow .", "Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention . As Pinckney did not write it down , the only evidence of the plan are Madison 's notes , so the details are somewhat vague . It was a confederation , or treaty , among the thirteen states . There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates . The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants . The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions . Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President , and would also appoint members of the cabinet . Congress , in joint session , would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states . Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court . The Pinckney plan was not debated , but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail .", "The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut , was proposed on June 11 . In a sense it blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate , and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan , but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' This plan failed at first , but on July 23 the question was finally settled .", "What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan . In the Grand Committee , Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , Madison , King , and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . Then on July 23 , just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut , a leading proponent of the compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted it . As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them , they became substantially independent . The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self - interest of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained .", "Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention . At least a third of the Convention 's 55 delegates owned slaves , including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina . Slaves comprised approximately one - fifth of the population of the states ; and apart from northernmost New England , where slavery had largely been eliminated , slaves lived throughout all regions of the country . The majority of the slaves ( more than 90 % ) , however , lived in the South , where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves ( in the largest and wealthiest state , Virginia , that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families ) . The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor , and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution .", "Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities .", "Another contentious slavery - related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress , or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . Finally , delegate James Wilson proposed the Three - Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention .", "Fifty - five delegates attended sessions of the Constitutional Convention , and are considered the Framers of the Constitution , although only 39 delegates actually signed . The states had originally appointed 70 representatives to the Convention , but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend , leaving 55 who would ultimately craft the Constitution .", "Almost all of the 55 Framers had taken part in the Revolution , with at least 29 having served in the Continental forces , most in positions of command . All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers . The vast majority ( about 75 % ) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress , and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution . Several had been state governors . Just two delegates , Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation 's founding documents : the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution .", "More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers ( several had even been judges ) , although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business . There were also merchants , manufacturers , shippers , land speculators , bankers or financiers , two or three physicians , a minister , and several small farmers . Of the 25 who owned slaves , 16 depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income . Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings , and most , with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few , were very comfortably wealthy . George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country .", "Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention .", "Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman", "Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman", "Oliver Ellsworth *", "William Samuel Johnson", "Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read", "Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read", "Gunning Bedford , Jr .", "Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce *", "Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce *", "William Houstoun *", "William Pierce *", "Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer", "Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer", "Luther Martin *", "John Francis Mercer *", "Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer", "Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong *", "Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong *", "Elbridge Gerry *", "Caleb Strong *", "New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon", "Nicholas Gilman John Langdon", "New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson", "David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson", "William Houston *", "New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates *", "Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates *", "John Lansing , Jr. *", "Robert Yates *", "North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson", "William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson", "William Richardson Davie *", "Alexander Martin *", "Richard Dobbs Spaight", "Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson", "George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson", "South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge", "Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge", "Charles Cotesworth Pinckney", "Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe *", "John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe *", "George Mason *", "James McClurg *", "Edmund Randolph *", "George Wythe *", "Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention .", "( * ) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution . Randolph , Mason , and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign .", "Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government .", "The 1989 film A More Perfect Union , which portrays the events and discussions of the Constitutional Convention , was largely filmed in Independence Hall ." ]

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[ "The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840 . This transition included going from hand production methods to machines , new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes , the increasing use of steam power , the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system .", "Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment , value of output and capital invested ; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods .", "The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and many of the technological innovations were British ; however , the British also used knowledge of technologies from India , China and other parts of Europe . By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and political influence over the Indian subcontinent by the East India Company . The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution .", "The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history ; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way . In particular , average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth . Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history , although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries .", "GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per - capita economic growth in capitalist economies . Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants .", "The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians , as is the pace of economic and social changes . Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 . Rapid industrial first began in Britain , starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s , with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800 . Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century , with important centres of textiles , iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France .", "An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized spinning and weaving , slowed and their markets matured . Innovations developed late in the period , such as the increasing adoption of locomotives , steamboats and steamships , hot blast iron smelting and new technologies technologies , such as the electrical telegraph , widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s , were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth . Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870 , springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution . These new innovations included new steel making processes , the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories .", "The earliest recorded use of the term `` Industrial Revolution '' seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise . In his 1976 book Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for `` Industry '' : `` The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818 , and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the ( 19th ) century . '' The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s , as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui 's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle . Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of `` an industrial revolution , a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society '' . However , although Engels wrote in the 1840s , his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s , and his expression did not enter everyday language until then . Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term .", "Some historians , such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts , have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer . This is still a subject of debate among some historians .", "The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations , beginning in the second half of the 18th century . By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies :", "Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton . Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine .", "Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton .", "Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 .", "Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades .", "Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine .", "The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760 , 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831 . Value added by the British woolen industry was 14.1 % in 1801 . Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797 . In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported , rising to two - thirds by 1800 . In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds , which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800 . In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain . In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain , rising to 7 million over the next 30 years .", "Wages in Lancashire , a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving , were about one - sixth those in India in 1770 , when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India .", "Parts of India , China and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles , which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD . In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown , most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households , largely for domestic consumption . In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth . By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing . Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange . In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets , often produced by professional weavers . Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops . India produced a variety of cotton cloth , some of exceptionally fine quality .", "The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century . Following the opening of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese , the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr . VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company , along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe . One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles , which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia , including the Indonesian archipelago , where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe . By the mid 1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports . Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however , the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century .", "By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however , they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat . Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany , but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off . The Moors in Spain grew , spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century .", "British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth that of Britain 's . In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India .", "The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian , a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft . Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength , but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew .", "On the eve of the Industrial Revolution , spinning and weaving were done in households , for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system . Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver . Under the putting - out system , home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers , who often supplied the raw materials . In the off season the women , typically farmers ' wives , did the spinning and the men did the weaving . Using the spinning wheel , it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver . The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay , with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747 , doubled the output of a weaver , worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving . It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son , Robert , invented the drop box , which facilitated changing thread colors .", "Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness . The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham . Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey . In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines . This operated until about 1764 . A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster , but this burnt down . Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748 . Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds , it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill . Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule .", "In 1764 in the village of Stanhill , Lancashire , James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which he patented in 1770 . It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles . The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel , by first clamping down on the fibres , then by drawing them out , followed by twisting . It was a simple , wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792 , and was used mainly by home spinners . The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft , not warp .", "The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who , along with two partners , patented it in 1769 . The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay , who was hired by Arkwright . For each spindle , the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers , each operating at a successively higher rotating speed , to draw out the fibre , which was then twisted by the spindle . The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length . Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread . The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight . The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers . The bottom rollers were wood and metal , with fluting along the length . The water frame was able to produce a hard , medium count thread suitable for warp , finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain . A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame . Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford , Derbyshire in 1771 , giving the invention its name .", "Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779 . Mule implies `` hybrid '' because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame , in which the spindles were placed on a carriage , which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating . Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost . Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp , and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities .", "Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers , Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785 . In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional . Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers . Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws , the most serious being thread breakage . Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813 . Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts , Hill & Co .", "The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States , who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed . Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin . With a cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would have previously taken a woman working two months to process at one pound per day .", "These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs , of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright . He is credited with a list of inventions , but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors , patented the ideas , financed the initiatives , and protected the machines . He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory , and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry . Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding , twisting and spinning , and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly . Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery . Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories .", "Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth , by the mid-19th century machine woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand woven Indian cloth , in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India , which allowed high tread counts . However , the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand spun and woven fabric in low - wage India , eventually destroying the industry .", "The earliest attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however , wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton . Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant , but was far less that that of cotton .", "Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe 's water - powered silk mill at Derby , operational by 1721 . Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy ; however , since the silk industry there was a closely guarded secret , the state of the industry there is unknown . Although Lombe 's factory was technically successful , the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition . In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe 's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London .", "A major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal . For a given amount of heat , coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal , and coal was more abundant than wood .", "In the smelting and refining of iron , coal and to a lesser degree coke produced inferior iron than charcoal because the impurities in coal , at least until solutions to contamination were developed . Use of coal in smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution , based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678 , using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas . These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture , reducing the oxide to metal . This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal . This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687 . It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s , but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace . ( The foundry cupola is a different ( and later ) innovation . )", "This was followed by Abraham Darby , who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709 . However , the coke pig iron he made was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods , such as pots and kettles . He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots , cast by his patented process , were thinner and cheaper than theirs . Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron in forges until the mid-1750s , when his son Abraham Darby II built Horsehay and Ketley furnaces ( not far from Coalbrookdale ) . By then , coke pig iron was cheaper than charcoal pig iron . Since cast iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful , it began being a structural material following the building of the innovative Iron Bridge in 1778 by Abraham Darby III .", "Wrought iron for smiths to forge into consumer goods was still made in finery forges , as it long had been . However , new processes were adopted in the ensuing years . The first is referred to today as potting and stamping , but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process . Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784 . Rolling replaced hammering for consolidating wrought iron and expelling some of the dross . Rolling was 15 times faster than hammering with a trip hammer . Roller mills were first used for making sheets , but later were developed for rolling structural shapes such as angles and rails .", "Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost . Puddling was a means of decarburizing pig iron by slow oxidation as the iron was manually stirred using a long rod . The decarburized iron , having a higher melting point than cast iron , was raked into globs by the puddler . When the glob was large enough the puddler would remove it . Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work . Few puddlers lived to be 40 . Puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace , allowing coal or coke to be used as fuel . The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel . Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs , it was never successfully mechanised .", "Up to that time , British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of imported iron to supplement native supplies . This came principally from Sweden from the mid-17th century and later also from Russia from the end of the 1720s . However , from 1785 , imports decreased because of the new iron making technology , and Britain became an exporter of bar iron as well as manufactured wrought iron consumer goods .", "Hot blast , patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 , was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron . By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air , the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however , the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved . Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces , increasing their capacity . Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron . This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however , by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably .", "Two decades before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel , which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do , such as for cutting edge tools and for springs . Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s . The raw material for this was blister steel , made by the cementation process .", "The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries , such as those making nails , hinges , wire and other hardware items . The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron , causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries .", "The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however , during the early period of the Industrial Revolution , the majority of industrial power was supplied by water and wind . In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam . By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp .", "The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump , that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '' , The Miner 's Friend ) . Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges , but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes . Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century .", "The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712 . A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) . They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread ( first ) to Hungary in 1722 , Germany , Austria , and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 .", "A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt . With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine , which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder , thereby making the low - pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere , use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber . The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder , which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam . Likewise , the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder , also improving efficiency . These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton & Watts engines used only 20 -- 25 % as much coal per horsepower - hour as Newcomen 's . Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795 .", "By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type , which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful , and by 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp ( 3.7 to 7.5 kW ) .", "Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained rotative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Around the start of the 19th century , at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired , the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher - pressure non-condensing steam engines , exhausting against the atmosphere . High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats .", "The development of machine tools , such as the engine lathe , planing , milling and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines .", "Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century . These included crank - powered , treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery .", "Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and wind mills , carpenters made wooden framing , and smiths and turners made metal parts . Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity , and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time . As the Industrial Revolution progressed , machines with metal parts and frames became more common . Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners , such as machine screws , bolts and nuts . There was also the need for precision in making parts . Precision would allow better working machinery , interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners .", "The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools . They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch - produce small mechanisms .", "Before the advent of machine tools , metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers , files , scrapers , saws and chisels . Consequently , the use of metal was kept to a minimum . Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve .", "The first large machine tool was the cylinder boring machine used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines . The planing machine , the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century . Although the milling machine was invented at this time , it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century .", "Henry Maudslay , who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century , was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen . In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size Lathe in the UK . He was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship . Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe . Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe , which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw . Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs , some of which copied from a template . The slide rest lathe was called one of history 's most important inventions , although not entirely Maudslay 's idea , he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw , slide rest and change gears .", "Maudslay left Bramah 's employment and set up his own shop . He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships ' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills . These machines were all - metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability . The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools , and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work , such as Richard Roberts , Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth .", "James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century , as did Matthew Murray of Leeds . Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement .", "The impact of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms , threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass - produced metal parts . The techniques to make mass - produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century .", "In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy , by value added .", "The large scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution . The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck ( James Watt 's first partner ) in 1746 . He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger , less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead . Instead of making a small amount each time , he was able to make around 100 pounds ( 50 kg ) in each of the chambers , at least a tenfold increase .", "The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well , and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate . The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid . The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide . Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide . The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air , and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ) . Nonetheless , this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp , which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash , and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes .", "These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions , replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes . Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass , textile , soap , and paper industries . Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel , and for bleaching cloth .", "The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 , based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use , which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk . Tennant 's factory at St Rollox , North Glasgow , became the largest chemical plant in the world .", "After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs , and Germany took world leadership , building a strong chemical industry . Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860 -- 1914 era to learn the latest techniques . British scientists by contrast , lacked research universities and did not train advanced students ; instead the practice was to hire German - trained chemists .", "In 1824 Joseph Aspdin , a British bricklayer turned builder , patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades . This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 ° C ( 2,552 ° F ) , then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water , sand and gravel to produce concrete . Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel . Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later .", "Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting . Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere , the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch , an employee of Boulton & Watt , the Birmingham steam engine pioneers . The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces , the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur , ammonia , and heavy hydrocarbons ) , and its storage and distribution . The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820 . They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK . Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil . Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before .", "A new method of producing glass , known as the cylinder process , was developed in Europe during the early 19th century . In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass . They became the leading producers of window and plate glass . This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption , thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings . The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure .", "A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint - Léger Didot family in France . The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers , brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier , who were stationers in London . Although greatly improved and with many variations , the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today .", "The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes .", "The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy . However , per - capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or delining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century .", "Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill , the Dutch plough , which contained iron parts , and the threshing machine .", "Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth . This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century .", "Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough . The threshing machine , invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 , displaced hand threshing with a flail , a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour . It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers , who faced near starvation , leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots .", "Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment , such as reapers , binders and combine harvesters .", "Coal mining in Britain , particularly in South Wales , started early . Before the steam engine , pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface , which were abandoned as the coal was extracted . In other cases , if the geology was favourable , the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill . Shaft mining was done in some areas , but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water . It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ) . In either case , the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity . The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper , enabling more coal to be extracted . These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution , but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines , making mines more profitable . The Cornish engine , developed in the 1810s , was much more efficient than the Watt Steam engine .", "Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams . Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson . However , the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light . Firedamp explosions continued , often setting off coal dust explosions , so casualties grew during the entire 19th century . Conditions of work were very poor , with a high casualty rate from rock falls .", "Other developments included more efficient water wheels , based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton , which had been lost for 1300 years .", "At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads , with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea . Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment , but canals had not yet been widely constructed . Animals supplied all of the motive power on land , with sails providing the motive power on the sea . The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century , with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century .", "The Industrial Revolution improved Britain 's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network , a canal and waterway network , and a railway network . Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before . Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly .", "Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland . This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart .", "Building of canals dates to ancient times . The Grand Canal in China , `` the world 's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence , '' parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC , is 1,121 miles ( 1,804 km ) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing .", "In the UK , canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country . Known for its huge commercial success , the Bridgewater Canal in North West England , which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater . From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £ 168,000 ( £ 22,589,130 as of 2013 ) , but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761 , the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half . This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building , known as Canal Mania . New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal , the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively .", "By the 1820s a national network was in existence . Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways . They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on . The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal , which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world , and opened Manchester as a port . However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways , which were quicker and often cheaper .", "Britain 's canal network , together with its surviving mill buildings , is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain .", "Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes , but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads . Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust . New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf , Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam , with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate , Bristol in 1816 . The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country . Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow , broad wheeled , carts hauled by teams of horses . Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse . Stage coaches carried the rich , and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts .", "Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons . This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon , England .", "`` A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds , or one ton . A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment , that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration . Twelve wagons were loaded with stones , till each wagon weighed three tons , and the wagons were fastened together . A horse was then attached , which drew the wagons with ease , six miles in two hours , having stopped four times , in order to show he had the power of starting , as well as drawing his great load . ''", "Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800 , the rolling mill for making rails , and the development of the high pressure steam engine also around 1800 .", "Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal . These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity , with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline . The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ) . Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs . See : Metallurgy", "Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800 . High pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere , doing away with the condenser and cooling water . They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines . A few of these early locomotives were used in mines . Steam - hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 .", "The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials , which demonstrated Robert Stephenson 's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast , which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace .", "On 15 September 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened , the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington . The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson , linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool . The opening was marred by problems , due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed , however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful , transporting passengers and freight . The success of the inter-city railway , particularly in the transport of freight and commodities , led to Railway Mania .", "Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution . After many of the workers had completed the railways , they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities , providing additional workers for the factories .", "Prior to the Industrial Revolution most of the workforce was employed in agriculture , either as self - employed farmers as land owners or tenants , or as landless agricultural labourers . It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn , weave cloth and make their own clothing . Households also spun and wove for market production . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India , China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods .", "In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system , by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes , often described as cottage industry , was being practiced . Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving . Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials , paid workers by the piece , and were responsible for the sale of the goods . Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems . The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system .", "Some early spinning and weaving machinery , such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792 , was affordable for cottagers . Later machinery such as spinning frames , spinning mules and power looms were expensive ( especially if water powered ) , giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories .", "The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children , including many orphans . They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off . It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work . Lack of adequate transportation , long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers . Many workers , such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers , who had nothing but their labour to sell , became factory workers out of necessity . ( See : British Agricultural Revolution , Threshing machine )", "The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx , however , he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology .", "Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women . Taking a pessimistic side , Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England , it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance . Clark argues that in 16th century England , women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture . The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms , and in some trades and landed estates . Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands . However , Clark argues , as capitalism expanded in the 17th century , there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home , and the wife reduced to unpaid household work . Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence , supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs . Capitalism , therefore , had a negative effect on powerful women .", "In a more positive interpretation , Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women 's emancipation . Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women , finding three stages in English history . In the pre-industrial era , production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households . The second stage was the `` family wage economy '' of early industrialisation ; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members , including husband , wife and older children . The third or modern stage is the `` family consumer economy , '' in which the family is the site of consumption , and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption .", "Some economists , such as Robert E. Lucas , Jr. , say that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that `` for the first time in history , the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists , even as a theoretical possibility . '' Others , however , argue that while growth of the economy 's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution , living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries , and that in many ways workers ' living standards declined under early capitalism : for instance , studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15 % between the 1780s and 1850s , and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s .", "The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial , and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s . A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population , that was at the bottom of the social ladder , suffered severe reductions in their living standards . During 1813 -- 1913 , there was a significant increase in worker wages .", "Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France , until the late 19th century . Until about 1750 , in large part due to malnutrition , life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain . The United States population of the time was adequately fed , much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45 -- 50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined a few years by the mid 18th century .", "The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized textiles , iron and coal , did little , if anything , to lower food prices . In Britain and the Netherlands , food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however , population grew too , as noted by Thomas Malthus . This condition is called the Malthusian trap , and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements , such as canals , improved roads and steamships . Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution .", "The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s .", "A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions . By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement , The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns , where people lived in crude shanties and shacks , some not completely enclosed , some with dirt floors . These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings . There were no sanitary facilities . Population density was extremely high . Not everyone lived in such poor conditions . The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen , clerks , foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions .", "Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage , hygiene and home construction . In the introduction of his 1892 edition , Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved . For example , the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house .", "Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils , and in the following decades , stoves for cooking and space heating . Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain , Wedgwood created goods such as tableware , which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables .", "According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740 , rose dramatically after 1740 . The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and , by 1901 , had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million . Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s . Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 .", "The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income .", "In terms of social structure , the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry . Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories , but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines . As late as the year 1900 , most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 - hour day ( 12 hours in the steel industry ) , yet earned from 20 % to 40 % less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life ; however , most workers in textiles , which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment , were women and children . Also , harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place . Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel -- child labour , dirty living conditions , and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution .", "Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory . The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas , as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories . Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester , nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' , and the world 's first industrial city . Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831 . Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there .", "For much of the 19th century , production was done in small mills , which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs . Later , each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler .", "In other industries the transition to factory production was not so divisive . Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers . One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen , known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills , and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement .", "By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol . Raw material went in at one end , was smelted into brass and was turned into pans , pins , wire , and other goods . Housing was provided for workers on site . Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton ( whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766 ) were other prominent early industrialists , who employed the factory system .", "The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution , although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly . There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work . Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine , and since the industrial system was completely new , there were no experienced adult labourers . This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children .", "Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible . Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders , 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Children as young as four were employed . Beatings and long hours were common , with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm . Conditions were dangerous , with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts , while others died from gas explosions . Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25 . Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as `` pauper apprentices '' , working without wages for board and lodging . Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters , with some masters shackling them to prevent escape . Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton , working 14 hours a day , six days a week . Some lost hands or limbs , others were crushed under the machines , and some were decapitated . Young girls worked at match factories , where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw . Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded , and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust .", "Reports were written detailing some of the abuses , particularly in the coal mines and textile factories , and these helped to popularise the children 's plight . The public outcry , especially among the upper and middle classes , helped stir change in the young workers ' welfare .", "Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation , and others simply welcomed the cheap labour . In 1833 and 1844 , the first general laws against child labour , the Factory Acts , were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , children were not permitted to work at night , and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours . Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law , however , their scarcity made enforcement difficult . About ten years later , the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden . These laws decreased the number of child labourers , however child labour remained in Europe and the United States up to the 20th century .", "The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills , factories and mines , thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people . The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production . Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production . Skilled workers were hard to replace , and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining .", "The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both sides , the unions and the management . In Britain , the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824 . Even after this , unions were still severely restricted .", "In 1832 , the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage . That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s . They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week , although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six . In 1834 James Frampton , a local landowner , wrote to the Prime Minister , Lord Melbourne , to complain about the union , invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other , which the members of the Friendly Society had done . James Brine , James Hammett , George Loveless , George 's brother James Loveless , George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield , and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested , found guilty , and transported to Australia . They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs . In the 1830s and 1840s , the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice . Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration .", "Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship . Enlightened industrialists , such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class .", "Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike . In 1842 , a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain .", "Eventually , effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who , after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885 , began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party .", "The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs . The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation . Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver . Many such unemployed workers , weavers and others , turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery . These attackers became known as Luddites , supposedly followers of Ned Ludd , a folklore figure . The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811 . The Luddites rapidly gained popularity , and the British government took drastic measures , using the militia or army to protect industry . Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged , or transported for life .", "Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised , such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances . Threshing machines were a particular target , and hayrick burning was a popular activity . However , the riots led to the first formation of trade unions , and further pressure for reform .", "The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India , parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine made textiles , which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work , many of whom starved .", "Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton , which had previously been consumed mostly in regions where it was grown , with little raw cotton available for export . Consequently , prices of raw cotton rose . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution cotton was grown in small plots in the Old World , leaving the Americas with the only place having much available land with the potential for new cotton production . Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies , particularly in Haiti , but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791 . The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable , leading to widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil . ( A cotton seed brought to Natchez in 1806 of Gossypium hirsutum would be the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production . It produced bowls that were three to four times faster to pick . ) The Americas , particularly the U.S. , had labor shortages and high priced labor , which made slavery attractive . America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable , and were able to keep up with demand . The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world , including new colonies in Africa .", "The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste . The first large - scale , modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts , passed in 1863 , to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process , used to produce soda ash . An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution . The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded , culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke , grit , dust and fumes under supervision .", "The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820 . The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers . The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits . They usually lost and modified the worst practices . The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish . Finally , Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity . The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits .", "In industrial cities local experts and reformers , especially after 1890 , took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution , and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms . Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution . The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs . It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond , frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke . Although there were earlier pieces of legislation , the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke . It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke . The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions , such as soot , ash and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations .", "The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing , which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation .", "During the Industrial Revolution , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 .", "The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities , first in Europe and then in other regions , as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas . In 1800 , only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities , compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ) . Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717 , but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million .", "The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain . In many industries , this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places . Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities . By 1809 , part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England . The German , Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries . In some cases ( such as iron ) , the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted .", "Belgium was the second country , after Britain , in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe : Wallonia ( French speaking southern Belgium ) was the first region to follow the British model successfully . Starting in the middle of the 1820s , and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830 , numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi . The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill . His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production , from engineering to the supply of raw materials , as early as 1825 .", "Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion . Thanks to coal ( the French word `` houille '' was coined in Wallonia ) , the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain . But it is also pointed out by many researchers , with its Sillon industriel , ' Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , ( ... ) there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making ... ' . Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830 : `` It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain . '' `` The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent . '' Michel De Coster , Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also : `` The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world , in proportion to its population and its territory ( ... ) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal - mines , the blast furnaces , the iron and zinc factories , the wool industry , the glass industry , the weapons industry ... were concentrated . ''", "Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade - unions in a particular sociological landscape . At the left , the Sillon industriel , which runs from Mons in the west , to Verviers in the east ( except part of North Flanders , in another period of the industrial revolution , after 1920 ) . Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain , the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different . In ' Breaking stereotypes ' , Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say :", "The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one , but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium . During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period , Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres ( ... ) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region ( Flanders ) , with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent , remained one of the most urbanised in the world . By comparison , this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia , barely 10 per cent in most West European countries , 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain . Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure , except in Ghent ( ... ) Also , in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process , even though the proportion of city - dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910 . Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , where there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making , urbanisation was fast . During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred , concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region . Nevertheless , industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres , but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal - mine or a factory . Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than , for instance , the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows .", "The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries . Notably , most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take - off . Instead , France 's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries . However , some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy - Leboyer :", "French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) , industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) , economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) , renewal of the growth after 1905 .", "French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) ,", "industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) ,", "economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) ,", "renewal of the growth after 1905 .", "Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories , Germany , which was unified in 1871 , became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century . At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical .", "Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s . However , by the 1840s , trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders . Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . Observers found that even as late as 1890 , their engineering was inferior to Britain 's . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and pulled ahead of France", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "During the period 1790 -- 1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements : an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates , new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming , and a protoindustrialisation , with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter . This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s .", "During 1815 -- 1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries . This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen , textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland . Several important institutional changes took place in this period , such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 ( as first country in the world ) , the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846 , and a stock company law in 1848 .", "During 1850 -- 1890 , Sweden experienced a veritable explosion in export , dominated by crops , wood and steel . Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873 .", "During 1890 -- 1930 , Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution . New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market : mechanical engineering , power utilities , papermaking and textile .", "The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West . The government built railroads , improved roads , and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development . It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ) .", "In 1871 , a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways . The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up . The Bank of Japan , founded in 1882 , used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories . Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west .", "Modern industry first appeared in textiles , including cotton and especially silk , which was based in home workshops in rural areas .", "During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise , the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period .", "Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts , the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US . The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century .", "Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid 1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon . This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production .", "The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling , but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s . As a result , industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States , which has fast - moving rivers . The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production . In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing , allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest .", "Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787 , the first cotton mill in America , the largest cotton mill of its era , and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future . This mill was designed to use horse power , but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable , and had economic losses for years . Despite the losses , the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation , both in turning a large amount of cotton , but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill .", "In 1793 , Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket , Rhode Island . He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire , England , and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789 , hoping to make money with his knowledge . After founding Slater 's Mill , he went on to own 13 textile mills . Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1809 , the third woollen mill established in the US ( The first was in Hartford , Connecticut , and the second at Watertown , Massachusetts . ) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of `` America 's Hardest - Working River ' , the Blackstone . The Blackstone River and its tributaries , which cover more than 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Worcester , Massachusetts to Providence , Rhode Island , was the birthplace of America 's Industrial Revolution . At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley , including Slater 's mill , and with it the earliest beginnings of America 's Industrial and Technological Development .", "Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport , Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810 . Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America , on his return to the United States , he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company . Lowell and his partners built America 's second cotton - to - cloth textile mill at Waltham , Massachusetts , second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . After his death in 1817 , his associates built America 's first planned factory town , which they named after him . This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering , one of the first uses of it in the United States . Lowell , Massachusetts , using 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) of canals and 10,000 horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River , is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution . The short - lived utopia - like Waltham - Lowell system was formed , as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain . However , by 1850 , especially following the Irish Potato Famine , the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour .", "A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal . Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms . The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory . Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position , jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy . The milling machine , a fundamental machine tool , is believed to have been invented by Ely Whitney , who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program . Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe , invented by Thomas Blanchard . The Blanchard lathe , or pattern tracing lathe , was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks . The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing", "Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanized the shoe industry . and the watch industry . The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham , Massachusetts , at the Waltham Watch Company , with the development of machine tools , gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches .", "Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass - production , which are said to characterise a `` Second Industrial Revolution '' , beginning around 1850 , although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s , when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities . However , it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality . Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century .", "This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals , mainly the chemical industries , petroleum ( refining and distribution ) , and , in the 20th century , the automotive industry , and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany .", "The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation .", "A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries . The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal - deprived northern Italy , beginning in the 1890s .", "By the 1890s , industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests , as companies like U.S. Steel , General Electric , Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world 's stock markets .", "The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate , with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century . The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour - intensive , forcing the farmers who could no longer be self - sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry , for example weaving , and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories . The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade , creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors , as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century . A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth , thereby encouraging economic development .", "Until the 1980s , it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine . However , recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional , supply - oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution .", "Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages , much earlier than most estimates . He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that `` the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock '' . He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time - keeping , as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later , more physical , manifestations such as the steam engine .", "The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution , particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain . In other nations , such as France , markets were split up by local regions , which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them . Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England , they survived in Russia till 1753 , 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain .", "Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor . The effects of patents , both good and ill , on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine , the key enabling technology . In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines , thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development . However , monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance , or even overbalance , the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors . Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors , such as Richard Trevithick , William Murdoch , or Jonathan Hornblower , whom Boulton and Watt sued , from introducing improved steam engines , thereby retarding the spread of steam power .", "One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century , particularly China , India , and the Middle East , or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages . Numerous factors have been suggested , including education , technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ) , `` modern '' government , `` modern '' work attitudes , ecology , and culture .", "China was the world 's most technological advanced country for many centuries ; however , China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Exploration , by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners . China was also a totalitarian society . Modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity ( and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars ) whereas China , by comparison , had only 450 dollars . India was essentially feudal , politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe .", "Historians such as David Landes and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred . The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo - Christianity and Greek thought . Conversely , Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius , Mencius , Han Feizi ( Legalism ) , Lao Tzu ( Taoism ) , and Buddha ( Buddhism ) , resulting in very different worldviews . Other factors include the considerable distance of China 's coal deposits , though large , from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea .", "Regarding India , the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain . '' In contrast to China , India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire , with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas , Sikhs , Bengal Subah , and Kingdom of Mysore . In addition , the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton , and there appears to have been little technical innovation . It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over .", "Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive , as entrepreneurs , innovators , ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities . This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced , large unitary empires such as China and India . China had both a printing press and movable type , and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700 , yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe , not China or India . In Europe , political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin , had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters .", "Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution . Key factors fostering this environment were : ( 1 ) The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland ; ( 2 ) no trade barriers between England and Scotland ; ( 3 ) the rule of law ( enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts ) ; ( 4 ) a straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint - stock companies ( corporations ) ; ( 5 ) absence of tolls , which had largely disappeared from Britain by the 15th century , but were an extreme burden on goods elsewhere in the world , and ( 6 ) a free market ( capitalism ) .", "Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coast lines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe .", "There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain . These values were self - interest and an entrepreneurial spirit . Because of these interests , many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution . These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole . Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions .", "The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries . Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment . However , it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5 % of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution . Even though slavery accounted for so little , Caribbean - based demand accounted for 12 % of Britain 's industrial output .", "Instead , the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies , particularly China and Russia . Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse , and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ) . Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods . The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas , reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe . This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe .", "Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed . It had a dense population for its small geographical size . Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available . There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England , the English Midlands , South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands . Local supplies of coal , iron , lead , copper , tin , limestone and water power , resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry . Also , the damp , mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton , providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry .", "The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution , and British society 's greater receptiveness to change ( compared with other European countries ) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution . Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement , and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism . ( This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc 's The Servile State . )", "The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society , Letters on the English ( 1733 ) , noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country 's less religiously tolerant European neighbours . `` Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London , a place more venerable than many courts of justice , where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind . There the Jew , the Mahometan ( Muslim ) , and the Christian transact together , as though they all professed the same religion , and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts . There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist , and the Churchman depends on the Quaker 's word . If one religion only were allowed in England , the Government would very possibly become arbitrary ; if there were but two , the people would cut one another 's throats ; but as there are such a multitude , they all live happy and in peace . ''", "Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820 , while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 % . Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800 . By 1800 , only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain . This was only possible because coal , coke , imported cotton , brick and slate had replaced wood , charcoal , flax , peat and thatch . The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not . Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised . A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy .", "In 1700 , 5 / 6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain , while the Netherlands had none ; so despite having Europe 's best transport , most urbanised , well paid , literate people and lowest taxes , it failed to industrialise . In the 18th century , it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank . Without coal , Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s .", "Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages , cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur . These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development , and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies .", "Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means . Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached . A common method was for someone to make a study tour , gathering information where he could . During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before , all European countries and America engaged in study - touring ; some nations , like Sweden and France , even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy . In other countries , notably Britain and America , this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods . Study tours were common then , as now , as was the keeping of travel diaries . Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods .", "Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies , like the Lunar Society of Birmingham , in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing . The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809 , and it has been said of them , `` They were , if you like , the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions , the Industrial Revolution '' . Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions . For example , the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions , as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions .", "There were publications describing technology . Encyclopaedias such as Harris 's Lexicon Technicum ( 1704 ) and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopaedia ( 1802 -- 1819 ) contain much of value . Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution , very well illustrated by fine engravings . Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot 's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates .", "Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century , and many regularly included notice of the latest patents . Foreign periodicals , such as the Annales des Mines , published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours .", "Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress , technology and hard work . The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic ( see Max Weber ) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects , such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War . Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law , which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England , contributed to the capacity for , and interest in , private financial investment in industrial ventures .", "Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices , as well as education at England 's only two universities at the time ( although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland 's four universities ) . When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act , they thereupon became active in banking , manufacturing and education . The Unitarians , in particular , were very involved in education , by running Dissenting Academies , where , in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow , much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences -- areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies .", "Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important , along with the nature of the national economies involved . While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government , they were considered fellow Protestants , to a limited extent , by many in the middle class , such as traditional financiers or other businessmen . Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital , the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century .", "During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed , associated with the Romantic movement . Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization , urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes . Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language , in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time '' . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged . French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry ." ]

[ [ "George Smith" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Manhattans The Manhattans in 1972. ( L - to - R ) Richard `` Ricky '' Taylor , Gerald Alston , Walt `` Kenny '' Kelly , Ed `` Sonny '' Bivins , Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett Background information Origin Jersey City , New Jersey , United States Genres Rhythm and blues , soul Years active 1962 -- present Labels Carnival Records , Columbia Records , King Records", "The Manhattans", "The Manhattans in 1972. ( L - to - R ) Richard `` Ricky '' Taylor , Gerald Alston , Walt `` Kenny '' Kelly , Ed `` Sonny '' Bivins , Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett", "Background information", "Origin Jersey City , New Jersey , United States", "Genres Rhythm and blues , soul", "Years active 1962 -- present", "Labels Carnival Records , Columbia Records , King Records", "The Manhattans are an American popular R&B vocal group . Their work includes million - selling songs `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' recorded in 1976 and 1980 's `` Shining Star '' . The Manhattans have recorded 45 chart hits on the Billboard R&B Chart , including twelve top 10 R&B hits in the United States charting on the Billboard chart for the first time in 1965 . Sixteen of which reached the Billboard Hot 100 , including two Top 10s and a number 1 hit with their song `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' . Their 1983 song `` Forever by Your Side '' remains especially popular in Brazil thirty years after its release . They also charted some 8 U.S. R&B Top 20 Albums , three of which were R.I.A.A. certified gold .", "The Manhattans , originally from Jersey City , formed in 1962 with members George `` Smitty '' Smith ( born December 28 , 1939 , Florida ; died December 16 , 1970 ) , Edward `` Sonny '' Bivins ( born Edward Jessie Bivins , Jr. , January 15 , 1936 , Macon , Georgia ; died December 3 , 2014 , Basking Ridge , Bernards Township , New Jersey ) , Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett ( born Winfred Lorenzo Lovett , November 16 , 1936 , Jersey City ; died December 9 , 2014 , Arizona ) , Kenny `` Wally '' Kelley ( born Kenneth Bernard Kelly , January 9 , 1941 , Jersey City ; died February 17 , 2015 ) , and Richard `` Ricky '' Taylor ( born in 1940 ; died December 7 , 1987 ) . Bivins , Lovett , and Kelley were graduating from Lincoln High School , while Taylor and Smith were graduating from Snyder High School . All five enlisted in the armed forces and came together as a group following their discharges from their respective branches .", "The group 's first single was `` For the Very First Time , '' released in 1964 by Carnival Records . They continued recording successfully with songs written by various members of the group . In 1968 , the group received the `` Most Promising Group '' award by NATRA . In 1969 , the group moved to the De Luxe record label , a subsidiary of King Records , subsequently embarking on a college tour . While playing at Kittrell College in North Carolina , the group met another group , the New Imperials , featuring Gerald Alston , nephew of The Shirelles ' lead singer , Shirley Alston - Reeves . They were so impressed with Alston that they asked him to join the group , but he declined .", "Misfortune hit the group late in 1970 when George Smith fell and later took ill . With him unable to perform , the group began to search for a new lead . First they attempted to woo The Cymbals ' lead , Lee Williams , but he was unwilling to leave his current group . The group then renewed their request to Gerald Alston ( born November 8 , 1951 , North Carolina ) , who accepted and took over the lead spot . Original lead singer George Smith died of a brain tumor on December 16 , 1970 , 12 days before his 31st birthday .", "The Manhattans continued recording throughout the 1970s with Alston singing lead vocals . They struck chart gold in 1973 with the Bivins - written song `` There 's No me Without You '' . Then their biggest song to date was `` Kiss and Say Goodbye , '' written by Blue Lovett and arranged / co-produced with the group by the Philadelphia - based record producer Bobby Martin , a former member of the MFSB band of session musicians . The song quickly became a number 1 chart topper on both the US Billboard Pop and R&B charts . It also became only the second single to go platinum , after the RIAA introduced the award in 1976 . Taylor left in 1976 to concentrate on his conversion to Islam . He died in 1987 after a long illness . The group continued as a quartet , and found further success in March 1980 with the release of `` Shining Star , '' which reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the R&B Chart . Produced and co-written by the Chicago - based record producer , Leo Graham , it received a Grammy Award the following spring .", "In 1983 , The Manhattans released the album Forever by Your Side , by Columbia Records , which brought the two singles the group that year . The first was the song `` Crazy '' , the great success of this album , peaked at number 4 on the R&B chart . The second single was the title track `` Forever by Your Side '' , which had moderate success in the United States , peaked at number 30 on the R&B chart , but has become a great success and a romantic classic in Brazil two years later , when she was part of the soundtrack of a soap opera in the country in 1985 . The success made `` Forever by Your Side '' gain a Portuguese version the following year , called `` Pra Sempre Vou Te Amar '' , which also was successful in Brazil and was recorded by several Brazilian artists . Another highlight of this album Forever by Your Side was the song `` Just The Lonely Talking Again '' , written by the American singer and songwriter Sam Dees , which was originally recorded by The Manhattans this 1983 album and was later re-recorded by Whitney Houston on her second studio album `` Whitney '' in 1987 .", "The group celebrated its 20th anniversary in 1985 with the release of Too Hot To Stop It . It included the Evans / Smith - penned `` When We 're Made As One , '' originally recorded in 1966 but covered in an a cappella , doo wop style to emphasize the group 's doo wop roots . The album was also dedicated to George Smith .", "The group continued until 1988 . That year , Alston left to record as a solo artist , scoring with several major R&B hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s for Motown . Roger Harris was recruited as the new lead singer for the group , which moved to the new label , Valley Vue , when their Columbia recording contract expired .", "The group 's largest shake - up was in December 1990 , when Blue Lovett left the group , upon his doctor 's request , for health reasons . Kenny Kelley left to return to college to pursue his PhD . Bivins continued along with lead singer Roger Harris who had replaced Gerald Alston in 1988 - 89 along with new members . He recruited new members Charles Hardy and Harsey Hemphill , who in October 1990 had auditioned for Bivins but did n't come aboard until after Lovett and Kelly left at the end of 1990 . In early 1991 Bivins added Alvin Pazant , bringing the group back to a quintet . Harris proved to be only a short - term lead , and in April 1991 he was replaced by Wade Taylor . Taylor was replaced in July 1991 when Bivins recruited Lee Williams , the person whom they had originally wanted to replace George Smith .", "In the 2000s , there were two versions of The Manhattans . One version featured original founding member Bivins , plus Hardy , Hemphill , Pazant and Williams . They released the CD Manhattans Now in 1994 . In 1996 the group formed their own full - service music corporation company called Manhattan Entertainment Inc . In 2003 and 2007 they were featured artists in two theater plays , Girl He Aint Worth It and The Chicken Shack . In June 2013 , the group released a single called `` Just For Tonite '' written by Bivins and Pazant and produced and arranged by Leroy Burgess . In 2015 Lee Williams retired and was replaced by Keni Jackson as the new lead singer . And they still continue to perform , with the same line up in 2018 .", "The other version of The Manhattans featured original member Blue Lovett and Gerald Alston , lead singer on the group 's biggest hits . Other members include Troy May and David Tyson , brother of The Temptations ' Ron Tyson . In the past , the group also featured Eban Brown , who later spent eighteen years as lead vocalist for The Stylistics . This group has also released some CDs , including Even Now . This version of the group was featured in two PBS specials and performed at casinos and theaters across the United States . Alston appeared on Wu - Tang Clan 's album , 8 Diagrams , on the song `` Stick Me for My Riches '' in 2007 .", "Edward `` Sonny '' Bivins , founding member of the Manhattans , died on December 3 , 2014 , at the age of 78 . He sang on every Manhattans hit since the group 's inception , and wrote many of their hit songs . He led the Manhattans up until his death .", "Winfred `` Blue '' Lovett , the group 's original bass singer and songwriter , died on December 9 , 2014 , at the age of 78 . His bass voice was heard on many Manhattans hits , including the spoken word intro to `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' .", "Kenneth `` Wally '' Kelly , the last surviving original member of the group , died on February 17 , 2015 , at the age of 74 .", "Lead singer Gerald Alston is the only member alive of the group 's heyday lineup .", "Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications Record label US US R&B AUS CAN NLD UK 1966 Dedicated to You -- 19 -- -- -- -- Carnival 1967 For You and Yours -- -- -- -- -- -- 1970 With These Hands -- -- -- -- -- -- De Luxe 1972 A Million to One -- 35 -- -- -- -- 1973 There 's No Me Without You 150 19 -- -- -- -- Columbia That 's How Much I Love You 160 59 -- -- -- -- 1976 The Manhattans 16 6 39 11 37 RIAA : Gold 1977 It Feels So Good 68 12 -- 78 -- -- RIAA : Gold 1978 There 's No Good in Goodbye 78 18 -- -- -- -- 1979 Love Talk 141 20 -- -- -- -- 1980 After Midnight 24 -- 77 -- -- RIAA : Gold 1981 Black Tie 86 21 -- -- -- -- Forever by Your Side 104 17 -- -- -- -- 1985 Too Hot to Stop It 171 44 -- -- -- -- 1986 Back to Basics -- -- -- -- -- -- 1989 Sweet Talk -- -- -- -- -- -- Valley Vue 2001 Even Now -- -- -- -- -- -- Beemark 2007 Reachin ' for the Sky -- -- -- -- -- -- KRB Music 2008 Men Cry Too -- -- -- -- -- -- S.D.E.G. `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "Year Album Peak chart positions Certifications Record label", "US US R&B AUS CAN NLD UK", "1966 Dedicated to You -- 19 -- -- -- -- Carnival", "1967 For You and Yours -- -- -- -- -- --", "1970 With These Hands -- -- -- -- -- -- De Luxe", "1972 A Million to One -- 35 -- -- -- --", "1973 There 's No Me Without You 150 19 -- -- -- -- Columbia", "That 's How Much I Love You 160 59 -- -- -- --", "1976 The Manhattans 16 6 39 11 37 RIAA : Gold", "RIAA : Gold", "RIAA : Gold", "1977 It Feels So Good 68 12 -- 78 -- -- RIAA : Gold", "RIAA : Gold", "RIAA : Gold", "1978 There 's No Good in Goodbye 78 18 -- -- -- --", "1979 Love Talk 141 20 -- -- -- --", "1980 After Midnight 24 -- 77 -- -- RIAA : Gold", "RIAA : Gold", "RIAA : Gold", "1981 Black Tie 86 21 -- -- -- --", "Forever by Your Side 104 17 -- -- -- --", "1985 Too Hot to Stop It 171 44 -- -- -- --", "1986 Back to Basics -- -- -- -- -- --", "1989 Sweet Talk -- -- -- -- -- -- Valley Vue", "2001 Even Now -- -- -- -- -- -- Beemark", "2007 Reachin ' for the Sky -- -- -- -- -- -- KRB Music", "2008 Men Cry Too -- -- -- -- -- -- S.D.E.G.", "`` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "Live from South Africa ( 1999 , Classic World )", "Live from South Africa ( 1999 , Classic World )", "Year Album Peak chart positions Record label US US R&B NLD 1980 Greatest Hits 87 18 -- Columbia 1990 Dedicated to You : Golden Classics , Part 1 -- -- -- Collectables Sing for You & Yours : Golden Classics , Part 2 -- -- -- 1995 The Best of the Manhattans : Kiss and Say Goodbye -- -- -- Columbia / Legacy 2000 Love Songs -- -- 72 2002 Super Hits -- -- -- I 'm the One That Love Forgot -- -- -- Collectables 2008 Sweet Talking Soul 1965 - 1990 -- -- -- Shout ! Factory `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "Year Album Peak chart positions Record label", "US US R&B NLD", "1980 Greatest Hits 87 18 -- Columbia", "1990 Dedicated to You : Golden Classics , Part 1 -- -- -- Collectables", "Sing for You & Yours : Golden Classics , Part 2 -- -- --", "1995 The Best of the Manhattans : Kiss and Say Goodbye -- -- -- Columbia / Legacy", "2000 Love Songs -- -- 72", "2002 Super Hits -- -- --", "I 'm the One That Love Forgot -- -- -- Collectables", "2008 Sweet Talking Soul 1965 - 1990 -- -- -- Shout ! Factory", "`` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "Year Single Peak chart Positions Certifications US US R&B US A / C AUS CAN NLD NZ UK 1964 `` For the Very First Time '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` There Goes a Fool '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1965 `` I Wanna Be ( Your Everything ) '' 68 12 -- -- 42 -- -- -- `` Searchin ' for My Baby '' ( A-side ) 135 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I 'm the One That Love Forgot '' ( B - side ) 135 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Follow Your Heart '' 92 20 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1966 `` Baby I Need You '' 96 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Can I '' -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I Bet'cha ( Could n't Love Me ) '' 128 23 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` It 's That Time of the Year '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1967 `` All I Need Is Your Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` When We 're Made as One '' -- 31 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I Call It Love '' 96 24 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1968 `` I Do n't Wanna Go '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` ' Til You Come Back to Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1969 `` The Picture Became Quite Clear '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1970 `` It 's Gonna Take a Lot to Bring Me Back '' -- 36 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` If My Heart Could Speak '' 98 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` From Atlanta to Goodbye '' 113 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1971 `` Let Them Talk '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I Ca n't Stand for You to Leave Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1972 `` A Million to One '' ( A-side ) 114 47 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Cry If You Wanna Cry '' ( B - side ) -- 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` One Life to Live '' 102 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1973 `` Back Up '' 107 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Rainbow Week '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` There 's No Me Without You '' 43 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Do You Ever '' -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` You 'd Better Believe It '' 77 18 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Wish That You Were Mine '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Summertime in the City '' -- 45 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Do n't Take Your Love '' 37 7 -- -- 65 -- -- -- `` Hurt '' 97 10 -- -- 90 12 22 BPI : Silver 1976 `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' 12 7 RIAA : Platinum BPI : Silver MC : Gold `` I Kinda Miss You '' 46 7 -- -- 45 -- -- -- 1977 `` It Feels So Good to be Loved So Bad '' 66 6 -- -- 78 -- -- -- `` It 's You '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43 `` We Never Danced to a Love Song '' 93 10 -- -- 83 -- -- -- 1978 `` Am I Losing You '' 101 6 -- -- 96 -- -- -- `` Everybody Has a Dream '' -- 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` The Way We Were '' / `` Memories '' ( medley ) -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1980 `` Shining Star '' 5 21 67 6 -- 45 RIAA : Platinum `` Girl of My Dream '' -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` I 'll Never Find Another ( Find Another Like You ) '' 109 12 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1981 `` Do You Really Mean Goodbye ? '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Just One Moment Away '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Let Your Love Come Down '' -- 77 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1982 `` Honey , Honey '' -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Crazy '' 72 -- -- -- -- -- 63 `` Forever by Your Side '' -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1985 `` You Send Me '' 81 20 8 -- -- -- 48 -- `` Do n't Say No '' -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1986 `` Where Did We Go Wrong ? '' ( with Regina Belle ) -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` All I Need '' -- 41 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1989 `` Sweet Talk '' -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Why You Wanna Love Me Like That '' -- 62 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1990 `` I Wo n't Stop '' -- 79 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2001 `` Nites Like This '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2013 `` Just for Tonite '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory .", "Year Single Peak chart Positions Certifications", "US US R&B US A / C AUS CAN NLD NZ UK", "1964 `` For the Very First Time '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` There Goes a Fool '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "1965 `` I Wanna Be ( Your Everything ) '' 68 12 -- -- 42 -- -- --", "`` Searchin ' for My Baby '' ( A-side ) 135 20 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` I 'm the One That Love Forgot '' ( B - side ) 135 -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Follow Your Heart '' 92 20 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1966 `` Baby I Need You '' 96 22 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Can I '' -- 23 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` I Bet'cha ( Could n't Love Me ) '' 128 23 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` It 's That Time of the Year '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "1967 `` All I Need Is Your Love '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` When We 're Made as One '' -- 31 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` I Call It Love '' 96 24 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1968 `` I Do n't Wanna Go '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` ' Til You Come Back to Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "1969 `` The Picture Became Quite Clear '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "1970 `` It 's Gonna Take a Lot to Bring Me Back '' -- 36 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` If My Heart Could Speak '' 98 30 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` From Atlanta to Goodbye '' 113 48 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1971 `` Let Them Talk '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` I Ca n't Stand for You to Leave Me '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "1972 `` A Million to One '' ( A-side ) 114 47 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Cry If You Wanna Cry '' ( B - side ) -- 48 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` One Life to Live '' 102 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1973 `` Back Up '' 107 19 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Rainbow Week '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` There 's No Me Without You '' 43 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Do You Ever '' -- 40 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` You 'd Better Believe It '' 77 18 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Wish That You Were Mine '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Summertime in the City '' -- 45 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Do n't Take Your Love '' 37 7 -- -- 65 -- -- --", "`` Hurt '' 97 10 -- -- 90 12 22 BPI : Silver", "BPI : Silver", "BPI : Silver", "1976 `` Kiss and Say Goodbye '' 12 7 RIAA : Platinum BPI : Silver MC : Gold", "RIAA : Platinum BPI : Silver MC : Gold", "RIAA : Platinum", "BPI : Silver", "MC : Gold", "`` I Kinda Miss You '' 46 7 -- -- 45 -- -- --", "1977 `` It Feels So Good to be Loved So Bad '' 66 6 -- -- 78 -- -- --", "`` It 's You '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 43", "`` We Never Danced to a Love Song '' 93 10 -- -- 83 -- -- --", "1978 `` Am I Losing You '' 101 6 -- -- 96 -- -- --", "`` Everybody Has a Dream '' -- 65 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1979 `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' -- 29 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` The Way We Were '' / `` Memories '' ( medley ) -- 33 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1980 `` Shining Star '' 5 21 67 6 -- 45 RIAA : Platinum", "RIAA : Platinum", "RIAA : Platinum", "`` Girl of My Dream '' -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` I 'll Never Find Another ( Find Another Like You ) '' 109 12 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1981 `` Do You Really Mean Goodbye ? '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Just One Moment Away '' -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Let Your Love Come Down '' -- 77 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1982 `` Honey , Honey '' -- 25 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Crazy '' 72 -- -- -- -- -- 63", "`` Forever by Your Side '' -- 30 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1985 `` You Send Me '' 81 20 8 -- -- -- 48 --", "`` Do n't Say No '' -- 60 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1986 `` Where Did We Go Wrong ? '' ( with Regina Belle ) -- 42 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` All I Need '' -- 41 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1989 `` Sweet Talk '' -- 67 -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` Why You Wanna Love Me Like That '' -- 62 -- -- -- -- -- --", "1990 `` I Wo n't Stop '' -- 79 -- -- -- -- -- --", "2001 `` Nites Like This '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "2013 `` Just for Tonite '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --", "`` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Platt Amendment Long title An Act Making appropriation for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth , nineteen hundred and two . Enacted by the 56th United States Congress Citations Statutes at Large Chapter 803 , 31 Stat. 895 , 897 Legislative history Signed into law by President William McKinley on March 2 , 1901", "Long title An Act Making appropriation for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth , nineteen hundred and two .", "Enacted by the 56th United States Congress", "Citations", "Statutes at Large Chapter 803 , 31 Stat. 895 , 897", "Legislative history", "Signed into law by President William McKinley on March 2 , 1901", "Signed into law by President William McKinley on March 2 , 1901", "Signed into law by President William McKinley on March 2 , 1901", "On March 2 , 1901 , the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill . It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish -- American War , and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions . It defined the terms of Cuban -- U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba .", "On December 25 , 1901 , Cuba amended its constitution to contain , word for word , the seven applicable demands of the Platt Amendment .", "On May 22 , 1903 , Cuba entered into a treaty with the United States to make the same required seven pledges : the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations of 1903 . Two of the seven pledges were to allow the United States to intervene unilaterally in Cuban affairs , and a pledge to lease land to the United States for naval bases on the island . ( The Cuban - American Treaty of Relations of 1934 replaced the 1903 Treaty of Relations , and dropped three of the seven pledges . )", "The 1903 Treaty of Relations was used as justification for the Second Occupation of Cuba from 1906 to 1909 . On September 29 , 1906 , Secretary of War ( and future U.S. president ) William Howard Taft initiated the Second Occupation of Cuba when he established the Provisional Government of Cuba under the terms of the treaty ( Article three ) , declaring himself Provisional Governor of Cuba . On October 23 , 1906 , President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 518 , ratifying the order .", "On May 29 , 1934 , the United States and Cuba signed the 1934 Treaty of Relations that in its first article abrogates the 1903 Treaty of Relations .", "During the Spanish -- American War , the United States maintained a large military arsenal in Cuba to protect U.S. holdings and to mediate Spanish -- Cuban relations . In 1899 , the McKinley administration settled on occupation as its response to the appearance of a revolutionary government in Cuba following the end of Spanish control .", "In an effort to turn Cuba into a `` self - governing colony '' , the United States established The Platt Amendment to maintain public order . The Platt Amendment was also an addition to the earlier Teller Amendment . American General Leonard Wood used the financial resources of the Cuban treasury to create sanitation systems . A handful of civil rights , including the right to vote , were extended to literate , adult , male Cubans with property worth $250 or more , largely resulting in exclusion of the Afro - Cuban population and women from participation .", "The Platt Amendment was introduced to Congress by Senator Orville H. Platt on February 25 , 1901 . It passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 43 to 20 . Though initially rejected by the Cuban assembly , the amendment was eventually accepted by a vote of 16 to 11 with four abstentions and integrated into the 1901 Cuban Constitution .", "The Platt Amendment outlined the role of the United States in Cuba and the Caribbean . It mainly limited the right to make treaties with other nations . It restricted Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial relations . It established that Cuba 's boundaries would not include the Isle of Pines ( Isla de la Juventud ) until its title could be established in a future treaty . The amendment also demanded that Cuba sell or lease lands to the United States necessary for coaling or the development of naval stations .", "It read :", "I. - That the government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba , nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes or otherwise , lodgement in or control over any portion of said island .", "II . That said government shall not assume or contract any public debt , to pay the interest upon which , and to make reasonable sinking fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which , the ordinary revenues of the island , after defraying the current expenses of government shall be inadequate .", "III . That the government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence , the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life , property , and individual liberty , and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the treaty of Paris on the United States , now to be assumed and undertaken by the government of Cuba .", "IV . That all Acts of the United States in Cuba during its military occupancy thereof are ratified and validated , and all lawful rights acquired thereunder shall be maintained and protected .", "V. That the government of Cuba will execute , and as far as necessary extend , the plans already devised or other plans to be mutually agreed upon , for the sanitation of the cities of the island , to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented , thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba , as well as to the commerce of the southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein .", "VI . That the Isle of Pines shall be omitted from the proposed constitutional boundaries of Cuba , the title thereto being left to future adjustment by treaty .", "VII . That to enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba , and to protect the people thereof , as well as for its own defense , the government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations at certain specified points to be agreed upon with the President of the United States .", "VIII . That by way of further assurance the government of Cuba will embody the foregoing provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States .", "After U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt withdrew federal troops from the island in 1902 , Cuba signed the treaty the next year after which Cuba executed a lease of land to the United States for a coaling and naval station at Guantánamo Bay .", "Following acceptance of the amendment , the United States ratified a tariff that gave Cuban sugar preference in the U.S. market and protection to select U.S. products in the Cuban market . Tomás Estrada Palma , who had once favored outright annexation of Cuba by the United States , became president of Cuba on May 20 , 1902 .", "Most of the Platt Amendment provisions were repealed in 1934 when the Cuban - American Treaty of Relations of 1934 between the United States and Cuba was negotiated as a part of U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt 's `` Good Neighbor policy '' toward Latin America . José Manuel Cortina and other members of the Cuban Constitutional Convention of 1940 eliminated the Platt Amendment from the new Cuban constitution .", "The long - term lease of Guantánamo Bay continues . The Cuban government under Castro has strongly denounced the treaty as a violation of Article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , which declares a treaty void if procured by the threat or use of force . However , Article 4 of the Vienna Convention states that its provisions shall not be applied retroactively .", "Historian Louis A. Perez Jr. has argued that the Platt Amendment resulted in the conditions it had hoped to avoid , including Cuban volatility ." ]

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[ "80 -- 100 % 60 -- 80 % 40 -- 60 % 20 -- 40 % 0.1 -- 20 % Not available", "80 -- 100 % 60 -- 80 % 40 -- 60 % 20 -- 40 % 0.1 -- 20 % Not available", "The following is a list of English - speaking population by country , including information on both native speakers and second - language speakers .", "Some numbers have been calculated by Wikipedia editors by mixing data from different sources ; figures not attributed to sources and given with a date should be treated with caution . Also note that in most sources , the results showed are of people who say that they can speak English , while that was not verified ; which means the actual amount of English speakers could be higher or lower ( Because of certain people that over - or underestimate their English skills ) .", "Country Eligible population Total English speakers Total English speakers ( % ) As first language As first language ( % ) As an additional language As an additional language ( % ) Comments United States 296,603,003 283,160,411 95.46 234,171,556 79.0 48,988,855 16.5 Figures are from the 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - year estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau for persons age 5 and older . Total English speakers are those who either spoke English at home ( i.e. as first language ) , or reported speaking another language at home but could speak English `` very well '' or `` well '' ( i.e. as an additional language ) . India 1,028,737,436 125,344,736 12.18 226,449 0.02 125,118,287 12.16 2001 Census figures for population and first , second , and third languages . English as a first language is only spoken by 226,449 people , as a second language by 86,125,221 , and as a third language by 38,993,066 . Pakistan 188,400,100 108,036,049 57 8,642,883 8 92,316,049 49 Official Language , lingua franca and spoken amongst a wide proportion of the Pakistani Population -- 49 % as a second language ( other estimates ) . Nigeria 156,493,000 79,000,000 53.34 79,000,000 53.34 Euromonitor International report ( 2009 ) Philippines 100,437,852 64,025,890 63.73 36,935 0.0037 63,988,955 63.72 Total population : Census 2010 . Proportion of total speakers : Census 2000 , text above Figure 7 . 63.71 % of the then 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English . Proportion of native speakers : Census 1995 , as quoted by Andrew Gonzalez in `` The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines '' , Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 19 ( 5&6 ) , 487 -- 525 , p. 492 : . 04 % of the then 68.4 million people were native speakers of English . ( 1998 ) . `` Six out of 10 people aged 5 and over can speak english ( 63.71 % ) . '' United Kingdom 64,000,000 59,600,000 97.74 54,400,000 92.14 5,128,000 5.60 Source : Data from the 2011 census for England and Wales . Additional English speaker figures are for usual residents aged 3 years and over with a main language other than English who can speak English `` very well '' or `` well '' . Germany 80,600,000 45,400,000 56 272,000 0.338 45,100,000 56 Native speakers : Statistisches Bundesamt ( cited here ) . Non-native speakers : Eurobarometer report 2012 Does not include foreign military personnel based in Germany . Canada 33,121,175 28,360,240 85.63 18,858,980 56.94 9,501,260 28.69 Source : ( 3 ) , Population by knowledge of official languages and Population by mother tongue . The 2011 count reported that 22,564,665 people were able to conduct a conversation in English but not French , while 5,795,575 were able to converse in both English and French . The census also asked for the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual : 18,858,980 reported English as their sole mother tongue , 144,685 reported both English and French as mother tongues , 396,330 reported English and a non-official language as mother tongues , and 24,095 reported English , French and a non-official language as mother tongues . Costa Rica 4,910,526 400,415 8.2 400,415 Source : Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2017 http://www.inec.go.cr/sistema-de-consultas France 65,350,000 23,000,000 39 23,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Australia 21,394,309 17,357,833 97 15,013,965 70.17 2,343,868 17 Source : 2001 Census . The 2001 census data is subject to multiple interpretations . The data noted that 18,972,350 persons out of 21,394,309 total were speakers of a language , and excluded young children . However , more than a million of those 18,972,350 persons provided no information ; 879,778 did not give information on proficiency , and 203,101 were `` overseas visitors '' who were not asked . Of the 17,889,671 persons for whom an inquiry was made 17,357,833 spoke English only , or `` well '' or `` very well '' as a second language ; while 531,838 spoke `` not well '' or `` not at all '' . Italy 59,619,290 17,000,000 34 17,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Bangladesh 163,323,100 30,108,031 18 709,873 29,398,158 Source : Euromonitor International report 2009 , Euromonitor Dec 2010 Egypt 83,289,500 28,101,325 35 28,101,325 Source : Euromonitor International Report 2011 Thailand 63,038,247 17,121,187 27.16 17,121,187 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Netherlands 16,770,000 15,030,000 90 15,030,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Nepal 29,890,686 13,896,720 46.49 20,000 0.067 876,720 Source : Census . ( date not verified ) South Africa 52,981,991 16,424,417 31 4,930,510 9.3 11,493,907 22 Native speakers from 2011 Census . Non-native speakers : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Poland 38,501,000 14,300,000 37 100,000 14,200,000 Source : Central Statistical Office , Additional language speakers are people age 18 -- 69 , who reported English Language as their first of second best foreign language , Central Statistical Office Native language counted as those who speak English at home . Turkey 70,586,256 12,000,000 17 12,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006 Iraq 31,700,000 11,095,000 35 11,000,000 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 ) Sri Lanka 22,480,000 10,565,600 47 37,061 0.2 9,680,000 47 English Proficiency Index Spain 47,190,000 10,400,000 22 10,400,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 China 1,210,000,000 10,000,000 < 1 10,000,000 Figures are for English users in mainland China only ( i.e. excluding Hong Kong where English is an official language and Macau ) . The often - cited figure of 300 million is for `` learners . '' Brazil 205,000,000 10,542,000 5 292,000 0.14 10,250,000 5 Source : British council ( 2012 ) and EF . Only 5 % of Brazilians have a proficient grasp of English as a second or foreign additional language and an additional 6 % have a very rudimentary knowledge . Brazil has 240 thousand British descendants and 180 thousand American ancestry citizens including the Confederados cultural sub-group , descendants of the Confederate colonies . Sweden 9,921,541 8,200,000 86 8,200,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Kenya 43,013,431 8,100,000 18.83 7,900,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Cameroon 19,740,000 7,500,000 38 7,500,000 Euromonitor International Report ( 2009 ) Malaysia 27,170,000 15,580,000 62.57 380,000 1.4 15,200,000 61.1 EF English Proficiency Index Russia 138,312,535 7,574,303 5.48 2,522 7,571,787 Source : Composition by Nationality and Language Ability , Citizenship , Tables 4.5 and 4.1 , Russian Census ( 2010 ) . The `` total '' figure is the number of residents who reported English as one of the languages they knew . The `` first language '' figure is the number of residents who reported `` American '' or `` English '' as their nationality . The `` additional languages '' figure is the difference . More than 9 million schoolgoers studied English as a foreign language in 2008 -- 2009 . Belgium 10,584,534 6,250,000 60 6,250,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006 ( the 2012 report seems to have a critical typo ) Note that the Belgian population is divided in two distinct linguistic regions : The Dutch - speaking Flanders , and the French - speaking Wallonia ( note that the region of Brussels also has a majority of native French speakers ) . Like in the Netherlands , a high percentage of Flemish people speak English fluently , and in Wallonia , a lower percentage of people speak English ( as it is the case in France ) , which brings down the total percentage . Israel 7,303,000 6,205,000 84.97 100,000 1.37 6,105,000 Source : Ethnologue ( 2005 ) English is widely spoken , both by the Jewish majority and by minority ethnic groups . Austria 8,415,000 6,150,000 73 6,150,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Romania 19,043,767 5,900,000 31 5,900,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Zimbabwe 13,349,000 5,550,000 41.58 250,000 1.87 5,300,000 Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Greece 10,787,690 5,500,000 51 5,500,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Sierra Leone 5,866,000 4,900,000 83.53 500,000 8.52 4,400,000 Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Mexico 120,664,000 15,686,262 12.9 15,686,262 Consulta Mitofsky - Tracking Poll Roy Campos : Las Lenguas Extranjeras en México , January 2013 ; and II Conteo de Población y Vivienda , Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática ( INEGI ) . Denmark 5,543,000 4,770,000 86 4,770,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Switzerland 7,637,300 4,680,000 61.28 73,400 0.96 4,606,600 Figure for speakers of English as `` main language '' , according to Federal Statistical Office , Neuchâtel 2008 Source for number of non-native English speakers is 1999 publication by Prof. François Grin cited here : http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/countries/uk/language.html Morocco 32,770,900 4,587,926 14 4,587,926 Source : Euromonitor International report 2011 Norway 5,136,700 4,500,000 90 4,500,000 Source : http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/norwegian-english-fusion-language/ Ukraine 40,044,238 7,207,962 18.0 Source : EF English Proficiency Index ( 4 ) Republic of Ireland 4,422,100 4,350,000 98.37 4,122,100 93.21 237,900 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006 ; Central Statistics Office ( 5 ) ; Travbla Singapore 5,607,300 4,218,737 83.1 1,873,302 36.9 2,345,435 Source : 2015 Census . Second language speaker figure only includes those literate in English aged 15 or more and does not include third language proficiency . General Household Survey 2015 `` Language Spoken at Home Among Residents Aged 5 Years and Over '' Ghana 27,000,000 18,000,000 66.67 18,000,000 Source : 2010 Ghanaian Census Tanzania 40,454,000 4,000,000 9.89 4,000,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . New Zealand 4,275,100 3,673,623 97.82 3,673,623 85.93 There were 4,027,947 responses to 2006 Census : Language spoken . 3,673,679 gave English as a response , 81,936 had no English but another language . The balance of 272,382 were ; no language ( too young ) 75,195 , no response 196,221 , response unidentifiable 588 , response outside scope 378 . Hence it is most meaningful to express the English - speaking per cent without including the figures for these 272,382 . This gives 97.8 % English - speaking , 2.2 % non-English - speaking ( 3,673,679 and 81,936 divided by 3,755,565 ) Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 , gives figures of 3,700,000 native speakers and 150,000 second language speakers . Finland 5,410,000 3,800,000 70 3,800,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Portugal 10,623,000 2,900,000 27 2,900,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Papua New Guinea 6,331,000 3,150,000 49.76 150,000 2.37 3,000,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Liberia 3,750,000 3,100,000 82.67 600,000 16 2,500,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Jordan 6,598,000 2,969,370 45 2,969,370 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 ) Jamaica 2,714,000 2,650,000 97.64 45,900 17.1 50,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Algeria 35,954,000 2,516,780 7 2,516,780 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 ) Uganda 30,884,000 2,500,000 8.09 2,500,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Hong Kong 6,808,433 3,136,784 46.07 238,288 3.5 2,898,496 According to 2011 population census , Hong Kong has approximately 3.1 million speakers , of whom 238,288 regard English as their `` usual '' language . Czechia 10,562,214 2,850,000 27 2,850,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Argentina 42,192,500 2,752,681 6.52 Source : . Percentage of people who state to have a high level of English . Another 19.49 % and 16.23 % of people said they had an intermediate and low level , respectively , of English . Yemen 24,800,000 2,232,000 9 2,232,000 Source : Euromonitor International report 2011 Croatia 4,555,000 2,200,000 49 2,200,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006 Colombia 47,661,368 2,012,950 4.22 75,600 1,937,350 Total was estimated by multiplying projected population for 2014 ( DANE ) by percentage of Colombian population that speaks English 4.09 % then 63,600 was added to that figure which is the total of American and British residents . Figures for native speakers are as follows : 60,000 U.S. citizens that reside in Colombia 12,000 are Colombian Raizal from San Andrés and Isla de Providencia where they speak San Andrés -- Providencia Creole 3,600 British expatriates Hungary 9,982,000 2,000,000 20 2,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Puerto Rico 3,991,000 1,940,000 48.61 100,000 1,840,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Zambia 11,922,000 1,910,000 16.02 110,000 1,800,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Bulgaria 7,640,238 1,900,000 25 2,605 1,902,605 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 and 2011 Census Kazakhstan 12,156,705 1,874,583 15.4 602 1,873,981 Number of those who understand spoken English , from these 1.9 million : 311,435 ( 2.6 % / 16.6 % ) can only read , 931,444 ( 7.7 % / 49.6 % ) can read and write in English . The number of native speakers is the sum of Americans and Englishmen `` by nationality '' . ( Census 2009 ) Lebanon 4,265,600 1,706,000 40 1,706,000 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 ) Chile 16,634,603 1,585,027 9.53 Source : 2012 Census . Rwanda 10,137,400 1,520,610 15 1,520,610 Source : Euromonitor International report 2009 Slovakia 5,397,036 1,400,000 26 1,400,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Trinidad and Tobago 1,305,000 1,145,000 87.74 1,145,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Slovenia 2,050,000 1,210,000 59 1,210,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Lithuania 3,053,800 1,160,000 38 1,160,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Latvia 2,070,371 950,000 46 950,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Guyana 751,000 680,000 90.55 650,000 30,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Botswana 1,639,833 630,000 38.42 630,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Estonia 1,294,236 650,000 50 650,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Cyprus 839,000 610,000 73 610,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Malawi 13,931,831 540,209 3.88 209 540,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 and Kayambizinthu . Lesotho 1,795,000 500,000 27.86 500,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Suriname 470,784 410,000 87.09 260,000 150,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Malta 453,000 400,000 89 48,000 352,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Namibia 1,820,916 314,000 17.24 14,000 300,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Luxembourg 509,000 290,000 56 290,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 Bahamas 330,549 288,000 87.13 260,000 28,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Barbados 279,000 275,000 98.57 262,000 13,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Belize 301,270 246,000 81.65 190,000 56,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Madagascar 23,042,300 4,147,614 18 4,147,614 The main languages are French and Malagasy . Mauritius 1,264,866 202,000 15.97 2,000 200,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Vanuatu 215,446 180,000 83.55 60,000 120,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Fiji 853,445 176,000 20.62 6,000 170,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Solomon Islands 552,438 175,000 31.68 10,000 165,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Guam 173,456 158,000 91.09 58,000 100,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Brunei 381,371 144,000 39.07 10,000 134,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120,000 114,000 95 114,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . U.S. Virgin Islands 108,448 113,000 95.97 98,000 15,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Grenada 110,000 100,000 90.91 100,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Samoa 188,540 94,000 49.86 1,000 93,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Isle of Man 80,058 80,000 99.93 80,000 Myanmar 53,900,000 2,400,000 4.45 2,400,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Saint Lucia 165,000 71,000 43.03 31,000 40,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Northern Mariana Islands 84,000 70,000 83.33 5,000 65,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Antigua and Barbuda 85,000 68,000 80 66,000 2,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . American Samoa 57,345 45,933 80.1 1,791 44,142 Source : The World Factbook -- American Samoa Federated States of Micronesia 111,000 64,000 57.66 4,000 60,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Bermuda 65,000 63,000 96.92 63,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Dominica 67,000 63,000 94.03 3,000 60,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Marshall Islands 59,000 60,000 98.33 60,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Swaziland 1,141,000 50,000 4.38 50,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Aruba 104,000 44,000 42.31 9,000 35,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . The Gambia 1,709,000 40,000 2.34 40,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Saint Kitts and Nevis 50,000 39,000 78 39,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Cayman Islands 47,000 36,000 76.6 36,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Seychelles 87,000 33,000 37.93 3,000 30,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Gibraltar 28,875 28,875 100 28,000 875 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Tonga 100,000 30,000 30 30,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Kiribati 95,000 23,000 24.21 23,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . British Virgin Islands 23,000 20,000 86.96 20,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . Palau 20,000 18,500 92.5 500 18,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Andorra 81,222 17,869 22 17,869 Source Census : Linguistic knowledge 2004 . Anguilla 13,000 12,000 92.31 12,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Nauru 10,300 800 96.26 9,500 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . English is spoken as the language of government and commerce . Cook Islands 20,200 4,000 19.8 1,000 3,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Montserrat 5,900 4,000 67.8 4,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole . TOTAL 5,102,585,737 1,179,874,130 336,358,172 838,676,510", "Country Eligible population Total English speakers Total English speakers ( % ) As first language As first language ( % ) As an additional language As an additional language ( % ) Comments", "United States 296,603,003 283,160,411 95.46 234,171,556 79.0 48,988,855 16.5 Figures are from the 2011 - 2015 American Community Survey 5 - year estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau for persons age 5 and older . Total English speakers are those who either spoke English at home ( i.e. as first language ) , or reported speaking another language at home but could speak English `` very well '' or `` well '' ( i.e. as an additional language ) .", "India 1,028,737,436 125,344,736 12.18 226,449 0.02 125,118,287 12.16 2001 Census figures for population and first , second , and third languages . English as a first language is only spoken by 226,449 people , as a second language by 86,125,221 , and as a third language by 38,993,066 .", "Pakistan 188,400,100 108,036,049 57 8,642,883 8 92,316,049 49 Official Language , lingua franca and spoken amongst a wide proportion of the Pakistani Population -- 49 % as a second language ( other estimates ) .", "Nigeria 156,493,000 79,000,000 53.34 79,000,000 53.34 Euromonitor International report ( 2009 )", "Philippines 100,437,852 64,025,890 63.73 36,935 0.0037 63,988,955 63.72 Total population : Census 2010 . Proportion of total speakers : Census 2000 , text above Figure 7 . 63.71 % of the then 66.7 million people aged 5 years or more could speak English . Proportion of native speakers : Census 1995 , as quoted by Andrew Gonzalez in `` The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines '' , Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 19 ( 5&6 ) , 487 -- 525 , p. 492 : . 04 % of the then 68.4 million people were native speakers of English . ( 1998 ) . `` Six out of 10 people aged 5 and over can speak english ( 63.71 % ) . ''", "United Kingdom 64,000,000 59,600,000 97.74 54,400,000 92.14 5,128,000 5.60 Source : Data from the 2011 census for England and Wales . Additional English speaker figures are for usual residents aged 3 years and over with a main language other than English who can speak English `` very well '' or `` well '' .", "Germany 80,600,000 45,400,000 56 272,000 0.338 45,100,000 56 Native speakers : Statistisches Bundesamt ( cited here ) . Non-native speakers : Eurobarometer report 2012 Does not include foreign military personnel based in Germany .", "Canada 33,121,175 28,360,240 85.63 18,858,980 56.94 9,501,260 28.69 Source : ( 3 ) , Population by knowledge of official languages and Population by mother tongue . The 2011 count reported that 22,564,665 people were able to conduct a conversation in English but not French , while 5,795,575 were able to converse in both English and French . The census also asked for the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual : 18,858,980 reported English as their sole mother tongue , 144,685 reported both English and French as mother tongues , 396,330 reported English and a non-official language as mother tongues , and 24,095 reported English , French and a non-official language as mother tongues .", "Costa Rica 4,910,526 400,415 8.2 400,415 Source : Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2017 http://www.inec.go.cr/sistema-de-consultas", "France 65,350,000 23,000,000 39 23,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Australia 21,394,309 17,357,833 97 15,013,965 70.17 2,343,868 17 Source : 2001 Census . The 2001 census data is subject to multiple interpretations . The data noted that 18,972,350 persons out of 21,394,309 total were speakers of a language , and excluded young children . However , more than a million of those 18,972,350 persons provided no information ; 879,778 did not give information on proficiency , and 203,101 were `` overseas visitors '' who were not asked . Of the 17,889,671 persons for whom an inquiry was made 17,357,833 spoke English only , or `` well '' or `` very well '' as a second language ; while 531,838 spoke `` not well '' or `` not at all '' .", "Italy 59,619,290 17,000,000 34 17,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Bangladesh 163,323,100 30,108,031 18 709,873 29,398,158 Source : Euromonitor International report 2009 , Euromonitor Dec 2010", "Egypt 83,289,500 28,101,325 35 28,101,325 Source : Euromonitor International Report 2011", "Thailand 63,038,247 17,121,187 27.16 17,121,187 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Netherlands 16,770,000 15,030,000 90 15,030,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Nepal 29,890,686 13,896,720 46.49 20,000 0.067 876,720 Source : Census . ( date not verified )", "South Africa 52,981,991 16,424,417 31 4,930,510 9.3 11,493,907 22 Native speakers from 2011 Census . Non-native speakers : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Poland 38,501,000 14,300,000 37 100,000 14,200,000 Source : Central Statistical Office , Additional language speakers are people age 18 -- 69 , who reported English Language as their first of second best foreign language , Central Statistical Office Native language counted as those who speak English at home .", "Turkey 70,586,256 12,000,000 17 12,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006", "Iraq 31,700,000 11,095,000 35 11,000,000 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 )", "Sri Lanka 22,480,000 10,565,600 47 37,061 0.2 9,680,000 47 English Proficiency Index", "Spain 47,190,000 10,400,000 22 10,400,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "China 1,210,000,000 10,000,000 < 1 10,000,000 Figures are for English users in mainland China only ( i.e. excluding Hong Kong where English is an official language and Macau ) . The often - cited figure of 300 million is for `` learners . ''", "Brazil 205,000,000 10,542,000 5 292,000 0.14 10,250,000 5 Source : British council ( 2012 ) and EF . Only 5 % of Brazilians have a proficient grasp of English as a second or foreign additional language and an additional 6 % have a very rudimentary knowledge . Brazil has 240 thousand British descendants and 180 thousand American ancestry citizens including the Confederados cultural sub-group , descendants of the Confederate colonies .", "Sweden 9,921,541 8,200,000 86 8,200,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Kenya 43,013,431 8,100,000 18.83 7,900,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Cameroon 19,740,000 7,500,000 38 7,500,000 Euromonitor International Report ( 2009 )", "Malaysia 27,170,000 15,580,000 62.57 380,000 1.4 15,200,000 61.1 EF English Proficiency Index", "Russia 138,312,535 7,574,303 5.48 2,522 7,571,787 Source : Composition by Nationality and Language Ability , Citizenship , Tables 4.5 and 4.1 , Russian Census ( 2010 ) . The `` total '' figure is the number of residents who reported English as one of the languages they knew . The `` first language '' figure is the number of residents who reported `` American '' or `` English '' as their nationality . The `` additional languages '' figure is the difference . More than 9 million schoolgoers studied English as a foreign language in 2008 -- 2009 .", "Belgium 10,584,534 6,250,000 60 6,250,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006 ( the 2012 report seems to have a critical typo ) Note that the Belgian population is divided in two distinct linguistic regions : The Dutch - speaking Flanders , and the French - speaking Wallonia ( note that the region of Brussels also has a majority of native French speakers ) . Like in the Netherlands , a high percentage of Flemish people speak English fluently , and in Wallonia , a lower percentage of people speak English ( as it is the case in France ) , which brings down the total percentage .", "Israel 7,303,000 6,205,000 84.97 100,000 1.37 6,105,000 Source : Ethnologue ( 2005 ) English is widely spoken , both by the Jewish majority and by minority ethnic groups .", "Austria 8,415,000 6,150,000 73 6,150,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Romania 19,043,767 5,900,000 31 5,900,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Zimbabwe 13,349,000 5,550,000 41.58 250,000 1.87 5,300,000 Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Greece 10,787,690 5,500,000 51 5,500,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Sierra Leone 5,866,000 4,900,000 83.53 500,000 8.52 4,400,000 Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Mexico 120,664,000 15,686,262 12.9 15,686,262 Consulta Mitofsky - Tracking Poll Roy Campos : Las Lenguas Extranjeras en México , January 2013 ; and II Conteo de Población y Vivienda , Instituto Nacional de Estadística , Geografía e Informática ( INEGI ) .", "Denmark 5,543,000 4,770,000 86 4,770,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Switzerland 7,637,300 4,680,000 61.28 73,400 0.96 4,606,600 Figure for speakers of English as `` main language '' , according to Federal Statistical Office , Neuchâtel 2008 Source for number of non-native English speakers is 1999 publication by Prof. François Grin cited here : http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/countries/uk/language.html", "Morocco 32,770,900 4,587,926 14 4,587,926 Source : Euromonitor International report 2011", "Norway 5,136,700 4,500,000 90 4,500,000 Source : http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/norwegian-english-fusion-language/", "Ukraine 40,044,238 7,207,962 18.0 Source : EF English Proficiency Index ( 4 )", "Republic of Ireland 4,422,100 4,350,000 98.37 4,122,100 93.21 237,900 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006 ; Central Statistics Office ( 5 ) ; Travbla", "Singapore 5,607,300 4,218,737 83.1 1,873,302 36.9 2,345,435 Source : 2015 Census . Second language speaker figure only includes those literate in English aged 15 or more and does not include third language proficiency . General Household Survey 2015 `` Language Spoken at Home Among Residents Aged 5 Years and Over ''", "Ghana 27,000,000 18,000,000 66.67 18,000,000 Source : 2010 Ghanaian Census", "Tanzania 40,454,000 4,000,000 9.89 4,000,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "New Zealand 4,275,100 3,673,623 97.82 3,673,623 85.93 There were 4,027,947 responses to 2006 Census : Language spoken . 3,673,679 gave English as a response , 81,936 had no English but another language . The balance of 272,382 were ; no language ( too young ) 75,195 , no response 196,221 , response unidentifiable 588 , response outside scope 378 . Hence it is most meaningful to express the English - speaking per cent without including the figures for these 272,382 . This gives 97.8 % English - speaking , 2.2 % non-English - speaking ( 3,673,679 and 81,936 divided by 3,755,565 ) Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 , gives figures of 3,700,000 native speakers and 150,000 second language speakers .", "Finland 5,410,000 3,800,000 70 3,800,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Portugal 10,623,000 2,900,000 27 2,900,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Papua New Guinea 6,331,000 3,150,000 49.76 150,000 2.37 3,000,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Liberia 3,750,000 3,100,000 82.67 600,000 16 2,500,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Jordan 6,598,000 2,969,370 45 2,969,370 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 )", "Jamaica 2,714,000 2,650,000 97.64 45,900 17.1 50,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Algeria 35,954,000 2,516,780 7 2,516,780 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 )", "Uganda 30,884,000 2,500,000 8.09 2,500,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Hong Kong 6,808,433 3,136,784 46.07 238,288 3.5 2,898,496 According to 2011 population census , Hong Kong has approximately 3.1 million speakers , of whom 238,288 regard English as their `` usual '' language .", "Czechia 10,562,214 2,850,000 27 2,850,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Argentina 42,192,500 2,752,681 6.52 Source : . Percentage of people who state to have a high level of English . Another 19.49 % and 16.23 % of people said they had an intermediate and low level , respectively , of English .", "Yemen 24,800,000 2,232,000 9 2,232,000 Source : Euromonitor International report 2011", "Croatia 4,555,000 2,200,000 49 2,200,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2006", "Colombia 47,661,368 2,012,950 4.22 75,600 1,937,350 Total was estimated by multiplying projected population for 2014 ( DANE ) by percentage of Colombian population that speaks English 4.09 % then 63,600 was added to that figure which is the total of American and British residents . Figures for native speakers are as follows : 60,000 U.S. citizens that reside in Colombia 12,000 are Colombian Raizal from San Andrés and Isla de Providencia where they speak San Andrés -- Providencia Creole 3,600 British expatriates", "Hungary 9,982,000 2,000,000 20 2,000,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Puerto Rico 3,991,000 1,940,000 48.61 100,000 1,840,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Zambia 11,922,000 1,910,000 16.02 110,000 1,800,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Bulgaria 7,640,238 1,900,000 25 2,605 1,902,605 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012 and 2011 Census", "Kazakhstan 12,156,705 1,874,583 15.4 602 1,873,981 Number of those who understand spoken English , from these 1.9 million : 311,435 ( 2.6 % / 16.6 % ) can only read , 931,444 ( 7.7 % / 49.6 % ) can read and write in English . The number of native speakers is the sum of Americans and Englishmen `` by nationality '' . ( Census 2009 )", "Lebanon 4,265,600 1,706,000 40 1,706,000 Source : Euromonitor International report ( 2011 )", "Chile 16,634,603 1,585,027 9.53 Source : 2012 Census .", "Rwanda 10,137,400 1,520,610 15 1,520,610 Source : Euromonitor International report 2009", "Slovakia 5,397,036 1,400,000 26 1,400,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Trinidad and Tobago 1,305,000 1,145,000 87.74 1,145,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Slovenia 2,050,000 1,210,000 59 1,210,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Lithuania 3,053,800 1,160,000 38 1,160,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Latvia 2,070,371 950,000 46 950,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Guyana 751,000 680,000 90.55 650,000 30,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Botswana 1,639,833 630,000 38.42 630,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Estonia 1,294,236 650,000 50 650,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Cyprus 839,000 610,000 73 610,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Malawi 13,931,831 540,209 3.88 209 540,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 and Kayambizinthu .", "Lesotho 1,795,000 500,000 27.86 500,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Suriname 470,784 410,000 87.09 260,000 150,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Malta 453,000 400,000 89 48,000 352,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Namibia 1,820,916 314,000 17.24 14,000 300,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Luxembourg 509,000 290,000 56 290,000 Source : Eurobarometer report 2012", "Bahamas 330,549 288,000 87.13 260,000 28,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Barbados 279,000 275,000 98.57 262,000 13,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Belize 301,270 246,000 81.65 190,000 56,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Madagascar 23,042,300 4,147,614 18 4,147,614 The main languages are French and Malagasy .", "Mauritius 1,264,866 202,000 15.97 2,000 200,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Vanuatu 215,446 180,000 83.55 60,000 120,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Fiji 853,445 176,000 20.62 6,000 170,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Solomon Islands 552,438 175,000 31.68 10,000 165,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Guam 173,456 158,000 91.09 58,000 100,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Brunei 381,371 144,000 39.07 10,000 134,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 120,000 114,000 95 114,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "U.S. Virgin Islands 108,448 113,000 95.97 98,000 15,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Grenada 110,000 100,000 90.91 100,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Samoa 188,540 94,000 49.86 1,000 93,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Isle of Man 80,058 80,000 99.93 80,000", "Myanmar 53,900,000 2,400,000 4.45 2,400,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Saint Lucia 165,000 71,000 43.03 31,000 40,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Northern Mariana Islands 84,000 70,000 83.33 5,000 65,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Antigua and Barbuda 85,000 68,000 80 66,000 2,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "American Samoa 57,345 45,933 80.1 1,791 44,142 Source : The World Factbook -- American Samoa", "Federated States of Micronesia 111,000 64,000 57.66 4,000 60,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Bermuda 65,000 63,000 96.92 63,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Dominica 67,000 63,000 94.03 3,000 60,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Marshall Islands 59,000 60,000 98.33 60,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Swaziland 1,141,000 50,000 4.38 50,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Aruba 104,000 44,000 42.31 9,000 35,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "The Gambia 1,709,000 40,000 2.34 40,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Saint Kitts and Nevis 50,000 39,000 78 39,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Cayman Islands 47,000 36,000 76.6 36,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Seychelles 87,000 33,000 37.93 3,000 30,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Gibraltar 28,875 28,875 100 28,000 875 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Tonga 100,000 30,000 30 30,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Kiribati 95,000 23,000 24.21 23,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "British Virgin Islands 23,000 20,000 86.96 20,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "Palau 20,000 18,500 92.5 500 18,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Andorra 81,222 17,869 22 17,869 Source Census : Linguistic knowledge 2004 .", "Anguilla 13,000 12,000 92.31 12,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Nauru 10,300 800 96.26 9,500 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . English is spoken as the language of government and commerce .", "Cook Islands 20,200 4,000 19.8 1,000 3,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 .", "Montserrat 5,900 4,000 67.8 4,000 Source : Crystal ( 2003 ) , p. 109 . Note this includes speakers of an English creole .", "TOTAL 5,102,585,737 1,179,874,130 336,358,172 838,676,510", "The European Union is a supranational union composed of 28 member states . The combined total English - speaking population ( 2012 ) is 256,876,220 ( out of a total population of 500,000,000 , i.e. 51 % ) including 65,478,252 native speakers and 191,397,968 non-native speakers , and would be ranked 2nd if it were included . English native speakers amount to 13 % of the whole Union population , while the percentage of people that speak English `` well enough in order to be able to have a conversation '' , either as first ( 32 % ) , second ( 11 % ) or third ( 3 % ) foreign language , was 38 % . When taken from this list and added together , the total number of English speakers in the world adds up to around 1,200,000,000 . Likewise , the total number of native English speakers adds up to around 350,000,000 . This implies that there are approximately 850,000,000 people who speak English as an additional language .", "The European Union is a supranational union composed of 28 member states . The combined total English - speaking population ( 2012 ) is 256,876,220 ( out of a total population of 500,000,000 , i.e. 51 % ) including 65,478,252 native speakers and 191,397,968 non-native speakers , and would be ranked 2nd if it were included . English native speakers amount to 13 % of the whole Union population , while the percentage of people that speak English `` well enough in order to be able to have a conversation '' , either as first ( 32 % ) , second ( 11 % ) or third ( 3 % ) foreign language , was 38 % .", "When taken from this list and added together , the total number of English speakers in the world adds up to around 1,200,000,000 . Likewise , the total number of native English speakers adds up to around 350,000,000 . This implies that there are approximately 850,000,000 people who speak English as an additional language ." ]

[ [ "in the Kamloops and Ashcroft area in British Columbia, Canada" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Promotional poster , still under the original release date . Directed by Ken Kwapis Produced by Debra Martin Chase Denise Di Novi Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson Screenplay by Delia Ephron Elizabeth Chandler Based on The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants by Ann Brashares Starring Alexis Bledel America Ferrera Blake Lively Amber Tamblyn Music by Cliff Eidelman Cinematography John Bailey Edited by Kathryn Himoff Production company Alcon Entertainment Alloy Entertainment Di Novi Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $42 million", "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants", "Promotional poster , still under the original release date .", "Directed by Ken Kwapis", "Produced by Debra Martin Chase Denise Di Novi Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson", "Debra Martin Chase Denise Di Novi Andrew Kosove Broderick Johnson", "Debra Martin Chase", "Denise Di Novi", "Screenplay by Delia Ephron Elizabeth Chandler", "Delia Ephron Elizabeth Chandler", "Based on The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants by Ann Brashares", "Starring Alexis Bledel America Ferrera Blake Lively Amber Tamblyn", "Alexis Bledel America Ferrera Blake Lively Amber Tamblyn", "Music by Cliff Eidelman", "Cinematography John Bailey", "Edited by Kathryn Himoff", "Production company Alcon Entertainment Alloy Entertainment Di Novi Pictures", "Alcon Entertainment Alloy Entertainment Di Novi Pictures", "Di Novi Pictures", "Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures", "Release date June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 )", "June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 )", "June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 )", "Running time 119 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $25 million", "Box office $42 million", "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a 2005 American comedy - drama film released by Warner Bros. Pictures , based on the novel of the same name by Ann Brashares . It was directed by Ken Kwapis and screenplay by Delia Ephron and Elizabeth Chandler .", "The film 's production budget was $25 million . At the box office , it brought in a total domestic gross of $39,053,061 . The DVD was released in the United States on October 11 , 2005 , and features on - camera commentary by Amber Tamblyn , Alexis Bledel , and America Ferrera and deleted scenes ( discussed by Kwapis ) . The film was partially shot in the Kamloops and Ashcroft area in British Columbia , Canada .", "It is the first installment of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants film series , which inlcude a sequel The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 ( 2008 ) , with a third film is in development .", "This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This film 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Four teenage girls -- Carmen , Tibby , Bridget , and Lena -- are best friends from Bethesda , Maryland , who are about to separate for the summer for the first time in their lives . Lena is spending the summer in Santorini , Greece , with her grandparents ; Tibby is staying at home ; Bridget is going to soccer camp in Mexico ; and Carmen is visiting her father in South Carolina . On one of their final days they went shopping together , the girls find a seemingly ordinary pair of jeans that fit them all perfectly and flatter their figures , despite their very different measurements . The girls dub them the Traveling Pants and decide to share them equally over the course of the summer . They part the next day , and the film focuses on each girl 's journey separately .", "During the summer , Carmen goes to her dad 's house in ( South Carolina ) . On arrival , she is shocked when her dad immediately introduces her to a new family that he is about to marry into ; they are blonde ( White Anglo - Saxon Protestant ) , unlike Carmen who was raised by her Catholic , Puerto Rican mother . During her time there , her father and her new step - family neglect her emotionally , driving her to throw a stone through their dining room window , and catch a bus back to Maryland . At home she tells Tibby about her time with her dad and Tibby convinces her to confront her father with a phone call and finally tell him that she 's mad at him . Carmen tells her father and he apologizes . Her summer ends with the four of them returning south where she is an attendant at her father 's wedding , during which he makes a public apology for having snubbed her . She then accepted his apology .", "Through the unexpected intervention of the Pants , Lena meets a local Greek boy named Kostas Dounas . Lena learns from her grandparents that her family and Kostas ' family are sworn enemies stemming from an old family feud . Despite this , Kostas continues to pursue Lena , and the two develop feelings for each other . Lena holds back , though , until one day when she admits to herself that she is afraid of love . Once she makes this realization , she begins a secret relationship with Kostas . On their last night together , Kostas tells Lena that he loves her . Before Lena can answer , Lena 's family barges in , angrily pulling her away . Lena later confronts her grandfather and asks to go see Kostas before he leaves , to which her grandfather agrees . Kostas and Lena share a passionate kiss , and Lena confesses her love for him .", "While on the job at a discount department store , Tibby hears a loud crashing sound , and finds a young girl who has fainted in the deodorant aisle . She frantically calls for help , and the girl is taken away in an ambulance . When Lena mails the magical Pants to Tibby , they are delivered to the wrong house . Bailey Graffman , the girl who had fainted at the store , has them .", "Fascinated by Tibby 's movie , or `` suckumentary '' as she calls it , Bailey becomes Tibby 's self - appointed assistant . Tibby is annoyed by this at first , but gradually grows to accept Bailey . She later learns from Bailey 's neighbor that Bailey has leukemia .", "Bailey eventually goes to the hospital with a bad infection . Tibby avoids the hospital for a while , but eventually visits Bailey , bringing the Traveling Pants . She offers them to Bailey and pleads with her to take them so that they can help her . Bailey responds by saying that the pants have already worked their magic on Bailey by bringing her and Tibby together . Tibby spends a lot of time with Bailey in the hospital after that . A couple of days later , Tibby receives a phone call in the morning from Mrs. Graffman , Bailey 's mother , saying that Bailey died in the night . Sadly , the pants can not cure cancer .", "When Carmen comes back home from South Carolina , Tibby visits her to try to help her with her feelings of being snubbed by her father . Carmen lashes out at Tibby by saying that she has no feelings , and Tibby leaves in tears . The pair reconcile , and later go to Bridget 's house in order to bring her out of her depression .", "Over the course of the film , Tibby undergoes dramatic changes in her outlook due to her time with Bailey .", "Shortly after arriving at soccer camp in Baja California , Mexico , Bridget develops a crush on one of the coaches , Eric Richman . She reveals to Eric that a psychiatrist who evaluated her following her mother 's suicide described her as `` single - minded to the point of recklessness , '' presumably as a way of avoiding dealing with her mother 's death . This statement aptly describes Bridget 's pursuit of Eric , despite the fact that relationships between the coaches and the campers are forbidden . She flirts with Eric and shows off for him during games .", "When Bridget 's turn with the Traveling Pants finally comes , she puts them on that night and walks around outside Eric 's cabin , leading him to the beach . Bridget loses her virginity , which leaves Bridget feeling empty and listless , even after she returns home . After learning about this in a letter , Lena calls Carmen and Tibby , and they arrive at Bridget 's house to cheer her up . She tells them she is worried she is like her mother , whose mood also swung easily from very up to very down , eventually resulting in deep depression and suicide . Carmen and Tibby comfort Bridget by reassuring her that she is stronger than her mother . Eric visits Bridget and apologizes for his behavior over the summer , and tells her that while she is too young for him now , he hopes she will give him a shot when she is older , giving Bridget much - needed closure .", "Amber Tamblyn as Tabitha `` Tibby '' Tomko - Rollins Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby Alexis Bledel as Lena Kaligaris Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena America Ferrera as Carmen Lowell Tiara Santana as Young Carmen Blake Lively as Bridget Vreeland Ashley Hale as Young Bridget Bradley Whitford as Albert `` Al '' Lowell , Carmen 's father Jenna Boyd as Bailey Graffman Nancy Travis as Lydia Rodman Erica Hubbard as Soccer Pal Diana Kyle Schmid as Paul Rodman Mike Vogel as Eric Richman Michael Rady as Kostas Dounas Kristie Marsden as Soccer Pal Olivia Emily Tennant as Krista Rodman Leonardo Nam as Brian McBrian Rachel Ticotin as Christina", "Amber Tamblyn as Tabitha `` Tibby '' Tomko - Rollins Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby Alexis Bledel as Lena Kaligaris Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena America Ferrera as Carmen Lowell Tiara Santana as Young Carmen Blake Lively as Bridget Vreeland Ashley Hale as Young Bridget Bradley Whitford as Albert `` Al '' Lowell , Carmen 's father Jenna Boyd as Bailey Graffman Nancy Travis as Lydia Rodman Erica Hubbard as Soccer Pal Diana Kyle Schmid as Paul Rodman Mike Vogel as Eric Richman Michael Rady as Kostas Dounas Kristie Marsden as Soccer Pal Olivia Emily Tennant as Krista Rodman Leonardo Nam as Brian McBrian Rachel Ticotin as Christina", "Amber Tamblyn as Tabitha `` Tibby '' Tomko - Rollins Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby Alexis Bledel as Lena Kaligaris Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena America Ferrera as Carmen Lowell Tiara Santana as Young Carmen Blake Lively as Bridget Vreeland Ashley Hale as Young Bridget Bradley Whitford as Albert `` Al '' Lowell , Carmen 's father Jenna Boyd as Bailey Graffman Nancy Travis as Lydia Rodman Erica Hubbard as Soccer Pal Diana", "Amber Tamblyn as Tabitha `` Tibby '' Tomko - Rollins Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby", "Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby", "Victoria Tennant as Young Tibby", "Alexis Bledel as Lena Kaligaris Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena", "Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena", "Alanna Dawn Ekkert as Young Lena", "America Ferrera as Carmen Lowell Tiara Santana as Young Carmen", "Tiara Santana as Young Carmen", "Tiara Santana as Young Carmen", "Blake Lively as Bridget Vreeland Ashley Hale as Young Bridget", "Ashley Hale as Young Bridget", "Ashley Hale as Young Bridget", "Bradley Whitford as Albert `` Al '' Lowell , Carmen 's father", "Jenna Boyd as Bailey Graffman", "Nancy Travis as Lydia Rodman", "Erica Hubbard as Soccer Pal Diana", "Kyle Schmid as Paul Rodman Mike Vogel as Eric Richman Michael Rady as Kostas Dounas Kristie Marsden as Soccer Pal Olivia Emily Tennant as Krista Rodman Leonardo Nam as Brian McBrian Rachel Ticotin as Christina", "Kyle Schmid as Paul Rodman", "Mike Vogel as Eric Richman", "Michael Rady as Kostas Dounas", "Kristie Marsden as Soccer Pal Olivia", "Emily Tennant as Krista Rodman", "Leonardo Nam as Brian McBrian", "Rachel Ticotin as Christina", "Principal photography started on the island of Santorini , Greece . Filming then continued in Cabo San Lucas , Mexico .", "According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , `` This adaptation of a beloved novel charms with its heartwarming tale of friendship and young adulthood ; realistic portrayals of the lives of teenage girls lend the comedy - drama sincerity , and may capture hearts outside the female - centric demographic . '' It has a score of 77 % based on 125 reviews . Metacritic gave the film a score of 66 % , with `` generally favorable reviews '' , based on 34 reviews . Yahoo ! Movies gave the film a B rating based on 13 different critics .", "On its opening weekend , the film opened # 5 at the box office with $9,833,340 . As of November 14 , 2008 , the film has grossed $42,013,878 worldwide .", "The DVD and VHS were released in the US on October 11 , 2005 . The film has yet to be released on Blu - ray .", "The song album was released by Columbia Records on May 24 , 2005 .", "These Days -- Chantal Kreviazuk ( 3 : 57 ) Unwritten -- Natasha Bedingfield ( 4 : 19 ) Time of Our Lives -- Paul van Dyk ( 3 : 37 ) Black Roses Red -- Alana Grace ( 4 : 12 ) If God Made You ( Radio Remix ) -- Five for Fighting ( 4 : 16 ) Just for You -- William Tell ( 3 : 46 ) Closer to You -- Brandi Carlile ( 2 : 54 ) No Sleep Tonight -- The Faders ( 3 : 00 ) I Want You to Know -- Chantal Kreviazuk ( 3 : 19 ) Be Be Your Love -- Rachael Yamagata ( 4 : 14 ) Sun 's Gonna Rise -- Shannon Curfman ( 3 : 55 ) Simple -- Katy Perry ( 3 : 39 ) Always There in You -- Valli Girls ( an early track involving members of HAIM ) ( 3 : 46 )", "These Days -- Chantal Kreviazuk ( 3 : 57 )", "Unwritten -- Natasha Bedingfield ( 4 : 19 )", "Time of Our Lives -- Paul van Dyk ( 3 : 37 )", "Black Roses Red -- Alana Grace ( 4 : 12 )", "If God Made You ( Radio Remix ) -- Five for Fighting ( 4 : 16 )", "Just for You -- William Tell ( 3 : 46 )", "Closer to You -- Brandi Carlile ( 2 : 54 )", "No Sleep Tonight -- The Faders ( 3 : 00 )", "I Want You to Know -- Chantal Kreviazuk ( 3 : 19 )", "Be Be Your Love -- Rachael Yamagata ( 4 : 14 )", "Sun 's Gonna Rise -- Shannon Curfman ( 3 : 55 )", "Simple -- Katy Perry ( 3 : 39 )", "Always There in You -- Valli Girls ( an early track involving members of HAIM ) ( 3 : 46 )", "The album of Cliff Eidelman 's score was released by Varèse Sarabande on July 12 , 2005 .", "Prologue ( 3 : 44 ) Deja Blue ( 1 : 04 ) Fate ( 1 : 01 ) Rules of the Pants ( 3 : 26 ) A Touch of Greece ( 1 : 18 ) Honey ( 1 : 10 ) The Traveling Pants ( : 53 ) Reflection ( 2 : 07 ) Running ( 1 : 26 ) Traveling to Baja ( : 39 ) The Way of the Pants ( : 34 ) Letter ( 1 : 48 ) Broken Heart ( 1 : 16 ) A Brave Soul ( 1 : 15 ) Last Words ( : 58 ) Us ( 2 : 18 ) Sisterhood Reunites ( 1 : 14 ) Together ( 1 : 29 ) The Traveling Song ( 3 : 17 ) Piano Suite ( 4 : 03 )", "Prologue ( 3 : 44 )", "Deja Blue ( 1 : 04 )", "Fate ( 1 : 01 )", "Rules of the Pants ( 3 : 26 )", "A Touch of Greece ( 1 : 18 )", "Honey ( 1 : 10 )", "The Traveling Pants ( : 53 )", "Reflection ( 2 : 07 )", "Running ( 1 : 26 )", "Traveling to Baja ( : 39 )", "The Way of the Pants ( : 34 )", "Letter ( 1 : 48 )", "Broken Heart ( 1 : 16 )", "A Brave Soul ( 1 : 15 )", "Last Words ( : 58 )", "Us ( 2 : 18 )", "Sisterhood Reunites ( 1 : 14 )", "Together ( 1 : 29 )", "The Traveling Song ( 3 : 17 )", "Piano Suite ( 4 : 03 )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "2006 -- Won ; Imagen Foundation Awards for Best Actress ( America Ferrera ) 2006 -- Nominated ; ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture ( America Ferrera ) 2006 -- Nominated ; Young Artist Award for Best Family Feature Film -- Drama 2006 -- Nominated ; Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress ( Jenna Boyd ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Satellite Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role , Comedy or Musical ( America Ferrera ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Satellite Award for Outstanding Youth DVD ( Widescreen Edition ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress : Drama ( Alexis Bledel ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress : Drama ( Amber Tamblyn ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( America Ferrera ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( Jenna Boyd ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( Blake Lively ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Male ( Michael Rady ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit ( America Ferrera ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Love Scene ( Alexis Bledel and Michael Rady ) 2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie : Drama", "2006 -- Won ; Imagen Foundation Awards for Best Actress ( America Ferrera )", "2006 -- Nominated ; ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture ( America Ferrera )", "2006 -- Nominated ; Young Artist Award for Best Family Feature Film -- Drama", "2006 -- Nominated ; Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress ( Jenna Boyd )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Satellite Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role , Comedy or Musical ( America Ferrera )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Satellite Award for Outstanding Youth DVD ( Widescreen Edition )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress : Drama ( Alexis Bledel )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress : Drama ( Amber Tamblyn )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( America Ferrera )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( Jenna Boyd )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Female ( Blake Lively )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance -- Male ( Michael Rady )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit ( America Ferrera )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Love Scene ( Alexis Bledel and Michael Rady )", "2005 -- Nominated ; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie : Drama" ]

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[ "A lake is an area filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .", "Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .", "Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro - electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .", "The word lake comes from Middle English lake ( `` lake , pond , waterway '' ) , from Old English lacu ( `` pond , pool , stream '' ) , from Proto - Germanic * lakō ( `` pond , ditch , slow moving stream '' ) , from the Proto - Indo - European root * leǵ - ( `` to leak , drain '' ) . Cognates include Dutch laak ( `` lake , pond , ditch '' ) , Middle Low German lāke ( `` water pooled in a riverbed , puddle '' ) as in : de : Moorlake , de : Wolfslake , de : Butterlake , German Lache ( `` pool , puddle '' ) , and Icelandic lækur ( `` slow flowing stream '' ) . Also related are the English words leak and leach .", "There is considerable uncertainty about defining the difference between lakes and ponds , and no current internationally accepted definition of either term across scientific disciplines or political boundaries exists . For example , limnologists have defined lakes as water bodies which are simply a larger version of a pond , which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind - induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column . None of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure . For this reason , simple size - based definitions are increasingly used to separate ponds and lakes . One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares ( 5 acres ) or more in area ; however , others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares ( 12 acres ) and above , or 8 hectares ( 20 acres ) and above ( see also the definition of `` pond '' ) . Charles Elton , one of the founders of ecology , regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) or more . The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre , which is a dry basin most of the time but may become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall . In common usage , many lakes bear names ending with the word pond , and a lesser number of names ending with lake are in quasi-technical fact , ponds . One textbook illustrates this point with the following : `` In Newfoundland , for example , almost every lake is called a pond , whereas in Wisconsin , almost every pond is called a lake . ''", "One hydrology book proposes to define the term `` lake '' as a body of water with the following five characteristics :", "it partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits has essentially the same water level in all parts ( except for relatively short - lived variations caused by wind , varying ice cover , large inflows , etc . ) it does not have regular intrusion of seawater a considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins ( for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow - to - volume ratio ) the area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold ( for instance , one hectare )", "it partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits", "has essentially the same water level in all parts ( except for relatively short - lived variations caused by wind , varying ice cover , large inflows , etc . )", "it does not have regular intrusion of seawater", "a considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins ( for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow - to - volume ratio )", "the area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold ( for instance , one hectare )", "With the exception of the seawater intrusion criterion , the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications .", "The majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water , and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes . Canada , with a deranged drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres ( 1.2 sq mi ) and an unknown total number of lakes , but is estimated to be at least 2 million . Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres ( 5,400 sq ft ) or larger , of which 56,000 are large ( 10,000 square metres ( 110,000 sq ft ) or larger ) .", "Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream , which maintain a lake 's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water . Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both . They are termed endorheic lakes .", "Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro - electric power generation , aesthetic purposes , recreational purposes , industrial use , agricultural use or domestic water supply .", "Evidence of extraterrestrial lakes exists ; `` definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane '' was announced by NASA as returned by the Cassini Probe observing the moon Titan , which orbits the planet Saturn .", "Globally , lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds : of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide , 91 % are 1 hectare ( 2.5 acres ) or less in area ( see definition of ponds ) . Small lakes are also much more numerous than large lakes : in terms of area , one - third of the world 's standing water is represented by lakes and ponds of 10 hectares ( 25 acres ) or less . However , large lakes account for much of the area of standing water with 122 large lakes of 1,000 square kilometres ( 390 sq mi , 100,000 ha , 247,000 acres ) or more representing about 29 % of the total global area of standing inland water .", "Hutchinson in 1957 published a monograph that is regarded as a landmark discussion and classification of all major lake types , their origin , morphometric characteristics , and distribution . As summarized and discussed by these researchers , Hutchinson presented in it a comprehensive analysis of the origin of lakes and proposed what is a widely accepted classification of lakes according to their origin . This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes . The 11 major lake types are tectonic lakes , volcanic lakes , landslide lakes , glacial lakes , solution lakes , fluvial lakes , aeolian lakes , shoreline lakes , organic lakes , anthropomorphic lakes , and meteorite ( extraterrestrial impact ) lakes .", "Tectonic lakes are lakes formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of the Earth 's crust . These movements include faulting , tilting , folding , and warping . Some of the well - known and largest lakes on Earth are rift lakes occupying rift valleys , e.g. Central African Rift lakes and Lake Baikal . Other well - known tectonic lakes , Caspian Sea , the Sea of Aral , and other lakes from the Pontocaspian occupy basins that have been separated from the sea by the tectonic uplift of the sea floor above sea level .", "Often , the tectonic action of crustal extension has created an alternating series of parallel grabens and horsts that form elongate basins alternating with mountain ranges . Not only does this promote the creation of lakes by the disruption of preexisting drainage networks , it also creates within arid regions endorheic basins that containing salt lakes ( also called saline lakes ) . They form where there is no natural outlet , a high evaporation rate and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher - than - normal salt content . Examples of these salt lakes include Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea . another type of tectonic lake caused by faulting is sag ponds .", "Volcanic lakes are lakes that occupy either local depressions , e.g. craters and maars or larger basins , e.g. calderas , created by volcanism . Crater lakes are formed in volcanic craters and calderas , which fill up with precipitation more rapidly than they empty via either evaporation , groundwater discharge , or combination of both . Sometimes the latter are called caldera lakes , although often no distinction is made . An example is Crater Lake in Oregon , in the caldera of Mount Mazama . The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama around 4860 BC . Other volcanic lakes are created when either rivers or streams are dammed by lava flows or volcanic lahars . The basin within which Malheur Lake , Oregon was created when a lava flow dammed the Malheur River .", "Glacial lakes are lakes created by the direct action of glaciers and continental ice sheets . A wide variety of glacial processes create enclosed basins . As a result , there are a wide variety of different types of glacial lakes and it is often difficult to define clear - cut distinctions between different types of glacial lakes and lakes influenced by other activities . The general types of glacial lakes that have recognized are lakes in direct contact with ice ; glacially carved rock basins and depressions ; morainic and outwash lakes ; and glacial drift basins . Glacial lakes are the numerous lakes in the world . Most the lakes in northern Europe and North America have been either influenced or created by the latest , but not last , glaciation , to have covered the region . Glacial lakes include proglacial lakes , subglacial lakes , finger lakes , and epishelf lakes . Epishelf lakes are highly stratified lakes in which a layer of freshwater , derived from ice and snow melt , is dammed behind an ice shelf that is attached to the coastline . They are mostly found in Antarctica .", "Fluvial ( or riverine ) lakes are lakes produced by running water . These lakes include plunge pool lakes , fluviatile dams and meander lakes .", "The most common type of fluvial lake is a crescent - shaped lake called an oxbow lake due to the distinctive curved shape . They can form in river valleys as a result of meandering . The slow - moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends are eroded away more rapidly than the inner side . Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck . This new passage then forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up , thus forming a bow - shaped lake .", "These form where sediment from a tributary blocks the main river .", "These form where sediment from the main river blocks a tributary , usually in the form of a levee .", "A solution lake is a lake occupying a basin formed by surface dissolution of bedrock . In areas underlain by soluble bedrock , its solution by precipitation and percolating water commonly produce cavities . These cavities frequently collapse to form sinkholes that form part of the local karst topography . Where groundwater lies near the grounds surface , a sinkhole will be filled water as a solution lake . If such a lake consists of a large area of standing water that occupies an extensive closed depression in limestone , it is also called a karst lake . Smaller solution lakes that consist of a body of standing water in a closed depression within a karst region are known as karst ponds . Limestone caves often contain pools of standing water , which are known as underground lakes . Classic examples of solution lakes are abundant in the karst regions at the Dalmatian coast of Croatia and within large parts of Florida .", "Landslide lakes are lakes created by the blockage of a valley by either mudflows , rockslides , or screes . Such lakes are common in mountainous regions . Although landslide lakes may be large and quite deep , they are typically short - lived . An example of a landslide lake is Quake Lake , which formed as a result of the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake .", "Aeolian lakes are lakes produced by wind action . They are found mainly in arid environments although some aeolian lakes are relict landforms indicative of arid paleoclimates . Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by wind - blown sand ; interdunal lakes that lies between well - oriented sand dunes ; and deflation basins formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments . Moses Lake , Washington , is an example of a lake basins dammed by wind - blown sand .", "Shoreline lakes are generally lakes created by blockage of estuaries or by the uneven accretion of beach ridges by longshore and other currents . They include maritime coastal lakes , ordinarily in drowned estuaries ; lakes enclosed by two tombolos or spits connecting an island to the mainland ; lakes cut off from larger lakes by a bar ; or lakes divided by the meeting of two spits .", "Organic lakes are lakes created by the actions of plants and animals . On the whole they are relatively rare in occurrence and quite small in size . In addition , they typically ephemeral features relative to the other types of lakes . The basins in which organic lakes occur are associated with beaver dams , coral lakes , or dams formed by vegetation .", "Peat lakes are a form of organic lake . They form where a buildup of partly decomposed plant material in a wet environment leaves the vegetated surface below the water table for a sustained period of time . They are often low in nutrients and mildly acidic , with bottom waters low in dissolved oxygen .", "Anthropogenic lakes are artificially created lakes formed by human activity . They can be the result of intentional damming of rivers and streams or subsequent filling of abandon excavations by either ground water , precipitation , or a combination of both .", "Meteorite lakes , which are also known as crater lakes , are lakes created by catastrophic extraterrestrial impacts by either meteorites or asteroids . Examples of meteorite lakes are Lonar crater lake , India , Lake Elgygytgyn , and Pingualuit crater lake , Quebec , Canada , As in case of Lake El'gygytgyn and Pingualuit crater lake , meteorite ( extraterrestrial impact / crater ) lakes can contain unique and scientifically valuable sedimentary deposits associated with long records of paleoclimatic changes .", "In addition to mode of origin , lakes have been named and classified in various other ways according to their thermal stratification , salinity , relative seasonal permanence , degree of outflow , and other factors . Also , different cultures and regional of the world have their popular nomenclature", "In addition to their origin , there are various other ways of either naming or defining types of lakes . One major way of classification lakes in on the basis of thermal stratification because it is a major control on animal and plant life inhabiting a lake and the fate and distribution of dissolved and suspended material in a lake . For example , the thermal stratification and the degree and frequency of mixing exerts a strong control on the distribution of oxygen within it . In addition , lake can be classified according important factors such as seasonal variations in lake volume and level , oxygen saturation , and salinity of its water mass . Finally , the names of types of lakes that are used by the lay public and in the scientific for different types of lakes are often informally derived from either from their morphology of other aspects or their physical characteristics .", "F.A. Forel , who is also referred to as the father of limnology , was the first scientist to classify lakes according to their thermal stratification . His system of classification was later modified and improved upon by Hutchinson and Laffler . Because the density of water varies with temperature , with a maximum at + 4 DC , thermal stratification is an important physical characteristic of lakes that controls the fauna and flora , sedimentation , chemistry , and other aspects of individual lakes . First , the colder , heavier water typically forms a layer near the bottom , which called the hypolimnion . Second , normally overlying it is a transition zone known as the metalimnion . Finally , overlying the metalimnion is a surface layer of a warmer , lighter water is called the epilimnion . However , this typical stratification sequence can vary widely depending either on the specific lake , the time of season , or combination of both .", "Based upon thermal stratification , lakes are classified as either holomictic lakes or meromictic lakes . A meromictic lake is a lake which has layers of water which do not intermix . The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen . In addition , the layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living aerobic organisms . The lack of disturbance allows for the development of lacustrine varves . A Holomictic lake is a lake that has a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a specific time during the year . This uniformity temperature and density in allows the lake waters to completely mix . Holomictic lakes are non-meromictic lakes . Based upon thermal stratification and frequency of turnover , holomictic lakes are divided into amictic lakes , cold monomictic lakes , dimictic lakes , warm monomictic lakes , polymictic lakes , and oligomictic lakes . The classification of lakes by thermal stratification presupposes lakes with sufficient depth to form a hypolimnion . As a results , very shallow lakes are excluded this classification system .", "The stratification in a lake is not always the result of variation to density because of thermal gradients . Stratification within a lake can also be the result of differences in density resulting from gradients in salinity . In case of a difference in salinity , the hypolimnion and epilimnion are separated not by a thermocline but by a halocline , which is sometimes referred to as a chemocline .", "Lakes are informally classified and named according to the seasonal variation in their lake level and volume . Some of the names include :", "Ephemeral lake is a short - lived lake or pond . If it fills with water and dries up ( disappears ) seasonally it is known as an intermittent lake They often fill poljes Dry lake is a popular name for an ephemeral lake that contains water only intermediately at irregular and infrequent intervals . Perennial lake is a lake that has water in its basin throughout the year and is not subject to extreme fluctuations in level . Playa lake is a typically shallow , intermittent lake that covers or occupies a playa either in wet seasons or in especially wet years but subsequently drying up in an arid or semiarid region . Vlei is a name used in South Africa for a shallow lake which varies considerably in level with the seasons .", "Ephemeral lake is a short - lived lake or pond . If it fills with water and dries up ( disappears ) seasonally it is known as an intermittent lake They often fill poljes", "Dry lake is a popular name for an ephemeral lake that contains water only intermediately at irregular and infrequent intervals .", "Perennial lake is a lake that has water in its basin throughout the year and is not subject to extreme fluctuations in level .", "Playa lake is a typically shallow , intermittent lake that covers or occupies a playa either in wet seasons or in especially wet years but subsequently drying up in an arid or semiarid region .", "Vlei is a name used in South Africa for a shallow lake which varies considerably in level with the seasons .", "Lakes are also informally classified and named according to the general chemistry of their water mass . Some of the types of lakes include :", "An acid lake is a lake that has a pH is below neutral ( < 6.5 ) . A lake is considered to and highly acid when the pH drops below 5.5 , below which when biological consequences occur . Such lakes include acid pit lakes occupying abandoned mines and excavations ; naturally acid lakes of igneous and metamorphic landscapes ; peat bogs in northern regions ; acid - saline lakes of arid environments ; crater lakes of active and dormant volcanoes ; and lakes acidified by acid rain . A salt lake , which also known as a brine lake , is an inland body of water situated in an arid or semiarid region , having no outlet to the sea , and containing a high concentration of dissolved salts ( principally sodium chloride ) . Examples include the Great Salt Lake in Utah , and the Dead Sea in the Near East . alkali sink , also known as salt flats , are lakes on the other extreme of the scale from the large and deep saline lakes . They are , shallow saline features that occupy low - lying areas of the arid regions and in groundwater discharge zones . These are typically classifiable as either playas or playa lakes because they are periodically flooded by either rain or flood events and then dry up during drier intervals , leaving accumulations of brines and evaporitic minerals . A salt pan ( saltpan ) is either an undrained small shallow natural depression in which water accumulates and evaporates leaving a salt deposit or the shallow lake of brackish water occupying a salt pan . This term is also used for a large pan for recovering salt by evaporation . A saline pan is a name for an ephemeral saline lake which precipitates a bottom crust that is subsequently modified during subaerial exposure .", "An acid lake is a lake that has a pH is below neutral ( < 6.5 ) . A lake is considered to and highly acid when the pH drops below 5.5 , below which when biological consequences occur . Such lakes include acid pit lakes occupying abandoned mines and excavations ; naturally acid lakes of igneous and metamorphic landscapes ; peat bogs in northern regions ; acid - saline lakes of arid environments ; crater lakes of active and dormant volcanoes ; and lakes acidified by acid rain .", "A salt lake , which also known as a brine lake , is an inland body of water situated in an arid or semiarid region , having no outlet to the sea , and containing a high concentration of dissolved salts ( principally sodium chloride ) . Examples include the Great Salt Lake in Utah , and the Dead Sea in the Near East .", "alkali sink , also known as salt flats , are lakes on the other extreme of the scale from the large and deep saline lakes . They are , shallow saline features that occupy low - lying areas of the arid regions and in groundwater discharge zones . These are typically classifiable as either playas or playa lakes because they are periodically flooded by either rain or flood events and then dry up during drier intervals , leaving accumulations of brines and evaporitic minerals .", "A salt pan ( saltpan ) is either an undrained small shallow natural depression in which water accumulates and evaporates leaving a salt deposit or the shallow lake of brackish water occupying a salt pan . This term is also used for a large pan for recovering salt by evaporation .", "A saline pan is a name for an ephemeral saline lake which precipitates a bottom crust that is subsequently modified during subaerial exposure .", "Lava lake is a large volume of molten lava , usually basaltic , contained in a volcanic vent , crater , or broad depression . Hydrocarbon lakes are bodies of liquid ethane and methane that occupy depressions on the surface of Titan . They were detected by the Cassini -- Huygens space probe .", "Lava lake is a large volume of molten lava , usually basaltic , contained in a volcanic vent , crater , or broad depression .", "Hydrocarbon lakes are bodies of liquid ethane and methane that occupy depressions on the surface of Titan . They were detected by the Cassini -- Huygens space probe .", "A paleolake , also spelt palaeolake , is a lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different . Quaternary paleolakes can often be identified on the basis of relict lacustrine landforms such as relict lake plains and coastal landforms that form recognizable relict shorelines , which are called paleoshorelines . Paleolakes can also be recognized by characteristic sedimentary deposits that accumulated in them and any fossils that these sediments might contain . The paleoshorelines and sedimentary deposits of paleolakes provide evidence for prehistoric hydrological changes during the times that they existed .", "Types of paleolakes include :", "A former lake is a lake which is no longer in existence . Such lakes include prehistoric lakes and lakes which have permanently dried up often as the result of either evaporation or human intervention . Owens Lake in California , USA , is an example of a former lake . Former lakes are a common feature of the Basin and Range area of southwestern North America . A shrunken lake is a lake which has drastically decreased in size over geological time . Lake Agassiz , which once covered much of central North America , is a good example of a shrunken lake . Two notable remnants of this lake are Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis .", "A former lake is a lake which is no longer in existence . Such lakes include prehistoric lakes and lakes which have permanently dried up often as the result of either evaporation or human intervention . Owens Lake in California , USA , is an example of a former lake . Former lakes are a common feature of the Basin and Range area of southwestern North America .", "A shrunken lake is a lake which has drastically decreased in size over geological time . Lake Agassiz , which once covered much of central North America , is a good example of a shrunken lake . Two notable remnants of this lake are Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis .", "Paleolakes are of scientific and economic importance . For example , Quaternary paleolakes in semidesert basins are important for two reasons . First , they played an extremely significant , if transient , role in shaping the floors and piedmonts of many basins . Finally , their sediments contain enormous quantities of geologic and paleontologic information concerning past environments . In addition , the organic - rich deposits of pre-Quaternary paleolakes are important either for the thick deposits of oil shale and shale gas that they contain or as source rocks of petroleum and natural gas . Although of significantly less economic importance , strata deposited along the shore of paleolakes sometimes contain coal seams .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type , such as drainage basin ( also known as catchment area ) , inflow and outflow , nutrient content , dissolved oxygen , pollutants , pH , and sedimentation .", "Changes in the level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and output compared to the total volume of the lake . Significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake , runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake 's catchment area , groundwater channels and aquifers , and artificial sources from outside the catchment area . Output sources are evaporation from the lake , surface and groundwater flows , and any extraction of lake water by humans . As climate conditions and human water requirements vary , these will create fluctuations in the lake level .", "Lakes can be also categorized on the basis of their richness in nutrients , which typically affect plant growth . Nutrient - poor lakes are said to be oligotrophic and are generally clear , having a low concentration of plant life . Mesotrophic lakes have good clarity and an average level of nutrients . Eutrophic lakes are enriched with nutrients , resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms . Hypertrophic lakes are bodies of water that have been excessively enriched with nutrients . These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms . Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities , such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area . Such lakes are of little use to humans and have a poor ecosystem due to decreased dissolved oxygen .", "Due to the unusual relationship between water 's temperature and its density , lakes form layers called thermoclines , layers of drastically varying temperature relative to depth . Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius ( 39.2 ° F ) at sea level . When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the same temperature as deeper water , as it does during the cooler months in temperate climates , the water in the lake can mix , bringing oxygen - starved water up from the depths and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments . Deep temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year - round , which allows some cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling .", "Since the surface water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature of maximum density , there is no process that makes the water mix . The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide , or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity . Exceptional events , such as earthquakes or landslides , can cause mixing which rapidly brings the deep layers up to the surface and release a vast cloud of gas which lay trapped in solution in the colder water at the bottom of the lake . This is called a limnic eruption . An example is the disaster at Lake Nyos in Cameroon . The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is directly related to pressure . As deep water surfaces , the pressure drops and a vast amount of gas comes out of solution . Under these circumstances carbon dioxide is hazardous because it is heavier than air and displaces it , so it may flow down a river valley to human settlements and cause mass asphyxiation .", "The material at the bottom of a lake , or lake bed , may be composed of a wide variety of inorganics , such as silt or sand , and organic material , such as decaying plant or animal matter . The composition of the lake bed has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found within the lake 's environs by contributing to the amounts and the types of nutrients available .", "A paired ( black and white ) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year . During winter , when organisms die , carbon is deposited down , resulting to a black layer . At the same year , during summer , only few organic materials are deposited , resulting to a white layer at the lake bed . These are commonly used to track past paleontological events .", "Natural lakes provide a microcosm of living and nonliving elements that are relatively independent of their surrounding environments . Therefore , lake organisms can often be studied in isolation from the lake 's surroundings .", "Limnology is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems . Limnology divides lakes into three zones : the littoral zone , a sloped area close to land ; the photic or open - water zone , where sunlight is abundant ; and the deep - water profundal or benthic zone , where little sunlight can reach . The depth to which light can reach in lakes depends on turbidity , determined by the density and size of suspended particles . A particle is in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it . These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin and are responsible for the color of the water . Decaying plant matter , for instance , may be responsible for a yellow or brown color , while algae may cause greenish water . In very shallow water bodies , iron oxides make water reddish brown . Biological particles include algae and detritus . Bottom - dwelling detritivorous fish can be responsible for turbid waters , because they stir the mud in search of food . Piscivorous fish contribute to turbidity by eating plant - eating ( planktonivorous ) fish , thus increasing the amount of algae ( see aquatic trophic cascade ) . The light depth or transparency is measured by using a Secchi disk , a 20 - cm ( 8 in ) disk with alternating white and black quadrants . The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is the Secchi depth , a measure of transparency . The Secchi disk is commonly used to test for eutrophication . For a detailed look at these processes , see lentic ecosystems .", "A lake moderates the surrounding region 's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity ( 4,186 J kg K ) . In the daytime a lake can cool the land beside it with local winds , resulting in a sea breeze ; in the night it can warm it with a land breeze .", "The lake may be infilled with deposited sediment and gradually become a wetland such as a swamp or marsh . Large water plants , typically reeds , accelerate this closing process significantly because they partially decompose to form peat soils that fill the shallows . Conversely , peat soils in a marsh can naturally burn and reverse this process to recreate a shallow lake resulting in a dynamic equilibrium between marsh and lake . This is significant since wildfire has been largely suppressed in the developed world over the past century . This has artificially converted many shallow lakes into emergent marshes . Turbid lakes and lakes with many plant - eating fish tend to disappear more slowly . A `` disappearing '' lake ( barely noticeable on a human timescale ) typically has extensive plant mats at the water 's edge . These become a new habitat for other plants , like peat moss when conditions are right , and animals , many of which are very rare . Gradually the lake closes and young peat may form , forming a fen . In lowland river valleys where a river can meander , the presence of peat is explained by the infilling of historical oxbow lakes . In the very last stages of succession , trees can grow in , eventually turning the wetland into a forest .", "Some lakes can disappear seasonally . These are called intermittent lakes , ephemeral lakes , or seasonal lakes and can be found in karstic terrain . A prime example of an intermittent lake is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia or Lag Prau Pulte in Graubünden . Other intermittent lakes are only the result of above - average precipitation in a closed , or endorheic basin , usually filling dry lake beds . This can occur in some of the driest places on earth , like Death Valley . This occurred in the spring of 2005 , after unusually heavy rains . The lake did not last into the summer , and was quickly evaporated ( see photos to right ) . A more commonly filled lake of this type is Sevier Lake of west - central Utah .", "Sometimes a lake will disappear quickly . On 3 June 2005 , in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast , Russia , a lake called Lake Beloye vanished in a matter of minutes . News sources reported that government officials theorized that this strange phenomenon may have been caused by a shift in the soil underneath the lake that allowed its water to drain through channels leading to the Oka River .", "The presence of ground permafrost is important to the persistence of some lakes . According to research published in the journal Science ( `` Disappearing Arctic Lakes '' , June 2005 ) , thawing permafrost may explain the shrinking or disappearance of hundreds of large Arctic lakes across western Siberia . The idea here is that rising air and soil temperatures thaw permafrost , allowing the lakes to drain away into the ground .", "Some lakes disappear because of human development factors . The shrinking Aral Sea is described as being `` murdered '' by the diversion for irrigation of the rivers feeding it .", "Only one world other than Earth is known to harbor large lakes , Saturn 's largest moon , Titan . Photographs and spectroscopic analysis by the Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft show liquid ethane on the surface , which is thought to be mixed with liquid methane . The largest Titanean lake , Kraken Mare at 400,000 km , is three - times the size of any lake on Earth , and even the second , Ligeia Mare , is estimated to be slightly larger than Earth 's Lake Michigan -- Huron .", "Jupiter 's large moon Io is volcanically active , and as a result sulfur deposits have accumulated on the surface . Some photographs taken during the Galileo mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera , though these are more analogous to lake of lava than of water on Earth .", "The planet Mars is too cold and has too little atmospheric pressure to permit the pooling of liquid water . Geologic evidence appears to confirm , however , that ancient lakes once formed on the surface . It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt subsurface ice , creating large temporary lakes . This water would quickly freeze and then sublimate , unless insulated in some manner , such as by a coating of volcanic ash .", "There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon , similar to lunar maria but smaller , that are called lacus ( singular lacus , Latin for `` lake '' ) because they were thought by early astronomers to be lakes of water .", "The largest lake by surface area is Caspian Sea , which is despite its name considered as a lake from the point of view of geography . Its surface area is 143,000 sq. mi. / 371,000 km . The second largest lake by surface area is Lake Michigan - Huron , which is hydrologically a single lake . Its surface area is 45,300 sq. mi. / 117,400 km . For those who consider Lake Michigan - Huron to be separate lakes , and Caspian Sea to be a sea , Lake Superior would be the largest lake at 31,700 sq. mi. / 82,100 km . The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia , with a bottom at 1,637 metres ( 5,371 ft ) . Its mean depth is also the greatest in the world ( 749 metres ( 2,457 ft ) ) . It is also the world 's largest lake by volume ( 23,600 cubic kilometres ( 5,700 cu mi ) , though smaller than the Caspian Sea at 78,200 cubic kilometres ( 18,800 cu mi ) ) , and the second longest ( about 630 kilometres ( 390 mi ) from tip to tip ) . The longest lake is Lake Tanganyika , with a length of about 660 kilometres ( 410 mi ) ( measured along the lake 's center line ) . It is also the second largest by volume and second deepest ( 1,470 metres ( 4,820 ft ) ) in the world , after lake Baikal . The world 's oldest lake is Lake Baikal , followed by Lake Tanganyika ( Tanzania ) . Lake Maracaibo is considered by some to be the second - oldest lake on Earth , but since it lies at sea level and nowadays is a contiguous body of water with the sea , others consider that it has turned into a small bay . The world 's highest lake , if size is not a criterion , may be the crater lake of Ojos del Salado , at 6,390 metres ( 20,965 ft ) . The highest large ( greater than 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) ) lake in the world is the 290 square kilometres ( 110 sq mi ) Pumoyong Tso ( Pumuoyong Tso ) , in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China , at 28 - 34N 90 - 24E , 5,018 metres ( 16,463 ft ) above sea level . The world 's highest commercially navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,812 m ( 12,507 ft ) . It is also the largest lake in South America . The world 's lowest lake is the Dead Sea , bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west , at 418 metres ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level . It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration . Lake Michigan -- Huron has the longest lake coastline in the world : about 5,250 kilometres ( 3,260 mi ) , excluding the coastline of its many inner islands . Even if it is considered two lakes , Lake Huron alone would still have the longest coastline in the world at 2,980 kilometres ( 1,850 mi ) . The largest island in a lake is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , with a surface area of 2,766 square kilometres ( 1,068 sq mi ) . Lake Manitou , on Manitoulin Island , is the largest lake on an island in a lake . The largest lake on an island is Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island , with an area of 5,542 square kilometres ( 2,140 sq mi ) and a maximum length of 123 kilometres ( 76 mi ) . The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is Wollaston Lake . Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra is in what is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth . The largest lake completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei in the city of Sudbury , Ontario , Canada . Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001 , this status was held by Lake Ramsey , also in Sudbury . Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic is the only saltwater lake in the world inhabited by crocodiles . Lake Bernard , Ontario , Canada , claims to be the largest lake in the world with no islands . The largest lake in one country is Lake Michigan , in the U.S.A . However , it is sometimes considered part of Lake Michigan - Huron , making the record go to Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories , in Canada , the largest lake within one jurisdiction . The largest lake on an island in a lake on an island is Crater Lake on Vulcano Island in Lake Taal on the island of Luzon , The Philippines . The northernmost named lake on Earth is Upper Dumbell Lake in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut , Canada at a latitude of 82 ° 28'N . It is 5.2 kilometres ( 3.2 mi ) southwest of Alert , the northernmost settlement in the world . There are also several small lakes north of Upper Dumbell Lake , but they are all unnamed and only appear on very detailed maps .", "The largest lake by surface area is Caspian Sea , which is despite its name considered as a lake from the point of view of geography . Its surface area is 143,000 sq. mi. / 371,000 km .", "The second largest lake by surface area is Lake Michigan - Huron , which is hydrologically a single lake . Its surface area is 45,300 sq. mi. / 117,400 km . For those who consider Lake Michigan - Huron to be separate lakes , and Caspian Sea to be a sea , Lake Superior would be the largest lake at 31,700 sq. mi. / 82,100 km .", "The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia , with a bottom at 1,637 metres ( 5,371 ft ) . Its mean depth is also the greatest in the world ( 749 metres ( 2,457 ft ) ) . It is also the world 's largest lake by volume ( 23,600 cubic kilometres ( 5,700 cu mi ) , though smaller than the Caspian Sea at 78,200 cubic kilometres ( 18,800 cu mi ) ) , and the second longest ( about 630 kilometres ( 390 mi ) from tip to tip ) .", "The longest lake is Lake Tanganyika , with a length of about 660 kilometres ( 410 mi ) ( measured along the lake 's center line ) . It is also the second largest by volume and second deepest ( 1,470 metres ( 4,820 ft ) ) in the world , after lake Baikal .", "The world 's oldest lake is Lake Baikal , followed by Lake Tanganyika ( Tanzania ) . Lake Maracaibo is considered by some to be the second - oldest lake on Earth , but since it lies at sea level and nowadays is a contiguous body of water with the sea , others consider that it has turned into a small bay .", "The world 's highest lake , if size is not a criterion , may be the crater lake of Ojos del Salado , at 6,390 metres ( 20,965 ft ) .", "The highest large ( greater than 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) ) lake in the world is the 290 square kilometres ( 110 sq mi ) Pumoyong Tso ( Pumuoyong Tso ) , in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China , at 28 - 34N 90 - 24E , 5,018 metres ( 16,463 ft ) above sea level .", "The world 's highest commercially navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,812 m ( 12,507 ft ) . It is also the largest lake in South America .", "The world 's lowest lake is the Dead Sea , bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west , at 418 metres ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level . It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration .", "Lake Michigan -- Huron has the longest lake coastline in the world : about 5,250 kilometres ( 3,260 mi ) , excluding the coastline of its many inner islands . Even if it is considered two lakes , Lake Huron alone would still have the longest coastline in the world at 2,980 kilometres ( 1,850 mi ) .", "The largest island in a lake is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , with a surface area of 2,766 square kilometres ( 1,068 sq mi ) . Lake Manitou , on Manitoulin Island , is the largest lake on an island in a lake .", "The largest lake on an island is Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island , with an area of 5,542 square kilometres ( 2,140 sq mi ) and a maximum length of 123 kilometres ( 76 mi ) .", "The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is Wollaston Lake .", "Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra is in what is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth .", "The largest lake completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei in the city of Sudbury , Ontario , Canada . Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001 , this status was held by Lake Ramsey , also in Sudbury .", "Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic is the only saltwater lake in the world inhabited by crocodiles .", "Lake Bernard , Ontario , Canada , claims to be the largest lake in the world with no islands .", "The largest lake in one country is Lake Michigan , in the U.S.A . However , it is sometimes considered part of Lake Michigan - Huron , making the record go to Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories , in Canada , the largest lake within one jurisdiction .", "The largest lake on an island in a lake on an island is Crater Lake on Vulcano Island in Lake Taal on the island of Luzon , The Philippines .", "The northernmost named lake on Earth is Upper Dumbell Lake in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut , Canada at a latitude of 82 ° 28'N . It is 5.2 kilometres ( 3.2 mi ) southwest of Alert , the northernmost settlement in the world . There are also several small lakes north of Upper Dumbell Lake , but they are all unnamed and only appear on very detailed maps .", "The largest lakes ( surface area ) by continent are :", "Australia -- Lake Eyre ( salt lake ) Africa -- Lake Victoria , also the third - largest freshwater lake on Earth . It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa . Antarctica -- Lake Vostok ( subglacial ) Asia -- Lake Baikal ( if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake , it is the largest in Eurasia , but is divided between the two geographic continents ) Oceania -- Lake Eyre when filled ; the largest permanent ( and freshwater ) lake in Oceania is Lake Taupo . Europe -- Lake Ladoga , followed by Lake Onega , both in northwestern Russia . North America -- Lake Michigan - Huron , which is hydrologically a single lake . However , lakes Huron and Michigan are usually considered separate lakes , in which case Lake Superior would be the largest . South America -- Lake Titicaca , which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres ( 12,507 ft ) above sea level . The much larger Lake Maracaibo is much older , but perceived by some to no longer be genuinely a lake for multiple reasons .", "Australia -- Lake Eyre ( salt lake )", "Africa -- Lake Victoria , also the third - largest freshwater lake on Earth . It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa .", "Antarctica -- Lake Vostok ( subglacial )", "Asia -- Lake Baikal ( if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake , it is the largest in Eurasia , but is divided between the two geographic continents )", "Oceania -- Lake Eyre when filled ; the largest permanent ( and freshwater ) lake in Oceania is Lake Taupo .", "Europe -- Lake Ladoga , followed by Lake Onega , both in northwestern Russia .", "North America -- Lake Michigan - Huron , which is hydrologically a single lake . However , lakes Huron and Michigan are usually considered separate lakes , in which case Lake Superior would be the largest .", "South America -- Lake Titicaca , which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres ( 12,507 ft ) above sea level . The much larger Lake Maracaibo is much older , but perceived by some to no longer be genuinely a lake for multiple reasons ." ]

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[ "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2014 )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2014 )", "Between 1990 and 2010 Malaysia lost 8.6 % of its forest cover , or around 1,920,000 hectares ( 4,700,000 acres ) .", "Malaysia declared its independence from Britain in 1957 , and formed its current state in 1963 . Since then , it has seen significant economic growth , a large part of which can be attributed to its forest industry . Malaysia 's rapid rate of development has put it far ahead of several of its neighbours , such as Indonesia and Papua New Guinea . This has largely been in part to its abundance of natural resources , which constitutes significant portions of the country 's economic sector . Because of this large financial gain from logging , production has been high since initiation , and it was not until 1985 that consequences were first realised .", "As stated above , Malaysia has received considerable financial gain from its logging industry . One statistic states this benefit is valued at $2,150,000,000 USD . Together with neighbouring Indonesia , Malaysia produces 85 % of the global supply of palm oil , the chief cause of logging . Additionally , the agriculture sector accounts for 14.5 % of the labour force -- more than 1 in 7 persons . 56.6 % of Malaysia ' tropical forests are used for production , leaving the rest for uses such as ' Protection ' and ' Conservation ' .", "Consequences have been varied across different parts of Malaysia . However , all areas have suffered some effect from deforestation . Four of the most prominent include :", "Malaysia ranks as the 21st most biodiverse country in the world , with 2,199 endemic species . 18 % of these species are listed as ' threatened ' , and because they are endemic , if Malaysia fails to conserve them , extinction will result . Indigenous peoples in Malaysia have always depended on the rainforest for medicine , shelter , food , and other necessities . They are not known to take more than what they need as this would be seen as a transgression of the forest and would bring curses to their people . The destruction of their prime resource is resulting in the destruction of their traditional ways of life . As the forest disappears , so does their culture . Runoff has also increased . Though it would not be immediately suspected that logging deep in the jungle could affect a distant city on the coast , because there is less forested area to soak up rainwater and act as a slow - release reservoir , sudden floods are becoming more and more frequent . An increased rate of mudslides have been reported .", "Malaysia ranks as the 21st most biodiverse country in the world , with 2,199 endemic species . 18 % of these species are listed as ' threatened ' , and because they are endemic , if Malaysia fails to conserve them , extinction will result .", "Indigenous peoples in Malaysia have always depended on the rainforest for medicine , shelter , food , and other necessities . They are not known to take more than what they need as this would be seen as a transgression of the forest and would bring curses to their people . The destruction of their prime resource is resulting in the destruction of their traditional ways of life . As the forest disappears , so does their culture .", "Runoff has also increased . Though it would not be immediately suspected that logging deep in the jungle could affect a distant city on the coast , because there is less forested area to soak up rainwater and act as a slow - release reservoir , sudden floods are becoming more and more frequent .", "An increased rate of mudslides have been reported .", "In Malaysia , the World Bank estimates that trees are being cut down at 4 times the sustainable rate . Logging does not have to be as destructive a practice as it currently is in Malaysia . In the past 2 decades , Malaysia has moved towards diversifying its economy , but logging still draws in many because of poor regulation and high profit . The most effective way to combat the negative effects of logging would be tighter regulation that still allows high production of palm oil , but in a more sustainable manner . This way , not only will the effects be mitigated now , but there will be more forests to log , and thus profits to make , in the future .", "Malaysia still has a relatively high forest coverage percentage . Currently , it is estimated that 59.9 % of the total area is covered by forests , of which , a sizeable portion are untouched virgin forests ( see old - growth forests ) which dates back to around 130 million years .", "An increase in the level of awareness of Malaysians compounded with the local folk belief that existed in the indigenous populations ( see Semai people ) has added to the strength of the many Malaysian movements in environmentalism . The Malaysian Nature Society is active in advocating protection of forest . Other organisations such as the Tabung Alam Malaysia , a branch of the World Wide Fund For Nature has also established offices in Malaysia since 1972 dedicated to nature conservation as well as education on the importance of forest conservation to the wider populace . The Forest Research Institute Malaysia has also been actively conducting research on the biodiversity of Malaysia 's forests as well as in conservation .", "Deforestation in the following areas / project sites have attracted controversy :", "Terengganu", "Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project", "Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Project", "Pahang", "Kelau Forest Reserve", "Kelau Forest Reserve", "Johor", "Sungai Mas Forest Pulai River Mangrove Forest", "Sungai Mas Forest", "Pulai River Mangrove Forest", "Kelantan", "Gunung Stong Selatan Forest Reserve Loging Forest Reserve", "Gunung Stong Selatan Forest Reserve", "Loging Forest Reserve", "Perak", "Teluk Rubiah Belum - Temenggor", "Belum - Temenggor", "Selangor", "Bukit Cherakah Kuala Langat Sungai Jelok" ]

[ [ "Brian Acton", "Jan Koum" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2017 )", "This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2017 )", "WhatsApp Messenger Developer ( s ) WhatsApp Inc . Initial release January 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 01 ) Stable release ( s ) ( ± ) iOS 2.18. 11 / January 11 , 2018 ; 2 months ago ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Android 2.17. 427 / November 29 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.17. 262 Symbian 2.16. 57 BlackBerry 2.17. 2 / June 26 , 2016 ; 21 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Preview release ( s ) ( ± ) Android 2.18. 106 / April 9 , 2018 ; 0 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.18. 50 Written in Erlang Operating system Android , iOS , Windows Phone , BlackBerry OS , Symbian ( there are Windows , macOS and web app clients that work only in presence of a connected mobile app client ) Type Instant messaging and social media License Freeware Alexa rank 69 ( As of December 2017 ) Website www.whatsapp.com", "Developer ( s ) WhatsApp Inc .", "Initial release January 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 01 )", "Stable release ( s ) ( ± )", "iOS 2.18. 11 / January 11 , 2018 ; 2 months ago ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Android 2.17. 427 / November 29 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.17. 262 Symbian 2.16. 57 BlackBerry 2.17. 2 / June 26 , 2016 ; 21 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 26 )", "iOS 2.18. 11 / January 11 , 2018 ; 2 months ago ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Android 2.17. 427 / November 29 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.17. 262 Symbian 2.16. 57 BlackBerry 2.17. 2 / June 26 , 2016 ; 21 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 26 )", "iOS 2.18. 11 / January 11 , 2018 ; 2 months ago ( 2018 - 01 - 11 )", "Android 2.17. 427 / November 29 , 2017 ; 4 months ago ( 2017 - 11 - 29 )", "Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.17. 262", "Symbian 2.16. 57", "BlackBerry 2.17. 2 / June 26 , 2016 ; 21 months ago ( 2016 - 06 - 26 )", "Preview release ( s ) ( ± )", "Android 2.18. 106 / April 9 , 2018 ; 0 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.18. 50", "Android 2.18. 106 / April 9 , 2018 ; 0 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.18. 50", "Android 2.18. 106 / April 9 , 2018 ; 0 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 09 )", "Windows Phone 8 , Windows 10 Mobile 2.18. 50", "Written in Erlang", "Operating system Android , iOS , Windows Phone , BlackBerry OS , Symbian ( there are Windows , macOS and web app clients that work only in presence of a connected mobile app client )", "Type Instant messaging and social media", "License Freeware", "Alexa rank 69 ( As of December 2017 )", "Website www.whatsapp.com", "WhatsApp Inc . Type of business Subsidiary Founded February 24 , 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 02 - 24 ) Headquarters Mountain View , California , United States Founder ( s ) Jan Koum Brian Acton CEO Jan Koum Employees 50 Parent Facebook Website whatsapp.com", "Type of business Subsidiary", "Founded February 24 , 2009 ; 9 years ago ( 2009 - 02 - 24 )", "Headquarters Mountain View , California , United States", "Founder ( s ) Jan Koum Brian Acton", "Jan Koum Brian Acton", "CEO Jan Koum", "Employees 50", "Parent Facebook", "Website whatsapp.com", "( hide ) WhatsApp Timeline Feb 4 , 2009 Jan Koum incorporates WhatsApp in California . Oct 2009 Brian Acton persuades five ex-Yahoo ! friends to invest $250,000 in seed funding , and is granted co-founder status . Aug 2009 WhatsApp 2.0 is released on the App Store for the iPhone . Dec 2009 WhatsApp for the iPhone is updated to send photos . Aug 2010 WhatsApp support for Android OS is added . Jan 21 , 2011 WeChat , a messenger app , is founded . It eventually becomes very popular in China . Apr 2011 In Series A round , WhatsApp founders agree to take $7 million from Sequoia Capital on top of their $250,000 seed funding , after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz . May 2011 SnapChat , a competing photo messaging app , is founded . Jan 6 , 2012 An unknown hacker publishes a website that makes it possible to change the status of an arbitrary WhatsApp user , as long as the phone number was known . Aug 2012 The WhatsApp support staff announce that messages were encrypted in the `` latest version '' of the WhatsApp software for iOS and Android ( but not BlackBerry , Windows Phone , and Symbian ) , without specifying the cryptographic method . Feb 2013 WhatsApp 's user base swells to about 200 million active users and its staff to 50 . Jul 2013 Sequoia invests another $50 million in Series B round , valuing WhatsApp at $1.5 billion . Jul 16 , 2013 WhatsApp goes free , with an annual subscription fee of $1 after the first year . Aug 2013 Telegram , a cloud - based instant messaging service , launches . Aug 2013 WhatsApp introduces voice messaging . Feb 19 , 2014 Facebook announces its acquisition of WhatsApp for US $19 billion , its largest acquisition to date . Facebook pays $4 billion in cash , $12 billion in Facebook shares , and an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp 's founders . Mar 2014 Someone discovers a vulnerability in WhatsApp encryption on the Android application that allows another app to access and read all of a user 's chat conversations within it . Nov 2014 WhatsApp introduces a feature named Read Receipts , which alerts senders when their messages are read by recipients . Within a week , WhatsApp introduces an update allowing users to disable this feature so that message recipients do not send acknowledgements . Jan 21 , 2015 WhatsApp launches WhatsApp Web , a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device 's connection . Jan 21 , 2015 WhatsApp announces its policy on cracking down on 3rd - party clients , including WhatsApp+ . Users would not be able to use WhatsApp 's services at all until the third - party apps are uninstalled . Dec 2015 WhatsApp is briefly shut down in Brazil after it refuses to place wiretaps on certain WhatsApp accounts . It is shut down in Brazil again on May 2016 and in July 2016 . Jan 18 , 2016 Jan Koum announces that WhatsApp will no longer charge its users a $1 annual subscription fee . There is still no clear plan for monetizing WhatsApp . Mar 2016 Diego Dzodan , a Facebook executive , is arrested by Brazilian federal police after Facebook fails to turn over information from his WhatsApp messaging account into a judge 's request for a drug trafficking investigation . Mar 2 , 2016 WhatsApp introduces its document - sharing feature , initially allowing users to share PDF files with their contacts . Apr 5 , 2016 WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announce that they finish adding end - to - end encryption to `` every form of communication '' on WhatsApp , and that users could now verify each other 's keys . May 10 , 2016 WhatsApp is introduced for both Windows and Mac operating systems . Sep 5 , 2017 WhatsApp started external testing of an enterprise platform which enables companies to provide customer service to users at scale . Airline KLM launches such a service .", "( hide ) WhatsApp Timeline", "Feb 4 , 2009 Jan Koum incorporates WhatsApp in California .", "Oct 2009 Brian Acton persuades five ex-Yahoo ! friends to invest $250,000 in seed funding , and is granted co-founder status .", "Aug 2009 WhatsApp 2.0 is released on the App Store for the iPhone .", "Dec 2009 WhatsApp for the iPhone is updated to send photos .", "Aug 2010 WhatsApp support for Android OS is added .", "Jan 21 , 2011 WeChat , a messenger app , is founded . It eventually becomes very popular in China .", "Apr 2011 In Series A round , WhatsApp founders agree to take $7 million from Sequoia Capital on top of their $250,000 seed funding , after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz .", "May 2011 SnapChat , a competing photo messaging app , is founded .", "Jan 6 , 2012 An unknown hacker publishes a website that makes it possible to change the status of an arbitrary WhatsApp user , as long as the phone number was known .", "Aug 2012 The WhatsApp support staff announce that messages were encrypted in the `` latest version '' of the WhatsApp software for iOS and Android ( but not BlackBerry , Windows Phone , and Symbian ) , without specifying the cryptographic method .", "Feb 2013 WhatsApp 's user base swells to about 200 million active users and its staff to 50 .", "Jul 2013 Sequoia invests another $50 million in Series B round , valuing WhatsApp at $1.5 billion .", "Jul 16 , 2013 WhatsApp goes free , with an annual subscription fee of $1 after the first year .", "Aug 2013 Telegram , a cloud - based instant messaging service , launches .", "Aug 2013 WhatsApp introduces voice messaging .", "Feb 19 , 2014 Facebook announces its acquisition of WhatsApp for US $19 billion , its largest acquisition to date . Facebook pays $4 billion in cash , $12 billion in Facebook shares , and an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp 's founders .", "Mar 2014 Someone discovers a vulnerability in WhatsApp encryption on the Android application that allows another app to access and read all of a user 's chat conversations within it .", "Nov 2014 WhatsApp introduces a feature named Read Receipts , which alerts senders when their messages are read by recipients . Within a week , WhatsApp introduces an update allowing users to disable this feature so that message recipients do not send acknowledgements .", "Jan 21 , 2015 WhatsApp launches WhatsApp Web , a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device 's connection .", "Jan 21 , 2015 WhatsApp announces its policy on cracking down on 3rd - party clients , including WhatsApp+ . Users would not be able to use WhatsApp 's services at all until the third - party apps are uninstalled .", "Dec 2015 WhatsApp is briefly shut down in Brazil after it refuses to place wiretaps on certain WhatsApp accounts . It is shut down in Brazil again on May 2016 and in July 2016 .", "Jan 18 , 2016 Jan Koum announces that WhatsApp will no longer charge its users a $1 annual subscription fee . There is still no clear plan for monetizing WhatsApp .", "Mar 2016 Diego Dzodan , a Facebook executive , is arrested by Brazilian federal police after Facebook fails to turn over information from his WhatsApp messaging account into a judge 's request for a drug trafficking investigation .", "Mar 2 , 2016 WhatsApp introduces its document - sharing feature , initially allowing users to share PDF files with their contacts .", "Apr 5 , 2016 WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announce that they finish adding end - to - end encryption to `` every form of communication '' on WhatsApp , and that users could now verify each other 's keys .", "May 10 , 2016 WhatsApp is introduced for both Windows and Mac operating systems .", "Sep 5 , 2017 WhatsApp started external testing of an enterprise platform which enables companies to provide customer service to users at scale . Airline KLM launches such a service .", "", "", "WhatsApp Messenger is a freeware and cross-platform messaging and Voice over IP ( VoIP ) service . The application allows the sending of text messages and voice calls , as well as video calls , images and other media , documents , and user location . The application runs from a mobile device though it is also accessible from desktop computers ; the service uses standard cellular mobile numbers . Originally users could only communicate with other users individually or in groups of individual users , but in September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale .", "The client was created by WhatsApp Inc. , based in Mountain View , California , which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US $ 19.3 billion . By February 2018 , WhatsApp had a user base of over one and a half billion , making it the most popular messaging application at the time . WhatsApp has grown in multiple countries , including Brazil , India , and large parts of Europe .", "WhatsApp was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum , both former employees of Yahoo !. After Koum and Acton left Yahoo ! in September 2007 , the duo traveled to South America to take a break from work . At one point , they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected . For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo ! .", "In January 2009 , after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store , Koum started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss `` ... having statuses next to individual names of the people '' , but this was not possible without an iPhone developer . Fishman found a Russian developer on RentACoder.com , Igor Solomennikov , and introduced him to Koum . Koum named the app `` WhatsApp '' to sound like `` what 's up '' . On February 24 , 2009 , he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California . However , because early versions of WhatsApp often crashed or got stuck at a particular point , Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job , upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a `` few more months '' .", "In June 2009 , Apple launched push notifications , allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app . Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user 's status is changed , everyone in the user 's network would be notified . WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000 . Acton was still unemployed and managing another startup , and he decided to join the company . In October 2009 , Acton persuaded five former friends in Yahoo ! to invest $250,000 in seed funding , and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake . He officially joined on November 1 . After months at beta stage , the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone . Koum then hired a friend who lived in Los Angeles , Chris Peiffer , to develop the BlackBerry version , which arrived two months later .", "WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast , mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users . In December 2009 , the ability to send photos was added to WhatsApp for the iPhone . By early 2011 , WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple 's U.S. App Store .", "In April 2011 , Sequoia Capital invested approximately $8 million for more than 15 percent of the company , after months of negotiation with Sequoia partner Jim Goetz .", "By February 2013 , WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members . Sequoia invested another $50 million , and WhatsApp was valued at $1.5 billion .", "In a December 2013 blog post , WhatsApp claimed that 400 million active users use the service each month .", "On February 19 , 2014 , months after a venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation , Facebook announced it was acquiring WhatsApp for US $19 billion , its largest acquisition to date . At the time , the acquisition was the largest purchase of a venture - backed company in history . Sequoia Capital received an approximate 50x return on its initial investment . Facebook , which was advised by Allen & Co , paid $4 billion in cash , $12 billion in Facebook shares , and ( advised by Morgan Stanley ) an additional $3 billion in restricted stock units granted to WhatsApp 's founders , Koum and Acton . Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing . Days after the announcement , WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service , leading to anger across social media .", "The acquisition caused a considerable number of users to move , or try out other message services as well . Telegram claimed to have seen 8 million additional downloads of its app . Line claimed to have seen 2 million new users for its service .", "At a keynote presentation at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in February 2014 , Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg said that Facebook 's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the Internet.org vision . According to a TechCrunch article , Zuckerberg 's vision for Internet.org was as follows : `` The idea , he said , is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use -- ' a 911 for the internet . ' These could be a social networking service like Facebook , a messaging service , maybe search and other things like weather . Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts -- users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just do n't see the point of why they would pay for those data services . This would give them some context for why they are important , and that will lead them to paying for more services like this -- or so the hope goes . ''", "Just three days after announcing that WhatsApp had been purchased by Facebook , Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls in the coming months . He also advanced that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand , as their main goal was to be in all smartphones .", "In August 2014 , WhatsApp was the most globally popular messaging app , with more than 600 million active users . By early January 2015 , WhatsApp had 700 million monthly active users with over 30 billion messages being sent every day . In April 2015 , Forbes predicted that between 2012 and 2018 , the telecommunications industry will lose a combined total of $386 billion because of OTT services like WhatsApp and Skype . That month , WhatsApp had over 800 million active users . By September 2015 , the user base had grown to 900 million , and by February 2016 it had grown to one billion .", "As of November 30 , 2015 , the Android client for WhatsApp started making links to another messenger called Telegram unclickable and uncopyable . This is an active block , as confirmed by multiple sources , rather than a bug , and the Android source code which recognises Telegram URLs has been identified . URLs with `` telegram '' as domain - name are targeted actively and explicitly -- the word `` telegram '' appears in the code . This functioning risks being considered anti-competitive , and has not been explained by WhatsApp .", "On January 18 , 2016 , WhatsApp 's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service . He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations .", "By June 2016 , more than 100 million voice calls are made per day on WhatsApp according to a post on the company 's blog .", "On November 10 , 2016 , WhatsApp launched a two - step verification feature in beta for Android users . After enabling this feature , users can add their email address for further protection . Also in November 2016 , Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe .", "On February 24 , 2017 , ( WhatsApp 's 8th birthday ) WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to Snapchat and Facebook stories .", "On May 18 , 2017 , it was reported that the European Commission was fining Facebook € 110 million for `` misleading '' it during the 2014 takeover of WhatsApp . The Commission alleged that in 2014 , when Facebook acquired the messaging app , it `` falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp . '' However , in the summer of 2016 WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company , allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements . Facebook acknowledged the breach , but said the errors in their 2014 filings were `` not intentional . ''", "In September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale . Airlines KLM and Aeroméxico both announced their participation in the testing ; Both airlines had previously launched customer services on the Facebook Messenger platform .", "In January 2018 , WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use .", "Until 2017 WhatsApp positioned itself as a solution for a single party with a single smartphone to communicate with another such party , enabling small businesses to use the platform to communicate with customers , but not at scale ( e.g. in a contact center environment ) . However in September 2017 WhatsApp announced what had long been rumored , that they are building and testing new tools for businesses to use WhatsApp :", "a free WhatsApp Business app for small companies and an Enterprise Solution for bigger companies operating at a large scale with a global base of customers , like airlines , e-commerce retailers , and banks , who for the first time can offer customer service and conversational commerce ( e-commerce via WhatsApp chat ( via live agents or chatbots ) Note that some companies as far back as 2015 like Meteordesk had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users , however these setups were shut down by WhatsApp .", "a free WhatsApp Business app for small companies and", "an Enterprise Solution for bigger companies operating at a large scale with a global base of customers , like airlines , e-commerce retailers , and banks , who for the first time can offer customer service and conversational commerce ( e-commerce via WhatsApp chat ( via live agents or chatbots ) Note that some companies as far back as 2015 like Meteordesk had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users , however these setups were shut down by WhatsApp .", "After months at beta stage , the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the iPhone . In January 2010 , support for BlackBerry smartphones was added , and subsequently for Symbian OS in May 2010 and for Android OS in August 2010 . In August 2011 a beta for Nokia 's non-smartphone OS Series 40 was added . A month later support for Windows Phone was added , followed by BlackBerry 10 in March 2013 . In April 2015 , support for Samsung 's Tizen OS was added . An unofficial port has been released for the MeeGo - based Nokia N9 called Wazapp , as well as a port for the Maemo - based Nokia N900 called Yappari .", "The oldest device capable of running WhatsApp is the Symbian - based Nokia N95 released in March 2007 .", "In August 2014 , WhatsApp released an update to its Android app , adding support for Android Wear smartwatches .", "In 2014 an unofficial open source plug - in called whatsapp - purple was released for Pidgin , implementing its XMPP and making it possible to use WhatsApp on a Windows or Linux PC . WhatsApp responded by automatically blocking phone numbers that connected to WhatsApp using this plug - in .", "On January 21 , 2015 , WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Web , a web client which can be used through a web browser by syncing with the mobile device 's connection .", "On February 26 , 2016 , WhatsApp announced they would cease support for BlackBerry ( including BlackBerry 10 ) , Series 40 and Symbian S60 , as well as older versions of Android ( 2.2 ) , Windows Phone ( 7.0 ) and iOS ( 6 ) , by the end of 2016 . BlackBerry , Series 40 and Symbian support was since then extended further to June 30 , 2017 . In June 2017 support for BlackBerry and Series 40 was once again extended until the end of 2017 , while Symbian was dropped .", "WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a web client , under the name WhatsApp Web , in late January 2015 through an announcement made by Koum on his Facebook page : `` Our web client is simply an extension of your phone : the web browser mirrors conversations and messages from your mobile device -- this means all of your messages still live on your phone '' . The WhatsApp user 's handset must still be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function . All major desktop browsers are supported except for Microsoft Internet Explorer . WhatsApp Web 's user interface is based on the default Android one .", "As of January 21 , 2015 , the desktop version was only available to Android , BlackBerry and Windows Phone users . Later on , it also added support for iOS , Nokia Series 40 , and Nokia S60 ( Symbian ) .", "An unofficial derivative called WhatsAppTime has been developed , which is a standard Win32 application for PCs and supports notifications through the Windows notification area . There are similar solutions for macOS , such as the open - source ChitChat and multiple wrappers available in the App Store .", "On May 10 , 2016 , the messaging service was introduced for both Windows and macOS operating systems . WhatsApp currently does not allow audio or video calling from desktop operating systems . Similar to the WhatsApp Web format , the app , which will be synced with a user 's mobile device , is available for download on the website . It supports OS versions of Windows 8 and OS X 10.9 and higher .", "WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) . Upon installation , it creates a user account using one 's phone number as the username ( Jabber ID : ( phone number ) @ s.whatsapp.net ) .", "WhatsApp software automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device 's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user 's WhatsApp contact list . Previously the Android and Nokia Series 40 versions used an MD5 - hashed , reversed - version of the phone 's IMEI as password , while the iOS version used the phone 's Wi - Fi MAC address instead of IMEI . A 2012 update now generates a random password on the server side .", "Some Dual SIM devices may not be compatible with WhatsApp , though there are some workarounds for this .", "In February 2015 , WhatsApp introduced a voice calling feature ; this helped WhatsApp to attract a completely different segment of the user population . On November 14 , 2016 , Whatsapp added video calling feature for users across Android , iPhone , and Windows Phone devices .", "On the November of 2017 , Whatsapp released a new feature that would let its users delete messages sent by mistake within a time frame of 7 minutes .", "Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image , audio or video to be sent to an HTTP server and then sending a link to the content along with its Base64 encoded thumbnail ( if applicable ) .", "WhatsApp follows a `` store and forward '' mechanism for exchanging messages between two users . When a user sends a message , it first travels to the WhatsApp server where it is stored . Then the server repeatedly requests the receiver acknowledge receipt of the message . As soon as the message is acknowledged , the server drops the message ; it is no longer available in the database of the server . The WhatsApp server keeps the message only for 30 days in its database when it is not delivered ( when the receiver is not active on WhatsApp for 30 days ) .", "On November 18 , 2014 , Open Whisper Systems announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide end - to - end encryption by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform . Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android , and that support for other clients , group / media messages , and key verification would be coming soon after . WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters , but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website , and further requests for comment were declined . In April 2015 , German magazine Heise Security used ARP spoofing to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android - to - Android messages , and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end - to - end encrypted . They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end - to - end encrypted messages and regular messages . On April 5 , 2016 , WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end - to - end encryption to `` every form of communication '' on WhatsApp , and that users could now verify each other 's keys . Users were also given the option to enable a trust on first use mechanism in order to be notified if a correspondent 's key changes . According to a white paper that was released along with the announcement , WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the Signal Protocol . WhatsApp calls are encrypted with SRTP , and all client - server communications are `` layered within a separate encrypted channel '' . The Signal Protocol library used by WhatsApp is open - source and published under the GPLv3 license .", "Cade Metz , writing in Wired , said `` WhatsApp , more than any company before it , has taken encryption to the masses . ''", "WhatsApp Payments is a peer to peer money transfer feature that is set to launch in India . WhatsApp has received permission from the National Payments Corporation of India ( NPCI ) to enter into partnership with multiple banks in July , 2017 to allow users to make in - app payments and money transfers using the Unified Payments Interface ( UPI ) . UPI enables account - to - account transfers from a mobile app without having any details of the beneficiary 's bank .", "On January 13 , 2017 , The Guardian reported that security researcher Tobias Boelter had found that WhatsApp 's policy of forcing re-encryption of initially undelivered messages , without informing the recipient , constituted a serious loophole whereby WhatsApp could disclose , or be compelled to disclose , the content of these messages . WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems officials disagreed with this assessment . A follow - up article by Boelter himself explains in greater detail what he considers to be the specific vulnerability . In June 2017 , The Guardian readers ' editor Paul Chadwick wrote that `` The Guardian was wrong to report in January that the popular messaging service WhatsApp had a security flaw so serious that it was a huge threat to freedom of speech . ''", "`` In a detailed review I found that misinterpretations , mistakes and misunderstandings happened at several stages of the reporting and editing process . Cumulatively they produced an article that overstated its case . ''", "Chadwick also noted that since the Guardian article , WhatsApp has been `` better secured by the introduction of optional two - factor verification in February . ''", "In response to the Facebook acquisition in 2014 , Slate columnist Matthew Yglesias questioned whether the company 's business model of charging users $1 a year was viable in the United States in the long term . It had prospered by exploiting a `` loophole '' in mobile phone carriers ' pricing . `` Mobile phone operators are n't really selling consumers some voice service , some data service , and some SMS service '' , he explained . `` They are selling access to the network . The different pricing schemes they come up with are just different ways of trying to maximize the value they extract from consumers . '' As part of that , carriers sold SMS separately . That made it easy for WhatsApp to find a way to replicate SMS using data , and then sell that to mobile customers for $1 a year . `` But if WhatsApp gets big enough , then carrier strategy is going to change '' , he predicted . `` You stop selling separate SMS plans and just have a take - it - or - leave - it overall package . And then suddenly WhatsApp is n't doing anything . '' The situation may have been different in countries other than the United States .", "On January 18 , 2016 , WhatsApp 's founder Jan Koum announced that the service would no longer charge their users a $1 annual subscription fee in an effort to remove a barrier faced by some users who do not have a credit card to pay for the service . He also explained that the app would not display any third party advertisement and instead would bring new features such as the ability to communicate with business organizations .", "In December 2015 , it was reported that Islamic State terrorists had been using WhatsApp to plot the November 2015 Paris attacks . ISIL also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves .", "In March 2017 , U.K. Secretary of State Amber Rudd said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable , as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the 2017 Westminster attack . Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks .", "In April 2017 , the perpetrator of the Stockholm attack reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the 2017 Stockholm attack . The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession of the perpetration the attack .", "In May 2016 , some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third - party application called WhatsApp Gold . The application was part of a scam that infected the users ' phones with malware . Another application called `` GB Whatsapp '' is also considered as a related scam . A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends ' conversations , or their contact lists , has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil . Since December , 2016 , more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money", "In September 2017 , after a series of brief disruptions , security researchers reported to The New York Times that WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China .", "On May 9 , 2014 , the government of Iran announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents . `` The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , who is an American Zionist , '' said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi , head of the country 's Committee on Internet Crimes . Subsequently , Iranian president Hassan Rouhani issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp .", "Turkey temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016 , following the assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey .", "On December 17 , 2015 , mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 48 hours . The ban was ordered for the service 's failure to cooperate with criminal court orders in July and August 2015 . The following morning , however , a judge from the appeals court ordered that the ban be lifted for being an unreasonable response , recommending that the company be fined instead . Following the ban , but prior to its reversal , Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg responded by stating that he was `` stunned that our efforts to protect people 's data would result in such an extreme decision by a single judge to punish every person in Brazil who uses WhatsApp . We hope the Brazilian courts quickly reverse course . '' The competing service Telegram reported that 1.5 million Brazilians had downloaded its app while the WhatsApp ban was in place .", "On March 1 , 2016 , Diego Dzodan , Facebook 's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested . On March 2 , 2016 , at dawn the next day , Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable .", "On May 2 , 2016 , mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service 's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders . Once again , the block was lifted following an appeal , after nearly 24 hours .", "WhatsApp , one of the most activated messaging apps along with other social media networks such as Facebook and Instagram were temporarily blocked , banned and had been unavailable for about two days ( 7 - 8 March 2018 ) in certain parts of the country to eradicate communal violences especially the anti-Muslim riots . This was probably the first such instance where social media platforms had been banned in Sri Lanka . The temporal ban was finally lifted on the 14th of March , 2018 around midnight time in Sri Lanka .", "As of April 22 , 2014 , WhatsApp had over 500 million monthly active users , 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily , and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day .", "On August 24 , 2014 , Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide . At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month , or 833,000 active users per day . With 65 million active users representing 10 % of the total worldwide users , India has the largest number of consumers .", "On May 2017 , it was reported that whatsapp users have spend an average of 646 years on video calls which is approximately 340 million minutes of video calls everyday on the app .", "As of February 2017 , WhatsApp has over 1.2 billion users globally .", "Israel is one of WhatsApp 's strongest markets in terms of penetration . According to Globes , already by 2013 the application was installed on 92 % of all smartphones , with 86 % of users reporting daily use . WhatsApp 's group chat feature is reportedly used by many Israeli families to stay in contact with each other .", "In May 2014 , WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India , which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users . In October 2014 , WhatsApp crossed 70 million monthly active users in India , which is 10 % of its total user base ( 700 MM ) . In February 2017 , WhatsApp crossed 200 million monthly active users in India .", "In May 2014 , WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India , which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users .", "In October 2014 , WhatsApp crossed 70 million monthly active users in India , which is 10 % of its total user base ( 700 MM ) .", "In February 2017 , WhatsApp crossed 200 million monthly active users in India .", "WhatsApp competes with a number of Asian - based messaging services ( that as of 2014 , were services like WeChat ( 468 million active users ) , Viber ( 209 million active users ) and LINE ( 170 million active users ) ) , WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012 , growing from two billion in April 2012 , and one billion the previous October . On June 13 , 2013 , WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages . According to the Financial Times , WhatsApp `` has done to SMS on mobile phones what Skype did to international calling on landlines . ''" ]

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[ "Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit", "Health care in the United States", "Government Health Programs", "Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration", "Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration", "Federal Employees Health Benefits Program", "Indian Health Service", "Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP )", "Prescription Assistance ( SPAP )", "Military Health System / TRICARE", "State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP )", "Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE )", "Veterans Health Administration", "Private health coverage", "Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting", "Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting", "Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS )", "Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS )", "Flexible spending account ( FSA )", "Health Reimbursement Account", "Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA )", "High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA )", "High - deductible health plan ( HDHP )", "Medical savings account ( MSA )", "Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS )", "Health insurance in the United States", "Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO )", "Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO )", "Exclusive provider organization ( EPO )", "Health maintenance organization ( HMO )", "Preferred provider organization ( PPO )", "Health care reform law", "Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 )", "Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 )", "Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 )", "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 )", "Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 )", "Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 )", "Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 )", "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 )", "State level reform", "Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform", "Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform", "Dirigo Health ( Maine )", "Massachusetts health care reform", "Oregon Health Plan", "SustiNet ( Connecticut )", "Vermont health care reform", "Municipal health coverage", "Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA", "Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA", "Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland )", "Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland )", "Healthy San Francisco", "Healthy Way LA", "My Health LA", "This box : view talk edit", "view talk edit", "The term `` managed care '' or `` managed healthcare '' is used in the United States to describe a group of activities ostensibly intended to reduce the cost of providing health care while improving the quality of that care ( `` managed care techniques '' ) . It has become the essentially exclusive system of delivering and receiving American health care since its implementation in the early 1980s , and has been largely unaffected by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 .", "... intended to reduce unnecessary health care costs through a variety of mechanisms , including : economic incentives for physicians and patients to select less costly forms of care ; programs for reviewing the medical necessity of specific services ; increased beneficiary cost sharing ; controls on inpatient admissions and lengths of stay ; the establishment of cost - sharing incentives for outpatient surgery ; selective contracting with health care providers ; and the intensive management of high - cost health care cases . The programs may be provided in a variety of settings , such as Health Maintenance Organizations and Preferred Provider Organizations .", "The growth of managed care in the U.S. was spurred by the enactment of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 . While managed care techniques were pioneered by health maintenance organizations , they are now used by a variety of private health benefit programs . Managed care is now nearly ubiquitous in the U.S , but has attracted controversy because it has had mixed results in its overall goal of controlling medical costs . Proponents and critics are also sharply divided on managed care 's overall impact on the quality of U.S. health care delivery .", "Dr. Paul Starr suggests in his analysis of the American healthcare system ( i.e. , The Social Transformation of American Medicine ) that Richard Nixon , advised by the `` father of Health Maintenance Organizations '' , Dr. Paul M. Ellwood , Jr. , was the first mainstream political leader to take deliberate steps to change American health care from its longstanding not - for - profit business principles into a for - profit model that would be driven by the insurance industry . In 1973 , Congress passed the Health Maintenance Organization Act , which encouraged rapid growth of Health Maintenance Organizations ( HMOs ) , the first form of managed care .", "Managed care plans are widely credited with subduing medical cost inflation in the late 1980s by reducing unnecessary hospitalizations , forcing providers to discount their rates , and causing the health care industry to become more efficient and competitive . Managed care plans and strategies proliferated and quickly became nearly ubiquitous in the U.S. However , this rapid growth led to a consumer backlash . Because many managed care health plans are provided by for - profit companies , their cost - control efforts created widespread perception that they were more interested in saving money than providing health care . In a 2004 poll by the Kaiser Family Foundation , a majority of those polled said they believed that managed care decreased the time doctors spend with patients , made it harder for people who are sick to see specialists , and had failed to produce significant health care savings . These public perceptions have been fairly consistent in polling since 1997 .", "The backlash included vocal critics , including disgruntled patients and consumer - advocacy groups , who argued that managed care plans were controlling costs by denying medically necessary services to patients , even in life - threatening situations , or by providing low - quality care . The volume of criticism led many states to pass laws mandating managed - care standards . Meanwhile , insurers responded to public demands and political pressure by beginning to offer other plan options with more comprehensive care networks -- according to one analysis , between the years 1970 and 2005 the share of personal health expenditures paid directly out - of - pocket by U.S. consumers fell from about 40 percent to 15 percent . So although consumers faced rising health insurance premiums over the period , lower out - of - pocket costs likely encouraged consumers to use more health care . Data indicating whether this increase in use was due to voluntary or optional service purchases or the sudden access lower - income citizens had to basic healthcare is not available here at this time .", "By the late 1990s , U.S. per capita healthcare spending began to increase again , peaking around 2002 . Despite managed care 's mandate to control costs , U.S. healthcare expenditures has continued to outstrip the overall national income , rising about 2.4 percentage points faster than the annual GDP since 1970 .", "Nevertheless , according to the trade association America 's Health Insurance Plans , 90 percent of insured Americans are now enrolled in plans with some form of managed care . The National Directory of Managed Care Organizations , Sixth Edition profiles more than 5,000 plans , including new consumer - driven health plans and health savings accounts . In addition , 26 states have contracts with MCOs to deliver long - term care for the elderly and individuals with disabilities . The states pay a monthly capitated rate per member to the MCOs that provide comprehensive care and accept the risk of managing total costs .", "One of the most characteristic forms of managed care is the use of a panel or network of healthcare providers to provide care to enrollees . Such integrated delivery systems typically include one or more of the following :", "A set of designated doctors and healthcare facilities , known as a provider network , which furnish an array of health care services to enrollees Explicit standards for selecting providers Formal utilization review and quality improvement programs An emphasis on preventive care Financial incentives to encourage enrollees to use care efficiently", "A set of designated doctors and healthcare facilities , known as a provider network , which furnish an array of health care services to enrollees", "Explicit standards for selecting providers", "Formal utilization review and quality improvement programs", "An emphasis on preventive care", "Financial incentives to encourage enrollees to use care efficiently", "Provider networks can be used to reduce costs by negotiating favorable fees from providers , selecting cost effective providers , and creating financial incentives for providers to practice more efficiently . A survey issued in 2009 by America 's Health Insurance Plans found that patients going to out - of - network providers are sometimes charged extremely high fees . Other managed care techniques include disease management , case management , wellness incentives , patient education , utilization management and utilization review . The techniques can be applied to both network - based benefit programs and benefit programs that are not based on a provider network . The use of managed care techniques without a provider network is sometimes described as `` managed indemnity '' .", "There is a continuum of organizations that provide managed care , each operating with slightly different business models . Some organizations are made of physicians , and others are combinations of physicians , hospitals , and other providers . Here is a list of common organizations :", "Group practice without walls Independent practice association Management services organization Physician practice management company ( PPM )", "Group practice without walls", "Independent practice association", "Management services organization", "Physician practice management company ( PPM )", "There are several types of network - based managed care programs . They range from more restrictive to less restrictive :", "Proposed in the 1960s by Dr. Paul Elwood in the `` Health Maintenance Strategy '' , the HMO concept was promoted by the Nixon administration as a fix to rising health care costs and set in law as the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 . As defined in the act , a federally - qualified HMO would , in exchange for a subscriber fee ( premium ) , allow members access to a panel of employed physicians or a network of doctors and facilities including hospitals . In return , the HMO received mandated market access and could receive federal development funds .", "They are licensed at the state level , under a license that is known as a certificate of authority ( COA ) , rather than under an insurance license . In 1972 , the National Association of Insurance Commissioners adopted the HMO Model Act , which was intended to provide a model regulatory structure for states to use in authorizing the establishment of HMOs and in monitoring their operations . In practice , an HMO is a coordinated delivery system that combines both the financing and the delivery of health care for enrollees . In the design of the plan , each member is assigned a `` gatekeeper '' , a primary care physician ( PCP ) responsible for the overall care of members assigned . Specialty services require a specific referral from the PCP to the specialist . Non-emergency hospital admissions also require specific pre-authorization by the PCP . Typically , services are not covered if performed by a provider not an employee of or specifically approved by the HMO unless it defines the situation to be an emergency .", "Financial sanctions for use of emergency facilities in non-emergency situations were once an issue , but prudent layperson language now applies to all emergency - service utilization , and penalties are rare .", "Since the 1980s , under the ERISA Act passed in Congress in 1974 and its preemptive effect on state common law tort lawsuits that `` relate to '' Employee Benefit Plans , HMOs administering benefits through private employer health plans have been protected by federal law from malpractice litigation , on the grounds that the decisions regarding patient care are administrative rather than medical in nature . See Cigna v. Calad , 2004 .", "An Independent Practice Association is a legal entity that contracts with a group of physicians to provide service to the HMO 's members . Most often , the physicians are paid on a basis of capitation , which in this context means a set amount for each enrolled person assigned to that physician or group of physicians , whether or not that person seeks care . The contract is not usually exclusive so individual doctors or the group may sign contracts with multiple HMOs . Physicians who participate in IPAs usually also serve fee - for - service patients not associated with managed care .", "IPAs usually have a governing board to determine the best forms of practices .", "Rather than contract with the various insurers and third party administrators , providers may contract with preferred provider organizations . A membership allows a substantial discount below their regularly charged rates from the designated professionals partnered with the organization . Preferred provider organizations themselves earn money by charging an access fee to the insurance company for the use of their network ( unlike the usual insurance with premiums and corresponding payments paid fully or partially by the insurance provider to the medical doctor ) .", "In terms of using such a plan , unlike an HMO plan , which has a copayment cost share feature ( a nominal payment generally paid at the time of service ) , a PPO generally does not have a copayment but offers a deductible and a coinsurance feature . The deductible must be paid in full before any benefits are provided . After the deductible is met , the coinsurance benefits apply . If the PPO plan is an 80 % coinsurance plan with a $1,000 deductible , the patient pays 100 % of the allowed provider fee up to $1,000 . The insurer will pay 80 % of the other fees , and the patient will pay the remaining 20 % . Charges above the allowed amount are not payable by the patient or insurer but written off as a discount by the physician .", "Because the patient is picking up a substantial portion of the `` first dollars '' of coverage , PPO are the least expensive types of coverage .", "A POS plan uses some of the features of each of the above plans . Members of a POS plan do not make a choice about which system to use until the service is being used .", "In terms of using such a plan , a POS plan has levels of progressively higher patient financial participation , as the patient moves away from the more managed features of the plan . For example , if patients stay in a network of providers and seeks a referral to use a specialist , they may have a copayment only . However , if they use an out of network provider but do not seek a referral , they will pay more .", "POS plans are becoming more popular because they offer more flexibility and freedom of choice than standard HMOs .", "There are basically two types of health insurance : fee - for - service ( indemnity ) and managed care . Policies may vary from low cost to all - inclusive to meet different demands of customers , depending on needs , preferences and budget . Fee - for - service is a traditional kind of health care policy : insurance companies pay medical staff fees for each service provided to an insured patient . Such plans offer a wide choice of doctors and hospitals .", "Fee - for - service coverage falls into Basic and Major Medical Protection categories . Basic protection deals with costs of a hospital room , hospital services , care and supplies , cost of surgery in or out of hospital , and doctor visits . Major Medical Protection covers costs of serious illnesses and injuries , which usually require long - term treatment and rehabilitation period . Basic and Major Medical Insurance coverage combined are called a Comprehensive Health Care Plan . Policies do not cover some services .", "Many `` traditional '' or `` indemnity '' health insurance plans now incorporate some managed care features , such as precertification for non-emergency hospital admissions and utilization reviews . They are sometimes described as `` managed indemnity '' plans .", "The overall impact of managed care remains widely debated . Proponents argue that it has increased efficiency , improved overall standards , and led to a better understanding of the relationship and quality . They argue that there is no consistent , direct correlation between the cost of care and its quality , pointing to a 2002 Juran Institute study which estimated that the `` cost of poor quality '' caused by overuse , misuse , and waste amounts to 30 percent of all direct healthcare spending . The emerging practice of evidence - based medicine is being used to determine when lower - cost medicine may in fact be more effective .", "Critics of managed care argue that `` for - profit '' managed care has been an unsuccessful health policy , as it has contributed to higher health care costs ( 25 -- 33 % higher overhead at some of the largest HMOs ) , increased the number of uninsured citizens , driven away health care providers , and applied downward pressure on quality ( worse scores on 14 of 14 quality indicators reported to the National Committee for Quality Assurance ) . Others argue that managed care puts the emphasis on financial implications instead of healthcare . In hospital meetings , it has been reported that senior staff feel `` the only people with real decisions to make are the insurers '' .", "The most common managed care financial arrangement , capitation , places healthcare providers in the role of micro-health insurers , assuming the responsibility for managing the unknown future health care costs of their patients . Small insurers , like individual consumers , tend to have annual costs that fluctuate far more than larger insurers . The term `` Professional Caregiver Insurance Risk '' explains the inefficiencies in health care finance that result when insurance risks are inefficiently transferred to health care providers who are expected to cover such costs in return for their capitation payments . As Cox ( 2006 ) demonstrates , providers can not be adequately compensated for their insurance risks without forcing managed care organizations to become price uncompetitive vis - a-vis risk retaining insurers . Cox ( 2010 ) shows that smaller insurers have lower probabilities of modest profits than large insurers , higher probabilities of high losses than large insurers , provide lower benefits to policyholders , and have far higher surplus requirements . All these effects work against the viability of healthcare provider insurance risk assumption ." ]

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[ "`` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' Song Published c. 1780 Genre Christmas carol Composer ( s ) Traditional with additions by Frederic Austin", "`` The Twelve Days of Christmas ''", "Song", "Published c. 1780", "Genre Christmas carol", "Composer ( s ) Traditional with additions by Frederic Austin", "`` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' ( Roud 68 ) is an English Christmas carol that enumerates in the manner of a cumulative song a series of increasingly grand gifts given on each of the twelve days of Christmas ( the twelve days that make up the Christmas season , starting with Christmas Day ) . The song , published in England in 1780 without music as a chant or rhyme , is thought to be French in origin . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 68 . The tunes of collected versions vary . The standard tune now associated with it is derived from a 1909 arrangement of a traditional folk melody by English composer Frederic Austin , who first introduced the now familiar prolongation of the verse `` five gold rings '' .", "`` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' is a cumulative song , meaning that each verse is built on top of the previous verses . There are twelve verses , each describing a gift given by `` my true love '' on one of the twelve days of Christmas . There are many variations in the lyrics . The lyrics given here are from Frederic Austin 's 1909 publication that first established the current form of the carol . The first three verses run , in full , as follows :", "On the First day of Christmas my true love sent to me a Partridge in a Pear Tree . On the Second day of Christmas my true love sent to me Two Turtle Doves and a Partridge in a Pear Tree . On the Third day of Christmas my true love sent to me Three French Hens , Two Turtle Doves and a Partridge in a Pear Tree .", "Subsequent verses follow the same pattern , each adding one new gift and repeating all the earlier gifts so that each verse is one line longer than its predecessor :", "4 Calling Birds 5 Gold Rings 6 Geese a-Laying 7 Swans a-Swimming 8 Maids a-Milking 9 Ladies Dancing 10 Lords a-Leaping 11 Pipers Piping 12 Drummers Drumming", "4 Calling Birds", "5 Gold Rings", "6 Geese a-Laying", "7 Swans a-Swimming", "8 Maids a-Milking", "9 Ladies Dancing", "10 Lords a-Leaping", "11 Pipers Piping", "12 Drummers Drumming", "The earliest known version of the lyrics was published in London under the title `` The Twelve Days of Christmas sung at King Pepin 's Ball '' , as part of a 1780 children 's book , Mirth without Mischief . Subsequent versions have shown considerable variation :", "In the earliest versions , the word on is not present at the beginning of each verse -- for example , the first verse begins simply `` The first day of Christmas '' . On was added in Austin 's 1909 version , and became very popular thereafter . In the early versions `` my true love sent '' me the gifts . However , a 20th - century variant has `` my true love gave to me '' ; this wording has become particularly common in North America . In one nineteenth century variant , the gifts come from `` my mother '' rather than `` my true love '' . Some variants have `` juniper tree '' or `` June apple tree '' rather than `` pear tree '' , presumably a mishearing of `` partridge in a pear tree . The 1780 version has `` four colly birds '' -- colly being a regional English expression for `` black '' ( the name of the collie dog breed may come from this word ) . This wording must have been opaque to many even in the 19th century : `` canary birds '' , `` colour 'd birds '' , `` curley birds '' , and `` corley birds '' are found in its place . Frederic Austin 's 1909 version , which introduced the now - standard melody , also altered the fourth day 's gift to four `` calling '' birds , and this variant has become the most popular , although `` colly '' is still found . The `` five gold rings '' may become `` five golden rings '' , especially in North America . In the standard melody , this change enables singers to fit one syllable per musical note . The gifts associated with the final four days are often reordered . For example , the pipers may be on the ninth day rather than the eleventh .", "In the earliest versions , the word on is not present at the beginning of each verse -- for example , the first verse begins simply `` The first day of Christmas '' . On was added in Austin 's 1909 version , and became very popular thereafter .", "In the early versions `` my true love sent '' me the gifts . However , a 20th - century variant has `` my true love gave to me '' ; this wording has become particularly common in North America .", "In one nineteenth century variant , the gifts come from `` my mother '' rather than `` my true love '' .", "Some variants have `` juniper tree '' or `` June apple tree '' rather than `` pear tree '' , presumably a mishearing of `` partridge in a pear tree .", "The 1780 version has `` four colly birds '' -- colly being a regional English expression for `` black '' ( the name of the collie dog breed may come from this word ) . This wording must have been opaque to many even in the 19th century : `` canary birds '' , `` colour 'd birds '' , `` curley birds '' , and `` corley birds '' are found in its place . Frederic Austin 's 1909 version , which introduced the now - standard melody , also altered the fourth day 's gift to four `` calling '' birds , and this variant has become the most popular , although `` colly '' is still found .", "The `` five gold rings '' may become `` five golden rings '' , especially in North America . In the standard melody , this change enables singers to fit one syllable per musical note .", "The gifts associated with the final four days are often reordered . For example , the pipers may be on the ninth day rather than the eleventh .", "For ease of comparison with Austin 's 1909 version given above : ( a ) differences in wording , ignoring capitalisation and punctuation , are indicated in italics ; ( b ) items that do not appear at all in Austin 's version are indicated in bold italics .", "Source Giver 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mirth without Mischief , 1780 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Angus , 1774 -- 1825 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Halliwell , 1842 My mother sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Canary birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Ships a sailing Ladies spinning Bells ringing Rimbault , c. 1846 My mother sent to me Parteridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Canary birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Ships a sailing Ladies spinning Bells ringing Halliwell , 1853 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Salmon , 1855 My true love sent to me Partridge upon a pear - tree Turtle - doves French hens Collie birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Husk , 1864 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Hughes , 1864 My true love sent to me Partridge and a pear tree Turtle - doves Fat hens Ducks quacking Hares running `` and so on '' -- -- -- -- -- -- Cliftonian , 1867 My true - love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle - doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Ducks a-laying Swans swimming Hares a-running Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Badgers baiting Bells a-ringing Clark , 1875 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colour 'd birds Gold rings Geese laying Swans swimming Maids milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords leaping Kittredge , 1877 ( 1917 ) My true love sent to me Some part of a juniper tree , And some part of a juniper tree French hens Turtle doves Colly birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming ( forgotten by the singer ) Lambs a-bleating Ladies dancing Lords a-leading Bells a-ringing Henderson , 1879 My true love sent to me Partridge upon a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Curley birds Gold rings Geese laying Swans swimming Maids milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping -- -- Barnes , 1882 My true love sent to me The sprig of a juniper tree Turtle doves French hens Coloured birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Hares a-running Bulls a-roaring Men a-mowing Dancers a-dancing Fiddlers a-fiddling Stokoe , 1888 My true love sent to me Partridge on a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Kidson , 1891 My true love sent to me Merry partridge on a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Scott , 1892 My true love brought to me Very pretty peacock upon a pear tree Turtle - doves French hens Corley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Pipers playing Drummers drumming Lads a-louping Ladies dancing Cole , 1900 My true love sent to me Parteridge upon a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Squabs a swimming Hounds a running Bears a beating Cocks a crowing Lords a leaping Ladies a dancing Sharp , 1905 My true Love sent to me Goldie ring , and the part of a June apple tree Turtle doves , and the part of a mistletoe bough French hens Colley birds Goldie rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Boys a-singing Ladies dancing Asses racing Bulls a-beating Bells a-ringing Austin , 1909 My true love sent to me Partridge in a Pear Tree Turtle Doves French Hens Calling Birds Gold Rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Pipers piping Drummers drumming Swortzell , 1966 My true love gave to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Collie birds Golden rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Pipers piping Drummers drumming Lords a-leaping Ladies dancing", "Source Giver 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "Mirth without Mischief , 1780 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping", "Angus , 1774 -- 1825 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping", "Halliwell , 1842 My mother sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Canary birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Ships a sailing Ladies spinning Bells ringing", "Rimbault , c. 1846 My mother sent to me Parteridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Canary birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Ladies dancing Lords a leaping Ships a sailing Ladies spinning Bells ringing", "Halliwell , 1853 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Swans a swimming Maids a milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping", "Salmon , 1855 My true love sent to me Partridge upon a pear - tree Turtle - doves French hens Collie birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping", "Husk , 1864 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping", "Hughes , 1864 My true love sent to me Partridge and a pear tree Turtle - doves Fat hens Ducks quacking Hares running `` and so on '' -- -- -- -- -- --", "Cliftonian , 1867 My true - love sent to me Partridge in a pear - tree Turtle - doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Ducks a-laying Swans swimming Hares a-running Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Badgers baiting Bells a-ringing", "Clark , 1875 My true love sent to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colour 'd birds Gold rings Geese laying Swans swimming Maids milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords leaping", "Kittredge , 1877 ( 1917 ) My true love sent to me Some part of a juniper tree , And some part of a juniper tree French hens Turtle doves Colly birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming ( forgotten by the singer ) Lambs a-bleating Ladies dancing Lords a-leading Bells a-ringing", "Henderson , 1879 My true love sent to me Partridge upon a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Curley birds Gold rings Geese laying Swans swimming Maids milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping -- --", "Barnes , 1882 My true love sent to me The sprig of a juniper tree Turtle doves French hens Coloured birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Hares a-running Bulls a-roaring Men a-mowing Dancers a-dancing Fiddlers a-fiddling", "Stokoe , 1888 My true love sent to me Partridge on a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping", "Kidson , 1891 My true love sent to me Merry partridge on a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Drummers drumming Pipers piping Ladies dancing Lords a leaping", "Scott , 1892 My true love brought to me Very pretty peacock upon a pear tree Turtle - doves French hens Corley birds Gold rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Pipers playing Drummers drumming Lads a-louping Ladies dancing", "Cole , 1900 My true love sent to me Parteridge upon a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Colly birds Gold rings Geese a laying Squabs a swimming Hounds a running Bears a beating Cocks a crowing Lords a leaping Ladies a dancing", "Sharp , 1905 My true Love sent to me Goldie ring , and the part of a June apple tree Turtle doves , and the part of a mistletoe bough French hens Colley birds Goldie rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Boys a-singing Ladies dancing Asses racing Bulls a-beating Bells a-ringing", "Austin , 1909 My true love sent to me Partridge in a Pear Tree Turtle Doves French Hens Calling Birds Gold Rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Ladies dancing Lords a-leaping Pipers piping Drummers drumming", "Swortzell , 1966 My true love gave to me Partridge in a pear tree Turtle doves French hens Collie birds Golden rings Geese a-laying Swans a-swimming Maids a-milking Pipers piping Drummers drumming Lords a-leaping Ladies dancing", "A similar cumulative verse from Scotland , `` The Yule Days '' , has been likened to `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' in the scholarly literature . It has thirteen days rather than twelve , and the number of gifts does not increase in the manner of `` The Twelve Days '' . Its final verse , as published in Chambers , Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland ( 1842 ) , runs as follows :", "The king sent his lady on the thirteenth Yule day , Three stalks o ' merry corn , Three maids a-merry dancing , Three hinds a-merry hunting , An Arabian baboon , Three swans a-merry swimming , Three ducks a-merry laying , A bull that was brown , Three goldspinks , Three starlings , A goose that was grey , Three plovers , Three partridges , A pippin go aye ; Wha learns my carol and carries it away ?", "`` Pippin go aye '' ( also spelled `` papingo - aye '' in later editions ) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot .", "In the Faroe Islands , there is a comparable counting Christmas song . The gifts include : one feather , two geese , three sides of meat , four sheep , five cows , six oxen , seven dishes , eight ponies , nine banners , ten barrels , eleven goats , twelve men , thirteen hides , fourteen rounds of cheese and fifteen deer . These were illustrated in 1994 by local cartoonist Óli Petersen ( born 1936 ) on a series of two stamps issued by the Faroese Philatelic Office .", "`` Les Douze Mois '' ( `` The Twelve Months '' ) ( also known as `` La Perdriole '' -- `` The Partridge '' ) is another similar cumulative verse from France that has been likened to The Twelve Days of Christmas . Its final verse , as published in de Coussemaker , Chants Populaires des Flamands de France ( 1856 ) , runs as follows :", "Le douzièm ' jour d'l'année , ( the twelfth day of the year ) Que me donn'rez vous ma mie ? ( what will you give me , my love ? ) Douze coqs chantants , ( twelve singing cockerels ) Onze plats d'argent , ( eleven silver dishes ) Dix pigeons blancs , ( ten white pigeons ) Neuf bœufs cornus , ( nine horned oxen ) Huit vaches mordants , ( eight biting cows ) Sept moulins à vent , ( seven windmills ) Six chiens courants , ( six running dogs ) Cinq lapins courant par terre , ( five rabbits running along the ground ) Quat ' canards volant en l'air , ( four ducks flying in the air ) Trois rameaux de bois , ( three wooden branches ) Deux tourterelles , ( two turtle doves ) Un ' perdrix sole , ( one lone partridge ) Qui va , qui vient , qui vole , ( who goes , who comes , who flies ) Qui vole dans les bois . ( who flies in the woods )", "According to de Coussemaker , the song was recorded `` in the part of ( French ) Flanders that borders on the Pas de Calais '' .", "The exact origins and the meaning of the song are unknown , but it is highly probable that it originated from a children 's memory and forfeit game .", "The twelve days in the song are the twelve days starting with Christmas Day , or in some traditions , the day after Christmas ( 26 December ) ( Boxing Day or St. Stephen 's Day , as being the feast day of St. Stephen Protomartyr ) , to the day before Epiphany , or the Feast of the Epiphany ( 6 January , or the Twelfth Day ) . Twelfth Night is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as `` the evening of the fifth of January , preceding Twelfth Day , the eve of the Epiphany , formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking . ''", "The best known English version was first printed in English in 1780 in a little book intended for children , Mirth without Mischief , as a Twelfth Night `` memories - and - forfeits '' game , in which a leader recited a verse , each of the players repeated the verse , the leader added another verse , and so on until one of the players made a mistake , with the player who erred having to pay a penalty , such as offering up a kiss or a sweet .", "Halliwell , writing in 1842 , stated that `` ( e ) ach child in succession repeats the gifts of the day , and forfeits for each mistake . ''", "Salmon , writing from Newcastle , claimed in 1855 that the song `` ( had ) been , up to within twenty years , extremely popular as a schoolboy 's Christmas chant '' .", "Husk , writing in 1864 , stated :", "This piece is found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years . On one of these sheets , nearly a century old , it is entitled `` An Old English Carol , '' but it can scarcely be said to fall within that description of composition , being rather fitted for use in playing the game of `` Forfeits , '' to which purpose it was commonly applied in the metropolis upwards of forty years since . The practice was for one person in the company to recite the first three lines ; a second , the four following ; and so on ; the person who failed in repeating her portion correctly being subjected to some trifling forfeit .", "Thomas Hughes , in a short story published in 1864 , described a fictional game of Forfeits involving the song :", "( A ) cry for forfeits arose . So the party sat down round Mabel on benches brought out from under the table , and Mabel began , --", "The first day of Christmas my true love sent to me a partridge and a pear - tree ;", "The second day of Christmas my true love sent to me two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree ;", "The third day of Christmas my true love sent to me three fat hens , two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree ;", "The fourth day of Christmas my true love sent to me four ducks quacking , three fat hens , two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree ;", "The fifth day of Christmas my true love sent to me five hares running , four ducks quacking , three fat hens , two turtle - doves , a partridge , and a pear - tree .", "And so on . Each day was taken up and repeated all round ; and for every breakdown ( except by little Maggie , who struggled with desperately earnest round eyes to follow the rest correctly , but with very comical results ) , the player who made the slip was duly noted down by Mabel for a forfeit .", "Lady Gomme wrote in 1898 :", "`` The Twelve Days '' was a Christmas game . It was a customary thing in a friend 's house to play `` The Twelve Days , '' or `` My Lady 's Lap Dog , '' every Twelfth Day night . The party was usually a mixed gathering of juveniles and adults , mostly relatives , and before supper -- that is , before eating mince pies and twelfth cake -- this game and the cushion dance were played , and the forfeits consequent upon them always cried . The company were all seated round the room . The leader of the game commenced by saying the first line . ( ... ) The lines for the `` first day '' of Christmas was said by each of the company in turn ; then the first `` day '' was repeated , with the addition of the `` second '' by the leader , and then this was said all round the circle in turn . This was continued until the lines for the `` twelve days '' were said by every player . For every mistake a forfeit -- a small article belonging to the person -- had to be given up . These forfeits were afterwards `` cried '' in the usual way , and were not returned to the owner until they had been redeemed by the penalty inflicted being performed .", "`` Twelve days of Christmas '' was adapted from similar New Years ' or spring French carols , of which at least three are known , all featuring a partridge , perdriz or perdriole , as the first gift . The pear tree appears in only the English version , but this could also indicate a French origin . According to Iona and Peter Opie , the red - legged ( or French ) partridge perches in trees more frequently than the native common ( or grey ) partridge and was not successfully introduced into England until about 1770 . Cecil Sharp observed that `` from the constancy in English , French , and Languedoc versions of the ' merry little partridge , ' I suspect that ' pear - tree ' is really perdrix ( Old French pertriz ) carried into England '' ; and `` juniper tree '' in some English versions may have been `` joli perdrix , '' ( pretty partridge ) . Sharp also suggests the adjective `` French '' in `` three French hens '' , probably simply means `` foreign '' .", "In the northern counties of England , the song was often called the `` Ten Days of Christmas '' , as there were only ten gifts . It was also known in Somerset , Dorsetshire , and elsewhere in England . The kinds of gifts vary in a number of the versions , some of them becoming alliterative tongue - twisters . `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' was also widely popular in the United States and Canada . It is mentioned in the section on `` Chain Songs '' in Stith Thompson 's Motif - Index of Folk - Literature ( Indiana University Studies , Vol. 5 , 1935 ) , p. 416 .", "There is evidence pointing to the North of England , specifically the area around Newcastle upon Tyne , as the origin of the carol . Husk , in the 1864 excerpt quoted above , stated that the carol was `` found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years '' , i.e. from approximately 1714 . In addition , many of the nineteenth century citations come from the Newcastle area .", "According to The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes , `` Suggestions have been made that the gifts have significance , as representing the food or sport for each month of the year . Importance ( certainly has ) long been attached to the Twelve Days , when , for instance , the weather on each day was carefully observed to see what it would be in the corresponding month of the coming year . Nevertheless , whatever the ultimate origin of the chant , it seems probable ( that ) the lines that survive today both in England and France are merely an irreligious travesty . ''", "In 1979 , a Canadian hymnologist , Hugh D. McKellar , published an article , `` How to Decode the Twelve Days of Christmas '' in which he suggested that `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' lyrics were intended as a catechism song to help young Catholics learn their faith , at a time when practising Catholicism was criminalised in England ( 1558 until 1829 ) . Three years later in 1982 , Fr . Hal Stockert wrote an article ( subsequently posted on - line in 1995 ) in which he suggested a similar possible use of the twelve gifts as part of a catechism . The possibility that the twelve gifts were used as a catechism during English and Irish Catholic penal times was also hypothesized in this same time period ( 1987 and 1992 ) by Fr . James Gilhooley , chaplain of Mount Saint Mary College of Newburgh , New York . Snopes.com , a website reviewing urban legends , Internet rumours , e-mail forwards , and other stories of unknown or questionable origin , also concludes that the hypothesis of the twelve gifts of Christmas being a surreptitious catechism is incorrect .", "William S. Baring - Gould suggests that the presents sent on the first seven days were all birds -- the `` five gold rings '' were not actually gold rings , but refer to the five golden rings of the ringed pheasant . Others suggest the gold rings refer to `` five goldspinks '' -- a goldspink being an old name for a goldfinch ; or even canaries . However , the 1780 publication includes an illustration that clearly depicts the `` five gold rings '' as being jewellery .", "The now - standard melody for the carol was published in 1909 by Novello & Co ... English composer Frederic Austin fitted the words to a traditional melody , to which he added his own two - bar motif for `` Five gold rings '' . Many of the decisions Austin made with regard to the lyrics subsequently became widespread :", "The initial `` on '' at the beginning of each verse . The use of `` calling birds '' , rather than `` colly birds '' , on the fourth day . The ordering of the final four verses .", "The initial `` on '' at the beginning of each verse .", "The use of `` calling birds '' , rather than `` colly birds '' , on the fourth day .", "The ordering of the final four verses .", "The time signature of this song is not constant , unlike most popular music . This irregular meter perhaps reflects the song 's folk origin . The introductory lines , such as `` On the twelfth day of Christmas , my true love gave to me '' , are made up of two 4 / 4 bars , while most of the lines naming gifts receive one 3 / 4 bar per gift with the exception of `` Five gold ( en ) rings , '' which receives two 4 / 4 bars , `` Two turtle doves '' getting a 4 / 4 bar with `` And a '' on its fourth beat and `` Partridge in a pear tree '' getting two 4 / 4 bars of music . In most versions , a 4 / 4 bar of music immediately follows `` Partridge in a pear tree . '' `` On the '' is found in that bar on the 4th ( pickup ) beat for the next verse . The successive bars of three for the gifts surrounded by bars of four give the song its hallmark `` hurried '' quality .", "The second to fourth verses ' melody is different from that of the fifth to twelfth verses . Before the fifth verse ( when `` five gold ( en ) rings '' is first sung ) , the melody , using solfege , is `` sol re mi fa re '' for the fourth to second items , and this same melody is thereafter sung for the twelfth to sixth items . However , the melody for `` four colly birds , three French hens , two turtle doves '' changes from this point , differing from the way these lines were sung in the opening four verses .", "In the final verse , Austin inserted a flourish on the words `` Five Gold Rings '' . This has not been copied by later versions , which simply repeat the melody from the earlier verses .", "In the 19th century , most sources for the lyrics do not include music , and those that do often include music different from what has become the standard melody .", "Cecil Sharp 's Folk Songs from Somerset ( 1905 ) contains two different melodies for the song , both distinct from the now - standard melody .", "Older Musical settings of `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' Musical setting from Edward Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England ( c. 1846 ) . According to its preface , this book was `` the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted '' . This melody for `` The Twelve Days '' was published in 1888 . It was `` collected by the late Mr. John Bell , of Gateshead , about eighty years ago '' ( i.e. around 1808 ) Play ( help info ) This melody was current in `` country villages in Wiltshire '' , according to an 1891 newspaper article .", "Older Musical settings of `` Twelve Days of Christmas ''", "Musical setting from Edward Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England ( c. 1846 ) . According to its preface , this book was `` the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted '' . This melody for `` The Twelve Days '' was published in 1888 . It was `` collected by the late Mr. John Bell , of Gateshead , about eighty years ago '' ( i.e. around 1808 ) Play ( help info ) This melody was current in `` country villages in Wiltshire '' , according to an 1891 newspaper article .", "Musical setting from Edward Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England ( c. 1846 ) . According to its preface , this book was `` the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted '' .", "Musical setting from Edward Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes , with the Tunes to which They Are Still Sung in the Nurseries of England ( c. 1846 ) . According to its preface , this book was `` the first attempt to preserve by notation the ancient melodies to which these ditties are commonly chanted '' .", "This melody for `` The Twelve Days '' was published in 1888 . It was `` collected by the late Mr. John Bell , of Gateshead , about eighty years ago '' ( i.e. around 1808 ) Play ( help info )", "This melody for `` The Twelve Days '' was published in 1888 . It was `` collected by the late Mr. John Bell , of Gateshead , about eighty years ago '' ( i.e. around 1808 ) Play ( help info )", "This melody was current in `` country villages in Wiltshire '' , according to an 1891 newspaper article .", "This melody was current in `` country villages in Wiltshire '' , according to an 1891 newspaper article .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters recorded the traditional version of this song on 10 May 1949 for Decca Records . Burl Ives , backed by Percy Faith and his Orchestra and Chorus , recorded a traditional version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' in 1951 . The Ray Conniff Singers also recorded a traditional version in 1962 , appearing on the album We Wish You a Merry Christmas . Jasper Carrott performed `` Twelve Drinks of Christmas '' where he appears to be more inebriated with each successive verse . Perry Como recorded a traditional version of `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' in 1953 but varied the lyrics with `` 11 Lords a Leaping '' , `` 10 Ladies Dancing '' , and `` 9 Pipers Piping '' . It was musically supervised by Mitchell Ayres . Allan Sherman released two different versions of `` The Twelve Gifts of Christmas '' . Sherman wrote and performed his version of the classic Christmas carol on a 1963 TV special that was taped well in advance of the holiday . Warner Bros. Records rushed out a 45 RPM version in early December . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1963 album Christmas with The Chipmunks , Vol. 2 . The illustrator Hilary Knight included A Firefly in a Fir Tree ( later rereleased independently with the subtitle A Carol for Mice ) in his 1963 Christmas Nutshell Library , a boxed set of four miniature holiday - themed books . In this rendition , the narrator is a mouse , with the various gifts reduced to mouse scale , such as `` nine nuts for nibbling '' and `` four holly berries . '' Frank Sinatra and his children , Frank Sinatra Jr. , Nancy Sinatra , and Tina Sinatra , included their own version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on their 1968 album , The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas . Fay McKay , an American musical comedian , is best known for `` The Twelve Daze of Christmas '' , a parody in which the gifts were replaced with various alcoholic drinks , resulting in her performance becoming increasingly inebriated over the course of the song . A radio play written by Brian Sibley , `` And Yet Another Partridge in a Pear Tree '' was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Christmas Day 1977 . Starring Penelope Keith , it imagines the increasingly exasperated response of the recipient of the `` twelve days '' gifts . It was rebroadcast in 2011 . The Muppets and singer - songwriter John Denver performed `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on the 1979 television special John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together . It was featured on the album of the same name . The song has been recorded by the Muppets five different times , featuring different Muppets in different roles each time . In 1975 , the Sesame Street characters recorded a version of this song , using different lyrics . The 12 things are : one delicious cookie ( Cookie Monster ) , two baby frogs ( Hardhead Henry Harris , Elmo in the 1995 version ) , three footballs ( Prairie Dawn ) , four wooly bears ( Grover ) , five argyle socks ( Bert ) , six rubber duckies ( Ernie ) , seven rusty trashcans ( Oscar the Grouch ) , eight counts a ' counting ( Count von Count ) , nine pounds of birdseed ( Big Bird ) , ten wind - up rabbits ( Smart Tina , later replaced by ten triangles Telly Monster ) , eleven broken buildings ( Herry Monster ) and `` Twelve ... I ca n't remember ! '' ( Mr. Snuffleupagus ) . A Māori / New Zealand version , titled `` A Pukeko in a Ponga Tree , '' written by Kingi Matutaera Ihaka , appeared as a picture book and cassette recording in 1981 . On the late - night sketch - comedy program Second City TV in 1982 , the Canadian - rustic characters Bob & Doug McKenzie ( Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas ) released a version on the SCTV spin - off album Great White North . Roger Whittaker recorded the traditional version with Angus ' format in 1984 . The Twelve Days of Christmas ( TV 1993 ) , an animated tale which aired on NBC , features the voices of Marcia Savella , Larry Kenney , Carter Cathcart , Donna Vivino and Phil Hartman . Walt Kelly did a number of takes on the carol in Pogo . In one of them , the various characters , in fantastic hats , bring the gifts to Miz Beaver . By the 11th day , she , having run out of room - and patience - , calls a halt to the proceedings and speaks to Mr. Miggle , the general store proprieter , about taking them all off her hands . Christian rock band Relient K released a recording of the song on their 2007 album Let It Snow , Baby ... Let It Reindeer . This version known for its slightly satirical refrain : `` What 's a partridge ? What 's a pear tree ? I do n't know , so please do n't ask me . But I can bet those are terrible gifts to get . '' A program hosted by Tom Arnold , The 12 Days of Redneck Christmas , which takes a look at Christmas traditions , premiered on CMT in 2008 . The theme music is `` The Twelve Days of Christmas . '' Polkadot Cadaver did a satiric version of the song on their album From Bethlehem to Oblivion . Shannon Chan - Kent , as her character of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , sings her own version of the song on the album My Little Pony : It 's a Pony Kind of Christmas . Irish actor Frank Kelly recorded `` Christmas Countdown '' in 1982 in which a man named Gobnait O'Lunacy receives 12 different Christmas gifts from a lady named Nuala . As each gift is received , the man gets increasingly upset with the person who sent them . This version charted in both Ireland ( where it reached number 8 in 1982 ) and the UK ( entering the UK chart in December 1983 and reaching number 26 ) A special Creature Comforts orchestral arrangement of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' was made by British animator Nick Park and Aardman Animations . Featuring different animals discussing or trying to remember the lyrics of the song , it was released on Christmas Day 2005 . New Orleans band Benny Grunch and the Bunch perform a `` locals - humor take '' on the song , titled `` The Twelve Yats of Christmas . '' The carol is the main plot device in Ellery Queen 's , The Finishing Stroke . The video game Starcraft : Broodwar released a new map named `` Twelve Days of Starcraft '' with the song which was adopted a new lyric by Blizzard on 23 December 1999 . In 2013 , CarbotAnimations created a new web animation , `` StarCrafts Christmas Special 2013 the Twelve Days of StarCrafts '' , with the song which was played in the map `` Twelve Days of Starcraft '' . Jimmy Buffet released a Parrothead version . Canadian impressionist Steve Ivings released a version in 1979 , done in his voice impersonations of celebrities such as Dean Martin , Peter Falk , Marlon Brando , Walter Cronkite , Richard Burton , Liberace and Paul Lynde .", "Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters recorded the traditional version of this song on 10 May 1949 for Decca Records .", "Burl Ives , backed by Percy Faith and his Orchestra and Chorus , recorded a traditional version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' in 1951 .", "The Ray Conniff Singers also recorded a traditional version in 1962 , appearing on the album We Wish You a Merry Christmas .", "Jasper Carrott performed `` Twelve Drinks of Christmas '' where he appears to be more inebriated with each successive verse .", "Perry Como recorded a traditional version of `` Twelve Days of Christmas '' in 1953 but varied the lyrics with `` 11 Lords a Leaping '' , `` 10 Ladies Dancing '' , and `` 9 Pipers Piping '' . It was musically supervised by Mitchell Ayres .", "Allan Sherman released two different versions of `` The Twelve Gifts of Christmas '' . Sherman wrote and performed his version of the classic Christmas carol on a 1963 TV special that was taped well in advance of the holiday . Warner Bros. Records rushed out a 45 RPM version in early December .", "Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1963 album Christmas with The Chipmunks , Vol. 2 .", "The illustrator Hilary Knight included A Firefly in a Fir Tree ( later rereleased independently with the subtitle A Carol for Mice ) in his 1963 Christmas Nutshell Library , a boxed set of four miniature holiday - themed books . In this rendition , the narrator is a mouse , with the various gifts reduced to mouse scale , such as `` nine nuts for nibbling '' and `` four holly berries . ''", "Frank Sinatra and his children , Frank Sinatra Jr. , Nancy Sinatra , and Tina Sinatra , included their own version of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on their 1968 album , The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas .", "Fay McKay , an American musical comedian , is best known for `` The Twelve Daze of Christmas '' , a parody in which the gifts were replaced with various alcoholic drinks , resulting in her performance becoming increasingly inebriated over the course of the song .", "A radio play written by Brian Sibley , `` And Yet Another Partridge in a Pear Tree '' was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on Christmas Day 1977 . Starring Penelope Keith , it imagines the increasingly exasperated response of the recipient of the `` twelve days '' gifts . It was rebroadcast in 2011 .", "The Muppets and singer - songwriter John Denver performed `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' on the 1979 television special John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together . It was featured on the album of the same name . The song has been recorded by the Muppets five different times , featuring different Muppets in different roles each time .", "In 1975 , the Sesame Street characters recorded a version of this song , using different lyrics . The 12 things are : one delicious cookie ( Cookie Monster ) , two baby frogs ( Hardhead Henry Harris , Elmo in the 1995 version ) , three footballs ( Prairie Dawn ) , four wooly bears ( Grover ) , five argyle socks ( Bert ) , six rubber duckies ( Ernie ) , seven rusty trashcans ( Oscar the Grouch ) , eight counts a ' counting ( Count von Count ) , nine pounds of birdseed ( Big Bird ) , ten wind - up rabbits ( Smart Tina , later replaced by ten triangles Telly Monster ) , eleven broken buildings ( Herry Monster ) and `` Twelve ... I ca n't remember ! '' ( Mr. Snuffleupagus ) .", "A Māori / New Zealand version , titled `` A Pukeko in a Ponga Tree , '' written by Kingi Matutaera Ihaka , appeared as a picture book and cassette recording in 1981 .", "On the late - night sketch - comedy program Second City TV in 1982 , the Canadian - rustic characters Bob & Doug McKenzie ( Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas ) released a version on the SCTV spin - off album Great White North .", "Roger Whittaker recorded the traditional version with Angus ' format in 1984 .", "The Twelve Days of Christmas ( TV 1993 ) , an animated tale which aired on NBC , features the voices of Marcia Savella , Larry Kenney , Carter Cathcart , Donna Vivino and Phil Hartman .", "Walt Kelly did a number of takes on the carol in Pogo . In one of them , the various characters , in fantastic hats , bring the gifts to Miz Beaver . By the 11th day , she , having run out of room - and patience - , calls a halt to the proceedings and speaks to Mr. Miggle , the general store proprieter , about taking them all off her hands .", "Christian rock band Relient K released a recording of the song on their 2007 album Let It Snow , Baby ... Let It Reindeer . This version known for its slightly satirical refrain : `` What 's a partridge ? What 's a pear tree ? I do n't know , so please do n't ask me . But I can bet those are terrible gifts to get . ''", "A program hosted by Tom Arnold , The 12 Days of Redneck Christmas , which takes a look at Christmas traditions , premiered on CMT in 2008 . The theme music is `` The Twelve Days of Christmas . ''", "Polkadot Cadaver did a satiric version of the song on their album From Bethlehem to Oblivion .", "Shannon Chan - Kent , as her character of Pinkie Pie from My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , sings her own version of the song on the album My Little Pony : It 's a Pony Kind of Christmas .", "Irish actor Frank Kelly recorded `` Christmas Countdown '' in 1982 in which a man named Gobnait O'Lunacy receives 12 different Christmas gifts from a lady named Nuala . As each gift is received , the man gets increasingly upset with the person who sent them . This version charted in both Ireland ( where it reached number 8 in 1982 ) and the UK ( entering the UK chart in December 1983 and reaching number 26 )", "A special Creature Comforts orchestral arrangement of `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' was made by British animator Nick Park and Aardman Animations . Featuring different animals discussing or trying to remember the lyrics of the song , it was released on Christmas Day 2005 .", "New Orleans band Benny Grunch and the Bunch perform a `` locals - humor take '' on the song , titled `` The Twelve Yats of Christmas . ''", "The carol is the main plot device in Ellery Queen 's , The Finishing Stroke .", "The video game Starcraft : Broodwar released a new map named `` Twelve Days of Starcraft '' with the song which was adopted a new lyric by Blizzard on 23 December 1999 . In 2013 , CarbotAnimations created a new web animation , `` StarCrafts Christmas Special 2013 the Twelve Days of StarCrafts '' , with the song which was played in the map `` Twelve Days of Starcraft '' .", "Jimmy Buffet released a Parrothead version .", "Canadian impressionist Steve Ivings released a version in 1979 , done in his voice impersonations of celebrities such as Dean Martin , Peter Falk , Marlon Brando , Walter Cronkite , Richard Burton , Liberace and Paul Lynde .", "Since 1984 , the cumulative costs of the items mentioned in the song have been used as a tongue - in - cheek economic indicator . Assuming the gifts are repeated in full in each round of the song , then a total of 364 items are delivered by the twelfth day . This custom began with and is maintained by PNC Bank . Two pricing charts are created , referred to as the Christmas Price Index and The True Cost of Christmas . The former is an index of the current costs of one set of each of the gifts given by the True Love to the singer of the song `` The Twelve Days of Christmas '' . The latter is the cumulative cost of all the gifts with the repetitions listed in the song . The people mentioned in the song are hired , not purchased . The total costs of all goods and services for the 2015 Christmas Price Index is US $34,130.99 , or $155,407.18 for all 364 items . The original 1984 cost was $12,623.10 . The index has been criticised for not accurately reflecting the true cost of the gifts featured in the Christmas carol ." ]

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[ "The Texas Annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America , which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 .", "The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major U.S. political parties , the Democrats and the Whigs , opposed the introduction of Texas , a vast slave - holding region , into the volatile political climate of the pro - and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover , they wished to avoid a war with Mexico , whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas 's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s , the President of the Texas Republic , Sam Houston , arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence , with the United Kingdom mediating .", "In 1843 , U.S. President John Tyler , then unaligned with any political party , decided independently to pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office . His official motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by the British government for emancipation of slaves in Texas , which would undermine slavery in the United States . Through secret negotiations with the Houston administration , Tyler secured a treaty of annexation in April 1844 . When the documents were submitted to the U.S. Senate for ratification , the details of the terms of annexation became public and the question of acquiring Texas took center stage in the presidential election of 1844 . Pro-Texas - annexation southern Democratic delegates denied their anti-annexation leader Martin Van Buren the nomination at their party 's convention in May 1844 . In alliance with pro-expansion northern Democratic colleagues , they secured the nomination of James K. Polk , who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform .", "In June 1844 , the Senate , with its Whig majority , soundly rejected the Tyler -- Texas treaty . The pro-annexation Democrat Polk narrowly defeated anti-annexation Whig Henry Clay in the 1844 presidential election . In December 1844 , lame - duck President Tyler called on Congress to pass his treaty by simple majorities in each house . The Democratic - dominated House of Representatives complied with his request by passing an amended bill expanding on the pro-slavery provisions of the Tyler treaty . The Senate narrowly passed a compromise version of the House bill ( by the vote of the minority Democrats and several southern Whigs ) , designed to provide the incoming President - elect Polk the options of immediate annexation of Texas or new talks to revise the annexation terms of the House - amended bill .", "On March 1 , 1845 , President Tyler signed the annexation bill , and on March 3 ( his last day in office ) , he forwarded the House version to Texas , offering immediate annexation ( which preempted Polk ) . When Polk took office the next day , he encouraged Texas to accept the Tyler offer . Texas ratified the agreement with popular approval from Texans . The bill was signed by Polk on December 29 , 1845 , accepting Texas as the 28th state of the Union . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 19 , 1846 . Following the annexation , relations between the United States and Mexico deteriorated due to an unresolved dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico , and the Mexican - American War broke out only a few months later .", "Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520 -- French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal", "Part of a series on the", "History of Texas", "Timeline", "Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520 -- French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas", "Pre-Columbian Texas Early Spanish explorations 1520 -- French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899", "Pre-Columbian Texas", "Early Spanish explorations 1520 --", "French Texas 1684 -- 1689", "Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821", "Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836", "Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845", "Statehood 1845 -- 1860", "Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865", "Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899", "Texas portal", "", "", "First mapped by Spain in 1519 , Texas was part of the vast Spanish empire seized by the Spanish Conquistadors from its indigenous people for over 300 years . When the Louisiana territory was acquired by the United States from France in 1803 , many in the U.S. believed the new territory included parts or all of present - day Texas . The US - Spain border along the northern frontier of Texas took shape in the 1817 -- 1819 negotiations between Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Spanish ambassador to the United States , Luis de Onís y González - Vara . The boundaries of Texas were determined within the larger geostrategic struggle to demarcate the limits of the United States ' extensive western lands and of Spain 's vast possessions in North America . The Florida Treaty of February 22 , 1819 emerged as a compromise that excluded Spain from the lower Columbia River watershed , but established southern boundaries at the Sabine and Red Rivers , `` legally extinguish ( ing ) '' any American claims to Texas . Nonetheless , Texas remained an object of fervent interest to American expansionists , among them Thomas Jefferson , who anticipated the eventual acquisition of its fertile lands .", "The Missouri crisis of 1819 -- 1821 sharpened commitments to expansionism among the country 's slaveholding interests , when the so - called Thomas proviso established the 36 ° 30 ' parallel , imposing free - soil and slave - soil futures in the Louisiana Purchase lands . While a majority of southern congressmen acquiesced to the exclusion of slavery from the bulk of the Louisiana Purchase , a significant minority objected . Virginian editor Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer predicted that with the proviso restrictions , the South would ultimately require Texas : `` If we are cooped up on the north , we must have elbow room to the west . '' Representative John Floyd of Virginia in 1824 accused Secretary of State Adams of conceding Texas to Spain in 1819 in the interests of Northern anti-slavery advocates , and so depriving the South of additional slave states . Then - Representative John Tyler of Virginia invoked the Jeffersonian precepts of territorial and commercial growth as a national goal to counter the rise of sectional differences over slavery . His `` diffusion '' theory declared that with Missouri open to slavery , the new state would encourage the transfer of underutilized slaves westward , emptying the eastern states of bondsmen and making emancipation feasible in the old South . This doctrine would be revived during the Texas annexation controversy .", "When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 , the United States did not contest the new republic 's claims to Texas , and both presidents John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) and Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) persistently sought , through official and unofficial channels , to procure all or portions of provincial Texas from the Mexican government , without success .", "Spanish and Indigenous immigrants , primarily from North Eastern provinces of New Spain began to settle Texas in the late 17th century . The Spanish constructed chains of missions and presidios in what is today Louisiana , East Texas and South Texas . The first chain of missions was designed for the Tejas Indians , near Los Adaes . Soon thereafter , the San Antonio Missions were founded along the San Antonio River . The City of San Antonio , then known as San Fernando de Bexar , was founded in 1719 . In the early 1760s , Jose de Escandon created five settlements along the Rio Grande River , including Laredo .", "Anglo - American immigrants , primarily from the Southern United States , began emigrating to Mexican Texas in the early 1820s at the invitation of the Texas faction of the Coahuila y Texas state government , which sought to populate the sparsely inhabited lands of its northern frontier for cotton production . Colonizing empresario Stephen F. Austin managed the regional affairs of the mostly American - born population -- 20 % of them slaves -- under the terms of the generous government land grants . Mexican authorities were initially content to govern the remote province through salutary neglect , `` permitting slavery under the legal fiction of ' permanent indentured servitude ' , similar to Mexico 's peonage system .", "A general lawlessness prevailed in the vast Texas frontier , and Mexico 's civic laws went largely unenforced among the Anglo - American settlers . In particular , the prohibitions against slavery and forced labor were ignored . The requirement that all settlers be Catholic or convert to Catholicism was also subverted . Mexican authorities , perceiving that they were losing control over Texas and alarmed by the unsuccessful Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 , abandoned the policy of benign rule . New restrictions were imposed in 1829 -- 1830 , outlawing slavery throughout the nation and terminating further American immigration to Texas . Military occupation followed , sparking local uprisings and a civil war . Texas conventions in 1832 and 1833 submitted petitions for redress of grievances to overturn the restrictions , with limited success . In 1835 , an army under Mexican President Santa Anna entered its territory of Texas and abolished self - government . Texans responded by declaring their independence from Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . On April 20 -- 21 , rebel forces under Texas General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto . In June 1836 , Santa Anna agreed to Texas independence , but the Mexican government refused to honor Santa Anna 's pledge . Texans , now de facto independent , recognized that their security and prosperity could never be achieved while Mexico denied the legitimacy of their revolution .", "In the years following independence , the migration of white settlers and importation of black slave labor into the vast republic was deterred by Texas 's unresolved international status and the threat of renewed warfare with Mexico . American citizens who considered migrating to the new republic perceived that `` life and property were safer within the United States '' than in an independent Texas . The situation led to labor shortages , reduced tax revenue , large national debts and a diminished Texas militia .", "The Anglo - American immigrants residing in newly - independent Texas overwhelmingly desired immediate annexation by the United States . But , despite his strong support for Texas independence from Mexico , then - President Andrew Jackson delayed recognizing the new republic until the last day of his presidency to avoid raising the issue during the 1836 general election . Jackson 's political caution was informed by northern concerns that Texas could potentially form several new slave states and undermine the North - South balance in Congress .", "Jackson 's successor , President Martin Van Buren , viewed Texas annexation as an immense political liability that would empower the anti-slavery northern Whig opposition -- especially if annexation provoked a war with Mexico . Presented with a formal annexation proposal from Texas minister Memucan Hunt , Jr. in August 1837 , Van Buren summarily rejected it . Annexation resolutions presented separately in each house of Congress were either soundly defeated or tabled through filibuster . After the election of 1838 , new Texas president Mirabeau B. Lamar withdrew his republic 's offer of annexation due to these failures . Texans were at an annexation impasse when John Tyler entered the White House in 1841 .", "William Henry Harrison , Whig Party presidential nominee , defeated US President Martin Van Buren in the 1840 general election . Upon Harrison 's death shortly after his inauguration , Vice-President John Tyler assumed the presidency . President Tyler was expelled from the Whig party in 1841 for repeatedly vetoing their domestic finance legislation . Tyler , isolated and outside the two - party mainstream , turned to foreign affairs to salvage his presidency , aligning himself with a southern states ' rights faction that shared his fervent slavery expansionist views .", "In his first address to Congress in special session on June 1 , 1841 , Tyler set the stage for Texas annexation by announcing his intention to pursue an expansionist agenda so as to preserve the balance between state and national authority and to protect American institutions , including slavery , so as to avoid sectional conflict . Tyler 's closest advisors counseled him that obtaining Texas would assure him a second term in the White House , and it became a deeply personal obsession for the president , who viewed the acquisition of Texas as the `` primary objective of his administration '' . Tyler delayed direct action on Texas to work closely with his Secretary of State Daniel Webster on other pressing diplomatic initiatives .", "With the Webster - Ashburton Treaty ratified in 1843 , Tyler was ready to make the annexation of Texas his `` top priority '' . Representative Thomas W. Gilmer of Virginia was authorized by the administration to make the case for annexation to the American electorate . In a widely circulated open letter , understood as an announcement of the executive branch 's designs for Texas , Gilmer described Texas as a panacea for North - South conflict and an economic boon to all commercial interests . The slavery issue , however divisive , would be left for the states to decide as per the US Constitution . Domestic tranquility and national security , Tyler argued , would result from an annexed Texas ; a Texas left outside American jurisdiction would imperil the Union . Tyler adroitly arranged the resignation of his anti-annexation Secretary of State Daniel Webster , and on June 23 , 1843 appointed Abel P. Upshur , a Virginia states ' rights champion and ardent proponent of Texas annexation . This cabinet shift signaled Tyler 's intent to pursue Texas annexation aggressively .", "In late September 1843 , in an effort to cultivate public support for Texas , Secretary Upshur dispatched a letter to the US Minister to Great Britain , Edward Everett , conveying his displeasure with Britain 's global anti-slavery posture , and warning their government that forays into Texas 's affairs would be regarded as `` tantamount to direct interference ' with the established institutions of the United States ' '' . In a breach of diplomatic norms , Upshur leaked the communique to the press to inflame popular Anglophobic sentiments among American citizens .", "In the spring of 1843 , the Tyler administration had sent executive agent Duff Green to Europe to gather intelligence and arrange territorial treaty talks with Great Britain regarding Oregon ; he also worked with American minister to France , Lewis Cass , to thwart efforts by major European powers to suppress the maritime slave trade . Green reported to Secretary Upshur in July 1843 that he had discovered a `` loan plot '' by American abolitionists , in league with Lord Aberdeen , British Foreign Secretary , to provide funds to the Texas in exchange for the emancipation of its slaves . Minister Everett was charged with determining the substance of these confidential reports alleging a Texas plot . His investigations , including personal interviews with Lord Aberdeen , concluded that British interest in abolitionist intrigues was weak , contradicting Secretary of State Upshur 's conviction that Great Britain was manipulating Texas . Though unsubstantiated , Green 's unofficial intelligence so alarmed Tyler that he requested verification from the US minister to Mexico , Waddy Thompson .", "John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , a pro-slavery extremist counseled Secretary Upshur that British designs on American slavery were real and required immediate action to preempt a takeover of Texas by Great Britain . When Tyler confirmed in September that the British Foreign Secretary Aberdeen had encouraged détente between Mexico and Texas , allegedly pressing Mexico to maneuver Texas towards emancipation of its slaves , Tyler acted at once . On September 18 , 1843 , in consultation with Secretary Upshur , he ordered secret talks opened with Texas Minister to the United States Isaac Van Zandt to negotiate the annexation of Texas . Face - to - face negotiations commenced on October 16 , 1843 .", "By the summer of 1843 Sam Houston 's Texas administration had returned to negotiations with the Mexican government to consider a rapprochement that would permit Texas self - governance , possibly as a state of Mexico , with Great Britain acting as mediator . Texas officials felt compelled by the fact that the Tyler administration appeared unequipped to mount an effective campaign for Texas annexation . With the 1844 general election in the United States approaching , the leadership in both the Democratic and Whig parties remained unequivocally anti-Texas . Texas - Mexico treaty options under consideration included an autonomous Texas within Mexico 's borders , or an independent republic with the provision that Texas should emancipate its slaves upon recognition .", "Van Zandt , though he personally favored annexation by the United States , was not authorized to entertain any overtures from the US government on the subject . Texas officials were at the moment deeply engaged in exploring settlements with Mexican diplomats , facilitated by Great Britain . Texas 's predominant concern was not British interference with the institution of slavery -- English diplomats had not alluded to the issue -- but the avoidance of any resumption of hostilities with Mexico . Still , US Secretary of State Upshur vigorously courted Texas diplomats to begin annexation talks , finally dispatching an appeal to President Sam Houston in January 1844 . In it , he assured Houston that , in contrast to previous attempts , the political climate in the United States , including sections of the North , was amenable to Texas statehood , and that a two - thirds majority in Senate could be obtained to ratify a Texas treaty .", "Texans were hesitant to pursue a US - Texas treaty without a written commitment of military defense from America , since a full - scale military attack by Mexico seemed likely when the negotiations became public . If ratification of the annexation measure stalled in the US Senate , Texas could face a war alone against Mexico . Because only Congress could declare war , the Tyler administration lacked the constitutional authority to commit the US to support of Texas . But when Secretary Upshur provided a verbal assurance of military defense , President Houston , responding to urgent calls for annexation from the Texas Congress of December 1843 , authorized the reopening of annexation negotiations .", "As Secretary Upshur accelerated the secret treaty discussions , Mexican diplomats learned that US - Texas talks were taking place . Mexican minister to the U.S. Juan Almonte confronted Upshur with these reports , warning him that if Congress sanctioned a treaty of annexation , Mexico would break diplomatic ties and immediately declare war . Secretary Upshur evaded and dismissed the charges , and pressed forward with the negotiations . In tandem with moving forward with Texas diplomats , Upshur was secretly lobbying US Senators to support annexation , providing lawmakers with persuasive arguments linking Texas acquisition to national security and domestic peace . By early 1844 , Upshur was able to assure Texas officials that 40 of the 52 members of the Senate were pledged to ratify the Tyler - Texas treaty , more than the two - thirds majority required for passage . Tyler , in his annual address to Congress in December 1843 , maintained his silence on the secret treaty , so as not to damage relations with the wary Texas diplomats . Throughout , Tyler did his utmost to keep the negotiations secret , making no public reference to his administration 's single - minded quest for Texas .", "The Tyler - Texas treaty was in its final stages when its chief architects , Secretary Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas W. Gilmer , died in an accident aboard USS Princeton on February 28 , 1844 , just a day after achieving a preliminary treaty draft agreement with the Texas Republic . The Princeton disaster proved a major setback for Texas annexation , in that Tyler expected Secretary Upshur to elicit critical support from Whig and Democratic Senators during the upcoming treaty ratification process . Tyler selected John C. Calhoun to replace Upshur as Secretary of State and to finalize the treaty with Texas . The choice of Calhoun , a highly regarded but controversial American statesman , risked introducing a politically polarizing element into the Texas debates , but Tyler prized him as a strong advocate of annexation .", "With the Tyler - Upshur secret annexation negotiations with Texas near consummation , Senator Robert J. Walker of Mississippi , a key Tyler ally , issued a widely distributed and highly influential letter , reproduced as a pamphlet , making the case for immediate annexation . In it , Walker argued that Texas could be acquired by Congress in a number of ways -- all constitutional -- and that the moral authority to do so was based on the precepts for territorial expansion established by Jefferson and Madison , and promulgated as doctrine by Monroe in 1823 . Senator Walker 's polemic offered analysis on the significance of Texas with respect to slavery and race . He envisioned Texas as a corridor through which both free and enslaved African - Americans could be `` diffused '' southward in a gradual exodus that would ultimately supply labor to the Central American tropics , and in time , empty the United States of its slave population .", "This `` safety - valve '' theory `` appealed to the racial fears of northern whites '' who dreaded the prospect of absorbing emancipated slaves into their communities in the event that the institution of slavery collapsed in the South . This scheme for racial cleansing was consistent , on a pragmatic level , with proposals for overseas colonization of blacks , which were pursued by a number of American presidents , from Jefferson to Lincoln . Walker bolstered his position by raising national security concerns , warning that in the event annexation failed , imperialist Great Britain would maneuver the Republic of Texas into emancipating its slaves , forecasting a dangerous destabilizing influence on southwestern slaveholding states . The pamphlet characterized abolitionists as traitors who conspired with the British to overthrow the United States .", "A variation of the Tyler 's `` diffusion '' theory , it played on economic fears in a period when slave - based staple crop markets had not yet recovered from the Panic of 1837 . The Texas `` escape route '' conceived by Walker promised to increase demand for slaves in fertile cotton - growing regions of Texas , as well as the monetary value of slaves . Cash - poor plantation owners in the older eastern South were promised a market for surplus slaves at a profit . Texas annexation , wrote Walker , would eliminate all these dangers and `` fortify the whole Union . ''", "Walker 's pamphlet brought forth strident demands for Texas from pro-slavery expansionists in the South ; in the North , it allowed anti-slavery expansionists to embrace Texas without appearing to be aligned with pro-slavery extremists . His assumptions and analysis `` shaped and framed the debates on annexation but his premises went largely unchallenged among the press and public .", "Tyler - Texas Treaty Treaty of annexation concluded between the United States of America and the Republic of Texas Drafted February 27 , 1844 Signed April 12 , 1844 Location Washington Effective Not ratified Signatories Republic of Texas United States Consent refused by the U.S. Senate ( Senate Journal , June 8 , 1844 , volume 430 , pp. 436 - 438 ) .", "Treaty of annexation concluded between the United States of America and the Republic of Texas", "Drafted February 27 , 1844", "Signed April 12 , 1844", "Location Washington", "Effective Not ratified", "Signatories Republic of Texas United States", "Republic of Texas United States", "Republic of Texas", "Consent refused by the U.S. Senate ( Senate Journal , June 8 , 1844 , volume 430 , pp. 436 - 438 ) .", "The Tyler - Texas treaty , signed on April 12 , 1844 , was framed to induct Texas into the Union as a territory , following constitutional protocols . To wit , Texas would cede all its public lands to the United States , and the federal government would assume all its bonded debt , up to $10 million . The boundaries of the Texas territory were left unspecified . Four new states could ultimately be carved from the former republic -- three of them likely to become slave states . Any allusion to slavery was omitted from the document so as not to antagonize anti-slavery sentiments during Senate debates , but it provided for the `` preservation of all ( Texas ) property as secured in our domestic institutions . ''", "Upon the signing of the treaty , Tyler complied with the Texans ' demand for military and naval protection , deploying troops to Fort Jesup in Louisiana and a fleet of warships to the Gulf of Mexico . In the event that the Senate failed to pass the treaty , Tyler promised the Texas diplomats that he would officially exhort both houses of Congress to establish Texas as a state of the Union upon provisions authorized in the Constitution . Tyler 's cabinet was split on the administration 's handling of the Texas agreement . Secretary of War William Wilkins praised the terms of annexation publicly , touting the economic and geostrategic benefits with relation to Great Britain . Secretary of the Treasury John C. Spencer was alarmed at the constitutional implications of Tyler 's application of military force without congressional approval , a violation of the separation of powers . Refusing to transfer contingency funds for the naval mobilization , he resigned .", "Tyler submitted his treaty for annexation to the Senate , delivered April 22 , 1844 , where a two - thirds majority was required for ratification . Secretary of State Calhoun ( assuming his post March 29 , 1844 ) had sent a letter to British minister Richard Packenham denouncing British anti-slavery interference in Texas . He included the Packenham Letter with the Tyler bill , intending to create a sense of crisis in Southern Democrats . In it , he characterized slavery as a social blessing and the acquisition of Texas as an emergency measure necessary to safeguard the `` peculiar institution '' in the United States . In doing so , Tyler and Calhoun sought to unite the South in a crusade that would present the North with an ultimatum : support Texas annexation or lose the South .", "President Tyler expected that his treaty would be debated secretly in Senate executive session . However , less than a week after debates opened , the treaty , its associated internal correspondence , and the Packenham letter were leaked to the public . The nature of the Tyler - Texas negotiations caused a national outcry , in that `` the documents appeared to verify that the sole objective of Texas annexation was the preservation of slavery . '' A mobilization of anti-annexation forces in the North strengthened both major parties ' hostility toward Tyler 's agenda . The leading presidential hopefuls of both parties , Democrat Martin Van Buren and Whig Henry Clay , publicly denounced the treaty . Texas annexation and the reoccupation of Oregon territory emerged as the central issues in the 1844 general election .", "In response , Tyler , already ejected from the Whig party , quickly began to organize a third party in hopes of inducing the Democrats to embrace a pro-expansionist platform . By running as a third - party candidate , Tyler threatened to siphon off pro-annexation Democratic voters ; Democratic party disunity would mean the election of Henry Clay , a staunchly anti-Texas Whig . Pro-annexation delegates among southern Democrats , with assistance from a number of northern delegates , blocked anti-expansion candidate Martin Van Buren at the convention , which instead nominated the pro-expansion champion of Manifest Destiny , James K. Polk of Tennessee . Polk unified his party under the banner of Texas and Oregon acquisition .", "In August 1844 , in the midst of the campaign , Tyler withdrew from the race . The Democratic Party was by then unequivocally committed to Texas annexation , and Tyler , assured by Polk 's envoys that as President he would effect Texas annexation , urged his supporters to vote Democratic . Polk narrowly defeated Whig Henry Clay in the November election . The victorious Democrats were poised to acquire Texas under President - elect Polk 's doctrine of Manifest Destiny , rather than on the pro-slavery agenda of Tyler and Calhoun .", "As a treaty document with a foreign nation , the Tyler - Texas annexation treaty required the support of a two - thirds majority in the Senate for passage . But in fact , when the Senate voted on the measure on June 8 , 1844 , fully two - thirds voted against the treaty ( 16 -- 35 ) . The vote went largely along party lines : Whigs had opposed it almost unanimously ( 1 -- 27 ) , while Democrats split , but voted overwhelmingly in favor ( 15 -- 8 ) . The election campaign had hardened partisan positions on Texas among Democrats . Tyler had anticipated that the measure would fail , due largely to the divisive effects of Secretary Calhoun 's Packenham letter . Undeterred , he formally asked the House of Representatives to consider other constitutional means to authorize passage of the treaty . Congress adjourned before debating the matter .", "The same Senate that had rejected the Tyler -- Calhoun treaty by a margin of 2 : 1 in June 1844 reassembled in December 1844 in a short lame - duck session . ( Though pro-annexation Democrats had made gains in the fall elections , those legislators -- the 29th Congress -- would not assume office until March 1845 . ) Lame - duck President Tyler , still trying to annex Texas in the final months of his administration , wished to avoid another overwhelming Senate rejection of his treaty . In his annual address to Congress on December 4 , he declared the Polk victory a mandate for Texas annexation and proposed that Congress adopt a joint resolution procedure by which simple majorities in each house could secure ratification for the Tyler treaty . This method would avoid the constitutional requirement of a two - thirds majority in the Senate . Bringing the House of Representatives into the equation boded well for Texas annexation , as the pro-annexation Democratic Party possessed nearly a 2 : 1 majority in that chamber .", "By resubmitting the discredited treaty through a House - sponsored bill , the Tyler administration reignited sectional hostilities over Texas admission . Both northern Democratic and southern Whig Congressmen had been bewildered by local political agitation in their home states during the 1844 presidential campaigns . Now , northern Democrats found themselves vulnerable to charges of appeasement of their southern wing if they capitulated to Tyler 's slavery expansion provisions . On the other hand , Manifest Destiny enthusiasm in the north placed politicians under pressure to admit Texas immediately to the Union .", "Constitutional objections were raised in House debates as to whether both houses of Congress could constitutionally authorize admission of territories , rather than states . Moreover , if the Republic of Texas , a nation in its own right , were admitted as a state , its territorial boundaries , property relations ( including slave property ) , debts and public lands would require a Senate - ratified treaty . Democrats were particularly uneasy about burdening the United States with $10 million in Texas debt , resenting the deluge of speculators , who had bought Texas bonds cheap and now lobbied Congress for the Texas House bill . House Democrats , at an impasse , relinquished the legislative initiative to the southern Whigs .", "Anti-Texas Whig legislators had lost more than the White House in the general election of 1844 . In the southern states of Tennessee and Georgia , Whig strongholds in the 1840 general election , voter support dropped precipitously due to the pro-annexation excitement in the Deep South -- and Clay lost every Deep South state to Polk . Northern Whigs ' uncompromising hostility to slavery expansion increasingly characterized the party , and southern members , by association , had suffered from charges of being `` soft on Texas , therefore soft on slavery '' by Southern Democrats . Facing congressional and gubernatorial races in 1845 in their home states , a number of Southern Whigs sought to erase that impression with respect to the Tyler - Texas bill .", "Southern Whigs in the Congress , including Representative Milton Brown and Senator Ephraim Foster , both of Tennessee , and Representative Alexander Stephens of Georgia collaborated to introduce a House amendment on January 13 , 1845 that was designed to enhance slaveowner gains in Texas beyond those offered by the Democratic - sponsored Tyler - Calhoun treaty bill . The legislation proposed to recognize Texas as a slave state which would retain all its vast public lands , as well as its bonded debt accrued since 1836 . Furthermore , the Brown amendment would delegate to the U.S. government responsibility for negotiating the disputed Texas - Mexico boundary . The issue was a critical one , as the size of Texas would be immensely increased if the international border were set at the Rio Grande River , with its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains , rather than the traditionally recognized boundary at the Nueces River , 100 miles to the north . While the Tyler - Calhoun treaty provided for the organization of a total of four states from the Texas lands -- three likely to qualify as slave states -- Brown 's plan would permit Texas state lawmakers to configure a total of five states from its western region , south of the 36 ° 30 ' Missouri Compromise line , each pre-authorized to permit slavery upon statehood , if Texas designated them as such .", "Politically , the Brown amendment was designed to portray Southern Whigs as `` even more ardent champions of slavery and the South , than southern Democrats . '' The bill also served to distinguish them from their northern Whig colleagues who cast the controversy , as Calhoun did , in strictly pro - versus anti-slavery terms . While almost all Northern Whigs spurned Brown 's amendment , the Democrats quickly co-opted the legislation , providing the votes necessary to attach the proviso to Tyler 's joint resolution , by a 118 -- 101 vote . Southern Democrats supported the bill almost unanimously ( 59 -- 1 ) , while Northern Democrats split strongly in favor ( 50 -- 30 ) . Eight of eighteen Southern Whigs cast their votes in favor . Northern Whigs unanimously rejected it . The House proceeded to approve the amended Texas treaty 120 -- 98 on January 25 , 1845 . The vote in the House had been one in which party affiliation prevailed over sectional allegiance . The bill was forwarded the same day to the Senate for debate .", "By early February 1845 , when the Senate began to debate the Brown - amended Tyler treaty , its passage seemed unlikely , as support was `` perishing '' . The partisan alignments in the Senate were near parity , 28 -- 24 , slightly in favor of the Whigs . The Senate Democrats would require undivided support among their colleagues , and three or more Whigs who would be willing to cross party lines to pass the House - amended treaty . The fact that Senator Foster had drafted the House amendment under consideration improved prospects of Senate passage .", "Anti-annexation Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri had been the only Southern Democrat to vote against the Tyler - Texas measure in June 1844 . His original proposal for an annexed Texas had embodied a national compromise , whereby Texas would be divided in two , half slave - soil and half free - soil . As pro-annexation sentiment grew in his home state , Benton retreated from this compromise offer . By February 5 , 1845 , in the early debates on the Brown - amended House bill , he advanced an alternative resolution that , unlike the Brown scenario , made no reference whatsoever to the ultimate free - slave apportionment of an annexed Texas and simply called for five bipartisan commissioners to resolve border disputes with Texas and Mexico and set conditions for the Lone Star Republic 's acquisition by the United States .", "The Benton proposal was intended to calm northern anti-slavery Democrats ( who wished to eliminate the Tyler - Calhoun treaty altogether , as it had been negotiated on behalf of the slavery expansionists ) , and allow the decision to devolve upon the soon - to - be-inaugurated Democratic President - elect James K. Polk . President - elect Polk had expressed his ardent wish that Texas annexation should be accomplished before he entered Washington in advance of his inauguration on March 4 , 1845 , the same day Congress would end its session . With his arrival in the capital , he discovered the Benton and Brown factions in the Senate `` paralyzed '' over the Texas annexation legislation . On the advice of his soon - to - be Secretary of the Treasury Robert J. Walker , Polk urged Senate Democrats to unite under a dual resolution that would include both the Benton and Brown versions of annexation , leaving enactment of the legislation to Polk 's discretion when he took office . In private and separate talks with supporters of both the Brown and Benton plans , Polk left each side with the `` impression he would administer their ( respective ) policy . Polk meant what he said to Southerners and meant to appear friendly to the Van Burenite faction . '' Polk 's handling of the matter had the effect of uniting Senate northern Democrats in favor of the dual alternative treaty bill .", "On February 27 , 1845 , less than a week before Polk 's inauguration , the Senate voted 27 -- 25 to admit Texas , based on the Tyler protocols of simple majority passage . All twenty - four Democrats voted for the measure , joined by three southern Whigs . Benton and his allies were assured that Polk would act to establish the eastern portion of Texas as a slave state ; the western section was to remain unorganized territory , not committed to slavery . On this understanding , the northern Democrats had conceded their votes for the dichotomous bill . The next day , in an almost strict party line vote , the Benton - Milton measure was passed in the Democrat - controlled House of Representatives . President Tyler signed the bill the following day , March 1 , 1845 ( Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States , J. Res. 8 , enacted March 1 , 1845 , 5 Stat. 797 ) .", "Senate and house legislators who had favored Benton 's renegotiated version of the Texas annexation bill had been assured that President Tyler would sign the joint house measure , but leave its implementation to the incoming Polk administration . But , during his last day in office , President Tyler , with the urging of his Secretary of State Calhoun , decided to act decisively to improve the odds for the immediate annexation of Texas . On March 3 , 1845 , with his cabinet 's assent , he dispatched an offer of annexation to the Republic of Texas by courier , exclusively under the terms of the Brown -- Foster option of the joint house measure . Secretary Calhoun apprised President - elect Polk of the action , who demurred without comment . Tyler justified his preemptive move on the grounds that Polk was likely to come under pressure to abandon immediate annexation and reopen negotiations under the Benton alternative .", "When President Polk took office on March 4 , he was in a position to recall Tyler 's dispatch to Texas and reverse his decision . On March 10 , after conferring with his cabinet , Polk upheld Tyler 's action and allowed the courier to proceed with the offer of immediate annexation to Texas . The only modification was to exhort Texans to accept the annexation terms unconditionally . Polk 's decision was based on his concern that a protracted negotiation by US commissioners would expose annexation efforts to foreign intrigue and interference . While Polk kept his annexation endeavors confidential , Senators passed a resolution requesting formal disclosure of the administration 's Texas policy . Polk stalled , and when the Senate special session had adjourned on March 20 , 1845 , no names for US commissioners to Texas had been submitted by him . Polk denied charges from Senator Benton that he had misled Benton on his intention to support the new negotiations option , declaring `` if any such pledges were made , it was in a total misconception of what I said or meant . ''", "On May 5 , 1845 , Texas President Jones called for a convention on July 4 , 1845 , to consider the annexation and a constitution . On June 23 , the Texan Congress accepted the US Congress 's joint resolution of March 1 , 1845 , annexing Texas to the United States , and consented to the convention . On July 4 , the Texas convention debated the annexation offer and almost unanimously passed an ordinance assenting to it . The convention remained in session through August 28 , and adopted the Constitution of Texas on August 27 , 1845 . The citizens of Texas approved the annexation ordinance and new constitution on October 13 , 1845 .", "President Polk signed the legislation making the former Lone Star Republic a state of the Union on December 29 , 1845 ( Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union , J. Res. 1 , enacted December 29 , 1845 , 9 Stat. 108 ) . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 14 , 1846 .", "The joint resolution and ordinance of annexation have no language specifying the boundaries of Texas , but only refer in general terms to `` the territory properly included within , and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas '' , and state that the new State of Texas is to be formed `` subject to the adjustment by this ( U.S. ) government of all questions of boundary that may arise with other governments . '' According to George Lockhart Rives , `` That treaty had been expressly so framed as to leave the boundaries of Texas undefined , and the joint resolution of the following winter was drawn in the same manner . It was hoped that this might open the way to a negotiation , in the course of which the whole subject of the boundaries of Mexico , from the Gulf to the Pacific , might be reconsidered , but these hopes came to nothing . ''", "There was an ongoing border dispute between the Republic of Texas and Mexico prior to annexation . Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its border based on the Treaties of Velasco , while Mexico maintained that it was the Nueces River and did not recognize Texan independence . In November 1845 , President James K. Polk sent John Slidell , a secret representative , to Mexico City with a monetary offer to the Mexican government for the disputed land and other Mexican territories . Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate due to instability in the government and popular nationalistic sentiment against such a sale . Slidell returned to the United States , and Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to garrison the southern border of Texas , as defined by the former Republic , in 1846 . Taylor moved into Texas , ignoring Mexican demands to withdraw , and marched as far south as the Rio Grande , where he began to build a fort near the river 's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico . The Mexican government regarded this action as a violation of its sovereignty , and immediately prepared for war . Following a United States victory and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Mexico ceded its claims to Texas and the Rio Grande border was accepted by both nations .", "The formal controversy over the legality of the annexation of Texas stems from the fact that Congress approved the annexation of Texas as a state , rather than a territory , with simple majorities in each house , instead of annexing the land by Senate treaty , as was done with Native American lands . Tyler 's extralegal joint resolution maneuver in 1844 exceeded strict constructionist precepts , but was passed by Congress in 1845 as part of a compromise bill . The success of the joint house Texas annexation set a precedent that would be applied to Hawaii 's annexation in 1897 .", "Republican President Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) attempted , in 1893 , to annex Hawaii through a Senate treaty . When this failed , he was asked to consider the Tyler joint house precedent ; he declined . Democratic President Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) did not pursue the annexation of Hawaii . When President William McKinley took office in 1897 , he quickly revived expectations among territorial expansionists when he resubmitted legislation to acquire Hawaii . When the two - thirds Senate support was not forthcoming , committees in the House and Senate explicitly invoked the Tyler precedent for the joint house resolution , which was successfully applied to approve the annexation of Hawaii in July 1898 ." ]

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[ "Maïwenn Maïwenn at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival Maïwenn Le Besco ( 1976 - 04 - 17 ) 17 April 1976 ( age 42 ) Les Lilas , France Other names Ouin - Ouin ( nickname ) Occupation Actress , film director , screenwriter , producer Years active 1981 -- present Spouse ( s ) Luc Besson ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Jean - Yves Le Fur ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Children 2 , including Shanna Besson Parent ( s ) Catherine Belkhodja ( mother ) Relatives Isild Le Besco ( sister ) Jowan Le Besco ( brother )", "Maïwenn", "Maïwenn at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival", "Maïwenn Le Besco ( 1976 - 04 - 17 ) 17 April 1976 ( age 42 ) Les Lilas , France", "Other names Ouin - Ouin ( nickname )", "Occupation Actress , film director , screenwriter , producer", "Years active 1981 -- present", "Spouse ( s ) Luc Besson ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Jean - Yves Le Fur ( 2002 -- 2004 )", "Children 2 , including Shanna Besson", "Parent ( s ) Catherine Belkhodja ( mother )", "Relatives Isild Le Besco ( sister ) Jowan Le Besco ( brother )", "Maïwenn ( sometimes credited as Maïwenn Besco or her birth name Maïwenn Le Besco , French : ( maj. wɛn lə bɛs. ko ) ; born 17 April 1976 ) is a French actress , film director and screenwriter .", "Maïwenn was born as Maïwenn Le Besco in Les Lilas , Seine - Saint - Denis , France . It is a suburban area East of Paris . Maïwenn is of mixed Breton , Vietnamese , French and Algerian descent . Her Algerian ancestry comes from her maternal grandfather . Maïwenn 's mother is Catherine Belkhodja . Maïwenn 's mother introduced her to the entertainment industry at a young age , an experience later chronicled by Maïwenn in her one - woman shows Le Pois Chiche ( The Chickpea ) and I 'm an Actress .", "Maïwenn starred in several films as a child , then teen , actress -- notably as `` Elle , as a child '' ( the child version of the lead role played by Isabelle Adjani ) in the 1983 hit film L'été meurtrier ( One Deadly Summer ) .", "Following her marriage to director Luc Besson and the birth of their daughter in 1993 , Maïwenn interrupted her career for several years . During this period , she only appeared in a supporting part in Besson 's Léon ( 1994 ) , in which she was credited as Ouin - Ouin . She also directed the film 's making - of . Perhaps Maïwenn 's most internationally - seen film role was her appearance as the alien Diva Plavalaguna in Besson 's The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) .", "After her breakup with Besson , Maïwenn returned to France . She performed as a standup comedian in an autobiographical one - woman - show , and reentered the movie business after several filmmakers saw her comedy routine in Paris . She appeared in several notable movies , including the horror film Haute Tension ( English title : High Tension ) , in which she starred opposite Cécile de France . By the time the film came out in 2003 , she had decided she wanted to try directing .", "In 2006 , she directed her first feature film , the semi-autobiographical Pardonnez - moi . According to Maïwenn , after Besson learned she planned to use her own money to produce the film , he told her `` You need to immediately stop what you 're doing . You 're crazy . Nobody puts their own money into a movie . '' After seeing the film he apologized , saying she was right on this occasion . Her second film was Le bal des actrices ( 2009 , All About Actresses ) , in which she appears as herself making a documentary . She achieved international recognition when her third film , the social drama Polisse ( 2011 ) , won the Jury Prize at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . All three films feature Maïwenn with a camera , stemming from a childhood fascination and her interest in the mise en abyme , the story within a story . Her 2015 film Mon roi was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival .", "Maïwenn met film director Luc Besson when she was 12 and they began dating when she was 15 . In January 1993 , at age 16 , she gave birth to their daughter Shanna . On the DVD extras for the 1994 film Léon : The Professional , Maïwenn said the film is based on her relationship with Besson . She was 20 at the beginning of filming ( early 1996 ) for The Fifth Element , during which Besson left her for the film 's star , Milla Jovovich .", "In 2004 , Maïwenn had a son , Diego , with Jean - Yves Le Fur , her second ex-husband who is a real estate developer .", "Year Title Role Director Notes 1981 L'année prochaine ... si tout va bien Prune Jean - Loup Hubert One Deadly Summer The Kid Jean Becker Cinéma 16 Albine Patrick Saglio TV Series ( 1 Episode ) Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret Colette Jean - Paul Sassy TV Series ( 1 Episode ) 1986 State of Grace Jacques Rouffio Double face The Kid Serge Leroy TV Movie L'autre nuit Joan Jean - Pierre Limosin Lacenaire Hermine Francis Girod La famille Ramdam Christiane Lehérissey TV Series ( 1 Episode ) La gamine Carole Lambert Hervé Palud Léon : The Professional Blond Babe Luc Besson The Fifth Element Diva Plavalaguna Luc Besson ( 2 ) 1998 Keskidi ? The Waitress Manuel Pouet Short Coquillettes Joséphine Flasseur Short 2000 La mécanique des femmes Jérôme de Missolz Le marquis Gilles Paquet - Brenner Short 8 rue Charlot Bruno Garcia Short L'oiseau rare Diane Didier Albert TV Movie 2002 Nestor Burma Jade Jacob Berger TV Series ( 1 Episode ) Caméra Café Irina Katostefia Francis Duquet TV Series ( 1 Episode ) 2003 Osmose A Girl Raphaël Fejtö High Tension Alexia Alexandre Aja Les parisiens Shaa Claude Lelouch I 'm an actrice Isabelle Maïwenn Short 2005 Le courage d'aimer Shaa Claude Lelouch Star Stuff Grégory Hervelin Short 2006 Pardonnez - moi Violette Maïwenn ( 2 ) Nominated - César Award for Most Promising Actress 2009 All About Actresses Maïwenn Maïwenn ( 3 ) Nominated - Globes de Cristal Award for Best Actress 2011 Polisse Melissa Maïwenn ( 4 ) 2012 Télé gaucho Yasmina Michel Leclerc 2013 Love Is the Perfect Crime Anna Arnaud Larrieu & Jean - Marie Larrieu 2017 The Price of Success", "Year Title Role Director Notes", "1981 L'année prochaine ... si tout va bien Prune Jean - Loup Hubert", "One Deadly Summer The Kid Jean Becker", "Cinéma 16 Albine Patrick Saglio TV Series ( 1 Episode )", "Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret Colette Jean - Paul Sassy TV Series ( 1 Episode )", "1986 State of Grace Jacques Rouffio", "Double face The Kid Serge Leroy TV Movie", "L'autre nuit Joan Jean - Pierre Limosin", "Lacenaire Hermine Francis Girod", "La famille Ramdam Christiane Lehérissey TV Series ( 1 Episode )", "La gamine Carole Lambert Hervé Palud", "Léon : The Professional Blond Babe Luc Besson", "The Fifth Element Diva Plavalaguna Luc Besson ( 2 )", "1998 Keskidi ? The Waitress Manuel Pouet Short", "Coquillettes Joséphine Flasseur Short", "2000 La mécanique des femmes Jérôme de Missolz", "Le marquis Gilles Paquet - Brenner Short", "8 rue Charlot Bruno Garcia Short", "L'oiseau rare Diane Didier Albert TV Movie", "2002 Nestor Burma Jade Jacob Berger TV Series ( 1 Episode )", "Caméra Café Irina Katostefia Francis Duquet TV Series ( 1 Episode )", "2003 Osmose A Girl Raphaël Fejtö", "High Tension Alexia Alexandre Aja", "Les parisiens Shaa Claude Lelouch", "I 'm an actrice Isabelle Maïwenn Short", "2005 Le courage d'aimer Shaa Claude Lelouch", "Star Stuff Grégory Hervelin Short", "2006 Pardonnez - moi Violette Maïwenn ( 2 ) Nominated - César Award for Most Promising Actress", "2009 All About Actresses Maïwenn Maïwenn ( 3 ) Nominated - Globes de Cristal Award for Best Actress", "2011 Polisse Melissa Maïwenn ( 4 )", "2012 Télé gaucho Yasmina Michel Leclerc", "2013 Love Is the Perfect Crime Anna Arnaud Larrieu & Jean - Marie Larrieu", "2017 The Price of Success", "Year Title Role Box Office Notes I 'm an actrice Director & Writer Short 2006 Pardonnez - moi Director , Writer & Producer Nominated - César Award for Best First Feature Film 2009 All About Actresses Director & Writer $4,948,702 2011 Polisse Director & Writer $20,334,081 Cannes Film Festival - Jury Prize Lumières Award for Best Director Cinemania Film Festival - Audience Award Sarasota Film Festival - Best in World Cinema Nominated - Cannes Film Festival - Palme d'Or Nominated - César Award for Best Director Nominated - César Award for Best Film Nominated - César Award for Best Original Screenplay Nominated - Globes de Cristal Award - Best Film Nominated - Lumières Award for Best Screenplay Nominated - Stockholm International Film Festival - Best Film Nominated - CinEuphoria Award - Best Film - International Competition Nominated - CinEuphoria Award - Best Director - International Competition 2015 Mon Roi Director & Writer Nominated -- César Award for Best Film Nominated -- César Award for Best Director Nominated - Cannes Film Festival - Palme d'Or Nominated -- Lumières Award for Best Director", "Year Title Role Box Office Notes", "I 'm an actrice Director & Writer Short", "2006 Pardonnez - moi Director , Writer & Producer Nominated - César Award for Best First Feature Film", "2009 All About Actresses Director & Writer $4,948,702", "2011 Polisse Director & Writer $20,334,081 Cannes Film Festival - Jury Prize Lumières Award for Best Director Cinemania Film Festival - Audience Award Sarasota Film Festival - Best in World Cinema Nominated - Cannes Film Festival - Palme d'Or Nominated - César Award for Best Director Nominated - César Award for Best Film Nominated - César Award for Best Original Screenplay Nominated - Globes de Cristal Award - Best Film Nominated - Lumières Award for Best Screenplay Nominated - Stockholm International Film Festival - Best Film Nominated - CinEuphoria Award - Best Film - International Competition Nominated - CinEuphoria Award - Best Director - International Competition", "2015 Mon Roi Director & Writer Nominated -- César Award for Best Film Nominated -- César Award for Best Director Nominated - Cannes Film Festival - Palme d'Or Nominated -- Lumières Award for Best Director", "2003 : Café de la Gare : Le pois chiche", "2003 : Café de la Gare : Le pois chiche" ]

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[ "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2017 )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2017 )", "Catalan Catalan -- Valencian -- Balearic català Pronunciation ( kətəˈla ) ( Eastern ) ⁓ ( kataˈla ) ( Western ) Native to Andorra , France , Italy , Spain Native speakers 4.1 million ( 2012 ) Language family Indo - European Italic Romance Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan Early form Old Catalan Standard forms Catalan ( regulated by the IEC ) Valencian ( regulated by the AVL ) Writing system Latin ( Catalan alphabet ) Catalan Braille Signed forms Signed Catalan Official status Official language in 1 country ( show ) Andorra 3 communities of Spain ( show ) Balearic Islands Catalonia Valencian Community ( as Valencian ) 1 organisation ( show ) Latin Union Recognised minority language in 3 dependencies ( show ) Alghero ( Sardinia , Italy ) Aragon ( Spain ) Pyrénées - Orientales ( France ) Regulated by Institut d'Estudis Catalans Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua Language codes ISO 639 - 1 ca ISO 639 - 2 cat ISO 639 - 3 cat Glottolog stan1289 Linguasphere 51 - AAA - e This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA .", "Catalan", "Catalan -- Valencian -- Balearic", "català", "Pronunciation ( kətəˈla ) ( Eastern ) ⁓ ( kataˈla ) ( Western )", "Native to Andorra , France , Italy , Spain", "Native speakers 4.1 million ( 2012 )", "Language family Indo - European Italic Romance Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Italic Romance Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Italic Romance Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Romance Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Romance Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Western Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Gallo - Romance Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Occitano - Romance Catalan", "Catalan", "Early form Old Catalan", "Standard forms Catalan ( regulated by the IEC ) Valencian ( regulated by the AVL )", "Writing system Latin ( Catalan alphabet ) Catalan Braille", "Signed forms Signed Catalan", "Official status", "Official language in 1 country ( show ) Andorra 3 communities of Spain ( show ) Balearic Islands Catalonia Valencian Community ( as Valencian ) 1 organisation ( show ) Latin Union", "Andorra", "Balearic Islands Catalonia Valencian Community ( as Valencian )", "Valencian Community ( as Valencian )", "Latin Union", "Recognised minority language in 3 dependencies ( show ) Alghero ( Sardinia , Italy ) Aragon ( Spain ) Pyrénées - Orientales ( France )", "Alghero ( Sardinia , Italy ) Aragon ( Spain ) Pyrénées - Orientales ( France )", "Alghero ( Sardinia , Italy )", "Aragon ( Spain )", "Pyrénées - Orientales ( France )", "Regulated by Institut d'Estudis Catalans Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua", "Language codes", "ISO 639 - 1 ca", "ISO 639 - 2 cat", "ISO 639 - 3 cat", "Glottolog stan1289", "Linguasphere 51 - AAA - e", "This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA .", "Catalan language Overview History Old Catalan Grammar Orthography Alphabet Braille Phonology History Catalan Countries Dialects Alguerese Balearic Central Northern Northwestern Valencian Grammar Nouns Personal pronouns Verbs conjugation Organizations IEC AVL IRL FRL", "Catalan language", "Overview", "History Old Catalan Grammar Orthography Alphabet Braille Phonology History Catalan Countries", "History Old Catalan Grammar Orthography Alphabet Braille Phonology History Catalan Countries", "History Old Catalan", "Old Catalan", "Orthography Alphabet Braille", "Alphabet Braille", "Phonology History", "History", "Dialects", "Alguerese Balearic Central Northern Northwestern Valencian", "Alguerese Balearic Central Northern Northwestern Valencian", "Grammar", "Nouns Personal pronouns Verbs conjugation", "Nouns Personal pronouns Verbs conjugation", "Verbs conjugation", "conjugation", "Organizations", "IEC AVL IRL FRL", "IEC AVL IRL FRL", "", "", "Catalan ( / ˈkætəlæn , - ən , ˌkætəˈlæn / ; autonym : català ( kətəˈla ) or ( kataˈla ) ) is a Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin ( i.e. the spoken language of the people in common use ) and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia , in northeastern modern Spain . It is the only official language of Andorra , and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia , the Balearic Islands and Valencia ( where the language is known as Valencian ) . It also has semi-official status in the Italian commune of Alghero . These territories are often called Catalan Countries .", "Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin in the Middle Ages around the eastern Pyrenees . 19th - century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival , culminating in the early 1900s .", "The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia , itself of disputed etymology . The main theory suggests that Catalunya ( Latin Gathia Launia ) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ( `` Land of the Goths '' ) , since the origins of the Catalan counts , lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived .", "In English , the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner , followed in the 15th century as Catellain ( from French ) . It is attested a language name since at least 1652 . Catalan can be pronounced as / ˈkætəlæn / , / kætəˈlæn / or / ˈkætələn / .", "The endonym is pronounced / kə. təˈɫa / in the Eastern Catalan dialects , and / ka. taˈɫa / in the Western dialects . In the Valencian Community , the term valencià ( / va. len. siˈa / ) is frequently used instead . The names `` Catalan '' and `` Valencian '' are two names for the same language . See also status of Valencian below .", "By the 9th century , Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees , as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south . From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims , bringing their language with them . This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988 .", "In the 11th century , documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements , with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080 . Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo - Romance , diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries .", "During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river , and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands . The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century . The language also reached Murcia , which became Spanish - speaking in the 15th century .", "In the Low Middle Ages , Catalan went through a golden age , reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness . Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull ( 1232 -- 1315 ) , the Four Great Chronicles ( 13th -- 14th centuries ) , and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March ( 1397 -- 1459 ) . By the 15th century , the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon , and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world . During this period , the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language . Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century , and in Sardinia until the 17th . During this period , the language was what Costa Carreras terms `` one of the ' great languages ' of medieval Europe '' .", "Martorell 's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc ( 1490 ) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values , something that can also be seen in Metge 's work . The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan .", "With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon ( 1479 ) , the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious and marked the start of the decline of the Catalan . Starting in the 16th century , Catalan literature came under the influence of Spanish , and the urban and literary classes became bilingual .", "With the Treaty of the Pyrenees ( 1659 ) , Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France , and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French , which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region .", "Shortly after the French Revolution ( 1789 ) , the French First Republic prohibited official use of , and enacted discriminating policies against , the regional languages of France , such as Catalan , Alsatian , Breton , Occitan , Flemish , and Basque .", "Following the French capture of Algeria ( 1833 ) , that region saw several waves of Catalan - speaking settlers . People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran , whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Menorca . Their speech was known as patuet . By 1911 , the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000 . After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962 , almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia ( as Pieds - Noirs ) or Alacant .", "Nowadays , France recognizes only French as an official language . Nevertheless , on 10 December 2007 , the General Council of the Pyrénées - Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education .", "The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries . The defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the War of Spanish Succession ( 1714 ) initiated a series of laws which , among other centralizing measures , imposed the use of Spanish in legal documentation all over Spain .", "In parallel , however , the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival ( Renaixença ) , which has continued up to the present day . This period starts with Aribau 's Ode to the Homeland ( 1833 ) ; followed in the second half of the 19th century , and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer ( poetry ) , Oller ( realist novel ) , and Guimerà ( drama ) .", "In the 19th century , the region of Carche , in the province of Murcia was repopulated with Catalan speakers from the Land of Valencia . The Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 1939 ) saw a brief period of tolerance , with most restrictions against Catalan being lifted . Despite orthographic standardization in 1913 and the official status of the language during the Second Spanish Republic ( 1931 -- 39 ) the Francoist dictatorship banned the use of Catalan in schools and in the public administration between 1939 and 1975 .", "Since the Spanish transition to democracy ( 1975 -- 1982 ) , Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language , language of education , and language of mass media ; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige . In Catalonia , there is an unparalleled large bilingual European non-state speech community . The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools , but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations -- if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish , or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students . There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan .", "According to the Statistical Institute of Catalonia , in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia , after Spanish , as a native or self - defining language : 7 % of the population self - identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally , 36.4 % with Catalan and 47.5 % only Spanish . In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self - identification within the population above 15 years old : 5 % self - identified with both languages , 44.3 % with Catalan and 47.5 with Spanish . In order to promote use of Catalan , the Generalitat de Catalunya ( Catalonia 's official Autonomous government ) spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories .", "In Andorra , Catalan has always been the sole official language . Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution , several policies favouring Catalan have been enforced , like Catalan medium education .", "On the other hand , there are several language shift processes currently taking place . In the Northern Catalonia area of France , Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France , with most of its native speakers being 60 or older ( as of 2004 ) . Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30 % of the primary education students , and by 15 % of the secondary . The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community - run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs .", "In Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish , and in Alghero by Italian . There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community , Ibiza , and to a lesser extent , in the rest of the Balearic islands .", "The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano - Romance branch of Gallo - Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists , particularly among Spanish ones , such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal .", "According to Pèire Bèc , its specific classification is as follows :", "Romance languages Italo - Western languages Western Romance languages Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Romance languages Italo - Western languages Western Romance languages Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Italo - Western languages Western Romance languages Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Italo - Western languages Western Romance languages Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Western Romance languages Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Western Romance languages Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Gallo - Iberian languages Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Gallo - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as Iberian Romance language ) Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Occitano - Romance languages ( alternatively classified as East Iberian language ) Catalan language", "Catalan language", "Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language ( see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo - Romance languages ) . Thus , as it should be expected from closely related languages , Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages .", "Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages ( Italian , Sardinian , Occitan , and Spanish ) . However , despite being spoken mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , Catalan has marked differences with the Iberian Romance group ( Spanish and Portuguese ) in terms of pronunciation , grammar , and especially vocabulary ; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo - Romance ( French , Franco - Provençal , Gallo - Italian ) .", "According to Ethnologue , the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is : 87 % with Italian ; 85 % with Portuguese and Spanish ; 76 % with Ladin ; 75 % with Sardinian ; and 73 % with Romanian .", "Lexical comparison of 24 words among Western Romance languages : 17 cognates with Gallo - Romance , 5 isoglosses with Iberian Romance , 3 isoglosses with Occitan , and 1 unique word . Gloss Catalan Occitan ( Campidanese ) Sardinian Italian French Spanish Portuguese Romanian cousin cosí cosin fradili cugino cousin primo primo văr brother germà fraire fradi fratello frère hermano irmão frate nephew nebot nebot nebodi nipote neveu sobrino sobrinho nepot summer estiu estiu beranu estate été verano , estío verão , estio vară evening vespre ser , vèspre seru sera soir tarde - noche tarde , serão seară morning matí matin mangianu mattina matin mañana manhã , matina dimineață frying pan paella padena paella padella poêle sartén frigideira , fritadeira tigaie bed llit lièch , lèit letu letto lit cama , lecho cama , leito pat bird ocell , pardal aucèl pilloni uccello oiseau ave , pájaro ave , pássaro pasăre dog gos , ca gos , canh cani cane chien perro , can cão , cachorro câine plum pruna pruna pruna prugna prune ciruela ameixa prună butter mantega bodre burru , butiru burro beurre mantequilla , manteca manteiga unt Gloss Catalan Occitan ( Campidanese ) Sardinian Italian French Spanish Portuguese Romanian piece tros tròç , petaç arrogu pezzo morceau , pièce pedazo , trozo pedaço , bocado bucată gray gris gris canu grigio gris gris , pardo cinza , gris gri hot calent caud callenti caldo chaud caliente quente cald too much massa tròp tropu troppo trop demasiado demais , demasiado prea to want voler vòler bolli ( ri ) volere vouloir querer querer a voi to take prendre prene , prendre pigai prendere prendre tomar , prender apanhar , levar a prinde , a lua to pray pregar pregar pregai pregare prier rezar / rogar orar , rezar , pregar a se ruga to ask demanar / preguntar demandar dimandai , preguntai domandare demander pedir , preguntar pedir , perguntar a cere , a întreba to search cercar / buscar cercar circai cercare chercher buscar procurar , buscar a cerceta , a căuta to arrive arribar arribar arribai arrivare arriver llegar , arribar chegar a ajunge to speak parlar parlar chistionnai , fueddai parlare parler hablar , parlar falar , palrar a vorbi to eat menjar manjar pappai mangiare manger comer ( manyar in lunfardo ; papear in slang ) comer ( papar in slang ) , manjar a mânca", "Gloss Catalan Occitan ( Campidanese ) Sardinian Italian French Spanish Portuguese Romanian", "cousin cosí cosin fradili cugino cousin primo primo văr", "brother germà fraire fradi fratello frère hermano irmão frate", "nephew nebot nebot nebodi nipote neveu sobrino sobrinho nepot", "summer estiu estiu beranu estate été verano , estío verão , estio vară", "evening vespre ser , vèspre seru sera soir tarde - noche tarde , serão seară", "morning matí matin mangianu mattina matin mañana manhã , matina dimineață", "frying pan paella padena paella padella poêle sartén frigideira , fritadeira tigaie", "bed llit lièch , lèit letu letto lit cama , lecho cama , leito pat", "bird ocell , pardal aucèl pilloni uccello oiseau ave , pájaro ave , pássaro pasăre", "dog gos , ca gos , canh cani cane chien perro , can cão , cachorro câine", "plum pruna pruna pruna prugna prune ciruela ameixa prună", "butter mantega bodre burru , butiru burro beurre mantequilla , manteca manteiga unt", "Gloss Catalan Occitan ( Campidanese ) Sardinian Italian French Spanish Portuguese Romanian", "piece tros tròç , petaç arrogu pezzo morceau , pièce pedazo , trozo pedaço , bocado bucată", "gray gris gris canu grigio gris gris , pardo cinza , gris gri", "hot calent caud callenti caldo chaud caliente quente cald", "too much massa tròp tropu troppo trop demasiado demais , demasiado prea", "to want voler vòler bolli ( ri ) volere vouloir querer querer a voi", "to take prendre prene , prendre pigai prendere prendre tomar , prender apanhar , levar a prinde , a lua", "to pray pregar pregar pregai pregare prier rezar / rogar orar , rezar , pregar a se ruga", "to ask demanar / preguntar demandar dimandai , preguntai domandare demander pedir , preguntar pedir , perguntar a cere , a întreba", "to search cercar / buscar cercar circai cercare chercher buscar procurar , buscar a cerceta , a căuta", "to arrive arribar arribar arribai arrivare arriver llegar , arribar chegar a ajunge", "to speak parlar parlar chistionnai , fueddai parlare parler hablar , parlar falar , palrar a vorbi", "to eat menjar manjar pappai mangiare manger comer ( manyar in lunfardo ; papear in slang ) comer ( papar in slang ) , manjar a mânca", "Catalan and Spanish cognates with different meanings Latin Catalan Spanish accostare acostar `` to bring closer '' acostar `` to put to bed '' levare llevar `` to remove ; wake up '' llevar `` to take '' trahere traure `` to remove '' traer `` to bring '' circare cercar `` to search '' cercar `` to fence '' collocare colgar `` to bury '' colgar `` to hang '' mulier muller `` wife '' mujer `` woman or wife ''", "Latin Catalan Spanish", "accostare acostar `` to bring closer '' acostar `` to put to bed ''", "levare llevar `` to remove ; wake up '' llevar `` to take ''", "trahere traure `` to remove '' traer `` to bring ''", "circare cercar `` to search '' cercar `` to fence ''", "collocare colgar `` to bury '' colgar `` to hang ''", "mulier muller `` wife '' mujer `` woman or wife ''", "During much of its history , and especially during the Francoist dictatorship ( 1939 -- 1975 ) , the Catalan language was ridiculed as a mere dialect of Spanish . This view , based on political and ideological considerations , has no linguistic validity . Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems , lexicon , and grammatical features , placing the language in features closer to Occitan ( and French ) .", "There is evidence that , at least from the 2nd century a.d. , the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania . Differentiation arose generally because Spanish , Asturian , and Galician - Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms ( Spanish hervir , Asturian / Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir , Occitan bolir `` to boil '' ) and innovatory regionalisms ( Sp novillo , Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell , Oc taurèl `` bullock '' ) , while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core , especially Occitan .", "Like all Romance languages , Catalan has a handful of native words which are rare or only found in Catalan . These include :", "verbs : cōnfīgere ' to fasten ; transfix ' > confegir ' to compose , write up ' , congemināre > conjuminar ' to combine , conjugate ' , de-ex - somnitare > deixondar / - ir ' to wake ; awaken ' , dēnsāre ' to thicken ; crowd together ' > desar ' to save , keep ' , īgnōrāre > enyorar ' to miss , yearn , pine for ' , indāgāre ' to investigate , track ' > Old Catalan enagar ' to incite , induce ' , odiāre > OCat ujar ' to exhaust , fatigue ' , pācificāre > apaivagar ' to appease , mollify ' , repudiāre > rebutjar ' to reject , refuse ' ; nouns : brīsa > brisa ' pomace ' , buda > boga ' reedmace ' , catarrhu > cadarn ' catarrh ' , congesta > congesta ' snowdrift ' , dēlīrium > deler ' ardor , passion ' , fretu > freu ' brake ' , lābem > ( a ) llau ' avalanche ' , ōra > vora ' edge , border ' , pistrice > pestriu ' fish species ' , prūna ' live coal ' > espurna ' spark ' , tardātiōnem > tardaó > tardor ' autumn ' .", "verbs : cōnfīgere ' to fasten ; transfix ' > confegir ' to compose , write up ' , congemināre > conjuminar ' to combine , conjugate ' , de-ex - somnitare > deixondar / - ir ' to wake ; awaken ' , dēnsāre ' to thicken ; crowd together ' > desar ' to save , keep ' , īgnōrāre > enyorar ' to miss , yearn , pine for ' , indāgāre ' to investigate , track ' > Old Catalan enagar ' to incite , induce ' , odiāre > OCat ujar ' to exhaust , fatigue ' , pācificāre > apaivagar ' to appease , mollify ' , repudiāre > rebutjar ' to reject , refuse ' ;", "nouns : brīsa > brisa ' pomace ' , buda > boga ' reedmace ' , catarrhu > cadarn ' catarrh ' , congesta > congesta ' snowdrift ' , dēlīrium > deler ' ardor , passion ' , fretu > freu ' brake ' , lābem > ( a ) llau ' avalanche ' , ōra > vora ' edge , border ' , pistrice > pestriu ' fish species ' , prūna ' live coal ' > espurna ' spark ' , tardātiōnem > tardaó > tardor ' autumn ' .", "The Gothic superstrate produced different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan . For example , Catalan fang `` mud '' and rostir `` to roast '' , of Germanic origin , contrast with Spanish lodo and asar , of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan filosa `` spinning wheel '' and pols `` temple '' , of Latin origin , contrast with Spanish rueca and sien , of Germanic origin .", "The same happens with Arabic loanwords . Thus , Catalan alfàbia `` large earthenware jar '' and rajola `` tile '' , of Arabic origin , contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja , of Latin origin ; whereas Catalan oli `` oil '' and oliva `` olive '' , of Latin origin , contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna . However , the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent .", "Situated between two large linguistic blocks ( Iberian Romance and Gallo - Romance ) , Catalan has many unique lexical choices , such as enyorar `` to miss somebody '' , apaivagar `` to calm somebody down '' , and rebutjar `` reject '' .", "Traditionally Catalan - speaking territories in dark grey ; non-Catalan - speaking territories belonging to traditionally Catalan - speaking regions in light grey Northern Catalonia Catalonia Alghero La Franja Valencian Community Carche Sardinia ( Italy ) Aragon ( Spain ) Murcia ( Spain ) France Andorra Balearic Islands", "Northern Catalonia Catalonia Alghero La Franja Valencian Community Carche Sardinia ( Italy ) Aragon ( Spain ) Murcia ( Spain ) France Andorra Balearic Islands", "Traditionally Catalan - speaking territories are sometimes called the Països Catalans ( Catalan Countries ) , a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage , that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status . Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions .", "Territories where Catalan is spoken State Territory Catalan name Notes Andorra Andorra Andorra A sovereign state where Catalan is the national and the sole official language . The Andorrans speak a Western Catalan variety . France Northern Catalonia Catalunya Nord Roughly corresponding to the département of Pyrénées - Orientales . Spain Catalonia Catalunya In the Aran Valley ( northwest corner of Catalonia ) , in addition to Occitan , which is the local language , Catalan , Spanish and French are also spoken . Valencian Community Comunitat Valenciana Excepting some regions in the west and south which have been Aragonese / Spanish - speaking since at least the 18th century . The Western Catalan variety spoken there is known as `` Valencian '' . La Franja La Franja A part of the Autonomous Community of Aragon , specifically a strip bordering Western Catalonia . It comprises the comarques of Ribagorça , Llitera , Baix Cinca , and Matarranya . Balearic Islands Illes Balears Comprising the islands of Mallorca , Menorca , Ibiza and Formentera . Carche El Carxe A small region of the Autonomous Community of Murcia , settled in the 19th century . Italy Alghero L'Alguer A city in the Province of Sassari , on the island of Sardinia , where the peculiar Alguerese dialect is spoken .", "State Territory Catalan name Notes", "Andorra Andorra Andorra A sovereign state where Catalan is the national and the sole official language . The Andorrans speak a Western Catalan variety .", "France Northern Catalonia Catalunya Nord Roughly corresponding to the département of Pyrénées - Orientales .", "Spain Catalonia Catalunya In the Aran Valley ( northwest corner of Catalonia ) , in addition to Occitan , which is the local language , Catalan , Spanish and French are also spoken .", "Valencian Community Comunitat Valenciana Excepting some regions in the west and south which have been Aragonese / Spanish - speaking since at least the 18th century . The Western Catalan variety spoken there is known as `` Valencian '' .", "La Franja La Franja A part of the Autonomous Community of Aragon , specifically a strip bordering Western Catalonia . It comprises the comarques of Ribagorça , Llitera , Baix Cinca , and Matarranya .", "Balearic Islands Illes Balears Comprising the islands of Mallorca , Menorca , Ibiza and Formentera .", "Carche El Carxe A small region of the Autonomous Community of Murcia , settled in the 19th century .", "Italy Alghero L'Alguer A city in the Province of Sassari , on the island of Sardinia , where the peculiar Alguerese dialect is spoken .", "The number of people known to be fluent in Catalan varies depending on the sources used . A 2004 study did not count the total number of speakers , but estimated a total of 9 -- 9.5 million by matching the percentage of speakers to the population of each area where Catalan is spoken . The web site of the Generalitat de Catalunya estimated that as of 2004 there were 9,118,882 speakers of Catalan . These figures only reflect potential speakers ; today it is the native language of only 35.6 % of the Catalan population . According to Ethnologue , Catalan had four million native speakers and five million second - language speakers in 2012 . The most important social characteristic of the Catalan language is that all the areas where it is spoken are bilingual in practice : together with the French language in Roussillon , with Italian in Alghero , with Spanish and French in Andorra and with Spanish in the rest of the territories .", "Territory State Understand Can speak Catalonia Spain 6,502,880 5,698,400 Valencian Community Spain 3,448,780 2,407,951 Balearic Islands Spain 852,780 706,065 Roussillon France 203,121 125,621 Andorra Andorra 75,407 61,975 La Franja ( Aragon ) Spain 47,250 45,000 Alghero ( Sardinia ) Italy 20,000 17,625 Carche ( Murcia ) Spain No data No data Total Catalan - speaking territories 11,150,218 9,062,637 Rest of World No data 350,000 Total 11,150,218 9,412,637", "Territory State Understand Can speak", "Catalonia Spain 6,502,880 5,698,400", "Valencian Community Spain 3,448,780 2,407,951", "Balearic Islands Spain 852,780 706,065", "Roussillon France 203,121 125,621", "Andorra Andorra 75,407 61,975", "La Franja ( Aragon ) Spain 47,250 45,000", "Alghero ( Sardinia ) Italy 20,000 17,625", "Carche ( Murcia ) Spain No data No data", "Total Catalan - speaking territories 11,150,218 9,062,637", "Rest of World No data 350,000", "Total 11,150,218 9,412,637", "1. ^ The number of people who understand Catalan includes those who can speak it . 2. ^ Figures relate to all self - declared capable speakers , not just native speakers .", "1. ^ The number of people who understand Catalan includes those who can speak it .", "2. ^ Figures relate to all self - declared capable speakers , not just native speakers .", "Area Speak Understand Read Write Catalonia 84.7 97.4 90.5 62.3 Valencian Community 57.5 78.1 54.9 32.5 Balearic Islands 74.6 93.1 79.6 46.9 Roussillon 37.1 65.3 31.4 10.6 Andorra 78.9 96.0 89.7 61.1 Franja Oriental of Aragón 88.8 98.5 72.9 30.3 Alghero 67.6 89.9 50.9 28.4", "Area Speak Understand Read Write", "Catalonia 84.7 97.4 90.5 62.3", "Valencian Community 57.5 78.1 54.9 32.5", "Balearic Islands 74.6 93.1 79.6 46.9", "Roussillon 37.1 65.3 31.4 10.6", "Andorra 78.9 96.0 89.7 61.1", "Franja Oriental of Aragón 88.8 98.5 72.9 30.3", "Alghero 67.6 89.9 50.9 28.4", "( % of the population 15 years old and older ) .", "Area At home Outside home Catalonia 45 51 Valencian Community 37 32 Balearic Islands 44 41 Roussillon Andorra 38 51 Franja Oriental of Aragón 70 61 Alghero 8", "Area At home Outside home", "Catalonia 45 51", "Valencian Community 37 32", "Balearic Islands 44 41", "Roussillon", "Andorra 38 51", "Franja Oriental of Aragón 70 61", "Alghero 8", "( % of the population 15 years old and older ) .", "Area People Percentage Catalonia 2 813 000 38.5 % Valencian Community 1 047 000 21.1 % Balearic Islands 392 000 36.1 % Andorra 26 000 33.8 % Franja Oriental of Aragon 33 000 70.2 % Roussillon 35 000 8.5 % Alghero 8 000 20 % TOTAL 4 353 000 31.2 %", "Area People Percentage", "Catalonia 2 813 000 38.5 %", "Valencian Community 1 047 000 21.1 %", "Balearic Islands 392 000 36.1 %", "Andorra 26 000 33.8 %", "Franja Oriental of Aragon 33 000 70.2 %", "Roussillon 35 000 8.5 %", "Alghero 8 000 20 %", "TOTAL 4 353 000 31.2 %", "This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA .", "This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA .", "Catalan phonology varies by dialect . Notable features include :", "Marked contrast of the vowel pairs / ɛ e / and / ɔ o / , as in other Western Romance languages , other than Spanish . Lack of diphthongization of Latin short ĕ , ŏ , as in Galician and Portuguese , but unlike French , Spanish , or Italian . Abundance of diphthongs containing / w / , as in Galician and Portuguese .", "Marked contrast of the vowel pairs / ɛ e / and / ɔ o / , as in other Western Romance languages , other than Spanish .", "Lack of diphthongization of Latin short ĕ , ŏ , as in Galician and Portuguese , but unlike French , Spanish , or Italian .", "Abundance of diphthongs containing / w / , as in Galician and Portuguese .", "In contrast to other Romance languages , Catalan has many monosyllabic words , and these may end in a wide variety of consonants , including some consonant clusters . Additionally , Catalan has final obstruent devoicing , which gives rise to an abundance of such couplets as amic `` ( male friend '' ) vs. amiga ( `` female friend '' ) .", "Central Catalan pronunciation is considered to be standard for the language . The descriptions below are mostly representative of this variety . For the differences in pronunciation between the different dialects , see the section on pronunciation of dialects in this article .", "Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ ei ɔ ou / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish . Balearic also has instances of stressed / ə / . Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction , and the incidence of the pair / ɛ e / .", "In Central Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / ae ɛ / > ( ə ) ; / o ɔ u / > ( u ) ; / i / remains distinct . The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes ( see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article ) .", "Examples of vowel reduction processes in Central Catalan The root is stressed in the first word and unstressed in the second Front vowels Back vowels Word pair gel ( `` ice '' ) gelat ( `` ice cream '' ) pedra ( `` stone '' ) pedrera ( `` quarry '' ) banya ( `` he bathes '' ) banyem ( `` we bathe '' ) cosa ( `` thing '' ) coseta ( `` little thing '' ) tot ( `` everything '' ) total ( `` total '' ) IPA transcription ( ˈʒɛl ) ( ʒəˈlat ) ( ˈpeðɾə ) ( pəˈðɾeɾə ) ( ˈbaɲə ) ( bəˈɲɛm ) ( ˈkɔzə ) ( kuˈzɛtə ) ( ˈtot ) ( tuˈtal )", "Front vowels Back vowels", "Word pair gel ( `` ice '' ) gelat ( `` ice cream '' ) pedra ( `` stone '' ) pedrera ( `` quarry '' ) banya ( `` he bathes '' ) banyem ( `` we bathe '' ) cosa ( `` thing '' ) coseta ( `` little thing '' ) tot ( `` everything '' ) total ( `` total '' )", "IPA transcription ( ˈʒɛl ) ( ʒəˈlat ) ( ˈpeðɾə ) ( pəˈðɾeɾə ) ( ˈbaɲə ) ( bəˈɲɛm ) ( ˈkɔzə ) ( kuˈzɛtə ) ( ˈtot ) ( tuˈtal )", "Catalan consonants Bilabial Alveolar / Dental Palatal Velar Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive voiceless p c ~ k voiced d ɟ ~ ɡ Affricate voiceless ts tʃ voiced dz dʒ Fricative voiceless f s ʃ voiced ( v ) z ʒ Approximant central j w lateral l ʎ Tap ɾ Trill r", "Bilabial Alveolar / Dental Palatal Velar", "Nasal m n ɲ ŋ", "Plosive voiceless p c ~ k", "voiced d ɟ ~ ɡ", "Affricate voiceless ts tʃ", "voiced dz dʒ", "Fricative voiceless f s ʃ", "voiced ( v ) z ʒ", "Approximant central j w", "lateral l ʎ", "Tap ɾ", "Trill r", "The consonant system of Catalan is rather conservative , shared with most modern Western Romance languages .", "/ l / has a velarized allophone in syllable coda position in most dialects . However , / l / is velarized irrespective of position in Eastern dialects like Majorcan and standard Eastern Catalan . / v / occurs in Balearic , Alguerese , standard Valencian and some areas in southern Catalonia . It has merged with / b / elsewhere . Voiced obstruents undergo final - obstruent devoicing : / b / > ( p ) , / d / > ( t ) , / ɡ / > ( k ) . Voiced stops become lenited to approximants in syllable onsets , after continuants : / b / > ( β ) , / d / > ( ð ) , / ɡ / > ( ɣ ) . Exceptions include / d / after lateral consonants , and / b / after / f / . In coda position , these sounds are realized as stops , except in some Valencian dialects where they are lenited . There is some confusion in the literature about the precise phonetic characteristics of / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / tʃ / , / dʒ / . Some sources describe them as `` postalveolar '' . Others as `` back alveolo - palatal '' , implying that the characters ⟨ ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ ⟩ would be more accurate . However , in all literature only the characters for palato - alveolar affricates and fricatives are used , even when the same sources use ⟨ ɕ ʑ ⟩ for other languages like Polish and Chinese . The distribution of the two rhotics / r / and / ɾ / closely parallels that of Spanish . Between vowels , the two contrast , but they are otherwise in complementary distribution : in the onset of the first syllable in a word , ( r ) appears unless preceded by a consonant . Dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda with Western Catalan generally featuring ( ɾ ) and Central Catalan dialects featuring a weakly trilled ( r ) unless it precedes a vowel - initial word in the same prosodic unit , in which case ( ɾ ) appears . In careful speech , / n / , / m / , / l / may be geminated . Geminated / ʎ / may also occur . Some analyze intervocalic ( r ) as the result of gemination of a single rhotic phoneme . This is similar to the common analysis of Spanish and Portuguese rhotics .", "/ l / has a velarized allophone in syllable coda position in most dialects . However , / l / is velarized irrespective of position in Eastern dialects like Majorcan and standard Eastern Catalan .", "/ v / occurs in Balearic , Alguerese , standard Valencian and some areas in southern Catalonia . It has merged with / b / elsewhere .", "Voiced obstruents undergo final - obstruent devoicing : / b / > ( p ) , / d / > ( t ) , / ɡ / > ( k ) .", "Voiced stops become lenited to approximants in syllable onsets , after continuants : / b / > ( β ) , / d / > ( ð ) , / ɡ / > ( ɣ ) . Exceptions include / d / after lateral consonants , and / b / after / f / . In coda position , these sounds are realized as stops , except in some Valencian dialects where they are lenited .", "There is some confusion in the literature about the precise phonetic characteristics of / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / tʃ / , / dʒ / . Some sources describe them as `` postalveolar '' . Others as `` back alveolo - palatal '' , implying that the characters ⟨ ɕ ʑ tɕ dʑ ⟩ would be more accurate . However , in all literature only the characters for palato - alveolar affricates and fricatives are used , even when the same sources use ⟨ ɕ ʑ ⟩ for other languages like Polish and Chinese .", "The distribution of the two rhotics / r / and / ɾ / closely parallels that of Spanish . Between vowels , the two contrast , but they are otherwise in complementary distribution : in the onset of the first syllable in a word , ( r ) appears unless preceded by a consonant . Dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda with Western Catalan generally featuring ( ɾ ) and Central Catalan dialects featuring a weakly trilled ( r ) unless it precedes a vowel - initial word in the same prosodic unit , in which case ( ɾ ) appears .", "In careful speech , / n / , / m / , / l / may be geminated . Geminated / ʎ / may also occur . Some analyze intervocalic ( r ) as the result of gemination of a single rhotic phoneme . This is similar to the common analysis of Spanish and Portuguese rhotics .", "Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents . It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language , the speakers and the close reality ( including the one of other languages in contact ) .", "Dialects of Catalan Variations of Catalan by class , gender , profession , age and level of studies Process of linguistic normalisation Relations between Catalan and Spanish or French Perception on the language of Catalan speakers and non-speakers Presence of Catalan in several fields : tagging , public function , media , professional sectors", "Dialects of Catalan", "Variations of Catalan by class , gender , profession , age and level of studies", "Process of linguistic normalisation", "Relations between Catalan and Spanish or French", "Perception on the language of Catalan speakers and non-speakers", "Presence of Catalan in several fields : tagging , public function , media , professional sectors", "The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity , especially when compared to other Romance languages ; both in terms of vocabulary , semantics , syntax , morphology , and phonology . Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high , estimates ranging from 90 % to 95 % . The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect .", "Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks : Eastern Catalan , and Western Catalan . The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e ; which have merged to / ə / in Eastern dialects , but which remain distinct as / a / and / e / in Western dialects . There are a few other differences in pronunciation , verbal morphology , and vocabulary .", "Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of Northwestern Catalan and Valencian ; the Eastern block comprises four dialects : Central Catalan , Balearic , Rossellonese , and Alguerese . Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects . The terms `` Catalan '' and `` Valencian '' ( respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community ) are two varieties of the same language . There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties , the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in the Valencian Community .", "Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers . It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province , the eastern half of the province of Tarragona , and most of the province of Girona .", "Catalan has an inflectional grammar . Nouns have two genders ( masculine , feminine ) , and two numbers ( singular , plural ) . Pronouns additionally can have a neuter gender , and some are also inflected for case and politeness , and can be combined in very complex ways . Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person , number , tense , aspect , mood , and gender . In terms of pronunciation , Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters , in contrast with many other Romance languages .", "Main dialectal divisions of Catalan Block Western Catalan Eastern Catalan Dialect Northwestern Valencian Central Balearic Northern / Rossellonese Alguerese Area Spain France Italy Provinces of Lleida , western half of Tarragona , La Franja Autonomous community of Valencia Provinces of Barcelona , eastern half of Tarragona , most of Girona Balearic islands Roussillon / Northern Catalonia City of Alghero in Sardinia", "Block Western Catalan Eastern Catalan", "Dialect Northwestern Valencian Central Balearic Northern / Rossellonese Alguerese", "Area Spain France Italy", "Provinces of Lleida , western half of Tarragona , La Franja Autonomous community of Valencia Provinces of Barcelona , eastern half of Tarragona , most of Girona Balearic islands Roussillon / Northern Catalonia City of Alghero in Sardinia", "Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin , with seven stressed phonemes : / a ɛ ei ɔ ou / , a common feature in Western Romance , except Spanish . Balearic has also instances of stressed / ə / . Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction , and the incidence of the pair / ɛ e / .", "In Eastern Catalan ( except Majorcan ) , unstressed vowels reduce to three : / ae ɛ / > ( ə ) ; / o ɔ u / > ( u ) ; / i / remains distinct . There are a few instances of unreduced ( e ) , ( o ) in some words . Alguerese has lowered ( ə ) to ( a ) .", "In Majorcan , unstressed vowels reduce to four : / ae ɛ / follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern ; however / o ɔ / reduce to ( o ) , with / u / remaining distinct , as in Western Catalan .", "In Western Catalan , unstressed vowels reduce to five : / e ɛ / > ( e ) ; / o ɔ / > ( o ) ; / aui / remain distinct . This reduction pattern , inherited from Proto - Romance , is also found in Italian and Portuguese . Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases .", "Central , Western , and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed / e / and / ɛ / . Usually , words with / ɛ / in Central Catalan correspond to / ə / in Balearic and / e / in Western Catalan . Words with / e / in Balearic almost always have / e / in Central and Western Catalan as well . As a result , Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of / ɛ / .", "Different incidence of stressed / e / , / ə / , / ɛ / Word Western Majorcan Eastern except Majorcan set ( `` thirst '' ) / ˈset / / ˈsət / / ˈsɛt / ven ( `` he sells '' ) / ˈven / / ˈvən / / ˈbɛn / General differences in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in different dialects Word Western Catalan Eastern Catalan Northwestern Valencian Majorcan Central Northern mare ( `` mother '' ) / ˈmaɾe / / ˈmaɾə / cançó ( `` song '' ) / kanˈso / / kənˈso / posar ( `` to put '' ) / poˈza ( ɾ ) / / puˈza ( ɾ ) / ferro ( `` iron '' ) / ˈfɛro / / ˈfɛru /", "Different incidence of stressed / e / , / ə / , / ɛ / Word Western Majorcan Eastern except Majorcan set ( `` thirst '' ) / ˈset / / ˈsət / / ˈsɛt / ven ( `` he sells '' ) / ˈven / / ˈvən / / ˈbɛn / General differences in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in different dialects Word Western Catalan Eastern Catalan Northwestern Valencian Majorcan Central Northern mare ( `` mother '' ) / ˈmaɾe / / ˈmaɾə / cançó ( `` song '' ) / kanˈso / / kənˈso / posar ( `` to put '' ) / poˈza ( ɾ ) / / puˈza ( ɾ ) / ferro ( `` iron '' ) / ˈfɛro / / ˈfɛru /", "Different incidence of stressed / e / , / ə / , / ɛ / Word Western Majorcan Eastern except Majorcan set ( `` thirst '' ) / ˈset / / ˈsət / / ˈsɛt / ven ( `` he sells '' ) / ˈven / / ˈvən / / ˈbɛn /", "Word Western Majorcan Eastern except Majorcan", "set ( `` thirst '' ) / ˈset / / ˈsət / / ˈsɛt /", "ven ( `` he sells '' ) / ˈven / / ˈvən / / ˈbɛn /", "General differences in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in different dialects Word Western Catalan Eastern Catalan Northwestern Valencian Majorcan Central Northern mare ( `` mother '' ) / ˈmaɾe / / ˈmaɾə / cançó ( `` song '' ) / kanˈso / / kənˈso / posar ( `` to put '' ) / poˈza ( ɾ ) / / puˈza ( ɾ ) / ferro ( `` iron '' ) / ˈfɛro / / ˈfɛru /", "Word Western Catalan Eastern Catalan", "Northwestern Valencian Majorcan Central Northern", "mare ( `` mother '' ) / ˈmaɾe / / ˈmaɾə /", "cançó ( `` song '' ) / kanˈso / / kənˈso /", "posar ( `` to put '' ) / poˈza ( ɾ ) / / puˈza ( ɾ ) /", "ferro ( `` iron '' ) / ˈfɛro / / ˈfɛru /", "Detailed examples of vowel reduction processes in different dialects Word pairs : the first with stressed root , the second with unstressed root Western Majorcan Central Front vowels gel ( `` ice '' ) gelat ( `` ice cream '' ) ( ˈdʒɛl ) ( dʒeˈlat ) ( ˈʒɛl ) ( ʒəˈlat ) ( ˈʒɛl ) ( ʒəˈlat ) pera ( `` pear '' ) perera ( `` pear tree '' ) ( ˈpeɾa ) ( peˈɾeɾa ) ( ˈpəɾə ) ( pəˈɾeɾə ) ( ˈpɛɾə ) ( pəˈɾeɾə ) pedra ( `` stone '' ) pedrera ( `` quarry '' ) ( ˈpeðɾa ) ( peˈðɾeɾa ) ( ˈpeðɾə ) ( pəˈðɾeɾə ) ( ˈpeðɾə ) ( pəˈðɾeɾə ) banya ( `` he bathes '' ) banyem ( `` we bathe '' ) Majorcan : banyam ( `` we bathe '' ) ( ˈbaɲa ) ( baˈɲem ) ( ˈbaɲə ) ( bəˈɲam ) ( ˈbaɲə ) ( bəˈɲɛm ) Back vowels cosa ( `` thing '' ) coseta ( `` little thing '' ) ( ˈkɔza ) ( koˈzeta ) ( ˈkɔzə ) ( koˈzətə ) ( ˈkɔzə ) ( kuˈzɛtə ) tot ( `` everything '' ) total ( `` total '' ) ( ˈtot ) ( toˈtal ) ( ˈtot ) ( toˈtal ) ( ˈtot ) ( tuˈtal )", "Word pairs : the first with stressed root , the second with unstressed root Western Majorcan Central", "Front vowels gel ( `` ice '' ) gelat ( `` ice cream '' ) ( ˈdʒɛl ) ( dʒeˈlat ) ( ˈʒɛl ) ( ʒəˈlat ) ( ˈʒɛl ) ( ʒəˈlat )", "pera ( `` pear '' ) perera ( `` pear tree '' ) ( ˈpeɾa ) ( peˈɾeɾa ) ( ˈpəɾə ) ( pəˈɾeɾə ) ( ˈpɛɾə ) ( pəˈɾeɾə )", "pedra ( `` stone '' ) pedrera ( `` quarry '' ) ( ˈpeðɾa ) ( peˈðɾeɾa ) ( ˈpeðɾə ) ( pəˈðɾeɾə ) ( ˈpeðɾə ) ( pəˈðɾeɾə )", "banya ( `` he bathes '' ) banyem ( `` we bathe '' ) Majorcan : banyam ( `` we bathe '' ) ( ˈbaɲa ) ( baˈɲem ) ( ˈbaɲə ) ( bəˈɲam ) ( ˈbaɲə ) ( bəˈɲɛm )", "Back vowels cosa ( `` thing '' ) coseta ( `` little thing '' ) ( ˈkɔza ) ( koˈzeta ) ( ˈkɔzə ) ( koˈzətə ) ( ˈkɔzə ) ( kuˈzɛtə )", "tot ( `` everything '' ) total ( `` total '' ) ( ˈtot ) ( toˈtal ) ( ˈtot ) ( toˈtal ) ( ˈtot ) ( tuˈtal )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 )", "Western Catalan : In verbs , the ending for 1st - person present indicative is - e in verbs of the 1st conjugation and - ∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugations in most of the Valencian Community , or - o in all verb conjugations in the Northern Valencian Community and Western Catalonia . E.g. parle , tem , sent ( Valencian ) ; parlo , temo , sento ( Northwestern Catalan ) .", "Eastern Catalan : In verbs , the ending for 1st - person present indicative is - o , - i , or - ∅ in all conjugations . E.g. parlo ( Central ) , parl ( Balearic ) , and parli ( Northern ) , all meaning ( ' I speak ' ) .", "1st - person singular present indicative forms Conjugation Eastern Catalan Western Catalan Gloss Central Northern Balearic Valencian Northwestern 1st parlo parli parl parle or parlo parlo ' I speak ' 2nd temo temi tem tem or temo temo ' I fear ' 3rd pure sento senti sent sent or sento sento ' I feel ' , ' I hear ' inchoative poleixo poleixi poleix or polesc polisc or pol ( e ) ixo pol ( e ) ixo ' I polish '", "Conjugation Eastern Catalan Western Catalan Gloss", "Central Northern Balearic Valencian Northwestern", "1st parlo parli parl parle or parlo parlo ' I speak '", "2nd temo temi tem tem or temo temo ' I fear '", "3rd pure sento senti sent sent or sento sento ' I feel ' , ' I hear '", "inchoative poleixo poleixi poleix or polesc polisc or pol ( e ) ixo pol ( e ) ixo ' I polish '", "Western Catalan : In verbs , the inchoative endings are - isc / - ixo , - ix , - ixen , - isca .", "Eastern Catalan : In verbs , the inchoative endings are - eixo , - eix , - eixen , - eixi .", "Western Catalan : In nouns and adjectives , maintenance of / n / of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words . E.g. hòmens ' men ' , jóvens ' youth ' .", "Eastern Catalan : In nouns and adjectives , loss of / n / of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words . E.g. homes ' men ' , joves ' youth ' .", "Despite its relative lexical unity , the two dialectal blocks of Catalan ( Eastern and Western ) show some differences in word choices . Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism . Also , usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element .", "Selection of different words between Western and Eastern Catalan Gloss `` mirror '' `` boy '' `` broom '' `` navel '' `` to exit '' Eastern Catalan mirall noi escombra melic sortir Western Catalan espill xiquet granera llombrígol eixir", "Gloss `` mirror '' `` boy '' `` broom '' `` navel '' `` to exit ''", "Eastern Catalan mirall noi escombra melic sortir", "Western Catalan espill xiquet granera llombrígol eixir", "Written varieties Catalan ( IEC ) Valencian ( AVL ) gloss anglès anglés English conèixer conéixer to know treure traure take out néixer nàixer to be born càntir cànter pitcher rodó redó round meva meua my , mine ametlla ametla almond estrella estrela star cop colp hit llagosta llangosta lobster homes hòmens men servei servici service", "Catalan ( IEC ) Valencian ( AVL ) gloss", "anglès anglés English", "conèixer conéixer to know", "treure traure take out", "néixer nàixer to be born", "càntir cànter pitcher", "rodó redó round", "meva meua my , mine", "ametlla ametla almond", "estrella estrela star", "cop colp hit", "llagosta llangosta lobster", "homes hòmens men", "servei servici service", "Standard Catalan , virtually accepted by all speakers , is mostly based on Eastern Catalan , which is the most widely used dialect . Nevertheless , the standards of the Valencian Community and the Balearics admit alternative forms , mostly traditional ones , which are not current in eastern Catalonia .", "The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨ e ⟩ accentuation , for instance : francès , anglès ( IEC ) -- francés , anglés ( AVL ) . Nevertheless , AVL 's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨ è ⟩ , without pronouncing this ⟨ e ⟩ as / ɛ / , in some words like : què ( ' what ' ) , or València . Other divergences include the use of ⟨ tl ⟩ ( AVL ) in some words instead of ⟨ tll ⟩ like in ametla / ametlla ( ' almond ' ) , espatla / espatlla ( ' back ' ) , the use of elided demonstratives ( este ' this ' , eixe ' that ' ) in the same level as reinforced ones ( aquest , aqueix ) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian , and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too , like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in - ix - at the same level as - eix - or the priority use of - e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative ( - ar verbs ) : jo compre instead of jo compro ( ' I buy ' ) .", "In the Balearic Islands , IEC 's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands 's philological section . In this way , for instance , IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ( ' we sing ' ) but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be `` cantam '' in all fields . Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative : jo compr ( ' I buy ' ) , jo tem ( ' I fear ' ) , jo dorm ( ' I sleep ' ) .", "In Alghero , the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect . In this standard one can find , among other features : the definite article lo instead of el , special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ( ' mine ' ) , lo sou / la sua ( ' his / her ' ) , lo tou / la tua ( ' yours ' ) , and so on , the use of - v - / v / in the imperfect tense in all conjugations : cantava , creixiva , llegiva ; the use of many archaic words , usual words in Alguerese : manco instead of menys ( ' less ' ) , calqui u instead of algú ( ' someone ' ) , qual / quala instead of quin / quina ( ' which ' ) , and so on ; and the adaptation of weak pronouns .", "In 2011 , the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja ( the so - called Catalan - speaking areas of Aragon ) . The new entity , designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català , shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja .", "Catalan Wikisource has original text related to this article : AVL : Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià", "Catalan Wikisource has original text related to this article : AVL : Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià", "Valencian is classified as a Western dialect , along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia ( provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona ) . The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible ( ranging from 90 % to 95 % )", "Linguists , including Valencian scholars , deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language . The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community , the Valencian Academy of Language ( Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua , AVL ) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties .", "The AVL , created by the Valencian parliament , is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian , and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló ( Normes de Castelló ) . Currently , everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard , except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV ) , which uses for Valencian an independent standard .", "Despite the position of the official organizations , an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan . This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly . Furthermore , the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views . A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture ( Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana , RACV ) , which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan .", "This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy . For example , during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004 , the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque , Galician , Catalan , and Valencian , but the latter two were identical .", "Despite its relative lexical unity , the two dialectal blocks of Catalan ( Eastern and Western ) show some differences in word choices . Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism . Also , usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element .", "Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects , except those of very restricted use . However , from the 19th century onwards , there has been a tendency towards favoring words of Northern dialects to the detriment of others , even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice .", "Like other languages , Catalan has a large list of loanwords from Greek and Latin . This process started very early , and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull 's work . In the 14th and 15th centuries Catalan had a far greater number of Greco - Latin loanwords than other Romance languages , as is attested for example in Roís de Corella 's writings . The incorporation of learned , or `` bookish '' words from its own ancestor language , Latin , into Catalan is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church . Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period , most literate Catalan speakers were also literate in Latin ; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing -- and eventually speech -- in Catalan .", "The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages , where agglutination is common . Many times , several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme , and some sound alternations can occur , for example elèctric ( əˈlɛktrik ) ( `` electrical '' ) vs. electricitat ( ələktrisiˈtat ) . Prefixes are usually appended to verbs , as in preveure ( `` foresee '' ) .", "There is greater regularity in the process of word - compounding , where one can find compounded words formed much like those in English .", "Common types of word compounds in Catalan Type Example Gloss two nouns , the second assimilated to the first paper moneda `` banknote paper '' noun delimited by an adjective estat major `` military staff '' noun delimited by another noun and a preposition màquina d'escriure `` typewriter '' verb radical with a nominal object paracaigudes `` parachute '' noun delimited by an adjective , with adjectival value pit - roig `` robin '' ( bird )", "Type Example Gloss", "two nouns , the second assimilated to the first paper moneda `` banknote paper ''", "noun delimited by an adjective estat major `` military staff ''", "noun delimited by another noun and a preposition màquina d'escriure `` typewriter ''", "verb radical with a nominal object paracaigudes `` parachute ''", "noun delimited by an adjective , with adjectival value pit - roig `` robin '' ( bird )", "Main forms Q U V X Y Z Modified forms À Ç È É Í Ï L L Ò Ó Ú Ü", "Main forms Q U V X Y Z", "Modified forms À Ç È É Í Ï L L Ò Ó Ú Ü", "Catalan uses the Latin script , with some added symbols and digraphs . The Catalan orthography is systematic and largely phonologically based .", "Pronunciation of Catalan special characters and digraphs ( Central Catalan ) Pronunciation Examples ç / s / feliç ( fəˈlis ) ( `` happy '' ) gu / ɡ / ( ( ɡ ) ~ ( ɣ ) ) before i and e guerra ( ˈɡɛrə ) ( `` war '' ) / ɡw / elsewhere guant ( ˈɡwan ) ( `` glove '' ) ig ( tʃ ) in final position raig ( ˈratʃ ) ( `` trickle '' ) ix / ʃ / ( ( jʃ ) in some dialects ) caixa ( ˈkaʃə ) ( `` box '' ) ll / ʎ / lloc ( ʎɔk ) ( `` place '' ) l l Normatively / l : / , but usually / l / novel la ( nuˈβɛlə ) ( `` novel '' ) ny / ɲ / Catalunya ( kətəˈɫuɲə ) ( `` Catalonia '' ) qu / k / before i and e qui ( ˈki ) ( `` who '' ) / kw / before other vowels quatre ( ˈkwatrə ) ( `` four '' ) ss / s / Intervocalic s is pronounced / z / grossa ( ˈɡɾɔsə ) ( `` big - feminine ) '' casa ( ˈkazə ) ( `` house '' ) tg , tj ( ddʒ ) fetge ( ˈfeddʒə ) ( `` liver '' ) , mitjó ( midˈdʒo ) ( `` sock '' ) tx ( tʃ ) despatx ( dəsˈpatʃ ) ( `` office '' ) tz ( ddz ) dotze ( ˈdoddzə ) ( `` twelve '' )", "Pronunciation Examples", "ç / s / feliç ( fəˈlis ) ( `` happy '' )", "gu / ɡ / ( ( ɡ ) ~ ( ɣ ) ) before i and e guerra ( ˈɡɛrə ) ( `` war '' )", "/ ɡw / elsewhere guant ( ˈɡwan ) ( `` glove '' )", "ig ( tʃ ) in final position raig ( ˈratʃ ) ( `` trickle '' )", "ix / ʃ / ( ( jʃ ) in some dialects ) caixa ( ˈkaʃə ) ( `` box '' )", "ll / ʎ / lloc ( ʎɔk ) ( `` place '' )", "l l Normatively / l : / , but usually / l / novel la ( nuˈβɛlə ) ( `` novel '' )", "ny / ɲ / Catalunya ( kətəˈɫuɲə ) ( `` Catalonia '' )", "qu / k / before i and e qui ( ˈki ) ( `` who '' )", "/ kw / before other vowels quatre ( ˈkwatrə ) ( `` four '' )", "ss / s / Intervocalic s is pronounced / z / grossa ( ˈɡɾɔsə ) ( `` big - feminine ) '' casa ( ˈkazə ) ( `` house '' )", "tg , tj ( ddʒ ) fetge ( ˈfeddʒə ) ( `` liver '' ) , mitjó ( midˈdʒo ) ( `` sock '' )", "tx ( tʃ ) despatx ( dəsˈpatʃ ) ( `` office '' )", "tz ( ddz ) dotze ( ˈdoddzə ) ( `` twelve '' )", "Letters and digraphs with contextually conditioned pronunciations ( Central Catalan ) Notes Examples / s / before i and e corresponds to ç in other contexts feliç ( `` happy - masculine - singular '' ) - felices ( `` happy - feminine - plural '' ) caço ( `` I hunt '' ) - caces ( `` you hunt '' ) g / ʒ / before e and i corresponds to j in other positions envejar ( `` to envy '' ) - envegen ( `` they envy '' ) final g + stressed i , and final ig before other vowels , are pronounced ( tʃ ) corresponds to j ~ g or tj ~ tg in other positions boig ( ' bɔtʃ ) ( `` mad - masculine '' ) - boja ( ' bɔʒə ) ( `` mad - feminine '' ) - boges ( ' bɔʒəs ) ( `` mad - feminine plural '' ) desig ( də'zitʃ ) ( `` wish '' ) - desitjar ( `` to wish '' ) - desitgem ( `` we wish '' ) gu / ɡ / before e and i corresponds to g in other positions botiga ( `` shop '' ) - botigues ( `` shops '' ) gü / ɡw / before e and i corresponds to gu in other positions llengua ( `` language '' ) - llengües ( `` languages '' ) qu / k / before e and i corresponds to q in other positions vaca ( `` cow '' ) - vaques ( `` cows '' ) qü / kw / before e and i corresponds to qu in other positions obliqua ( `` oblique - feminine '' ) - obliqües ( `` oblique - feminine plural '' ) x ( ʃ ) ~ ( tʃ ) initially and in onsets after a consonant ( ʃ ) after i otherwise , ( ɡz ) before stress , ( ks ) after xarxa ( ˈʃarʃə ) ( `` net '' ) guix ( ˈɡiʃ ) ( `` chalk '' ) exacte ( əɡˈzaktə ) ( `` exact '' ) , fax ( ˈfaks ) ( `` fax '' )", "Notes Examples", "/ s / before i and e corresponds to ç in other contexts feliç ( `` happy - masculine - singular '' ) - felices ( `` happy - feminine - plural '' ) caço ( `` I hunt '' ) - caces ( `` you hunt '' )", "g / ʒ / before e and i corresponds to j in other positions envejar ( `` to envy '' ) - envegen ( `` they envy '' )", "final g + stressed i , and final ig before other vowels , are pronounced ( tʃ ) corresponds to j ~ g or tj ~ tg in other positions boig ( ' bɔtʃ ) ( `` mad - masculine '' ) - boja ( ' bɔʒə ) ( `` mad - feminine '' ) - boges ( ' bɔʒəs ) ( `` mad - feminine plural '' ) desig ( də'zitʃ ) ( `` wish '' ) - desitjar ( `` to wish '' ) - desitgem ( `` we wish '' )", "gu / ɡ / before e and i corresponds to g in other positions botiga ( `` shop '' ) - botigues ( `` shops '' )", "gü / ɡw / before e and i corresponds to gu in other positions llengua ( `` language '' ) - llengües ( `` languages '' )", "qu / k / before e and i corresponds to q in other positions vaca ( `` cow '' ) - vaques ( `` cows '' )", "qü / kw / before e and i corresponds to qu in other positions obliqua ( `` oblique - feminine '' ) - obliqües ( `` oblique - feminine plural '' )", "x ( ʃ ) ~ ( tʃ ) initially and in onsets after a consonant ( ʃ ) after i otherwise , ( ɡz ) before stress , ( ks ) after xarxa ( ˈʃarʃə ) ( `` net '' ) guix ( ˈɡiʃ ) ( `` chalk '' ) exacte ( əɡˈzaktə ) ( `` exact '' ) , fax ( ˈfaks ) ( `` fax '' )", "The grammar of Catalan is similar to other Romance languages . Features include :", "Use of definite and indefinite articles . Nouns , adjectives , pronouns , and articles are inflected for gender ( masculine and feminine ) , and number ( singular and plural ) . There is no case inflexion , except in pronouns . Verbs are highly inflected for person , number , tense , aspect , and mood ( including a subjunctive ) . There are no modal auxiliaries . Word order is freer than in English .", "Use of definite and indefinite articles .", "Nouns , adjectives , pronouns , and articles are inflected for gender ( masculine and feminine ) , and number ( singular and plural ) . There is no case inflexion , except in pronouns .", "Verbs are highly inflected for person , number , tense , aspect , and mood ( including a subjunctive ) .", "There are no modal auxiliaries .", "Word order is freer than in English .", "Regular noun with definite article : el gat ( `` the cat '' ) masculine feminine singular el gat la gata plural els gats les gates Adjective with 4 forms : verd ( `` green '' ) masculine feminine singular verd verda plural verds verdes Adjective with 3 forms : feliç ( `` happy '' ) masculine feminine singular feliç plural feliços felices Adjective with 2 forms : indiferent ( `` indifferent '' ) masculine feminine singular indiferent plural indiferents", "Regular noun with definite article : el gat ( `` the cat '' ) masculine feminine singular el gat la gata plural els gats les gates Adjective with 4 forms : verd ( `` green '' ) masculine feminine singular verd verda plural verds verdes Adjective with 3 forms : feliç ( `` happy '' ) masculine feminine singular feliç plural feliços felices Adjective with 2 forms : indiferent ( `` indifferent '' ) masculine feminine singular indiferent plural indiferents", "Regular noun with definite article : el gat ( `` the cat '' ) masculine feminine singular el gat la gata plural els gats les gates", "masculine feminine", "singular el gat la gata", "plural els gats les gates", "Adjective with 4 forms : verd ( `` green '' ) masculine feminine singular verd verda plural verds verdes", "masculine feminine", "singular verd verda", "plural verds verdes", "Adjective with 3 forms : feliç ( `` happy '' ) masculine feminine singular feliç plural feliços felices", "masculine feminine", "singular feliç", "plural feliços felices", "Adjective with 2 forms : indiferent ( `` indifferent '' ) masculine feminine singular indiferent plural indiferents", "masculine feminine", "singular indiferent", "plural indiferents", "In gender inflection , the most notable feature is ( compared to Portuguese , Spanish or Italian ) , the loss of the typical masculine suffix - o . Thus , the alternance of - o / - a , has been replaced by ø / - a . There are only a few exceptions , like minso / minsa ( `` scarce '' ) . Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur , such as :", "Affrication : boig / boja ( `` insane '' ) vs. lleig / lletja ( `` ugly '' ) Loss of n : pla / plana ( `` flat '' ) vs. segon / segona ( `` second '' ) Final obstruent devoicing : sentit / sentida ( `` felt '' ) vs. dit / dita ( `` said '' )", "Affrication : boig / boja ( `` insane '' ) vs. lleig / lletja ( `` ugly '' )", "Loss of n : pla / plana ( `` flat '' ) vs. segon / segona ( `` second '' )", "Final obstruent devoicing : sentit / sentida ( `` felt '' ) vs. dit / dita ( `` said '' )", "Catalan has few suppletive couplets , like Italian and Spanish , and unlike French . Thus , Catalan has noi / noia ( `` boy '' / `` girl '' ) and gall / gallina ( `` cock '' / `` hen '' ) , whereas French has garçon / fille and coq / poule .", "There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender - invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones , something prevalent in Occitan and French . Thus , one can find bullent / bullenta ( `` boiling '' ) in contrast with traditional bullent / bullent .", "As in the other Western Romance languages , the main plural expression is the suffix - s , which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection , albeit more rarely . The most important one is the addition of - o - before certain consonant groups , a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms : el pols / els polsos ( `` the pulse '' / `` the pulses '' ) vs. la pols / les pols ( `` the dust '' / `` the dusts '' ) .", "Definite article in Standard Catalan ( elided forms in brackets ) masculine feminine singular el ( l ' ) la ( l ' ) plural els les Contractions of the definite article preposition de per article el al ( a l ' ) del ( de l ' ) pel ( per l ' ) els als dels pels Indefinite article masculine feminine singular un una plural uns unes", "Definite article in Standard Catalan ( elided forms in brackets ) masculine feminine singular el ( l ' ) la ( l ' ) plural els les Contractions of the definite article preposition de per article el al ( a l ' ) del ( de l ' ) pel ( per l ' ) els als dels pels Indefinite article masculine feminine singular un una plural uns unes", "Definite article in Standard Catalan ( elided forms in brackets ) masculine feminine singular el ( l ' ) la ( l ' ) plural els les", "masculine feminine", "singular el ( l ' ) la ( l ' )", "plural els les", "Contractions of the definite article preposition de per article el al ( a l ' ) del ( de l ' ) pel ( per l ' ) els als dels pels", "preposition", "de per", "article el al ( a l ' ) del ( de l ' ) pel ( per l ' )", "els als dels pels", "Indefinite article masculine feminine singular un una plural uns unes", "masculine feminine", "singular un una", "plural uns unes", "The inflection of determinatives is complex , specially because of the high number of elisions , but is similar to the neighboring languages . Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish , like dels ( `` of + the ( plural ) '' ) , but not as many as Italian ( which has sul , col , nel , etc . ) .", "Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives ( mon , etc . ) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms ( el meu , etc . ) , a feature shared with Italian .", "Catalan stressed pronouns singular plural 1st person jo , mi nosaltres 2nd person informal tu vosaltres formal vostè vostès respectful ( vós ) 3rd person masculine ell ells feminine ella elles", "singular plural", "1st person jo , mi nosaltres", "2nd person informal tu vosaltres", "formal vostè vostès", "respectful ( vós )", "3rd person masculine ell ells", "feminine ella elles", "The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex , specially in unstressed forms , which are numerous ( 13 distinct forms , compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian ) . Features include the gender - neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns ( 65 combinations ) .", "Catalan pronouns exhibit T -- V distinction , like all other Romance languages ( and most European languages , but not Modern English ) . This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality .", "This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively , much more than French or Spanish . Thus , Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ( `` they recommended me to him '' ) , whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui , and Spanish me recomendaron a él . This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic , without having to use so often the passive voice ( as in French or English ) , or identifying the direct object with a preposition ( as in Spanish ) .", "Simple forms of a regular verb of the first conjugation : portar ( `` to bring '' ) Non-finite Form Infinitive portar Gerund portant Past participle portat ( portat , portada , portats , portades ) Indicative jo tu ell / ella ( vostè ) nosaltres vosaltres ( vós ) ells / elles ( vostès ) Present porto portes porta portem porteu porten Imperfect portava portaves portava portàvem portàveu portaven Preterite ( archaic ) portí portares portà portàrem portàreu portaren Future portaré portaràs portarà portarem portareu portaran Conditional portaria portaries portaria portaríem portaríeu portarien Subjunctive jo tu ell / ella ( vostè ) nosaltres vosaltres ( vós ) ells / elles ( vostès ) Present porti portis porti portem porteu portin Imperfect portés portéssis portés portéssim portéssiu portessin Imperative jo tu ell / ella ( vostè ) nosaltres vosaltres ( vós ) ells / elles ( vostès ) -- -- porta porti portem porteu portin", "Non-finite Form", "Infinitive portar", "Gerund portant", "Past participle portat ( portat , portada , portats , portades )", "Indicative jo tu ell / ella ( vostè ) nosaltres vosaltres ( vós ) ells / elles ( vostès )", "Present porto portes porta portem porteu porten", "Imperfect portava portaves portava portàvem portàveu portaven", "Preterite ( archaic ) portí portares portà portàrem portàreu portaren", "Future portaré portaràs portarà portarem portareu portaran", "Conditional portaria portaries portaria portaríem portaríeu portarien", "Subjunctive jo tu ell / ella ( vostè ) nosaltres vosaltres ( vós ) ells / elles ( vostès )", "Present porti portis porti portem porteu portin", "Imperfect portés portéssis portés portéssim portéssiu portessin", "Imperative jo tu ell / ella ( vostè ) nosaltres vosaltres ( vós ) ells / elles ( vostès )", "-- -- porta porti portem porteu portin", "Like all the Romance languages , Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal . Suffixation is omnipresent , whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role . Vowel alternances are active , as well as infixation and suppletion . However , these are not as productive as in Spanish , and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs .", "The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance , except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ( `` to go '' ) + infinitive .", "Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations , with vowel themes - a - , - e - , - i - , the last two being split into two subtypes . However , this division is mostly theoretical . Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive ( with about 3500 common verbs ) , whereas the third ( the subtype of servir , with about 700 common verbs ) is semiproductive . The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100 , and it is not possible to create new ones , except by compounding .", "The grammar of Catalan follows the general pattern of Western Romance languages . The primary word order is subject -- verb -- object . However , word order is very flexible . Commonly , verb - subject constructions are used to achieve a semantic effect . The sentence `` The train has arrived '' could be translated as `` Ha arribat el tren '' or `` El tren ha arribat . '' Both sentences mean `` the train has arrived '' , but the former puts a focus on the train , while the latter puts a focus on the arrival . This subtle distinction is described as `` what you might say while waiting in the station '' versus `` what you might say on the train . ''", "In Spain , every person officially has two surnames , one of which is the father 's first surname and the other is the mother 's first surname . The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ( `` and '' ) .", "Selected text from Manuel de Pedrolo 's 1970 novel Un amor fora ciutat ( `` A love affair outside the city '' ) .", "Original Word - for - word translation Free translation Tenia prop de divuit anys quan vaig conèxier I was having close to eighteen years , when I go ( past auxiliary ) know ( = I met ) I was about eighteen years old when I met en Raül , a l'estació de Manresa . the Raül , at the station of ( = in ) Manresa . Raül , at Manresa railway station . El meu pare havia mort , inesperadament i encara jove , The my father had died , unexpectedly and still young , My father had died , unexpectedly and still young , un parell d'anys abans , i d'aquells temps a couple of years before , and of those times a couple of years before ; and from that time conservo un record de punyent solitud . I keep a memory of acute loneliness I still harbour memories of great loneliness . Les meves relacions amb la mare The my relations with the mother My relationship with my mother no havien pas millorat , tot el contrari , not had at all improved , all the contrary , had not improved ; quite the contrary , potser fins i tot empitjoraven perhaps even they were worsening and arguably it was getting even worse a mesura que em feia gran . at step that ( = in proportion as ) myself I was making big ( = I was growing up ) . as I grew up . No existia , no existí mai entre nosaltres , Not it was existing , not it existed never between us , There did not exist , at no point had there ever existed between us una comunitat d'interessos , d'afeccions . a community of interests , of affections . shared interests or affection . Cal creure que cercava ... una persona It is necessary to believe that I was seeking ... a person I guess I was seeking ... a person en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva . in whom to center the my life affective . in whom I could center my emotional life .", "Original Word - for - word translation Free translation", "Tenia prop de divuit anys quan vaig conèxier I was having close to eighteen years , when I go ( past auxiliary ) know ( = I met ) I was about eighteen years old when I met", "en Raül , a l'estació de Manresa . the Raül , at the station of ( = in ) Manresa . Raül , at Manresa railway station .", "El meu pare havia mort , inesperadament i encara jove , The my father had died , unexpectedly and still young , My father had died , unexpectedly and still young ,", "un parell d'anys abans , i d'aquells temps a couple of years before , and of those times a couple of years before ; and from that time", "conservo un record de punyent solitud . I keep a memory of acute loneliness I still harbour memories of great loneliness .", "Les meves relacions amb la mare The my relations with the mother My relationship with my mother", "no havien pas millorat , tot el contrari , not had at all improved , all the contrary , had not improved ; quite the contrary ,", "potser fins i tot empitjoraven perhaps even they were worsening and arguably it was getting even worse", "a mesura que em feia gran . at step that ( = in proportion as ) myself I was making big ( = I was growing up ) . as I grew up .", "No existia , no existí mai entre nosaltres , Not it was existing , not it existed never between us , There did not exist , at no point had there ever existed between us", "una comunitat d'interessos , d'afeccions . a community of interests , of affections . shared interests or affection .", "Cal creure que cercava ... una persona It is necessary to believe that I was seeking ... a person I guess I was seeking ... a person", "en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva . in whom to center the my life affective . in whom I could center my emotional life .", "English word Catalan word Catalan meaning Notes barracks barraca `` mud hut '' Eng < Fr baraques < Cat / Sp barracas . barracoon barracó or barracot `` improvised hut '' Eng < Spanish barracón < barraca ( Sp < Cat ) . surge sorgir `` to arise '' Eng < Middle French sourgir < Old Catalan surgir . paella paella `` small cooking pot '' Eng < Cat < Old French pael ( l ) e ( mod . poêle ' skillet ' ) < Latin patella ' small pan ' ( > Sp padilla ) . cul - de-sac cul - de-sac `` with no exit '' French < Old Catalan / Occitan ( > English ) . capicua cap i cua `` ends like it starts '' cucumber cogombre `` fruit used in salads '' Eng < Old French / Occitan cocombre .", "English word Catalan word Catalan meaning Notes", "barracks barraca `` mud hut '' Eng < Fr baraques < Cat / Sp barracas .", "barracoon barracó or barracot `` improvised hut '' Eng < Spanish barracón < barraca ( Sp < Cat ) .", "surge sorgir `` to arise '' Eng < Middle French sourgir < Old Catalan surgir .", "paella paella `` small cooking pot '' Eng < Cat < Old French pael ( l ) e ( mod . poêle ' skillet ' ) < Latin patella ' small pan ' ( > Sp padilla ) .", "cul - de-sac cul - de-sac `` with no exit '' French < Old Catalan / Occitan ( > English ) .", "capicua cap i cua `` ends like it starts ''", "cucumber cogombre `` fruit used in salads '' Eng < Old French / Occitan cocombre ." ]

[ [ "June 1777" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "United States of America Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White , and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner ; US flag ; United States flag Use National flag and ensign Proportion 10 : 19 Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field", "Names The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White , and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner ; US flag ; United States flag", "Use National flag and ensign", "Proportion 10 : 19", "Adopted June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version )", "June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version )", "June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version )", "July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version )", "Design Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field", "The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and the Star - Spangled Banner .", "The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 58 years .", "The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801", "The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' )", "The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' )", "Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801", "Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801", "At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year . The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag .", "The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs .", "The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag .", "The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company 's flag by the United States as their national flag . He said to George Washington , `` While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design , it need not be entirely new in its elements . There is already in use a flag , I refer to the flag of the East India Company . '' This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States ' aspirations to be self - governing , as was the East India Company . Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence , as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies . Colonists therefore flew the Company 's flag , to endorse the Company .", "However , the theory that the Grand Union Flag was a direct descendant of the flag of the East India Company has been criticised as lacking written evidence . On the other hand , the resemblance is obvious , and a number of the Founding Fathers of the United States were aware of the East India Company 's activities and of their free administration of India under Company rule . In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts .", "On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment .", "The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler . Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag .", "The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag .", "The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull .", "Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced . While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars .", "Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead , he asked to be paid for designing the `` great Naval Flag of the United States '' in the first bill ; the `` Naval Flag of the United States '' in the second bill ; and `` the Naval Flag of the States '' in the third , along with the other items . The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed , that is , a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones . The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle .", "The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story .", "The family of Rebecca Young claimed that she sewed the first flag . Young 's daughter was Mary Pickersgill , who made the Star Spangled Banner Flag . She was assisted by Grace Wisher , an African American girl at just 13 years old . According to rumor , the Washington family coat of arms , shown in a 15th - century window of Selby Abbey , was the origin of the stars and stripes .", "In 1795 , the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 ( to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union ) . For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted , probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter . It was the 15 - star , 15 - stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , later known as `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , which is now the American national anthem . The flag is currently on display in the exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem '' at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History in a two - story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view .", "On April 4 , 1818 , a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain Samuel C. Reid in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars , with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted , but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the original colonies . The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 ( Independence Day ) following admission of one or more new states . The most recent change , from 49 stars to 50 , occurred in 1960 when the present design was chosen , after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959 . Before that , the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short - lived 49 - star flag .", "Prior to the adoption of the 48 - star flag in 1912 , there was no official arrangement of the stars in the canton , although the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy used standardized designs . Throughout the 19th century there was an abundance of different star patterns , rectangular and circular .", "On July 4 , 2007 , the 50 - star flag became the version of the flag in longest use , surpassing the 48 - star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959 .", "The U.S. flag was brought to the city of Canton ( Guǎngzhōu ) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship Empress of China , which carried a cargo of ginseng . There it gained the designation `` Flower Flag '' ( Chinese : 花旗 ; pinyin : huāqí ; Cantonese Yale : fākeì ) . According to a pseudonymous account first published in the Boston Courier and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer George H. Preble :", "When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton , much curiosity was excited among the people . News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world , bearing a flag `` as beautiful as a flower '' . Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen ( 花旗 船 ; Fākeìsyùhn ) , or `` flower flagship '' . This name at once established itself in the language , and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh ( 花旗 國 ; Fākeìgwok ) , the `` flower flag country '' -- and an American , kwa kee kwoh yin ( 花旗 國人 ; Fākeìgwokyàhn ) -- `` flower flag countryman '' -- a more complimentary designation than that of `` red headed barbarian '' -- the name first bestowed upon the Dutch .", "In the above quote , the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken Cantonese . The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . Vietnam has borrowed the term for the United States , as Hoa Kỳ or 花旗 ( `` Flower Flag '' ) in Vietnamese language .", "Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called flower flag ginseng ( simplified Chinese : 花旗 参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗 參 ) in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as Flower Flag Bank ( 花旗 银行 ) .", "The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787 -- 90 on board the Columbia . William Driver , who coined the phrase `` Old Glory '' , took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831 -- 32 . The flag attracted the notice of Japanese when an oversized version was carried to Yokohama by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round - the - world journey in 1871 .", "In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag , the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns , often associated with the United States Navy . Canton designs , prior to the proclamation of the 48 - star flag , had no official arrangement of the stars . Furthermore , the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934 .", "Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration 0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 ​ 1 ⁄ years 13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 18 years 15 15 Vermont , Kentucky May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 23 years 20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 1 year 21 13 Illinois July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 1 year 23 13 Alabama , Maine July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 2 years 24 13 Missouri July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 14 years 25 13 Arkansas July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 1 year 26 13 Michigan July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 8 years 27 13 Florida July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 1 year 28 13 Texas July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 1 year 29 13 Iowa July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 1 year 30 13 Wisconsin July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 3 years 31 13 California July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 7 years 32 13 Minnesota July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 1 year 33 13 Oregon July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 2 years 34 13 Kansas July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 2 years 35 13 West Virginia July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 2 years 36 13 Nevada July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 2 years 37 13 Nebraska July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 10 years 38 13 Colorado July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 13 years 43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 1 year 44 13 Wyoming July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 5 years 45 13 Utah July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 12 years 46 13 Oklahoma July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 4 years 48 13 Arizona , New Mexico July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 47 years 49 13 Alaska July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 1 year 50 13 Hawaii July 4 , 1960 -- present 58 years", "Number of stars Number of stripes Design ( s ) States represented by new stars Dates in use Duration", "0 13 Union Jack instead of stars , red and white stripes represent Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia December 3 , 1775 -- June 14 , 1777 ​ 1 ⁄ years", "13 13 Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Virginia June 14 , 1777 -- May 1 , 1795 18 years", "15 15 Vermont , Kentucky May 1 , 1795 -- July 3 , 1818 23 years", "20 13 Indiana , Louisiana , Mississippi , Ohio , Tennessee July 4 , 1818 -- July 3 , 1819 1 year", "21 13 Illinois July 4 , 1819 -- July 3 , 1820 1 year", "23 13 Alabama , Maine July 4 , 1820 -- July 3 , 1822 2 years", "24 13 Missouri July 4 , 1822 -- July 3 , 1836 1831 term `` Old Glory '' coined 14 years", "25 13 Arkansas July 4 , 1836 -- July 3 , 1837 1 year", "26 13 Michigan July 4 , 1837 -- July 3 , 1845 8 years", "27 13 Florida July 4 , 1845 -- July 3 , 1846 1 year", "28 13 Texas July 4 , 1846 -- July 3 , 1847 1 year", "29 13 Iowa July 4 , 1847 -- July 3 , 1848 1 year", "30 13 Wisconsin July 4 , 1848 -- July 3 , 1851 3 years", "31 13 California July 4 , 1851 -- July 3 , 1858 7 years", "32 13 Minnesota July 4 , 1858 -- July 3 , 1859 1 year", "33 13 Oregon July 4 , 1859 -- July 3 , 1861 2 years", "34 13 Kansas July 4 , 1861 -- July 3 , 1863 2 years", "35 13 West Virginia July 4 , 1863 -- July 3 , 1865 2 years", "36 13 Nevada July 4 , 1865 -- July 3 , 1867 2 years", "37 13 Nebraska July 4 , 1867 -- July 3 , 1877 10 years", "38 13 Colorado July 4 , 1877 -- July 3 , 1890 13 years", "43 13 Idaho , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington July 4 , 1890 -- July 3 , 1891 1 year", "44 13 Wyoming July 4 , 1891 -- July 3 , 1896 5 years", "45 13 Utah July 4 , 1896 -- July 3 , 1908 12 years", "46 13 Oklahoma July 4 , 1908 -- July 3 , 1912 4 years", "48 13 Arizona , New Mexico July 4 , 1912 -- July 3 , 1959 47 years", "49 13 Alaska July 4 , 1959 -- July 3 , 1960 1 year", "50 13 Hawaii July 4 , 1960 -- present 58 years", "In the November 2012 U.S. election , Puerto Rico voted to become a U.S. state . However , the legitimacy of the result of this election was disputed . On June 11 , 2017 , another referendum was held , this time with the result that 97 % of voters in Puerto Rico voted for statehood , but it had a turnout of only 23 % . Similarly in November 2016 , a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86 % of voters approved the proposal . If a new U.S. state were to be admitted , it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star .", "The flag of the United States is one of the nation 's most widely recognized symbols . Within the United States , flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences . The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows , and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins . Throughout the world the flag has been used in public discourse to refer to the United States .", "The flag has become a powerful symbol of Americanism , and is flown on many occasions , with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers . Reverence for the flag has at times reached religion - like fervor : in 1919 William Norman Guthrie 's book The Religion of Old Glory discussed `` the cult of the flag '' and formally proposed vexillolatry .", "Despite a number of attempts to ban the practice , desecration of the flag remains protected as free speech . Scholars have noted the irony that `` ( t ) he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free , and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest '' . Comparing practice worldwide , Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner , for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also `` beloved , domesticated , commercialized and sacralized objects '' .", "This nationalist attitude around the flag is a shift from earlier sentiments ; the US flag was largely a `` military ensign or a convenient marking of American territory '' that rarely appeared outside of forts , embassies , and the like until the opening of the American Civil War in April of 1861 , when Major Robert Anderson was forced to surrender Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor to Confederates . Anderson was celebrated in the North as a hero and U.S. citizens throughout Northern states co-opted the national flag to symbolize U.S. nationalism and rejection of secessionism :", "For the first time American flags were mass - produced rather than individually stitched and even so , manufacturers could not keep up with demand . As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring , that old flag meant something new . The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing : strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for , and many thousands die for . -- Adam Goodheart .", "The basic design of the current flag is specified by 4 U.S.C. § 1 ; 4 U.S.C. § 2 outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states . The specification gives the following values :", "Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0 Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9 Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes ) Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width ) E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton ) G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton ) Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 ) Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height )", "Hoist ( height ) of the flag : A = 1.0", "Fly ( width ) of the flag : B = 1.9", "Hoist ( height ) of the canton ( `` union '' ) : C = 0.5385 ( A × 7 / 13 , spanning seven stripes )", "Fly ( width ) of the canton : D = 0.76 ( B × 2 / 5 , two - fifths of the flag width )", "E = F = 0.0538 ( C / 10 , One - tenth of the height of the canton )", "G = H = 0.0633 ( D / 12 , One twelfth of the width of the canton )", "Diameter of star : K = 0.0616 ( L × 4 / 5 , four - fifths of the stripe width , the calculation only gives 0.0616 if L is first rounded to 0.077 )", "Width of stripe : L = 0.0769 ( A / 13 , One thirteenth of the flag height )", "These specifications are contained in an executive order which , strictly speaking , governs only flags made for or by the U.S. federal government . In practice , most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public have a different width - to - height ratio ; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. ( flag ratio 1.5 ) , 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. ( 1.6 ) , or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. ( 1.667 ) . Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes . Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as `` G - spec '' ( for `` government specification '' ) flags .", "The exact red , white , and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America , 10th edition . Specifically , the colors are `` White '' , `` Old Glory Red '' , and `` Old Glory Blue '' . The CIE coordinates for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card were formally specified in JOSA in 1946 . These colors form the standard for cloth , and there is no perfect way to convert them to RGB for display on screen or CMYK for printing . The `` relative '' coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag 's `` white '' .", "Official colors Name Absolute Relative CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118 Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122", "Name Absolute Relative", "CIELAB D Munsell CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006", "L * a * b * V / C L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y", "White 88.7 − 0.2 5.4 2.5 Y 8.8 / 0.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000", "Old Glory Red 33.9 51.2 24.7 5.5 R 3.3 / 11.1 39.9 57.3 28.7 . 698 . 132 . 203 # B22234 . 196 1.000 . 757 . 118", "Old Glory Blue 23.2 13.1 − 26.4 8.2 PB 2.3 / 6.1 26.9 11.5 − 30.3 . 234 . 233 . 430 # 3C3B6E . 886 . 851 . 243 . 122", "As with the design , the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government , and other colors are often used for mass - market flags , printed reproductions , and other products intended to evoke flag colors . The practice of using more saturated colors than the official cloth is not new . As Taylor , Knoche , and Granville wrote in 1950 : `` The color of the official wool bunting ( of the blue field ) is a very dark blue , but printed reproductions of the flag , as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag , present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool . ''", "Sometimes , Pantone Matching System ( PMS ) approximations to the flag colors are used . One set was given on the website of the U.S. embassy in London as early as 1998 ; the website of the U.S. embassy in Stockholm claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone , and that the U.S. Government Printing Office preferred a different set . A third red was suggested by a California Military Department document in 2002 . In 2001 , the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be `` ( 1 ) the same colors used in the United States flag ; and ( 2 ) defined as numbers 193 ( red ) and 281 ( dark blue ) of the Pantone Matching System . ''", "Pantone approximations Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006 L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063 281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231 U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 . 185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035 288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141 CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074", "Source PMS CIELAB D sRGB GRACoL 2006", "L * a * b * 8 - bit hex Y", "Safe 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.000 1.000 1.000 # FFFFFF . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000", "U.S. Emb. , London 193 C 42.1 64.4 26.7 . 756 . 076 . 238 # C1133D . 165 1.000 . 678 . 063", "281 C 15.4 7.0 − 41.8 . 000 . 149 . 388 # 002663 1.000 . 906 . 388 . 231", "U.S. Emb. , Stockholm 186 C 44.1 67.8 37.9 . 800 . 048 . 185 # CC0C2F . 122 1.000 . 796 . 035", "288 C 18.0 7.6 − 50.3 . 000 . 172 . 466 # 002C77 1.000 . 863 . 357 . 141", "CA Mil . Dept . 200 C 41.1 64.2 30.8 . 745 . 051 . 203 # BE0D34 . 169 1.000 . 749 . 074", "When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s , more than 1,500 designs were submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Although some of them were 49 - star versions , the vast majority were 50 - star proposals . At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50 - star flag . At the time , credit was given by the executive department to the United States Army Institute of Heraldry for the design .", "Of these proposals , one created by 17 - year - old Robert G. Heft in 1958 as a school project received the most publicity . His mother was a seamstress , but refused to do any of the work for him . He originally received a B -- for the project . After discussing the grade with his teacher , it was agreed ( somewhat jokingly ) that if the flag was accepted by Congress , the grade would be reconsidered . Heft 's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii was admitted into the Union in 1959 . According to Heft , his teacher did keep to their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project . The 49 - and 50 - star flags were each flown for the first time at Fort McHenry on Independence Day , in 1959 and 1960 respectively .", "Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag .", "The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835 , and the Army used it officially in 1895 . No specific law governs the legality of fringe , but a 1925 opinion of the attorney general addresses the use of fringe ( and the number of stars ) `` ... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ... '' as quoted from footnote in previous volumes of Title 4 of the United States Code law books and is a source for claims that such a flag is a military ensign not civilian . However , according to the Army Institute of Heraldry , which has official custody of the flag designs and makes any change ordered , there are no implications of symbolism in the use of fringe . Several federal courts have upheld this conclusion , most recently and forcefully in Colorado v. Drew , a Colorado Court of Appeals judgment that was released in May 2010 . Traditionally , the Army and Air Force use a fringed National Color for parade , color guard and indoor display , while the Sea Services ( Navy , Marine Corps and Coast Guard ) use a fringeless National Color for all occasions .", "The flag is customarily flown year - round at most public buildings , and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full - size ( 3 by 5 feet ( 0.91 by 1.52 m ) ) flags . Some private use is year - round , but becomes widespread on civic holidays like Memorial Day , Veterans Day , Presidents ' Day , Flag Day , and on Independence Day . On Memorial Day it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans . Also on Memorial Day it is common to fly the flag at half staff , until noon , in remembrance of those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars .", "The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear .", "The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and , if flown at night , must be illuminated . If the edges become tattered through wear , the flag should be repaired or replaced . When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States , it should be destroyed in a dignified manner , preferably by burning . The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies , often on Flag Day , June 14 . ( The Boy Scouts of America recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned , due to hazardous gases being produced when such materials are burned . )", "The Flag Code prohibits using the flag `` for any advertising purpose '' and also states that the flag `` should not be embroidered , printed , or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions , handkerchiefs , napkins , boxes , or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use '' . Both of these codes are generally ignored , almost always without comment .", "Section 8 , entitled Respect For Flag states in part : `` The flag should never be used as wearing apparel , bedding , or drapery '' , and `` No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform '' . Section 3 of the Flag Code defines `` the flag '' as anything `` by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America '' .", "An additional part of Section 8 Respect For Flag , that is frequently violated at sporting events is part ( c ) `` The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally , but always aloft and free . ''", "Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law , there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code and it is not widely enforced -- indeed , punitive enforcement would conflict with the First Amendment right to freedom of speech . Passage of the proposed Flag Desecration Amendment would overrule legal precedent that has been established .", "When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind ( e.g. : cars , boats , planes , any physical object that moves ) , it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle , as if the flag were streaming backwards from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward . Therefore , U.S. flag decals on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed , with the union to the observer 's right instead of left as more commonly seen .", "The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for manned flight , including Mercury , Gemini , Apollo Command / Service Module , Apollo Lunar Module , and the Space Shuttle . The flag also appeared on the S - IC first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle used for Apollo . But since Mercury , Gemini , and Apollo were launched and landed vertically and were not capable of horizontal atmospheric flight as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach , the `` streaming '' convention was not followed and these flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally , perpendicular to the direction of flight .", "On some U.S. military uniforms , flag patches are worn on the right shoulder , following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front . This rule dates back to the Army 's early history , when both mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard bearer , who carried the Colors into battle . As he charged , his forward motion caused the flag to stream back . Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole , that section stayed to the right , while the stripes flew to the left . Several US military uniforms , such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy , have the flag patch on the left shoulder .", "Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction . The congressional charter of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that Boy Scout uniforms should not imitate U.S. military uniforms ; consequently , the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front , the reverse of the military style . Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch , either on a shoulder , or above a shirt pocket .", "Every U.S. astronaut since the crew of Gemini 4 has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her space suit , with the exception of the crew of Apollo 1 , whose flags were worn on the right shoulder . In this case , the canton was on the left .", "The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the Battle of White Plains Issue was released in 1926 , depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars . The 48 - star flag first appeared on the General Casimir Pulaski issue of 1931 , though in a small monochrome depiction . The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4 , 1957 , Scott catalog number 1094 . Since that time the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps .", "In 1907 Eben Appleton , New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel George Armistead ( the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment ) loaned the Star Spangled Banner Flag to the Smithsonian Institution , and in 1912 he converted the loan to a gift . Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public . In 1994 , the National Museum of American History determined that the Star Spangled Banner Flag required further conservation treatment to remain on public display . In 1998 teams of museum conservators , curators , and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum 's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory . Following the reopening of the National Museum of American History on November 21 , 2008 , the flag is now on display in a special exhibition , `` The Star - Spangled Banner : The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem , '' where it rests at a 10 degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes .", "By presidential proclamation , acts of Congress , and custom , U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations .", "Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square . Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia . The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution The White House , Washington , D.C. Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C.", "Replicas of the Star Spangled Banner Flag ( 15 stars , 15 stripes ) are flown at two sites in Baltimore , Maryland : Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine and Flag House Square .", "Marine Corps War Memorial ( Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ) , Arlington , Virginia .", "The Battle Green in Lexington , Massachusetts , site of the first shots fired in the Revolution", "The White House , Washington , D.C.", "Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument , Washington , D.C.", "At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open . A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital . Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota . Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 . Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 . At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty . On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed .", "At U.S. Customs and Border Protection Ports of Entry that are continuously open .", "A Civil War era flag ( for the year 1863 ) flies above Pennsylvania Hall ( Old Dorm ) at Gettysburg College . This building , occupied by both sides at various points of the Battle of Gettysburg , served as a lookout and battlefield hospital .", "Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge NHP , Valley Forge , Pennsylvania", "By custom , at the Maryland home , birthplace , and grave of Francis Scott Key ; at the Worcester , Massachusetts war memorial ; at the plaza in Taos , New Mexico ( since 1861 ) ; at the United States Capitol ( since 1918 ) ; and at Mount Moriah Cemetery in Deadwood , South Dakota .", "Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal A , Gate 17 and Boston Logan Airport 's Terminal B , Gate 32 and Terminal C , Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of September 11 , 2001 .", "Slover Mountain ( Colton Liberty Flag ) , in Colton , California . July 4 , 1917 , to circa 1952 & 1997 to 2012 .", "At the ceremonial South Pole as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty .", "On the Moon : six manned missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site . Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to their Command Module Columbia for return to Earth blew over the flag the Apollo 11 mission had placed .", "The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days :", "January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday ) February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day ) March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies ) May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon ) June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day ) July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day ) September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day ) October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day ) November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day ) December : 25 ( Christmas Day ) and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays .", "January : 1 ( New Year 's Day ) , third Monday of the month ( Martin Luther King Jr . Day ) , and 20 ( Inauguration Day , once every four years , which , by tradition , is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday )", "February : 12 ( Lincoln 's birthday ) and the third Monday ( legally known as Washington 's Birthday but more often called Presidents ' Day )", "March -- April : Easter Sunday ( date varies )", "May : Second Sunday ( Mothers Day ) , third Saturday ( Armed Forces Day ) , and last Monday ( Memorial Day ; half - staff until noon )", "June : 14 ( Flag Day ) , third Sunday ( Fathers Day )", "July : 4 ( Independence Day ) and 27 ( National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day )", "September : First Monday ( Labor Day ) , 17 ( Constitution Day ) , and last Sunday ( Gold Star Mother 's Day )", "October : Second Monday ( Columbus Day ) and 27 ( Navy Day )", "November : 11 ( Veterans Day ) and fourth Thursday ( Thanksgiving Day )", "December : 25 ( Christmas Day )", "and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States ; the birthdays of states ( date of admission ) ; and on state holidays .", "The flag is displayed at half - staff ( half - mast in naval usage ) as a sign of respect or mourning . Nationwide , this action is proclaimed by the president ; statewide or territory - wide , the proclamation is made by the governor . In addition , there is no prohibition against municipal governments , private businesses or citizens flying the flag at half - staff as a local sign of respect and mourning . However , many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices . President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued the first proclamation on March 1 , 1954 , standardizing the dates and time periods for flying the flag at half - staff from all federal buildings , grounds , and naval vessels ; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued . However , they are only guidelines to all other entities : typically followed at state and local government facilities , and encouraged of private businesses and citizens .", "To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff .", "Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half - staff on the following dates :", "May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff ) Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon ) September 11 : Patriot Day First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day For 30 days : Death of a president or former president For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives . From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor . On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico", "May 15 : Peace Officers Memorial Day ( unless it is the third Saturday in May , Armed Forces Day , then full - staff )", "Last Monday in May : Memorial Day ( until noon )", "September 11 : Patriot Day", "First Sunday in October : Start of Fire Prevention Week , in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service .", "December 7 : National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day", "For 30 days : Death of a president or former president", "For 10 days : Death of a vice president , Supreme Court chief justice / retired chief justice , or speaker of the House of Representatives .", "From death until the day of interment : Supreme Court associate justice , member of the Cabinet , former vice president , president pro tempore of the Senate , or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives . Also for federal facilities within a state or territory , for the governor .", "On the day after the death : Senators , members of Congress , territorial delegates or the resident commissioner of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico", "National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day , on July 27 , was formerly a day of half - staff observance until the law expired in 2003 . In 2009 , it became a day of full - staff observance .", "Though not part of the official Flag Code , according to military custom , flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use . To properly fold the flag :", "Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground . Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely . Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside . Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right . Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle . The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold . When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible .", "Begin by holding it waist - high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground .", "Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars , holding the bottom and top edges securely .", "Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside .", "Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag , starting the fold from the left side over to the right .", "Turn the outer end point inward , parallel to the open edge , to form a second triangle .", "The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner ( usually thirteen triangular folds , as shown at right ) . On the final fold , any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle ( or in the case of exactly even folds , the last triangle ) is tucked into the previous fold .", "When the flag is completely folded , only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible .", "There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag . However , there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony . These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes .", "Traditionally , the flag of the United States plays a role in military funerals , and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants ( such as law enforcement officers , fire fighters , and U.S. presidents ) . A burial flag is draped over the deceased 's casket as a pall during services . Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground , the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased 's next of kin as a token of respect .", "This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test . The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 . Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag . The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars . The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag .", "The flag of Bikini Atoll is symbolic of the islanders ' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a thermonuclear bomb on the island as part of the Castle Bravo test .", "The flag of Liberia bears a close resemblance , showing the ex-American - slave origin of the country . The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes , which stand for the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence , as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton . The flag of Liberia is the only flag in the world that was modeled after and resembles the American flag because Liberia was the only nation in the world that was founded , colonized , established , and controlled by freed African American and ex-caribbean slaves as settlers who came from the United States and the Caribbean islands as a homeland to live , with the help and support from the American Colonization Society on January 7 , 1822 .", "Despite Malaysia having no historical connections with the U.S. , the flag of Malaysia greatly resembles the U.S. flag . It is possible that the flag of the British East India Company influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag .", "The flag of El Salvador from 1865 to 1912 . A different flag was in use , based on the flag of the United States , with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars .", "The flag of Brittany was inspired in part by the American flag .", "Flag of Bikini Atoll Flag of Liberia Flag of Malaysia Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912 Flag of Brittany", "Flag of Bikini Atoll", "Flag of Bikini Atoll", "Flag of Liberia", "Flag of Liberia", "Flag of Malaysia", "Flag of Malaysia", "Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912", "Flag of El Salvador 1875 -- 1912", "Flag of Brittany", "Flag of Brittany" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "I 'd Tell You I Love You , But Then I 'd Have To Kill You US hardback cover Author Ally Carter Translator English Country United States Language English Series Gallagher Girls Genre romance / adventure Publisher Hyperion Books for Children Publication date April 1 , 2006 Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 284 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0003 - 4 OCLC 62536023 Followed by Cross My Heart and Hope to Spy", "US hardback cover", "Author Ally Carter", "Translator English", "Country United States", "Language English", "Series Gallagher Girls", "Genre romance / adventure", "Publisher Hyperion Books for Children", "Publication date April 1 , 2006", "Media type Print ( hardcover )", "Pages 284", "ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0003 - 4", "OCLC 62536023", "Followed by Cross My Heart and Hope to Spy", "I 'd Tell You I Love You , But Then I 'd Have to Kill You ( 2006 ) is a young adult fiction novel written by Ally Carter and is the first book in the Gallagher Girls series . In October 2007 , a sequel was released titled Cross My Heart and Hope to Spy .", "The Gallagher Academy for Exceptional Young Women is a fairly typical all - girls school -- that is , if every school teaches advanced martial arts in PE , chemistry always consists of the latest in chemical warfare , and everyone breaks CIA codes for extra credit in computer class . So in truth , while the Gallagher Academy might say it 's a school for geniuses what they really mean is spies . But what happens when a Gallagher Girl falls for a boy who does n't have a name ?", "Cammie Morgan may be fluent in fourteen languages and is very capable of killing a man with a few pieces of uncooked spaghetti , but the Gallagher Academy has n't prepared her for what to do when she meets an ordinary boy who thinks she 's an ordinary girl . Sure , she can tap his phone , hack into his computer , and track him through a mall without him ever being the wiser , but can she have a regular relationship with a regular boy who can never know the truth about her ? Cammie may be an elite spy in training , but in her sophomore year , she 's doing something riskier than ever -- she 's falling in love .", "Critical reception to I 'd Tell You I Love You , But Then I 'd Have to Kill You was mixed to positive , with two reviewers for the School Library Journal giving differing opinions . One stated that the book `` lacks the warmth and appeal of other teen books ... such as Meg Cabot 's The Princess Diaries '' while the other reviewer praised the book 's unique voices , calling it an `` excellent choice for young teens ''. Publishers Weekly praised the book 's tension while stating that they wished the character of Macey had been more fully developed . ( The character was more fully developed in later books . ) Common Sense Media wrote that the book was a `` fun debut '' without much controversial material .", "I 'd Tell You I Love You , But Then I 'd Have to Kill You was initially optioned for film by Disney , with the option later being sold to Walden Media . In June 2009 the movie option expired . Carter announced in August 2013 that production company Tonik had optioned the series for film ." ]

[ [ "1985" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` We Are the World '' Single by USA for Africa from the album We Are the World B - side `` Grace '' Released March 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 07 ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' , VHS single Recorded January 28 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) A&M Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , California ) Genre Pop , gospel Length 7 : 14 ( Album version ) 4 : 05 ( Single version / YouTube edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Lionel Richie Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Omartian", "`` We Are the World ''", "Single by USA for Africa", "from the album We Are the World", "B - side `` Grace ''", "Released March 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 07 )", "Format 7 `` , 12 '' , VHS single", "Recorded January 28 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) A&M Recording Studios ( Los Angeles , California )", "Genre Pop , gospel", "Length 7 : 14 ( Album version ) 4 : 05 ( Single version / YouTube edit )", "7 : 14 ( Album version )", "Label Columbia", "Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Lionel Richie", "Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Omartian", "`` We Are the World '' is a song and charity single originally recorded by the supergroup United Support of Artists ( USA ) for Africa in 1985 . It was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie ( with arrangements by Michael Omartian ) and produced by Quincy Jones for the album We Are the World . With sales in excess of 20 million copies , it is one of the fewer than 30 all - time physical singles to have sold at least 10 million copies worldwide .", "Following Band Aid 's 1984 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' project in the United Kingdom , an idea for the creation of an American benefit single for African famine relief came from activist Harry Belafonte , who , along with fundraiser Ken Kragen , was instrumental in bringing the vision to reality . Several musicians were contacted by the pair , before Jackson and Richie were assigned the task of writing the song . The duo completed the writing of `` We Are the World '' seven weeks after the release of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' , and one night before the song 's first recording session , on January 21 , 1985 . The historic event brought together some of the most famous artists in the music industry at the time .", "The song was released on March 7 , 1985 , as the only single from the album . A worldwide commercial success , it topped music charts throughout the world and became the fastest - selling American pop single in history . The first ever single to be certified multi-platinum , `` We Are the World '' received a Quadruple Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America .", "Awarded numerous honors -- including three Grammy Awards , one American Music Award , and a People 's Choice Award -- the song was promoted with a critically received music video , a home video , a special edition magazine , a simulcast , and several books , posters , and shirts . The promotion and merchandise aided the success of `` We Are the World '' and raised over $63 million ( equivalent to $141 million today ) for humanitarian aid in Africa and the US .", "Following the devastation caused by the magnitude 7.0 M earthquake in Haiti on January 12 , 2010 , a remake of the song by another all - star cast of singers was recorded on February 1 , 2010 . Entitled `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' , it was released as a single on February 12 , 2010 , and proceeds from the record aided survivors in the impoverished country .", "Before the writing of `` We Are the World '' , American entertainer and social activist Harry Belafonte had sought for some time to have a song recorded by the most famous artists in the music industry at the time . He planned to have the proceeds donated to a new organization called United Support of Artists for Africa ( USA for Africa ) . The non-profit foundation would then feed and relieve starving people in Africa , specifically Ethiopia , where around one million people died during the country 's 1983 -- 1985 famine . The idea followed Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' project in the UK , which Belafonte had heard about . In the activist 's plans , money would also be set aside to help eliminate hunger in the United States of America . Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte , who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers -- Kragen 's clients -- to participate in Belafonte 's musical endeavor . Kragen and the two musicians agreed to help with Belafonte 's mission , and in turn , enlisted the cooperation of Stevie Wonder , to add more `` name value '' to their project . Quincy Jones was drafted to co-produce the song , taking time out from his work on The Color Purple . Jones also telephoned Michael Jackson , who had just released the commercially successful Thriller album and had concluded a tour with his brothers .", "Jackson revealed to Richie that he not only wanted to sing the song , but to participate in its writing as well . To begin with , `` We Are the World '' was to be written by Jackson , Richie , and Wonder . As Wonder had limited time to work on the project , Jackson and Richie proceeded to write `` We Are the World '' themselves . They began creating the song at Hayvenhurst , the Jackson family home in Encino . For a week , the two spent every night working on lyrics and melodies in the singer 's bedroom . They knew that they wanted a song that would be easy to sing and memorable . The pair wanted to create an anthem. Jackson 's older sister La Toya watched the two work on the song , and later contended that Richie only wrote a few lines for the track . She stated that her younger brother wrote 99 percent of the lyrics , `` but he 's never felt it necessary to say that '' . La Toya further commented on the song 's creation in an interview with the American celebrity news magazine People . `` I 'd go into the room while they were writing and it would be very quiet , which is odd , since Michael 's usually very cheery when he works . It was very emotional for them . ''", "Richie had recorded two melodies for `` We Are the World '' , which Jackson took , adding music and words to the song in the same day . Jackson stated , `` I love working quickly . I went ahead without even Lionel knowing , I could n't wait . I went in and came out the same night with the song completed -- drums , piano , strings , and words to the chorus . '' Jackson then presented his demo to Richie and Jones , who were both shocked ; they did not expect the pop star to see the structure of the song so quickly . The next meetings between Jackson and Richie were unfruitful ; the pair did not produce any additional vocals and got no work done . It was not until the night of January 21 , 1985 , that Richie and Jackson completed the lyrics and melody of `` We Are the World '' within two and a half hours , one night before the song 's first recording session .", "The first night of recording , January 22 , 1985 , had tight security on hand , as Richie , Jackson , Wonder , and Jones started work on `` We Are the World '' at Kenny Rogers ' Lion Share Recording Studio . The studio , on Beverly Boulevard in California , was filled with musicians , technicians , video crews , retinues , assistants , and organizers as the four musicians entered . To begin the night , a `` vocal guide '' of `` We Are the World '' was recorded by Richie and Jackson and duplicated on tape for each of the invited performers . The guide was recorded on the sixth take , as Quincy Jones felt that there was too much `` thought '' in the previous versions .", "Following their work on the vocal guide , Jackson and Jones began thinking of alternatives for the line `` There 's a chance we 're taking , we 're taking our own lives '' : the pair was concerned that the latter part of the line would be considered a reference to suicide . As the group listened to a playback of the chorus , Richie declared that the last part of the line should be changed to `` We 're ' saving ' our own lives '' , which his fellow musicians agreed with . Producer Jones also suggested altering the former part of the line . `` One thing we do n't want to do , especially with this group , is look like we 're patting ourselves on the back . So it 's really , ' There 's a choice we 're making . ' '' Around 1 : 30 am , the four musicians ended the night by finishing a chorus of melodic vocalizations , including the sound `` sha - lum sha - lin - gay '' . Jones told the group that they were not to add anything else to the tape . `` If we get too good , someone 's gon na start playing it on the radio , '' he announced .", "On January 24 , 1985 , after a day of rest , Jones shipped Richie and Jackson 's vocal guide to all of the artists who would be involved in `` We Are the World '' 's recording . Enclosed in the package was a letter from Jones , addressed to `` My Fellow Artists '' :", "The cassettes are numbered , and I ca n't express how important it is not to let this material out of your hands . Please do not make copies , and return this cassette the night of the 28th . In the years to come , when your children ask , ' What did mommy and daddy do for the war against world famine ? ' , you can say proudly , this was your contribution .", "Ken Kragen chaired a production meeting at a bungalow off Sunset Boulevard on January 25 , 1985 . There , Kragen and his team discussed where the recording sessions with the supergroup of musicians should take place . He stated , `` The single most damaging piece of information is where we 're doing this . If that shows up anywhere , we 've got a chaotic situation that could totally destroy the project . The moment a Prince , a Michael Jackson , a Bob Dylan -- I guarantee you ! -- drives up and sees a mob around that studio , he will never come in . '' On the same night , Quincy Jones ' associate producer and vocal arranger , Tom Bahler , was given the task of matching each solo line with the right voice . Bahler stated , `` It 's like vocal arranging in a perfect world . '' Jones disagreed , stating that the task was like `` putting a watermelon in a Coke bottle '' . The following evening , Lionel Richie held a `` choreography '' session at his home , where it was decided who would stand where .", "The final night of recording was held on January 28 , 1985 , at A&M Recording Studios in Hollywood . Michael Jackson arrived at 9 pm , earlier than the other artists , to record his solo section and record a vocal chorus by himself . He was subsequently joined in the recording studio by the remaining USA for Africa artists , who included Ray Charles , Billy Joel , Diana Ross , Cyndi Lauper , Bruce Springsteen , and Smokey Robinson . Also in attendance were five of Jackson 's siblings : Jackie , La Toya , Marlon , Randy , and Tito . Many of the participants came straight from an American Music Award ceremony , which had been held that same night . Invited musician Prince , who would have had a part in which he and Michael Jackson sang to each other , did not attend the recording session . The reason given for his absence has varied . One newspaper claimed that the singer did not want to record with other acts . Another report , from the time of `` We Are the World '' 's recording , suggested that the musician did not want to partake in the session because organizer Bob Geldof called him a `` creep '' . Prince did , however , donate an exclusive track , `` 4 The Tears In Your Eyes '' , for the We Are the World album . In all , more than 45 of America 's top musicians participated in the recording , and another 50 had to be turned away . Upon entering the recording studio , the musicians were greeted by a sign pinned to the door which read , `` Please check your egos at the door . '' They were also greeted by Stevie Wonder , who proclaimed that if the recording was not completed in one take , he and Ray Charles , two blind men , would drive everybody home .", "Each of the performers took their position at around 10 : 30 pm and began to sing . Several hours passed before Stevie Wonder announced that he would like to substitute a line in Swahili for the `` sha - lum sha - lin - gay '' sound . At this point , Waylon Jennings left the recording studio for a short time when it was suggested by some that the song be sung in Swahili . A heated debate ensued , in which several artists also rejected the suggestion . The `` sha - lum sha - lin - gay '' sound ran into opposition as well and was subsequently removed from the song . Jennings returned to the studio and participated in the recording , which bears his name in the end credits . The participants eventually decided to sing something meaningful in English . They chose to sing the new line `` One world , Our children '' , which most of the participants enjoyed .", "In the early hours of the morning , two Ethiopian women , guests of Stevie Wonder , were brought into the recording studio -- it had been decided that a portion of the proceeds raised would be used to bring aid to those affected by the recent famine in Ethiopia . They thanked the singers on behalf of their country , bringing several artists to tears , before being led from the room . Wonder attempted to lighten the mood , by joking that the recording session gave him a chance to `` see '' fellow blind musician Ray Charles . `` We just sort of bumped into each other ! '' The solo parts of the song were recorded without any problems . The final version of `` We Are the World '' was completed at 8 am .", "`` We Are the World '' The structuring of `` We Are the World '' is said to `` create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` We Are the World '' The structuring of `` We Are the World '' is said to `` create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup '' .", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` We Are the World '' is sung from a first person viewpoint , allowing the audience to `` internalize '' the message by singing the word we together . It has been described as `` an appeal to human compassion '' . The first lines in the song 's repetitive chorus proclaim , `` We are the world , we are the children , we are the ones who make a brighter day , so let 's start giving '' . `` We Are the World '' opens with Lionel Richie , Stevie Wonder , Paul Simon , Kenny Rogers , James Ingram , Tina Turner , and Billy Joel singing the first verse . Michael Jackson and Diana Ross follow , completing the first chorus together . Dionne Warwick , Willie Nelson , and Al Jarreau sing the second verse , before Bruce Springsteen , Kenny Loggins , Steve Perry , and Daryl Hall go through the second chorus . Co-writer Jackson , Huey Lewis , Cyndi Lauper , and Kim Carnes follow with the song 's bridge . This structuring of the song is said to `` create a sense of continuous surprise and emotional buildup '' . `` We Are the World '' concludes with Bob Dylan and Ray Charles singing a full chorus , Wonder and Springsteen duetting , and ad libs from Charles and Ingram .", "Conductor Quincy Jones Soloists ( in order of appearance ) Lionel Richie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon Kenny Rogers James Ingram Tina Turner Billy Joel Michael Jackson Diana Ross Dionne Warwick Willie Nelson Al Jarreau Bruce Springsteen Kenny Loggins Steve Perry Daryl Hall Huey Lewis Cyndi Lauper Kim Carnes Bob Dylan Ray Charles Chorus ( alphabetically ) Dan Aykroyd Harry Belafonte Lindsey Buckingham Mario Cipollina Johnny Colla Sheila E . Bob Geldof Bill Gibson Chris Hayes Sean Hopper Jackie Jackson La Toya Jackson Marlon Jackson Randy Jackson Tito Jackson Waylon Jennings Bette Midler John Oates Jeffrey Osborne The Pointer Sisters Smokey Robinson Instrument players David Paich -- synthesizers Michael Boddicker -- synthesizers , programming Paulinho da Costa -- percussion Phil Collins -- percussion Louis Johnson -- synth bass Michael Omartian -- keyboards Greg Phillinganes -- keyboards John Robinson -- drums Bob Geldof sang as part of the chorus .", "Conductor Quincy Jones Soloists ( in order of appearance ) Lionel Richie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon Kenny Rogers James Ingram Tina Turner Billy Joel Michael Jackson Diana Ross Dionne Warwick Willie Nelson Al Jarreau Bruce Springsteen Kenny Loggins Steve Perry Daryl Hall Huey Lewis Cyndi Lauper Kim Carnes Bob Dylan Ray Charles Chorus ( alphabetically ) Dan Aykroyd Harry Belafonte Lindsey Buckingham Mario Cipollina Johnny Colla Sheila E . Bob Geldof Bill Gibson Chris Hayes Sean Hopper Jackie Jackson La Toya Jackson Marlon Jackson Randy Jackson Tito Jackson Waylon Jennings Bette Midler John Oates Jeffrey Osborne The Pointer Sisters Smokey Robinson Instrument players David Paich -- synthesizers Michael Boddicker -- synthesizers , programming Paulinho da Costa -- percussion Phil Collins -- percussion Louis Johnson -- synth bass Michael Omartian -- keyboards Greg Phillinganes -- keyboards John Robinson -- drums Bob Geldof sang as part of the chorus .", "Conductor Quincy Jones", "Conductor", "Quincy Jones", "Soloists ( in order of appearance ) Lionel Richie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon Kenny Rogers James Ingram Tina Turner Billy Joel Michael Jackson Diana Ross Dionne Warwick Willie Nelson Al Jarreau Bruce Springsteen Kenny Loggins Steve Perry Daryl Hall Huey Lewis Cyndi Lauper Kim Carnes Bob Dylan Ray Charles", "Soloists ( in order of appearance )", "Lionel Richie", "Stevie Wonder", "Paul Simon", "Kenny Rogers", "James Ingram", "Tina Turner", "Billy Joel", "Michael Jackson", "Diana Ross", "Dionne Warwick", "Willie Nelson", "Al Jarreau", "Bruce Springsteen", "Kenny Loggins", "Steve Perry", "Daryl Hall", "Huey Lewis", "Cyndi Lauper", "Kim Carnes", "Bob Dylan", "Ray Charles", "Chorus ( alphabetically ) Dan Aykroyd Harry Belafonte Lindsey Buckingham Mario Cipollina Johnny Colla Sheila E . Bob Geldof Bill Gibson Chris Hayes Sean Hopper Jackie Jackson La Toya Jackson Marlon Jackson Randy Jackson Tito Jackson Waylon Jennings Bette Midler John Oates Jeffrey Osborne The Pointer Sisters Smokey Robinson", "Chorus ( alphabetically )", "Dan Aykroyd", "Harry Belafonte", "Lindsey Buckingham", "Mario Cipollina", "Johnny Colla", "Sheila E .", "Bob Geldof", "Bill Gibson", "Chris Hayes", "Sean Hopper", "Jackie Jackson", "La Toya Jackson", "Marlon Jackson", "Randy Jackson", "Tito Jackson", "Waylon Jennings", "Bette Midler", "John Oates", "Jeffrey Osborne", "The Pointer Sisters", "Smokey Robinson", "Instrument players David Paich -- synthesizers Michael Boddicker -- synthesizers , programming Paulinho da Costa -- percussion Phil Collins -- percussion Louis Johnson -- synth bass Michael Omartian -- keyboards Greg Phillinganes -- keyboards John Robinson -- drums", "Instrument players", "David Paich -- synthesizers", "Michael Boddicker -- synthesizers , programming", "Paulinho da Costa -- percussion", "Phil Collins -- percussion", "Louis Johnson -- synth bass", "Michael Omartian -- keyboards", "Greg Phillinganes -- keyboards", "John Robinson -- drums", "On March 8 , 1985 , `` We Are the World '' was released as a single , in both 7 '' and 12 '' format . The song was the only one released from the We Are the World album and became a chart success around the world . In the US , it was a number one hit on the R&B singles chart , the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and the Billboard Hot 100 , where it remained for a month . The single had initially debuted at number 21 on the Hot 100 , the highest entry since Michael Jackson 's `` Thriller '' entered the charts at number 20 the year before . It took four weeks for the song to claim the number one spot -- half the time a single would normally have taken to reach its charting peak . On the Hot 100 , the song moved from 21 to 5 to 2 and then number 1 . `` We Are the World '' might have reached the top of the Hot 100 chart sooner , if it were not for the success of Phil Collins ' `` One More Night '' , which received a significant level of support from both pop and rock listeners . `` We Are the World '' also entered Billboard 's Top Rock Tracks and Hot Country Singles charts , where it peaked at numbers 27 and 76 respectively . The song became the first single since The Beatles ' `` Let It Be '' to enter Billboard 's Top 5 within two weeks of release . Outside of the US , the single reached number one in Australia , France , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , The Netherlands , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and the UK . The song peaked at number 2 in only two countries : Germany and Austria .", "The single was also a commercial success : the initial shipment of 800,000 `` We Are the World '' records sold out within three days of release . The record became the fastest - selling American pop single in history . At one Tower Records store on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood , 1,000 copies of the song were sold in two days . Store worker Richard Petitpas commented , `` A number one single sells about 100 to 125 copies a week . This is absolutely unheard of . '' By the end of 1985 , `` We Are the World '' had become the best selling single of the year . Five years later it was revealed that the song had become the biggest single of the 1980s . `` We Are the World '' was eventually cited as the biggest selling single in both US and pop music history . The song became the first - ever single to be certified multi-platinum ; it received a 4 × certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . The estimated global sales of `` We Are the World '' are said to be 20 million .", "Despite the song 's commercial success , `` We Are the World '' received mixed reviews from journalists , music critics and the public following its release . American journalist Greil Marcus felt that the song sounded like a Pepsi jingle . He wrote , `` ... the constant repetition of ' There 's a choice we 're making ' conflates with Pepsi 's trademarked ' The choice of a new generation ' in a way that , on the part of Pepsi - contracted song writers Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie , is certainly not intentional , and even more certainly beyond the realm of serendipity . '' Marcus added , `` In the realm of contextualization , ' We Are the World ' says less about Ethiopia than it does about Pepsi -- and the true result will likely be less that certain Ethiopian individuals will live , or anyway live a bit longer than they otherwise would have , than that Pepsi will get the catch phrase of its advertising campaign sung for free by Ray Charles , Stevie Wonder , Bruce Springsteen , and all the rest . '' Author Reebee Garofalo agreed , and expressed the opinion that the line `` We 're saving our own lives '' was a `` distasteful element of self - indulgence '' . He asserted that the artists of USA for Africa were proclaiming `` their own salvation for singing about an issue they will never experience on behalf of a people most of them will never encounter '' .", "In contrast , Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the phrase `` There 's a choice we 're making , We 're saving our own lives '' . He commented that the line assumed `` an extra emotional dimension when sung by people with superstar mystiques '' . Holden expressed that the song was `` an artistic triumph that transcends its official nature '' . He noted that unlike Band Aid 's `` Do They Know It 's Christmas '' , the vocals on `` We Are the World '' were `` artfully interwoven '' and emphasized the individuality of each singer . Holden concluded that `` We Are the World '' was `` a simple , eloquent ballad '' and a `` fully - realized pop statement that would sound outstanding even if it were n't recorded by stars '' .", "The song proved popular with both young and old listeners . The public enjoyed hearing a supergroup of musicians singing together on one track , and felt satisfied in buying the record , knowing that the money would go towards a good cause . People reported they bought more than one copy of the single , some buying up to five copies of the record . One mother from Columbia , Missouri purchased two copies of `` We Are the World '' , stating , `` The record is excellent whether it 's for a cause or not . It 's fun trying to identify the different artists . It was a good feeling knowing that I was helping someone in need . ''", "According to music critic and Bruce Springsteen biographer Dave Marsh , `` We Are the World '' was not widely accepted within the rock music community . The author revealed that the song was `` despised '' for what it was not : `` a rock record , a critique of the political policies that created the famine , a way of finding out how and why famines occur , an all - inclusive representation of the entire worldwide spectrum of post-Presley popular music '' . Marsh revealed that he felt some of the criticisms were right , while others were silly . He claimed that despite the sentimentality of the song , `` We Are the World '' was a large - scale pop event with serious political overtones .", "`` We Are the World '' was recognized with several awards following its release . At the 1986 Grammy Awards , the song and its accompanying music video won four awards : Record of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Music Video , Short Form . The music video was awarded two honors at the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards . It collected the awards for Best Group Video and Viewer 's Choice . People 's Choice Awards recognized `` We Are the World '' with the Favorite New Song award in 1986 . In the same year , the American Music Awards named `` We Are the World '' `` Song of the Year '' , and honored organizer Harry Belafonte with the Award of Appreciation . Collecting his award , Belafonte thanked Ken Kragen , Quincy Jones , and `` the two artists who , without their great gift would not have inspired us in quite the same way as we were inspired , Mr. Lionel Richie and Mr. Michael Jackson '' . Following the speech , the majority of USA for Africa reunited on stage , closing the ceremony with `` We Are the World '' .", "Vinyl single :", "`` We Are the World '' ( USA for Africa ) -- 7 : 14 `` Grace '' ( Quincy Jones ) -- 4 : 56", "`` We Are the World '' ( USA for Africa ) -- 7 : 14", "`` Grace '' ( Quincy Jones ) -- 4 : 56", "`` We Are the World '' was promoted with a music video , a video cassette , and several other items made available to the public , including books , posters , shirts and buttons . All proceeds from the sale of official USA for Africa merchandise went directly to the famine relief fund . All of the merchandise sold well ; the video cassette -- entitled We Are the World : The Video Event -- documented the making of the song , and became the ninth best - selling home video of 1985 . All of the video elements were produced by Howard G. Malley and Craig B. Golin along with April Lee Grebb as the production supervisor .", "The music video showed the recording of `` We Are the World '' , and drew criticism from some . Michael Jackson joked before filming , `` People will know it 's me as soon as they see the socks . Try taking footage of Bruce Springsteen 's socks and see if anyone knows who they belong to . '' Jackson was also criticized for filming and recording his solo piece privately , away from the other artists .", "The song was also promoted with a special edition of the American magazine Life . The publication had been the only media outlet permitted inside A&M Recording Studios on the night of January 28 , 1985 . All other press organizations were barred from reporting the events leading up to and during `` We Are the World '' 's recording . Life ran a cover story of the recording session in its April 1985 edition of the monthly magazine . Seven members of USA for Africa were pictured on the cover : Bob Dylan , Bruce Springsteen , Cyndi Lauper , Lionel Richie , Michael Jackson , Tina Turner and Willie Nelson . Inside the magazine were photographs of the `` We Are the World '' participants working and taking breaks .", "`` We Are the World '' received worldwide radio coverage in the form of an international simultaneous broadcast later that year . Upon spinning the song on their local stations , Georgia radio disc jockeys , Bob Wolf and Don Briscar came up with the idea for a worldwide simulcast . They called hundreds of radio and satellite stations asking them to participate . On the morning of April 5 , 1985 ( Good Friday of that year ) at 10 : 25 am , over 8000 radio stations simultaneously broadcast the song around the world . As the song was broadcast , hundreds of people sang along on the steps of St. Patrick 's Cathedral in New York . The simultaneous radio broadcast of `` We Are the World '' was repeated again the following Good Friday .", "`` We Are the World '' gained further promotion and coverage on May 25 , 1986 , when it was played during a major benefit event held throughout the US . Hands Across America -- USA for Africa 's follow - up project -- was an event in which millions of people formed a human chain across the US . The event was held to draw attention to hunger and homelessness in the United States . `` We Are the World '' 's co-writer , Michael Jackson , had wanted his song to be the official theme for the event . The other board members of USA for Africa outvoted the singer , and it was instead decided that a new song would be created and released for the event , titled `` Hands Across America '' . When released , the new song did not achieve the level of success that `` We Are the World '' did , and the decision to use it as the official theme for the event led to Jackson -- who co-owned the publishing rights to `` We Are the World '' -- resigning from the board of directors of USA for Africa .", "Four months after the release of `` We Are the World '' , USA for Africa had taken in almost $10.8 million ( equivalent to $24 million today ) . The majority of the money came from record sales within the US . Members of the public also donated money -- almost $1.3 million within the same time period . In May 1985 , USA for Africa officials estimated that they had sold between $45 million and $47 million worth of official merchandise around the world . Organizer Ken Kragen announced that they would not be distributing all of the money at once . Instead , he revealed that the foundation would be looking into finding a long - term solution for Africa 's problems . `` We could go out and spend it all in one shot . Maybe we 'd save some lives in the short term but it would be like putting a Band - Aid over a serious wound . '' Kragen noted that experts had predicted that it would take at least 10 to 20 years to make a slight difference to Africa 's long - term problems .", "In June 1985 , the first USA for Africa cargo jet carrying food , medicine , and clothing departed for Ethiopia and Sudan . It stopped en route in New York , where 15,000 T - shirts were added to the cargo . Included in the supplies were high - protein biscuits , high - protein vitamins , medicine , tents , blankets and refrigeration equipment . Harry Belafonte , representing the USA for Africa musicians , visited Sudan in the same month . The trip was his last stop on a four - nation tour of Africa . Tanzanian Prime Minister Salim Ahmed Salim greeted and praised Belafonte , telling him , `` I personally and the people of Tanzania are moved by this tremendous example of human solidarity . ''", "One year after the release of `` We Are the World '' , organizers noted that $44.5 million had been raised for USA for Africa 's humanitarian fund . They stated that they were confident that they would reach an initial set target of $50 million ( equivalent to $112 million in 2018 ) . By October 1986 , it was revealed that their $50 million target had been met and exceeded ; CBS Records gave USA for Africa a check for $2.5 million , drawing the total amount of money to $51.2 million . USA for Africa 's Hands Across America event had also raised a significant amount of money -- approximately $24.5 million for the hungry in the US .", "Since its release , `` We Are the World '' has raised over $63 million ( equivalent to $141 million today ) for humanitarian causes . Ninety percent of the money was pledged to African relief , both long and short term . The long - term initiative included efforts in birth control and food production . The remaining 10 percent of funds was earmarked for domestic hunger and homeless programs in the US . From the African fund , over 70 recovery and development projects were launched in seven African nations . Such projects included aid in agriculture , fishing , water management , manufacturing and reforestation . Training programs were also developed in the African countries of Mozambique , Senegal , Chad , Mauritania , Burkina Faso , and Mali .", "Elias Kifle Maraim Beyene , a survivor from Ethiopia being asked about his memory of Michael Jackson after his death remembers :", "I wo n't ever forget Michael Jackson because his contribution to the song We are the World had a very significant effect on my life . I am 50 now but 25 years ago I was living in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , which at that time was suffering from a long drought and famine . It was a terrible situation . Lots of people became sick and many more died . Around one million people in all were killed by the famine . In 1984 Michael Jackson , along with a number of other leading musicians , made the song We are the World to raise money for Africa . We received a lot of aid from the world and I was one of those who directly benefitted from it . The wheat flour that was distributed to the famine victims was different to the usual cereal we bought at the market . We baked a special bread from it . The local people named the bread after the great artist and it became known as Michael Bread . It was soft and delicious .", "When you have been through such hard times you never forget events like this . If you speak to anyone who was in Addis Ababa at that time they will all know what Michael Bread is and I know I will remember it for the rest of my life .", "`` We Are the World '' has been performed live by members of USA for Africa on several occasions both together and individually . One of the earliest such performances came in 1985 , during the rock music concert Live Aid , which ended with more than 100 musicians singing the song on stage . Harry Belafonte and Lionel Richie made surprise appearances for the live rendition of the song . Michael Jackson would have joined the artists , but was `` working around the clock in the studio on a project that he 's made a major commitment to '' , according to his press agent , Norman Winter .", "An inaugural celebration was held for US President - elect Bill Clinton in January 1993 . The event was staged by Clinton 's Hollywood friends at the Lincoln Memorial and drew hundreds of thousands of people . Aretha Franklin , LL Cool J , Michael Bolton and Tony Bennett were among some of the musicians in attendance . Said Jones , `` I 've never seen so many great performers come together with so much love and selflessness . '' The celebration included a performance of `` We Are the World '' , which involved Clinton , his daughter Chelsea , and his wife Hillary singing the song along with USA for Africa 's Kenny Rogers , Diana Ross and Michael Jackson . The New York Times ' Edward Rothstein commented on the event , stating , `` The most enduring image may be of Mr. Clinton singing along in ' We Are the World ' , the first President to aspire , however futilely , to hipness . ''", "As a prelude to his song `` Heal the World '' , `` We Are the World '' was performed as an interlude during two of Michael Jackson 's tours , the Dangerous World Tour from 1992 to 1993 and the HIStory World Tour from 1996 to 1997 . Jackson briefly perform the song with a chorus at the 2006 World Music Award in London , in his last live public performance . Jackson planned to use the song for his This Is It comeback concerts at The O2 Arena in London from 2009 to 2010 , but the shows were cancelled due to his sudden death .", "Michael Jackson died in June 2009 , after suffering a cardiac arrest . His memorial service was held several days later on July 7 , and was reported to have been viewed by more than three billion people . The finale of the event featured group renditions of the Jackson anthems `` We Are the World '' and `` Heal the World '' . The singalong of `` We Are the World '' was led by Darryl Phinnessee , who had worked with Jackson since the late 1980s . It also featured co-writer Lionel Richie and Jackson 's family , including his children . Following the performance , `` We Are the World '' re-entered the US charts for the first time since its 1985 release . The song debuted at number 50 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs chart .", "On January 12 , 2010 , Haiti was struck by a magnitude - 7.0 earthquake , the country 's most severe earthquake in over 200 years . The epicenter of the quake was just outside the Haitian capital Port - au - Prince . Over 230,000 civilians have been confirmed dead by the Haitian government because of the disaster and around 300,000 have been injured . Approximately 1.2 million people are homeless and it has been reported that the lack of temporary shelter may lead to the outbreak of disease .", "To raise money for earthquake victims , a new celebrity version of `` We Are the World '' was recorded on February 1 , 2010 , and released on February 12 , 2010 . Over 75 musicians were involved in the remake , which was recorded in the same studio as the 1985 original . The new version features revised lyrics as well as a rap segment pertaining to Haiti . Michael Jackson 's younger sister Janet duets with her late brother on the track , as per a request from their mother Katherine . In the video and on the track , archive material of Michael Jackson is used from the original 1985 recording .", "On February 20 , 2010 , a non-celebrity remake , `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti ( YouTube Edition ) '' , was posted to the video sharing website YouTube . Internet personality and singer - songwriter Lisa Lavie conceived and organized the Internet collaboration of 57 unsigned or independent YouTube musicians geographically distributed around the world . Lavie 's 2010 YouTube version , a cover of the 1985 original , excludes the rap segment and minimizes the Auto - tune that characterizes the 2010 celebrity remake . Another 2010 remake of the original is the Spanish - language `` Somos El Mundo '' . It was written by Emilio Estefan and his wife Gloria Estefan , and produced by Emilio , Quincy Jones and Univision Communications , the company that funded the project .", "`` We Are the World '' has been recognized as a politically important song , which `` affected an international focus on Africa that was simply unprecedented '' . It has been credited with creating a climate in which musicians from around the world felt inclined to follow . According to The New York Times ' Stephen Holden , since the release of `` We Are the World '' , it has been noted that movement has been made within popular music to create songs that address humanitarian concerns . `` We Are the World '' was also influential in subverting the way music and meaning were produced , showing that musically and racially diverse musicians could work together both productively and creatively . Ebony described the January 28 recording session , in which Quincy Jones brought together a multi-racial group , as being `` a major moment in world music that showed we can change the world '' . `` We Are the World '' , along with Live Aid and Farm Aid , demonstrated that rock music had become more than entertainment , but a political and social movement . Journalist Robert Palmer noted that such songs and events had the ability to reach people around the world , send them a message , and then get results .", "Since the release of `` We Are the World '' , and the Band Aid single that influenced it , numerous songs have been recorded in a similar fashion , with the intent to aid disaster victims throughout the world . One such example involved a supergroup of Latin musicians billed as `` Hermanos del Tercer Mundo '' , or `` Brothers of the Third World '' . Among the supergroup of 62 recording artists were Julio Iglesias , José Feliciano , and Sérgio Mendes . Their famine relief song was recorded in the same studio as `` We Are the World '' . Half of the profits raised from the charity single was pledged to USA for Africa . The rest of the money was to be used for impoverished Latin American countries . Another notable example is the 1989 cover of the Deep Purple song `` Smoke on the Water '' by a supergroup of hard rock , prog rock , and heavy metal musicians collaborating as Rock Aid Armenia to raise money for victims of the devastating 1988 Armenian earthquake .", "The 20th anniversary of `` We Are the World '' was celebrated in 2005 . Radio stations around the world paid homage to USA for Africa 's creation by simultaneously broadcasting the charity song . In addition to the simulcast , the milestone was marked by the release of a two - disc DVD called We Are the World : The Story Behind the Song . Ken Kragen asserted that the reason behind the simulcast and DVD release was not for USA for Africa to praise themselves for doing a good job , but to `` use it to do some more good ( for the original charity ) . That 's all we care about accomplishing . '' Harry Belafonte also commented on the 20th anniversary of the song . The entertainer acknowledged that `` We Are the World '' had `` stood the test of time '' ; anyone old enough to remember it can still at least hum along .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 76 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 27 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Black Singles Chart 37 US Cash Box", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 76 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 27 US Cash Box Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Black Singles Chart 37 US Cash Box", "Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South African Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 76 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 27 US Cash Box", "Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position", "Australia ( Kent Music Report )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 )", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Canada Top Singles ( RPM )", "Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM )", "Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista )", "France ( SNEP )", "Germany ( Official German Charts )", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Italy ( FIMI )", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 )", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "South African Chart", "Spain ( AFYVE )", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )", "US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard )", "US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 76", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard )", "US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 27", "US Cash Box", "Chart ( 1985 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Black Singles Chart 37 US Cash Box", "Chart ( 1985 ) Position", "Australia ( Kent Music Report )", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "UK ( Official Charts Company ) 35", "US Billboard Hot 100 20", "US Billboard Black Singles Chart 37", "US Cash Box", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 7,750 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 1,000,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 8,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 300,000", "Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 7,750", "France ( SNEP ) Platinum 1,000,000", "Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000", "Japan ( RIAJ ) 3 × Platinum 300,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 10,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000", "United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 8,000,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article needs attention from an expert in psychology . The specific problem is : Many of the claims made here are based on ideas about the nature of semantic memory that have been obsolete for over 20 years . The article needs an update . WikiProject Psychology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2014 )", "This article needs attention from an expert in psychology . The specific problem is : Many of the claims made here are based on ideas about the nature of semantic memory that have been obsolete for over 20 years . The article needs an update . WikiProject Psychology may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2014 )", "Semantics Linguistic Logical Analysis Computational Lexical ( lexis lexicology ) Statistical Structural Prototype theory Force dynamics Unsolved linguistics problems Theory of descriptions Computing Types Denotational Axiomatic Operational Action Categorical Concurrency Game Predicate transformational Theory Abstract interpretation Abstract semantic graph Semantic matching Analysis Latent Machine - learning Applications Semantic file system Semantic Web Semantic wiki Language Linguistics", "Semantics", "Linguistic Logical", "Linguistic Logical", "Analysis Computational Lexical ( lexis lexicology ) Statistical Structural Prototype theory Force dynamics Unsolved linguistics problems Theory of descriptions", "Analysis Computational Lexical ( lexis lexicology ) Statistical Structural Prototype theory Force dynamics Unsolved linguistics problems Theory of descriptions", "Lexical ( lexis lexicology )", "Lexical ( lexis lexicology )", "Lexical ( lexis", "Statistical Structural", "Statistical Structural", "Prototype theory Force dynamics", "Prototype theory Force dynamics", "Unsolved linguistics problems", "Theory of descriptions", "Computing", "Types Denotational Axiomatic Operational Action Categorical Concurrency Game Predicate transformational Theory Abstract interpretation Abstract semantic graph Semantic matching Analysis Latent Machine - learning Applications Semantic file system Semantic Web Semantic wiki", "Types Denotational Axiomatic Operational Action Categorical Concurrency Game Predicate transformational Theory Abstract interpretation Abstract semantic graph Semantic matching Analysis Latent Machine - learning Applications Semantic file system Semantic Web Semantic wiki", "Types", "Denotational Axiomatic Operational Action Categorical Concurrency Game Predicate transformational", "Denotational Axiomatic Operational Action Categorical Concurrency Game Predicate transformational", "Theory", "Abstract interpretation Abstract semantic graph Semantic matching", "Abstract interpretation Abstract semantic graph Semantic matching", "Abstract semantic graph", "Analysis", "Latent Machine - learning", "Latent Machine - learning", "Machine - learning", "Applications", "Semantic file system Semantic Web Semantic wiki", "Semantic file system Semantic Web Semantic wiki", "Semantic file system", "Semantic Web Semantic wiki", "Semantic Web Semantic wiki", "Language Linguistics", "Language Linguistics", "", "", "Semantic memory is one of the two types of declarative or explicit memory ( our memory of facts or events that is explicitly stored and retrieved ) . Semantic memory refers to general world knowledge that we have accumulated throughout our lives . This general knowledge ( facts , ideas , meaning and concepts ) is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture . Semantic memory is distinct from episodic memory , which is our memory of experiences and specific events that occur during our lives , from which we can recreate at any given point . For instance , semantic memory might contain information about what a cat is , whereas episodic memory might contain a specific memory of petting a particular cat . We can learn about new concepts by applying our knowledge learned from things in the past . The counterpart to declarative or explicit memory is nondeclarative memory or implicit memory .", "The idea of semantic memory was first introduced following a conference in 1972 between Endel Tulving , of the University of Toronto , and W. Donaldson on the role of organization in human memory . Tulving constructed a proposal to distinguish between episodic memory and what he termed semantic memory . He was mainly influenced by the ideas of Reiff and Scheers , who in 1959 made the distinction between two primary forms of memory . One form was entitled `` remembrances '' , the other `` memoria '' . The remembrance concept dealt with memories that contained experiences of an autobiographic index , whereas the memoria concept dealt with those memories that did not reference experiences having an autobiographic index . Semantic memory reflects our knowledge of the world around us , hence the term ' general knowledge ' is often used . It holds generic information that is more than likely acquired across various contexts and is used across different situations . According to Madigan in his book titled Memory , semantic memory is the sum of all knowledge one has obtained -- whether it be vocabulary , understanding of math , or all the facts one knows . In his book titled `` Episodic and Semantic Memory '' , Endel Tulving adopted the term `` semantic '' from linguists to refer to a system of memory for `` words and verbal symbols , their meanings and referents , the relations between them , and the rules , formulas , or algorithms for influencing them . '' The use of semantic memory is quite different from that of episodic memory . Semantic memory refers to general facts and meanings one shares with others whereas episodic memory refers to unique and concrete personal experiences . Tulving 's proposal of this distinction between semantic and episodic memory was widely accepted , primarily because it allowed the separate conceptualization of knowledge of the world . Tulving discusses conceptions of episodic and semantic memory in his book titled Elements of Episodic Memory . in which he states that several factors differentiate episodic memory and semantic memory in ways that include", "the characteristics of their operations , the kind of information they process , their application to the real world as well as the memory laboratory .", "the characteristics of their operations ,", "the kind of information they process ,", "their application to the real world as well as the memory laboratory .", "Before Tulving 's proposal , this area of human memory had been neglected by experimental psychologists . Since Tulvings inception of these distinctions , several experimenters have conducted tests to determine the validity of his hypothesized differences between episodic and semantic memory .", "Recent research has focused on the idea that when people access a word 's meaning , sensorimotor information that is used to perceive and act on the concrete object the word suggests is automatically activated . In the theory of grounded cognition , the meaning of a particular word is grounded in the sensorimotor systems . For example , when one thinks of a pear , knowledge of grasping , chewing , sights , sounds , and tastes used to encode episodic experiences of a pear are recalled through sensorimotor simulation . A grounded simulation approach refers to context - specific re-activations that integrate the important features of episodic experience into a current depiction . Such research has challenged previously utilized amodal views . The brain encodes multiple inputs such as words and pictures to integrate and create a larger conceptual idea by using amodal views ( also known as amodal perceptions . Instead of being representations in modality - specific systems , semantic memory representations had previously been viewed as redescriptions of modality - specific states . Some accounts of category - specific semantic deficits that are amodal remain even though researchers are beginning to find support for theories in which knowledge is tied to modality - specific brain regions . This research defines a clear link between episodic experiences and semantic memory . The concept that semantic representations are grounded across modality - specific brain regions can be supported by the fact that episodic and semantic memory appear to function in different yet mutually dependent ways . The distinction between semantic and episodic memory has become a part of the broader scientific discourse . For example , it has been speculated that semantic memory captures the stable aspects of our personality while episodes of illness may have a more episodic nature .", "This study was not created to solely provide evidence for the distinction of semantic and episodic memory stores . However , they did use the experimental dissociation method which provides evidence for Tulving 's hypothesis .", "Subjects were presented with 60 words ( one at a time ) and were asked different questions .", "Some questions asked were to cause the subject to pay attention to the visual appearance : Is the word typed in bold letters ? Some questions caused the participants to pay attention to the sound of the word : Does the word rhyme with ball ? Some questions caused the subjects to pay attention to the meaning of the word : Does the word refer to a form of communication ? Half of the questions were `` no '' answers and the other half `` yes ''", "Some questions asked were to cause the subject to pay attention to the visual appearance : Is the word typed in bold letters ?", "Some questions caused the participants to pay attention to the sound of the word : Does the word rhyme with ball ?", "Some questions caused the subjects to pay attention to the meaning of the word : Does the word refer to a form of communication ?", "Half of the questions were `` no '' answers and the other half `` yes ''", "In the second phase of the experiment , 60 `` old words '' seen in stage one and `` 20 new words '' not shown in stage one were presented to the subjects one at a time .", "The subjects were given one of two tasks :", "Perceptual Identification task ( semantic ) : The words were flashed on a video - screen for 35ms and the subjects were required to say what the word was . Episodic Recognition Task : Subjects were presented with each word and had to decide whether they had seen the word in the previous stage of the experiment .", "Perceptual Identification task ( semantic ) : The words were flashed on a video - screen for 35ms and the subjects were required to say what the word was .", "Episodic Recognition Task : Subjects were presented with each word and had to decide whether they had seen the word in the previous stage of the experiment .", "Results", "The percentages correct in the Semantic task ( perceptual identification ) did not change with the encoding conditions of appearance , sound , or meaning . The percentages for the episodic task increased from the appearance condition (. 50 ) , to the sound condition (. 63 ) , to the meaning condition (. 86 ) . -- The effect was also greater for the `` yes '' encoding words than the `` no '' encoding words . ( see stage one )", "The percentages correct in the Semantic task ( perceptual identification ) did not change with the encoding conditions of appearance , sound , or meaning .", "The percentages for the episodic task increased from the appearance condition (. 50 ) , to the sound condition (. 63 ) , to the meaning condition (. 86 ) . -- The effect was also greater for the `` yes '' encoding words than the `` no '' encoding words . ( see stage one )", "Conclusion", "It displays a strong distinction of performance of episodic and semantic tasks , thus supporting Tulving 's hypothesis .", "The essence of semantic memory is that its contents are not tied to any particular instance of experience , as in episodic memory . Instead , what is stored in semantic memory is the `` gist '' of experience , an abstract structure that applies to a wide variety of experiential objects and delineates categorical and functional relationships between such objects . Thus , a complete theory of semantic memory must account not only for the representational structure of such `` gists '' , but also for how they can be extracted from experience . Numerous models of semantic memory have been proposed ; they are summarized below .", "Networks of various sorts play an integral part in many theories of semantic memory . Generally speaking , a network is composed of a set of nodes connected by links . The nodes may represent concepts , words , perceptual features , or nothing at all . The links may be weighted such that some are stronger than others or , equivalently , have a length such that some links take longer to traverse than others . All these features of networks have been employed in models of semantic memory , examples of which are found below .", "One of the first examples of a network model of semantic memory is the Teachable Language Comprehender ( TLC ) . In this model , each node is a word , representing a concept ( like `` Bird '' ) . With each node is stored a set of properties ( like `` can fly '' or `` has wings '' ) as well as pointers ( i.e. , links ) to other nodes ( like `` Chicken '' ) . A node is directly linked to those nodes of which it is either a subclass or superclass ( i.e. , `` Bird '' would be connected to both `` Chicken '' and `` Animal '' ) . Thus , TLC is a hierarchical knowledge representation in that high - level nodes representing large categories are connected ( directly or indirectly , via the nodes of subclasses ) to many instances of those categories , whereas nodes representing specific instances are at a lower level , connected only to their superclasses . Furthermore , properties are stored at the highest category level to which they apply . For example , `` is yellow '' would be stored with `` Canary '' , `` has wings '' would be stored with `` Bird '' ( one level up ) , and `` can move '' would be stored with `` Animal '' ( another level up ) . Nodes may also store negations of the properties of their superordinate nodes ( i.e. , `` NOT - can fly '' would be stored with `` penguin '' ) . This provides an economy of representation in that properties are only stored at the category level at which they become essential , that is , at which point they become critical features ( see below ) .", "Processing in TLC is a form of spreading activation . That is , when a node becomes active , that activation spreads to other nodes via the links between them . In that case , the time to answer the question `` Is a chicken a bird ? '' is a function of how far the activation between the nodes for `` Chicken '' and `` Bird '' must spread , i.e. , the number of links between the nodes `` Chicken '' and `` Bird '' .", "The original version of TLC did not put weights on the links between nodes . This version performed comparably to humans in many tasks , but failed to predict that people would respond faster to questions regarding more typical category instances than those involving less typical instances . Collins and Quillian later updated TLC to include weighted connections to account for this effect . This updated TLC is capable of explaining both the familiarity effect and the typicality effect . Its biggest advantage is that it clearly explains priming : you are more likely to retrieve information from memory if related information ( the `` prime '' ) has been presented a short time before . There are still a number of memory phenomena for which TLC has no account , including why people are able to respond quickly to obviously false questions ( like `` is a chicken a meteor ? '' ) , when the relevant nodes are very far apart in the network .", "TLC is an instance of a more general class of models known as semantic networks . In a semantic network , each node is to be interpreted as representing a specific concept , word , or feature . That is , each node is a symbol . Semantic networks generally do not employ distributed representations for concepts , as may be found in a neural network . The defining feature of a semantic network is that its links are almost always directed ( that is , they only point in one direction , from a base to a target ) and the links come in many different types , each one standing for a particular relationship that can hold between any two nodes . Processing in a semantic network often takes the form of spreading activation ( see above ) .", "Semantic networks see the most use in models of discourse and logical comprehension , as well as in Artificial Intelligence . In these models , the nodes correspond to words or word stems and the links represent syntactic relations between them . For an example of a computational implementation of semantic networks in knowledge representation , see Cravo and Martins ( 1993 ) .", "Feature models view semantic categories as being composed of relatively unstructured sets of features . The semantic feature - comparison model , proposed by Smith , Shoben , and Rips ( 1974 ) , describes memory as being composed of feature lists for different concepts . According to this view , the relations between categories would not be directly retrieved , they would be indirectly computed . For example , subjects might verify a sentence by comparing the feature sets that represent its subject and predicate concepts . Such computational feature - comparison models include the ones proposed by Meyer ( 1970 ) , Rips ( 1975 ) , Smith , et al. ( 1974 ) .", "Early work in perceptual and conceptual categorization assumed that categories had critical features and that category membership could be determined by logical rules for the combination of features . More recent theories have accepted that categories may have an ill - defined or `` fuzzy '' structure and have proposed probabilistic or global similarity models for the verification of category membership .", "The `` association '' -- a relationship between two pieces of information -- is a fundamental concept in psychology , and associations at various levels of mental representation are essential to models of memory and cognition in general . The set of associations among a collection of items in memory is equivalent to the links between nodes in a network , where each node corresponds to a unique item in memory . Indeed , neural networks and semantic networks may be characterized as associative models of cognition . However , associations are often more clearly represented as an N × N matrix , where N is the number of items in memory . Thus , each cell of the matrix corresponds to the strength of the association between the row item and the column item .", "Learning of associations is generally believed to be a Hebbian process ; that is , whenever two items in memory are simultaneously active , the association between them grows stronger , and the more likely either item is to activate the other . See below for specific operationalizations of associative models .", "A standard model of memory that employs association in this manner is the Search of Associative Memory ( SAM ) model . Though SAM was originally designed to model episodic memory , its mechanisms are sufficient to support some semantic memory representations , as well . The SAM model contains a short - term store ( STS ) and long term store ( LTS ) , where STS is a briefly activated subset of the information in the LTS . The STS has limited capacity and affects the retrieval process by limiting the amount of information that can be sampled and limiting the time the sampled subset is in an active mode . The retrieval process in LTS is cue dependent and probabilistic , meaning that a cue initiates the retrieval process and the selected information from memory is random . The probability of being sampled is dependent on the strength of association between the cue and the item being retrieved , with stronger associations being sampled and finally one is chosen . The buffer size is defined as r , and not a fixed number , and as items are rehearsed in the buffer the associative strengths grow linearly as a function of the total time inside the buffer . In SAM , when any two items simultaneously occupy a working memory buffer , the strength of their association is incremented . Thus , items that co-occur more often are more strongly associated . Items in SAM are also associated with a specific context , where the strength of that association determined by how long each item is present in a given context . In SAM , then , memories consist of a set of associations between items in memory and between items and contexts . The presence of a set of items and / or a context is more likely to evoke , then , some subset of the items in memory . The degree to which items evoke one another -- either by virtue of their shared context or their co-occurrence -- is an indication of the items ' semantic relatedness .", "In an updated version of SAM , pre-existing semantic associations are accounted for using a semantic matrix . During the experiment , semantic associations remain fixed showing the assumption that semantic associations are not significantly impacted by the episodic experience of one experiment . The two measures used to measure semantic relatedness in this model are the Latent semantic analysis ( LSA ) and the Word association spaces ( WAS ) . The LSA method states that similarity between words is reflected through their co-occurrence in a local context . WAS was developed by analyzing a database of free association norms . In WAS , `` words that have similar associative structures are placed in similar regions of space . ''", "The ACT ( Adaptive Control of Thought ) ( and later ACT - R ( Adaptive Control of Thought - Rational ) ) theory of cognition represents declarative memory ( of which semantic memory is a part ) with `` chunks '' , which consist of a label , a set of defined relationships to other chunks ( i.e. , `` this is a _ '' , or `` this has a _ '' ) , and any number of chunk - specific properties . Chunks , then , can be mapped as a semantic network , given that each node is a chunk with its unique properties , and each link is the chunk 's relationship to another chunk . In ACT , a chunk 's activation decreases as a function of the time since the chunk was created and increases with the number of times the chunk has been retrieved from memory . Chunks can also receive activation from Gaussian noise , and from their similarity to other chunks . For example , if `` chicken '' is used as a retrieval cue , `` canary '' will receive activation by virtue of its similarity to the cue ( i.e. , both are birds , etc . ) . When retrieving items from memory , ACT looks at the most active chunk in memory ; if it is above threshold , it is retrieved , otherwise an `` error of omission '' has occurred , i.e. , the item has been forgotten . There is , additionally , a retrieval latency , which varies inversely with the amount by which the activation of the retrieved chunk exceeds the retrieval threshold . This latency is used in measuring the response time of the ACT model , to compare it to human performance .", "While ACT is a model of cognition in general , and not memory in particular , it nonetheless posits certain features of the structure of memory , as described above . In particular , ACT models memory as a set of related symbolic chunks which may be accessed by retrieval cues . While the model of memory employed in ACT is similar in some ways to a semantic network , the processing involved is more akin to an associative model .", "Some models characterize the acquisition of semantic information as a form of statistical inference from a set of discrete experiences , distributed across a number of `` contexts '' . Though these models differ in specifics , they generally employ an ( Item × Context ) matrix where each cell represents the number of times an item in memory has occurred in a given context . Semantic information is gleaned by performing a statistical analysis of this matrix .", "Many of these models bear similarity to the algorithms used in search engines ( for example , see Griffiths , et al. , 2007 and Anderson , 1990 ) , though it is not yet clear whether they really use the same computational mechanisms .", "Perhaps the most popular of these models is Latent Semantic Analysis ( LSA ) . In LSA , a T × D matrix is constructed from a text corpus where T is the number of terms in the corpus and D is the number of documents ( here `` context '' is interpreted as `` document '' and only words -- or word phrases -- are considered as items in memory ) . Each cell in the matrix is then transformed according to the equation :", "M t , d ′ = ln ⁡ ( 1 + M t , d ) − ∑ i = 0 D P ( i t ) ln ⁡ P ( i t ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( M ) _ ( t , d ) ' = ( \\ frac ( \\ ln ( ( 1 + \\ mathbf ( M ) _ ( t , d ) ) ) ) ( - \\ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( D ) P ( i t ) \\ ln ( P ( i t ) ) ) ) )", "where P ( i t ) ( \\ displaystyle P ( i t ) ) is the probability that context i ( \\ displaystyle i ) is active , given that item t ( \\ displaystyle t ) has occurred ( this is obtained simply by dividing the raw frequency , M t , d ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( M ) _ ( t , d ) ) by the total of the item vector , ∑ i = 0 D M t , i ( \\ displaystyle \\ sum _ ( i = 0 ) ^ ( D ) \\ mathbf ( M ) _ ( t , i ) ) ) . This transformation -- applying the logarithm , then dividing by the information entropy of the item over all contexts -- provides for greater differentiation between items and effectively weights items by their ability to predict context , and vice versa ( that is , items that appear across many contexts , like `` the '' or `` and '' , will be weighted less , reflecting their lack of semantic information ) . A Singular Value Decomposition ( SVD ) is then performed on the matrix M ′ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( M ) ' ) , which allows the number of dimensions in the matrix to be reduced , thus clustering LSA 's semantic representations and providing for indirect association between items . For example , `` cat '' and `` dog '' may never appear together in the same context , so their close semantic relationship may not be well - captured by LSA 's original matrix M ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( M ) ) . However , by performing the SVD and reducing the number of dimensions in the matrix , the context vectors of `` cat '' and `` dog '' -- which would be very similar -- would migrate toward one another and perhaps merge , thus allowing `` cat '' and `` dog '' to act as retrieval cues for each other , even though they may never have co-occurred . The degree of semantic relatedness of items in memory is given by the cosine of the angle between the items ' context vectors ( ranging from 1 for perfect synonyms to 0 for no relationship ) . Essentially , then , two words are closely semantically related if they appear in similar types of documents .", "The Hyperspace Analogue to Language ( HAL ) model considers context only as the words that immediately surround a given word . HAL computes an NxN matrix , where N is the number of words in its lexicon , using a 10 - word reading frame that moves incrementally through a corpus of text . Like in SAM ( see above ) , any time two words are simultaneously in the frame , the association between them is increased , that is , the corresponding cell in the NxN matrix is incremented . The bigger the distance between the two words , the smaller the amount by which the association is incremented ( specifically , Δ = 11 − d ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta = 11 - d ) , where d ( \\ displaystyle d ) is the distance between the two words in the frame ) . As in LSA ( see above ) , the semantic similarity between two words is given by the cosine of the angle between their vectors ( dimension reduction may be performed on this matrix , as well ) . In HAL , then , two words are semantically related if they tend to appear with the same words . Note that this may hold true even when the words being compared never actually co-occur ( i.e. , `` chicken '' and `` canary '' ) .", "The success of LSA and HAL gave birth to a whole field of statistical models of language . A more up - to - date list of such models may be found under the topic Measures of semantic relatedness .", "The cognitive neuroscience of semantic memory is a somewhat controversial issue with two dominant views .", "On the one hand , many researchers and clinicians believe that semantic memory is stored by the same brain systems involved in episodic memory . These include the medial temporal lobes ( MTL ) and hippocampal formation . In this system , the hippocampal formation `` encodes '' memories , or makes it possible for memories to form at all , and the cortex stores memories after the initial encoding process is completed .", "Recently , new evidence has been presented in support of a more precise interpretation of this hypothesis . The hippocampal formation includes , among other structures : the hippocampus itself , the entorhinal cortex , and the perirhinal cortex . These latter two make up the `` parahippocampal cortices '' . Amnesics with damage to the hippocampus but some spared parahippocampal cortex were able to demonstrate some degree of intact semantic memory despite a total loss of episodic memory . This strongly suggests that encoding of information leading to semantic memory does not have its physiological basis in the hippocampus .", "Other researchers believe the hippocampus is only involved in episodic memory and spatial cognition . This then raises the question where semantic memory may be located . Some believe semantic memory lives in temporal neocortex . Others believe that semantic knowledge is widely distributed across all brain areas . To illustrate this latter view , consider your knowledge of dogs . Researchers holding the ' distributed semantic knowledge ' view believe that your knowledge of the sound a dog makes exists in your auditory cortex , whilst your ability to recognize and imagine the visual features of a dog resides in your visual cortex . Recent evidence supports the idea that the temporal pole bilaterally is the convergence zone for unimodal semantic representations into a multimodal representation . These regions are particularly vulnerable to damage in semantic dementia , which is characterised by a global semantic deficit .", "The hippocampal areas are important to semantic memory 's involvement with declarative memory . The left inferior prefrontal cortex ( PFC ) and the left posterior temporal areas are other areas involved in semantic memory use . Temporal lobe damage affecting the lateral and medial cortexes have been related to semantic impairments . Damage to different areas of the brain affect semantic memory differently .", "Neuroimaging evidence suggests that left hippocampal areas show an increase in activity during semantic memory tasks . During semantic retrieval , two regions in the right middle frontal gyrus and the area of the right inferior temporal gyrus similarly show an increase in activity . Damage to areas involved in semantic memory result in various deficits , depending on the area and type of damage . For instance , Lambon Ralph , Lowe , & Rogers ( 2007 ) found that category - specific impairments can occur where patients have different knowledge deficits for one semantic category over another , depending on location and type of damage . Category - specific impairments might indicate that knowledge may rely differentially upon sensory and motor properties encoded in separate areas ( Farah and McClelland , 1991 ) .", "Category - specific impairments can involve cortical regions where living and nonliving things are represented and where feature and conceptual relationships are represented . Depending on the damage to the semantic system , one type might be favored over the other . In many cases , there is a point where one domain is better than the other ( i.e. - representation of living and nonliving things over feature and conceptual relationships or vice versa )", "Different diseases and disorders can affect the biological workings of semantic memory . A variety of studies have been done in an attempt to determine the effects on varying aspects of semantic memory . For example , Lambon , Lowe , & Rogers ( 2007 ) studied the different effects semantic dementia and herpes simplex virus encephalitis have on semantic memory . They found that semantic dementia has a more generalized semantic impairment . Additionally , deficits in semantic memory as a result of herpes simplex virus encephalitis tend to have more category - specific impairments . Other disorders that affect semantic memory - such as Alzheimer 's disease - has been observed clinically as errors in naming , recognizing , or describing objects . Whereas researchers have attributed such impairment to degradation of semantic knowledge ( Koenig et al. 2007 ) .", "Various neural imaging and research points to semantic memory and episodic memory resulting from distinct areas in the brain . Still other research suggests that both semantic memory and episodic memory are part of a singular declarative memory system , yet represent different sectors and parts within the greater whole . Different areas within the brain are activated depending on whether semantic or episodic memory is accessed . Certain experts are still arguing whether or not the two types of memory are from distinct systems or whether the neural imaging makes it appear that way as a result of the activation of different mental processes during retrieval .", "In order to understand semantic memory disorders , one must first understand how these disorders affect memory . Semantic memory disorders fractionate into two categories . Semantic category specific impairments and modality specific impairments are apparent in disorders of semantic memory . Understanding these types of impairments will give insight into how disorders of semantic memory function .", "Category specific impairments can result in widespread , patchy damage or localized damage . Category specific impairments can be broken down into four categories . Perceptual and functional features , topographic organization , informativeness and intercorrelations are areas of decreased functioning in disorders of semantic memory ( Warrington and Shallice , 1984 ) . Alzheimer 's disease is a semantic memory disorder that results in errors describing and naming objects , though not necessarily category - specific . Semantic dementia is another disorder associated with semantic memory . Semantic dementia is a language disorder characterized by a deterioration in understanding and recognizing words . Impairments include difficulty in generating familiar words , difficulty naming objects and difficulties with visual recognition . Research suggests that the temporal lobe might be responsible for category specific impairments of semantic memory disorders . In addition to category specific impairments , modality specific impairments are included in disorders of semantic memory ( Cohen et al. 2002 ) .", "Semantic memory is also discussed in reference to modality . Different components represent information from different sensorimotor channels . Modality specific impairments are divided into separate subsystems on the basis of input modality . Examples of different input modalities include visual , auditory and tactile input . Modality specific impairments are also divided into subsystems based on the type of information . Visual vs. verbal and perceptual vs. functional information are examples of information types . Modality specificity can account for category specific impairments in semantic memory disorders . Damage to visual semantics primarily impairs knowledge of living things , and damage to functional semantics primarily impairs knowledge of nonliving things .", "Semantic memory disorders fall into two groups . Semantic refractory access disorders are contrasted with semantic storage disorders according to four factors . Temporal factors , response consistency , frequency and semantic relatedness are the four factors used to differentiate between semantic refractory access and semantic storage disorders . A key feature of semantic refractory access disorders is temporal distortions . Decreases in response time to certain stimuli are noted when compared to natural response times . Response consistency is the next factor . In access disorders you see inconsistencies in comprehending and responding to stimuli that have been presented many times . Temporal factors impact response consistency . In storage disorders , you do not see an inconsistent response to specific items like you do in refractory access disorders . Stimulus frequency determines performance at all stages of cognition . Extreme word frequency effects are common in semantic storage disorders while in semantic refractory access disorders word frequency effects are minimal . The comparison of ' close ' and ' distant ' groups tests semantic relatedness . ' Close ' groupings have words that are related because they are drawn from the same category . For example , a listing of clothing types would be a ' close ' grouping . ' Distant ' groupings contain words with broad categorical differences . Non-related words would fall into this group . Comparing close and distant groups shows that in access disorders semantic relatedness had a negative effect . This is not observed in semantic storage disorders . Category specific and modality specific impairments are important components in access and storage disorders of semantic memory .", "Semantic memory has had a comeback in interest in the past 15 years , due in part to the development of functional neuroimaging methods such as positron emission tomography ( PET ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) , which have been used to address some of the central questions about our understanding of semantic memory .", "Positron emission tomography ( PET ) and functional magnetic resonance ( fMRI ) allow cognitive neuroscientists to explore different hypotheses concerning the neural network organization of semantic memory . By using these neuroimaging techniques researchers can observe the brain activity of participants while they perform cognitive tasks . These tasks can include , but are not limited to , naming objects , deciding if two stimuli belong in the same object category , or matching pictures to their written or spoken names .", "Rather than any one brain region playing a dedicated and privileged role in the representation or retrieval of all sorts of semantic knowledge , semantic memory is a collection of functionally and anatomically distinct systems , where each attribute - specific system is tied to a sensorimotor modality ( i.e. vision ) and even more specifically to a property within that modality ( i.e. color ) . Neuroimaging studies also suggest a distinction between semantic processing and sensorimotor processing .", "A new idea that is still at the early stages of development is that semantic memory , like perception , can be subdivided into types of visual information -- color , size , form , and motion . Thompson - Schill ( 2003 ) found that the left or bilateral ventral temporal cortex appears to be involved in retrieval of knowledge of color and form , the left lateral temporal cortex in knowledge of motion , and the parietal cortex in knowledge of size .", "Neuroimaging studies suggest a large , distributed network of semantic representations that are organized minimally by attribute , and perhaps additionally by category . These networks include `` extensive regions of ventral ( form and color knowledge ) and lateral ( motion knowledge ) temporal cortex , parietal cortex ( size knowledge ) , and premotor cortex ( manipulation knowledge ) . Other areas , such as more anterior regions of temporal cortex , may be involved in the representation of nonperceptual ( e.g. verbal ) conceptual knowledge , perhaps in some categorically - organized fashion . '' It is suggested that within the temperoparietal network , the anterior temporal lobe is relatively more important for semantic processing , and posterior language regions are relatively more important for lexical retrieval ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In the United States , a designated survivor ( or designated successor ) is an individual in the presidential line of succession , usually a member of the United States Cabinet , who is arranged to be at a physically distant , secure , and undisclosed location when the President , the Vice President , and the other officials in the line of succession are gathered at a single location , such as during State of the Union addresses and presidential inaugurations . This is intended to guarantee continuity of government in the event of a catastrophic occurrence that kills the President and many officials in the presidential line of succession , such as a mass shooting , bombing , attack or catastrophic natural disaster . If such an event occurred , killing both the President and Vice President , the surviving official highest in the line , possibly the designated survivor , would become the Acting President of the United States under the Presidential Succession Act .", "Only Cabinet members who are eligible to succeed to the presidency ( i.e. , natural - born citizens over the age of 35 , who have resided in the United States for at least 14 years ) can be chosen as designated survivors . The designated survivor is provided presidential - level security and transport for the duration of the event . An aide carries a nuclear football with them . However , they are not given a briefing on what to do in the event that the other successors to the presidency are killed .", "The practice of naming a designated survivor originated during the Cold War with its risk of nuclear attack . In 1947 , the Presidential Succession Act established a clear line of succession for the president , but the idea of the designated survivor was part of an action plan to ensure that one of the potential successors is in a secure location . The only limitation was that the designated survivor must be constitutionally qualified to assume the office of president .", "For the 2010 State of the Union address , Housing and Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan was the designated survivor . Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was also absent from the address . However , Secret Service rules prevented Clinton from being named the designated survivor since it was public knowledge that she was at a conference in London during the event . Had a calamity occurred only in Washington and Clinton remained unharmed , she instead of Donovan would have become Acting President , as the Secretary of State is higher in the line of succession than the Housing and Urban Development Secretary .", "Since 2005 , members of Congress have also been chosen as legislative designated survivors . In addition to serving as a rump legislature in the event that all of their colleagues were killed , a surviving Representative and Senator could ascend to the ( vacated ) offices of Speaker of the House and President Pro Tempore of the Senate , offices that immediately follow the Vice President in the presidential line of succession . If such a legislative designated survivor were simultaneously the sitting Speaker or President Pro Tempore -- as was the case during the 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 State of the Union addresses , in which Presidents Pro Tempore Ted Stevens ( R - Alaska ) and Sen. Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) were also legislative designated survivors -- he or she would become the acting president in the event of the additional deaths of both the president and the vice-president , rather than the presidential designated survivor Cabinet member . However , it is unclear whether a legislative designated survivor not already holding that house 's leadership position could assume such a position without previously having been elected to it by a quorum of their respective house .", "Date Occasion Designee Position Notes January 20 , 1981 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 18 , 1981 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Terrel Bell Secretary of Education January 26 , 1982 State of the Union Unknown January 25 , 1983 State of the Union Unknown January 25 , 1984 State of the Union Samuel Pierce Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 21 , 1985 Presidential Inauguration Margaret Heckler Secretary of Health and Human Services February 6 , 1985 State of the Union Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce February 4 , 1986 State of the Union John Block Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1987 State of the Union Richard Lyng Secretary of Agriculture January 25 , 1988 State of the Union Donald Hodel Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 1989 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 9 , 1989 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Lauro Cavazos Secretary of Education January 31 , 1990 State of the Union Edward J. Derwinski Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 11 , 1990 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Gulf War Speech -- text ) Unknown January 29 , 1991 State of the Union Manuel Lujan Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 1992 State of the Union Ed Madigan Secretary of Agriculture January 20 , 1993 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 17 , 1993 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Bruce Babbitt Secretary of the Interior January 25 , 1994 State of the Union Mike Espy Secretary of Agriculture January 24 , 1995 State of the Union Federico Peña Secretary of Transportation January 23 , 1996 State of the Union Donna Shalala Secretary of Health and Human Services January 20 , 1997 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 4 , 1997 State of the Union Dan Glickman Secretary of Agriculture January 27 , 1998 State of the Union William Daley Secretary of Commerce January 19 , 1999 State of the Union Andrew Cuomo Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 27 , 2000 State of the Union Bill Richardson Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2001 Presidential Inauguration Unknown February 27 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Anthony Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs September 20 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( following the September 11 attacks ) Dick Cheney Vice President Tommy Thompson Secretary of Health and Human Services January 29 , 2002 State of the Union Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior January 28 , 2003 State of the Union John Ashcroft Attorney General Norman Mineta Secretary of Transportation January 20 , 2004 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce January 20 , 2005 Presidential Inauguration Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior February 2 , 2005 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 31 , 2006 State of the Union Jim Nicholson Secretary of Veterans Affairs Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate January 23 , 2007 State of the Union Alberto Gonzales Attorney General January 28 , 2008 State of the Union Dirk Kempthorne Secretary of the Interior January 20 , 2009 Presidential Inauguration Robert Gates Secretary of Defense February 24 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Eric Holder Attorney General September 9 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Health Care Speech to Congress ) Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 27 , 2010 State of the Union Shaun Donovan Secretary of Housing and Urban Development January 25 , 2011 State of the Union Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior January 24 , 2012 State of the Union Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture January 21 , 2013 Presidential Inauguration Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs February 12 , 2013 State of the Union Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 28 , 2014 State of the Union Ernest Moniz Secretary of Energy January 20 , 2015 State of the Union Anthony Foxx Secretary of Transportation January 12 , 2016 State of the Union Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security January 20 , 2017 Presidential Inauguration Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security February 28 , 2017 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress David Shulkin Secretary of Veterans Affairs January 30 , 2018 State of the Union Sonny Perdue Secretary of Agriculture", "Date Occasion Designee Position Notes", "January 20 , 1981 Presidential Inauguration Unknown", "February 18 , 1981 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Terrel Bell Secretary of Education", "January 26 , 1982 State of the Union Unknown", "January 25 , 1983 State of the Union Unknown", "January 25 , 1984 State of the Union Samuel Pierce Secretary of Housing and Urban Development", "January 21 , 1985 Presidential Inauguration Margaret Heckler Secretary of Health and Human Services", "February 6 , 1985 State of the Union Malcolm Baldrige Secretary of Commerce", "February 4 , 1986 State of the Union John Block Secretary of Agriculture", "January 27 , 1987 State of the Union Richard Lyng Secretary of Agriculture", "January 25 , 1988 State of the Union Donald Hodel Secretary of the Interior", "January 20 , 1989 Presidential Inauguration Unknown", "February 9 , 1989 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Lauro Cavazos Secretary of Education", "January 31 , 1990 State of the Union Edward J. Derwinski Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "September 11 , 1990 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Gulf War Speech -- text ) Unknown", "January 29 , 1991 State of the Union Manuel Lujan Secretary of the Interior", "January 28 , 1992 State of the Union Ed Madigan Secretary of Agriculture", "January 20 , 1993 Presidential Inauguration Unknown", "February 17 , 1993 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Bruce Babbitt Secretary of the Interior", "January 25 , 1994 State of the Union Mike Espy Secretary of Agriculture", "January 24 , 1995 State of the Union Federico Peña Secretary of Transportation", "January 23 , 1996 State of the Union Donna Shalala Secretary of Health and Human Services", "January 20 , 1997 Presidential Inauguration Unknown", "February 4 , 1997 State of the Union Dan Glickman Secretary of Agriculture", "January 27 , 1998 State of the Union William Daley Secretary of Commerce", "January 19 , 1999 State of the Union Andrew Cuomo Secretary of Housing and Urban Development", "January 27 , 2000 State of the Union Bill Richardson Secretary of Energy", "January 20 , 2001 Presidential Inauguration Unknown", "February 27 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Anthony Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "September 20 , 2001 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( following the September 11 attacks ) Dick Cheney Vice President", "Tommy Thompson Secretary of Health and Human Services", "January 29 , 2002 State of the Union Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior", "January 28 , 2003 State of the Union John Ashcroft Attorney General", "Norman Mineta Secretary of Transportation", "January 20 , 2004 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce", "January 20 , 2005 Presidential Inauguration Gale Norton Secretary of the Interior", "February 2 , 2005 State of the Union Donald Evans Secretary of Commerce", "Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate", "January 31 , 2006 State of the Union Jim Nicholson Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "Ted Stevens ( R - AK ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate", "January 23 , 2007 State of the Union Alberto Gonzales Attorney General", "January 28 , 2008 State of the Union Dirk Kempthorne Secretary of the Interior", "January 20 , 2009 Presidential Inauguration Robert Gates Secretary of Defense", "February 24 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress Eric Holder Attorney General", "September 9 , 2009 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress ( Health Care Speech to Congress ) Steven Chu Secretary of Energy", "January 27 , 2010 State of the Union Shaun Donovan Secretary of Housing and Urban Development", "January 25 , 2011 State of the Union Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior", "January 24 , 2012 State of the Union Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture", "January 21 , 2013 Presidential Inauguration Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "February 12 , 2013 State of the Union Steven Chu Secretary of Energy", "January 28 , 2014 State of the Union Ernest Moniz Secretary of Energy", "January 20 , 2015 State of the Union Anthony Foxx Secretary of Transportation", "January 12 , 2016 State of the Union Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate", "Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security", "January 20 , 2017 Presidential Inauguration Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) President Pro Tempore of the Senate", "Jeh Johnson Secretary of Homeland Security", "February 28 , 2017 Presidential Address to Joint Session of Congress David Shulkin Secretary of Veterans Affairs", "January 30 , 2018 State of the Union Sonny Perdue Secretary of Agriculture", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In the 1991 HBO original film By Dawn 's Early Light , the US Secretary of the Interior becomes President of the United States following a Soviet nuclear strike on Washington , D.C. In the TV show The West Wing , the episode `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' features President Josiah Bartlet talking to Secretary of Agriculture Roger Tribbey in the Oval Office prior to leaving for his State of the Union address . The choosing of the designated survivors is shown at the start of the episode , generating some discussion about how it works . The 2016 TV series Designated Survivor stars Kiefer Sutherland as Tom Kirkman , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development who becomes President after a terrorist attack during the State of the Union address kills the President , the Vice President , and every individual ahead of him in the line of succession .", "In the 1991 HBO original film By Dawn 's Early Light , the US Secretary of the Interior becomes President of the United States following a Soviet nuclear strike on Washington , D.C.", "In the TV show The West Wing , the episode `` He Shall , from Time to Time ... '' features President Josiah Bartlet talking to Secretary of Agriculture Roger Tribbey in the Oval Office prior to leaving for his State of the Union address . The choosing of the designated survivors is shown at the start of the episode , generating some discussion about how it works .", "The 2016 TV series Designated Survivor stars Kiefer Sutherland as Tom Kirkman , the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development who becomes President after a terrorist attack during the State of the Union address kills the President , the Vice President , and every individual ahead of him in the line of succession ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Written All Over Your Face '' Single by The Rude Boys from the album Rude Awakening B - side `` Fool for You '' Released December 4 , 1990 Format CD single , 12 `` , cassette single Recorded 1990 at Right Tracks Studios Cleveland , Ohio Sigma Sound Studios Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Genre R&B Length 6 : 21 ( Album version ) 4 : 10 ( Radio edit ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Larry Marcus Producer ( s ) Larry Marcus , Jim Salamone The Rude Boys singles chronology `` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1990 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 ) `` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1991 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Written All Over Your Face ''", "Single by The Rude Boys", "from the album Rude Awakening", "B - side `` Fool for You ''", "Released December 4 , 1990", "Format CD single , 12 `` , cassette single", "Recorded 1990 at Right Tracks Studios Cleveland , Ohio Sigma Sound Studios Philadelphia , Pennsylvania", "Genre R&B", "Length 6 : 21 ( Album version ) 4 : 10 ( Radio edit )", "Label Atlantic", "Songwriter ( s ) Larry Marcus", "Producer ( s ) Larry Marcus , Jim Salamone", "The Rude Boys singles chronology", "`` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1990 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1990 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1990 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1991 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1991 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Come On Let 's Do This '' ( 1990 ) `` Written All Over Your Face '' ( 1991 ) `` My Kinda Girl '' ( 1992 )", "`` Written All Over Your Face '' is a song by American R&B group The Rude Boys , released as the second single from their debut album Rude Awakening . The song was written and produced by group member Larry Marcus with additional production from session musician and recording engineer Jim Salamone . The song became the group 's signature song and spent one week at number one on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart . It also peaked at number sixteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1991 . `` Written All Over Your Face '' made the group a sensation , as the single topped the R&B charts and , The song showcased the vocals of Joe N Little III and Edward Buddy Banks and featured extra vocals from their mentor , the late Gerald Levert . The single rode the charts for 31 weeks , and finally made it to # 1 on the Billboard R&B charts and # 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 .", "In 1991 , it won the Billboard Music Award for No. 1 R&B Single of the Year .", "Chart ( 1991 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29", "Chart ( 1991 ) Position", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 29" ]

[ [ "Peach (light pink)" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Colored fire is a common pyrotechnic effect used in stage productions , fireworks and by fire performers the world over . Generally , the color of a flame may be red , orange , blue , yellow , or white , and is dominated by blackbody radiation from soot and steam . When additional chemicals are added to the fuel burning , their atomic emission spectra can affect the frequencies of visible light radiation emitted - in other words , the flame appears in a different color dependent upon the chemical additives . Flame coloring is also a good way to demonstrate how fire changes when subjected to heat and how they also change the matter around them .", "To color their flames , Pyrotechnicians will generally use metal salts . Specific combinations of fuels and co-solvents are required in order to dissolve the necessary chemicals . Color enhancers ( usually chlorine donors ) are frequently added too , the most common of which is polyvinyl chloride . A practical use of colored fire is the flame test , where metal cations are tested by placing the sample in a flame and analyzing the color produced .", "Color Chemical Image Carmine ( dark red ) Lithium chloride Red Strontium chloride or strontium nitrate Orange Calcium chloride Yellow Barium chloride Light Orange Sodium chloride ( table salt ) or ( street lights ) Apple green Borax ( sodium borate ) Green Copper ( II ) sulfate , boric acid Blue Copper ( I ) chloride , butane Violet 3 parts potassium sulfate , 1 part potassium nitrate ( saltpeter ) Peach ( light pink ) Potassium chloride", "Color Chemical Image", "Carmine ( dark red ) Lithium chloride", "Red Strontium chloride or strontium nitrate", "Orange Calcium chloride", "Yellow Barium chloride", "Light Orange Sodium chloride ( table salt ) or ( street lights )", "Apple green Borax ( sodium borate )", "Green Copper ( II ) sulfate , boric acid", "Blue Copper ( I ) chloride , butane", "Violet 3 parts potassium sulfate , 1 part potassium nitrate ( saltpeter )", "Peach ( light pink ) Potassium chloride", "Emitted colors depend on the electronic configuration of the elements involved . Heat energy from the flame excites electrons to a higher quantum level , and the atoms emit characteristic colors ( photons with energies corresponding to the visible spectrum ) as they return to lower energy levels .", "Flame colorants are becoming popular while camping . Scouts and other outdoor `` enthusiasts '' have placed sections of copper pipe with holes drilled throughout and stuffed with garden hose onto campfires to create a variety of flame colors . An easier method of coloring campfires has been fueled by commercial products . These packages of flame colorants are tossed onto a campfire or into a fireplace to produce effects .", "Although these chemicals are very effective at imparting their color into an already existing flame , these substances are not flammable alone . To produce a powder or solid that , when lit , produces a colored flame , the necessary steps are more complex . To get a powder to burn satisfactorily , both a fuel and oxidizer will mostly be needed . Common oxidizers include .", "Ammonium perchlorate Ammonium nitrate Barium chlorate Guanine nitrate Potassium nitrate ( saltpeter ) Potassium chlorate Potassium perchlorate Strontium nitrate Sodium nitrate", "Potassium nitrate ( saltpeter )", "Many of these oxidizers also produce a colored flame by themselves . Some of them - as well as the main colorants - are severely toxic and therefore environmentally damaging ." ]

[ [ "September 11, 2017" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Counting On ( formerly Jill & Jessa : Counting On ) is an American reality television show that has aired on the cable channel TLC since 2015 . A spin - off show of 19 Kids and Counting , it features the Duggar family : Jill Dillard , Jessa Seewald , sixteen of their seventeen siblings , and parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar . The show was created in the wake of the Josh Duggar molestation controversy and subsequent cancellation of 19 Kids and Counting .", "As of July 24 , 2017 , 39 episodes of Counting On have aired , concluding the fifth season . Season 6 premiered on September 11 , 2017 .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) 8 March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) 13 August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 7 January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 5 8 June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 6 TBA September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) TBA", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 )", "8 March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 )", "13 August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 )", "7 January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 )", "5 8 June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 )", "6 TBA September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) TBA", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` A New Chapter '' December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 ) It was the happiest time in Jill & Jessa 's lives : a new baby , a new marriage , a new chapter of life . Then devastating news about older brother Josh was revealed & their worlds were shattered . Jill & Jessa share how their lives have changed forever . `` Baby Shower & A New Home '' December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 ) Over the last few months Jill and Jessa grew even closer as sisters as they walked through this difficult time together . Now , just a couple of weeks away from Jessa 's due date , Jill and Derick leave for their new lives in Central America . `` Counting One More '' December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 ) Jill and Derick adjust to the challenges of their new life in Central America . Then it 's finally time to meet Baby Seewald and find out if it 's a boy or girl ! When labor complications arise , Jessa is rushed to the hospital .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date", "`` A New Chapter '' December 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 13 )", "It was the happiest time in Jill & Jessa 's lives : a new baby , a new marriage , a new chapter of life . Then devastating news about older brother Josh was revealed & their worlds were shattered . Jill & Jessa share how their lives have changed forever .", "`` Baby Shower & A New Home '' December 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 20 )", "Over the last few months Jill and Jessa grew even closer as sisters as they walked through this difficult time together . Now , just a couple of weeks away from Jessa 's due date , Jill and Derick leave for their new lives in Central America .", "`` Counting One More '' December 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 27 )", "Jill and Derick adjust to the challenges of their new life in Central America . Then it 's finally time to meet Baby Seewald and find out if it 's a boy or girl ! When labor complications arise , Jessa is rushed to the hospital .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` At Home & Away '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) Jessa & Ben navigate life as a family of 3 with new baby , Spurgeon . Jill & Derick settle into their home in Central America as Israel starts to hit new milestones . Later , Jessa enlists her sisters to help prepare a fall feast for the whole family . 5 `` Date Nights & Bright Lights '' March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) Jana and Jessa embark on a large DIY lighting project while the rest of the family travels to Central America . Then Jessa and Ben go on their first date since Spurgeon was born , will his presence wreck the romance ? 6 `` Jinger Flips '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) Jessa goes out for coffee with Jana and Anna , leaving Ben in charge of Spurgeon . Jinger buys a car at auction with the intention of flipping while Jana starts a new project with her brothers . Jill and Derick introduce Israel to their love of pickles . 7 `` Surprise ! '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) The siblings continue construction on their treehouse , which gets bigger and bigger . Joy and Sierra plan a secret baby shower , but worry about pulling off the surprise . Jill and Derick have surprise guests in Central America . 8 5 `` Ben Drops Beats '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) The siblings continue work on the family treehouse , but the cold weather hinders their efforts . Later , Ben & Jessa travel to St. Louis to meet with Christian hip - hop artist , Flame & learn about his work . Inspired , Ben steps into the recording booth . 9 6 `` Girls Hit the Road '' April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 ) After weeks of work the treehouse is ready for a big reveal ! The girls hit the road for a weekend away , but a surprise on the way leads to an unexpected detour . Once at their destination , the girls enjoy quality time together and lots of girl talk . 10 7 `` Family Reunion '' April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 ) Jessa , Ben & Spurgeon travel to Central America to visit Jill , Derick & Israel . As they prepare for the trip , they travel down memory lane , revisiting Jessa 's milestone moments , from engagement to motherhood , that have led to this emotional reunion . 11 8 `` Israel Meets Spurgeon '' May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 ) Jessa & Ben experience what life is like for Jill & Derick while living in a foreign country with a young son . Jill and Derick remember their beginnings together in Nepal and the adventures that have led them to the mission field in Central America .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date", "`` At Home & Away '' March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 )", "Jessa & Ben navigate life as a family of 3 with new baby , Spurgeon . Jill & Derick settle into their home in Central America as Israel starts to hit new milestones . Later , Jessa enlists her sisters to help prepare a fall feast for the whole family .", "5 `` Date Nights & Bright Lights '' March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 )", "Jana and Jessa embark on a large DIY lighting project while the rest of the family travels to Central America . Then Jessa and Ben go on their first date since Spurgeon was born , will his presence wreck the romance ?", "6 `` Jinger Flips '' March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 )", "Jessa goes out for coffee with Jana and Anna , leaving Ben in charge of Spurgeon . Jinger buys a car at auction with the intention of flipping while Jana starts a new project with her brothers . Jill and Derick introduce Israel to their love of pickles .", "7 `` Surprise ! '' April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 )", "The siblings continue construction on their treehouse , which gets bigger and bigger . Joy and Sierra plan a secret baby shower , but worry about pulling off the surprise . Jill and Derick have surprise guests in Central America .", "8 5 `` Ben Drops Beats '' April 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 12 )", "The siblings continue work on the family treehouse , but the cold weather hinders their efforts . Later , Ben & Jessa travel to St. Louis to meet with Christian hip - hop artist , Flame & learn about his work . Inspired , Ben steps into the recording booth .", "9 6 `` Girls Hit the Road '' April 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 19 )", "After weeks of work the treehouse is ready for a big reveal ! The girls hit the road for a weekend away , but a surprise on the way leads to an unexpected detour . Once at their destination , the girls enjoy quality time together and lots of girl talk .", "10 7 `` Family Reunion '' April 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 26 )", "Jessa , Ben & Spurgeon travel to Central America to visit Jill , Derick & Israel . As they prepare for the trip , they travel down memory lane , revisiting Jessa 's milestone moments , from engagement to motherhood , that have led to this emotional reunion .", "11 8 `` Israel Meets Spurgeon '' May 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 03 )", "Jessa & Ben experience what life is like for Jill & Derick while living in a foreign country with a young son . Jill and Derick remember their beginnings together in Nepal and the adventures that have led them to the mission field in Central America .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 12 `` A Courtship Begins '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) On the season premiere of Counting On , Jessa and Ben discuss future additions to their growing family as Jill and Derick face hardships while continuing mission work in Central America . Jinger gets ready to take a big step with a special someone ! 13 `` It 's Official ! '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) Jinger brings Jeremy over for his first meal with the family . The couple makes a call to Jill & Derick for some courtship advice . Ben & Jessa discuss his plan for youth outreach . Later , the older siblings participate in wilderness survival training . 14 `` Duggars in the Wild '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) After a scary encounter with a nighttime visitor , the Duggar siblings continue their wilderness training . Jill & Derick celebrate their second anniversary with some creature comforts , and Jessa and Ben marvel at how quickly their baby is growing up ! 15 `` Meet the Parents '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Jinger , accompanied by Jim Bob and Michelle , heads to Laredo , TX to meet Jeremy 's parents for the first time . Will she meet with their approval ? Meanwhile , back home , Joy gets her first flying lesson and Jana plans a graduation party for 3 siblings . 16 5 `` A Big Surprise '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) Jeremy makes a secret trip to Arkansas , but before surprising Jinger , he and Ben do some browsing for engagement rings . Then , Jessa and Ben give their rapper friend , Flame , a taste of Duggar family life . 17 6 `` The Big Event '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) Ben hosts a youth football camp with a group of former NFL players . Meanwhile , Jana hatches a plan to redecorate the guesthouse Jill and Derick will be staying in when they return from Central America . Jinger and Jeremy plan a special trip to NYC . 18 7 `` Guys ' Guide to Courting '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) Jinger , Jeremy , and chaperones go on a whirlwind trip to see his family and friends . Will delayed flights ruin a big surprise Jeremy has planned ? And we take a look back at past Duggar courtships and hear the guys ' tips for a successful relationship . 19 8 `` Proposal in the City '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) Jinger , Michelle , Jessa , Ben and Spurgeon are all in the northeast meeting some of Jeremy 's family & friends and visiting his old stomping grounds . Little does Jinger know , Jeremy has an important question he plans to ask before the trip is over ! 20 9 `` Jessa 's Announcement '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) Jinger & Jeremy celebrate their engagement in NYC . Meanwhile , Jill & Derick wrap up their mission work in Central America and are greeted with a big surprise party in Arkansas , but in the end , Jessa & Ben have an even bigger surprise of their own . 21 10 `` The After Show '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) The family comes together to relive some of the most memorable moments from season 2 . Plus , before the reunion is over , there is a surprise guest in store for the cast . 22 11 `` Duggars at the Altar '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) Take a look back at the Duggar daughter marriages ! In two super-sized weddings , Jill and Jessa walked down the aisle just months apart , Jill with Derick and Jessa with Ben . Relive each ceremony and first kiss ! 23 12 `` Courting Jinger '' November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 ) The big day is almost here ! Count down to Jinger 's wedding with a look back at the special place she 's held in the Duggar household . 24 13 `` Jinger 's Wedding '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) After months of anticipation , Jinger and Jeremy 's wedding day has finally arrived ! Take a first look at this special day as Jinger walks down the aisle to become Mrs. Jeremy Vuolo .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date", "12 `` A Courtship Begins '' August 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 23 )", "On the season premiere of Counting On , Jessa and Ben discuss future additions to their growing family as Jill and Derick face hardships while continuing mission work in Central America . Jinger gets ready to take a big step with a special someone !", "13 `` It 's Official ! '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 )", "Jinger brings Jeremy over for his first meal with the family . The couple makes a call to Jill & Derick for some courtship advice . Ben & Jessa discuss his plan for youth outreach . Later , the older siblings participate in wilderness survival training .", "14 `` Duggars in the Wild '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 )", "After a scary encounter with a nighttime visitor , the Duggar siblings continue their wilderness training . Jill & Derick celebrate their second anniversary with some creature comforts , and Jessa and Ben marvel at how quickly their baby is growing up !", "15 `` Meet the Parents '' September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 )", "Jinger , accompanied by Jim Bob and Michelle , heads to Laredo , TX to meet Jeremy 's parents for the first time . Will she meet with their approval ? Meanwhile , back home , Joy gets her first flying lesson and Jana plans a graduation party for 3 siblings .", "16 5 `` A Big Surprise '' September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 )", "Jeremy makes a secret trip to Arkansas , but before surprising Jinger , he and Ben do some browsing for engagement rings . Then , Jessa and Ben give their rapper friend , Flame , a taste of Duggar family life .", "17 6 `` The Big Event '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 )", "Ben hosts a youth football camp with a group of former NFL players . Meanwhile , Jana hatches a plan to redecorate the guesthouse Jill and Derick will be staying in when they return from Central America . Jinger and Jeremy plan a special trip to NYC .", "18 7 `` Guys ' Guide to Courting '' October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 )", "Jinger , Jeremy , and chaperones go on a whirlwind trip to see his family and friends . Will delayed flights ruin a big surprise Jeremy has planned ? And we take a look back at past Duggar courtships and hear the guys ' tips for a successful relationship .", "19 8 `` Proposal in the City '' October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 )", "Jinger , Michelle , Jessa , Ben and Spurgeon are all in the northeast meeting some of Jeremy 's family & friends and visiting his old stomping grounds . Little does Jinger know , Jeremy has an important question he plans to ask before the trip is over !", "20 9 `` Jessa 's Announcement '' October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 )", "Jinger & Jeremy celebrate their engagement in NYC . Meanwhile , Jill & Derick wrap up their mission work in Central America and are greeted with a big surprise party in Arkansas , but in the end , Jessa & Ben have an even bigger surprise of their own .", "21 10 `` The After Show '' October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 )", "The family comes together to relive some of the most memorable moments from season 2 . Plus , before the reunion is over , there is a surprise guest in store for the cast .", "22 11 `` Duggars at the Altar '' November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 )", "Take a look back at the Duggar daughter marriages ! In two super-sized weddings , Jill and Jessa walked down the aisle just months apart , Jill with Derick and Jessa with Ben . Relive each ceremony and first kiss !", "23 12 `` Courting Jinger '' November 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 08 )", "The big day is almost here ! Count down to Jinger 's wedding with a look back at the special place she 's held in the Duggar household .", "24 13 `` Jinger 's Wedding '' November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 )", "After months of anticipation , Jinger and Jeremy 's wedding day has finally arrived ! Take a first look at this special day as Jinger walks down the aisle to become Mrs. Jeremy Vuolo .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 25 `` The Jinger Gown '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) Jinger said yes to marrying Jeremy and now it 's time to start planning for the big day , which is just 3 months away ! The family takes a trip to DC to find Jinger 's perfect dress . But with more options than imagined , will she find her dream dress ? 26 `` Could it be Twins ? '' January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) Jessa and Ben listen to the heartbeat of Baby # 2 , which makes them wonder if it 's twins . They travel to see friend Flame in concert , and Ben takes center stage . Jinger continues with wedding planning and finalizes important details . 27 `` Bachelor Pad Makeover '' January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) Jinger and some of her siblings travel to Laredo to give Jeremy 's bachelor pad a makeover . When opinions clash , will they be able to come to a decorating decision ? Derick , Jill and Israel get some surprising news at their family wellness check - up . 28 `` The Bachelor Party '' February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) After weeks of wedding planning , it 's time to celebrate Jinger and Jeremy with a Bachelor and Bachelorette weekend full of friends and family . Jessa and Ben find out the gender of Baby # 2 . Derick returns to OSU to reprise his role as Pistol Pete . 29 5 `` All About Jinger '' February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) Jinger packs for her move to Texas , which includes a surprise gift from her family . She , Jeremy & Jed drive to her future home in Laredo . As they anticipate her big move , the siblings take a trip down memory lane remembering Jinger through the years . 30 6 `` The Big Day '' February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) After months of planning , Jinger 's wedding day is here ! The final details from dress fittings to surprise decorations are put into place and family and friends come together to celebrate Jinger and Jeremy as they become Mr. and Mrs. Vuolo . 31 7 `` A Honeymoon & a Courtship '' February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) Jinger and Jeremy have said `` I do , '' and now the newlyweds finally get to enjoy some alone time . Mr. and Mrs. Vuolo head down under for their honeymoon in Australia . Meanwhile , back in Arkansas , another Duggar enters a courtship .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date", "25 `` The Jinger Gown '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 )", "Jinger said yes to marrying Jeremy and now it 's time to start planning for the big day , which is just 3 months away ! The family takes a trip to DC to find Jinger 's perfect dress . But with more options than imagined , will she find her dream dress ?", "26 `` Could it be Twins ? '' January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 )", "Jessa and Ben listen to the heartbeat of Baby # 2 , which makes them wonder if it 's twins . They travel to see friend Flame in concert , and Ben takes center stage . Jinger continues with wedding planning and finalizes important details .", "27 `` Bachelor Pad Makeover '' January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 )", "Jinger and some of her siblings travel to Laredo to give Jeremy 's bachelor pad a makeover . When opinions clash , will they be able to come to a decorating decision ? Derick , Jill and Israel get some surprising news at their family wellness check - up .", "28 `` The Bachelor Party '' February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 )", "After weeks of wedding planning , it 's time to celebrate Jinger and Jeremy with a Bachelor and Bachelorette weekend full of friends and family . Jessa and Ben find out the gender of Baby # 2 . Derick returns to OSU to reprise his role as Pistol Pete .", "29 5 `` All About Jinger '' February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 )", "Jinger packs for her move to Texas , which includes a surprise gift from her family . She , Jeremy & Jed drive to her future home in Laredo . As they anticipate her big move , the siblings take a trip down memory lane remembering Jinger through the years .", "30 6 `` The Big Day '' February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 )", "After months of planning , Jinger 's wedding day is here ! The final details from dress fittings to surprise decorations are put into place and family and friends come together to celebrate Jinger and Jeremy as they become Mr. and Mrs. Vuolo .", "31 7 `` A Honeymoon & a Courtship '' February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 )", "Jinger and Jeremy have said `` I do , '' and now the newlyweds finally get to enjoy some alone time . Mr. and Mrs. Vuolo head down under for their honeymoon in Australia . Meanwhile , back in Arkansas , another Duggar enters a courtship .", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 32 `` Joy 's Wedding '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) In the season premiere , Joy and Austin 's wedding day finally arrives ; and another Duggar reveals a surprise that leaves the guests in shock . 33 `` Spurgeon 's First Birthday '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) Spurgeon 's first birthday brings the family together for a celebration . Meanwhile , Joy and Austin work on a house - flipping project ; and in Laredo , things heat up in the kitchen with Jinger and Jeremy . 34 `` Triple Date Night '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) Ben , Derick and Austin enjoy an afternoon at a trampoline park while Jessa , Jill and Joy shop for the perfect date night outfit . Jill and Derick share some big news with Israel . Meanwhile in Laredo , Jinger and Jeremy settle into married life . 35 `` A New Baby '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) Jessa 's due date is near , so family and friends help the Seewalds prepare for the new baby . Meanwhile , Joy and Austin 's house - flipping project continues ; and Austin asks Jim Bob an important question . 36 5 `` A Boy or Girl for Jill ? '' July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) The Seewalds are adjusting to being a family of four . In Laredo , Jinger and Jeremy learn Spanish and test their skills at a local restaurant . Meanwhile , Joy enjoys dinner with Austin 's family . Then the Dillards reveal the gender of baby number two ! 37 6 `` Joy Gets Engaged '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) The Dillards prepare for their return to Central America ; Jinger puts together a care package for her family back in Arkansas ; Austin asks Joy a very important question ; Joe asks for permission to enter courtship with Kendra Caldwell . 38 7 `` The After Show Part 1 '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) In part one of the two - part After Show special , host Daphne Oz digs a little deeper into some of last season 's biggest moments ; including courtships , weddings , babies , and some insight on what is going on behind the scenes . 39 8 `` The After Show Part 2 '' July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) In part two of the two - part After Show special , host Daphne Oz gets the Duggars ' reaction to some of the biggest moments of last season , and the happy couples square off in a round of `` The Couples Showdown '' . Stay tuned for a special guest or two !", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date", "32 `` Joy 's Wedding '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 )", "In the season premiere , Joy and Austin 's wedding day finally arrives ; and another Duggar reveals a surprise that leaves the guests in shock .", "33 `` Spurgeon 's First Birthday '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 )", "Spurgeon 's first birthday brings the family together for a celebration . Meanwhile , Joy and Austin work on a house - flipping project ; and in Laredo , things heat up in the kitchen with Jinger and Jeremy .", "34 `` Triple Date Night '' June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 )", "Ben , Derick and Austin enjoy an afternoon at a trampoline park while Jessa , Jill and Joy shop for the perfect date night outfit . Jill and Derick share some big news with Israel . Meanwhile in Laredo , Jinger and Jeremy settle into married life .", "35 `` A New Baby '' June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 )", "Jessa 's due date is near , so family and friends help the Seewalds prepare for the new baby . Meanwhile , Joy and Austin 's house - flipping project continues ; and Austin asks Jim Bob an important question .", "36 5 `` A Boy or Girl for Jill ? '' July 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 03 )", "The Seewalds are adjusting to being a family of four . In Laredo , Jinger and Jeremy learn Spanish and test their skills at a local restaurant . Meanwhile , Joy enjoys dinner with Austin 's family . Then the Dillards reveal the gender of baby number two !", "37 6 `` Joy Gets Engaged '' July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 )", "The Dillards prepare for their return to Central America ; Jinger puts together a care package for her family back in Arkansas ; Austin asks Joy a very important question ; Joe asks for permission to enter courtship with Kendra Caldwell .", "38 7 `` The After Show Part 1 '' July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 )", "In part one of the two - part After Show special , host Daphne Oz digs a little deeper into some of last season 's biggest moments ; including courtships , weddings , babies , and some insight on what is going on behind the scenes .", "39 8 `` The After Show Part 2 '' July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 )", "In part two of the two - part After Show special , host Daphne Oz gets the Duggars ' reaction to some of the biggest moments of last season , and the happy couples square off in a round of `` The Couples Showdown '' . Stay tuned for a special guest or two !", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 40 `` A New Courtship '' September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) The Seewalds and Vuolos meet up in San Antonio and take a stroll down memory lane . Joy begins her wedding planning with a walk through of the venue . The Dillards get settled in Central America and Joe asks Kendra an important question . 41 `` Let Them Eat Cake '' September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) Wedding planning continues , as Joy tastes cake with Austin and shops for bridesmaid dresses . Joe and Kendra enjoy a rollerblading date . The Vuolos take a cooking class together in Laredo , and renovations begin on Joy and Austin 's house . 42 `` Finding Joy 's Dress '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 43 `` Joy and Austin 's Camping Trip '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 44 5 `` Tomboy Joy '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 45 6 * `` Joy and Austin Tie the Knot '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 46 7 `` Joseph 's Wedding '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 )", "No . overall No. in season Title Original air date", "40 `` A New Courtship '' September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 )", "The Seewalds and Vuolos meet up in San Antonio and take a stroll down memory lane . Joy begins her wedding planning with a walk through of the venue . The Dillards get settled in Central America and Joe asks Kendra an important question .", "41 `` Let Them Eat Cake '' September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 )", "Wedding planning continues , as Joy tastes cake with Austin and shops for bridesmaid dresses . Joe and Kendra enjoy a rollerblading date . The Vuolos take a cooking class together in Laredo , and renovations begin on Joy and Austin 's house .", "42 `` Finding Joy 's Dress '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 )", "43 `` Joy and Austin 's Camping Trip '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 )", "44 5 `` Tomboy Joy '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 )", "45 6 * `` Joy and Austin Tie the Knot '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 )", "46 7 `` Joseph 's Wedding '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 )" ]

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[ "`` One for Sorrow '' A magpie Nursery rhyme Published c. 1780", "`` One for Sorrow ''", "A magpie", "Nursery rhyme", "Published c. 1780", "`` One for Sorrow '' is a traditional children 's nursery rhyme about magpies . According to an old superstition , the number of magpies one sees determines if one will have bad luck . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 20096 .", "There is considerable variation in the lyrics used . A common modern version follows :", "One for sorrow , Two for joy , Three for a girl , Four for a boy , Five for silver , Six for gold , Seven for a secret , Never to be told . Eight for a wish , Nine for a kiss , Ten for a bird , You must not miss .", "The rhyme has its origins in superstitions connected with magpies , considered a bird of ill omen in some cultures , and in Britain , at least as far back as the early sixteenth century . The rhyme was first recorded around 1780 in a note in John Brand 's Observations on Popular Antiquities on Lincolnshire with the lyric :", "One for sorrow , Two for mirth , Three for a funeral And four for birth", "One of the earliest versions to extend this was published , with variations , in Michael Aislabie Denham 's Proverbs and Popular Saying of the Seasons ( London , 1846 )", "One for sorrow , Two for mirth Three for a funeral , Four for birth Five for heaven Six for hell Seven for the devil , his own self", "On occasion , jackdaws , crows , and other Corvidae are associated with the rhyme , particularly in America where magpies are less common .", "This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 )", "This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 )", "A version of the rhyme became familiar to many UK children when it became the theme tune of an ITV children 's TV show called Magpie , which ran from 1968 to 1980 . The popularity of this version is thought to have displaced the many regional versions that had previously existed .", "In Neil Gaiman 's epic comic book series The Sandman one of the characters recites a variant of this rhyme in which every number is for sorrow ( i.e. One for sorrow / Two for sorrow ... )", "In the Counting Crows song `` A Murder of One '' , the lyrics contain a modified version of the rhyme . The rhyme is also the origin of the group 's name .", "Also mentioned in book four of The Mortal Instruments , City of Fallen Angels , by Cassandra Clare . The character Simon reflects on his mother teaching him the rhyme as a child .", "It was recited in the popular Canadian television show Lost Girl , when the protagonist , Bo , searched for The Wanderer .", "A quest in The Secret World uses lyrics from this poem in one of its puzzles , involving ravens .", "Ashe Corven recites a version of the rhyme in the 1996 film The Crow : City of Angels , with crows in place of magpies .", "The rhyme is in part 5 of Monday , January 12 in the mystery Through the Evil Days by Julia Spencer - Fleming when a crow caws once in a tense winter scene , leaving a character who is visualizing a grim outcome to hope for a second caw .", "The novels in the John , the Lord Chamberlain series of historical mysteries , taking place in Justinian 's Constantinople , all have titles derived from the nursery rime , the first one ( published in 1999 ) being named `` One for Sorrow '' . The belief that the number of magpies one sees give an indication of one 's future is attributed to a knight of King Arthur 's Round Table visiting Constantinople in the first volume - which might be an anachronism .", "The Finnish melodic death metal band Insomnium also released an album on October 14 , 2011 , entitled One for Sorrow , containing tracks such as `` Song of the Blackest Bird '' and `` One for Sorrow '' . The album art also depicts silhouettes of birds in flight soaring through a dimly lit sky and the earlier version of the rhyme was also used on the back of their `` One for Sorrow '' hooded sweatshirt .", "In the 2015 season premiere episode of Sleepy Hollow , the character Pandora recites this rhyme while conjuring up images of recently slain victims .", "British folk group the Unthanks include the song `` Magpie '' on their 2015 album Mount the Air , with lyrics containing portions of this rhyme . The song is featured in the final scene of the first episode of the third season of Detectorists , backing a time - warp scene with multiple visual clues to the lyrics .", "In the Netflix show Hemlock Grove it was recited to children in a library .", "In the YouTube channel TimelordRock the poem is the base for the tenth episode .", "The opening two - part episode of the 2015 season of ( Inspector ) Lewis was titled `` One for Sorrow '' , and involved a stuffed magpie .", "Two versions of the rhyme play an important part in Terry Pratchett 's novel Carpe Jugulum ( 1998 ) , where magpies are considered the eyes of the cunning vampire Count Magpyr .", "The lyrics to this poem can be found in the artwork , A Flock of Words in Morecambe , amongst other poems about birds .", "Lyrics from the rhyme are mentioned in Corinne Bailey Rae 's song `` Choux Pastry Heart '' , from her self - titled debut album , released in 2006 .", "In the 2016 video game Battleborn , a DLC character named Beatrix on occasion says `` One for sorrow '' or `` One for mirth '' while using the `` jump - pads '' in the game .", "Paula Hawkins 's The Girl on the Train presents part of the lyrics in Megan 's diary on February 8th , 2013 .", "There is a magpie named `` One for Sorrow '' in the novel The Wild Road by Gabriel King .", "The anthology Charmed Destinies ( 2003 ) contains a story by Mercedes Lackey called `` Counting Crows '' , in which several verses of the rhyme are given ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , and then release waste products . The reactions involved in respiration are catabolic reactions , which break large molecules into smaller ones , releasing energy in the process , as weak so - called `` high - energy '' bonds are replaced by stronger bonds in the products . Respiration is one of the key ways a cell releases chemical energy to fuel cellular activity . Cellular respiration is considered an exothermic redox reaction which releases heat . The overall reaction occurs in a series of biochemical steps , most of which are redox reactions themselves . Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction , it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a living cell because of the slow release of energy from the series of reactions .", "Nutrients that are commonly used by animal and plant cells in respiration include sugar , amino acids and fatty acids , and the most common oxidizing agent ( electron acceptor ) is molecular oxygen ( O ) . The chemical energy stored in ATP ( its third phosphate group is weakly bonded to the rest of the molecule and is cheaply broken allowing stronger bonds to form , thereby transferring energy for use by the cell ) can then be used to drive processes requiring energy , including biosynthesis , locomotion or transportation of molecules across cell membranes .", "Aerobic respiration requires oxygen ( O ) in order to create ATP . Although carbohydrates , fats , and proteins are consumed as reactants , it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle . The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water , but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ) , by substrate - level phosphorylation , NADH and FADH", "Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O", "Simplified reaction : C H O ( s ) + 6 O ( g ) → 6 CO ( g ) + 6 H O ( l ) + heat", "ΔG = − 2880 kJ per mol of C H O", "The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously .", "The potential of NADH and FADH is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the `` terminal electron acceptor '' . Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation . This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane . This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group . Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration ( 2 from glycolysis , 2 from the Krebs cycle , and about 34 from the electron transport system ) . However , this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix , and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose .", "Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism ( which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose ) . However some anaerobic organisms , such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration , yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules ( not oxygen ) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain . They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation . The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells , and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells .", "1 . Glycosis :", "-- - 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs", "2 . Formation of Acetyl CoA :", "-- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen", "3 . Krebs Cycle :", "-- - 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs", "4 . Electron Transport System :", "-- - 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs", "Overall Reaction :", "-- - Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs", "Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms . This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen . In humans , aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate . In aerobic conditions , the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) , generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP . Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced , however , two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase . The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity ( decrease its stability ) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase . During the pay - off phase of glycolysis , four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate - level phosphorylation to make four ATP , and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized . The overall reaction can be expressed this way :", "Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat", "Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 P + 2 ADP → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H + 2 H O + heat", "Starting with glucose , 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6 - phosphate . Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6 - phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase . During energy metabolism , glucose 6 - phosphate becomes fructose 6 - phosphate . An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6 - phosphate into fructose 1 , 6 - disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase . Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate .", "Glycolysis can be literally translated as `` sugar splitting '' .", "Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl - CoA and CO by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( PDC ) . The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes . In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl - CoA , one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO is formed .", "This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle . When oxygen is present , acetyl - CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis . Once acetyl - CoA is formed , aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur . When oxygen is present , the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle . However , if oxygen is not present , fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur . In the presence of oxygen , when acetyl - CoA is produced , the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle ( Krebs cycle ) inside the mitochondrial matrix , and is oxidized to CO while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH . NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation . To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule , two acetyl - CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle . Two waste products , H O and CO , are created during this cycle .", "The citric acid cycle is an 8 - step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes . During the cycle , acetyl - CoA ( 2 carbons ) + oxaloacetate ( 4 carbons ) yields citrate ( 6 carbons ) , which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate ( 6 carbons ) . Isocitrate is modified to become α - ketoglutarate ( 5 carbons ) , succinyl - CoA , succinate , fumarate , malate , and , finally , oxaloacetate .", "The net gain of high - energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH , 1 FADH , and 1 GTP ; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP . Thus , the total yield from 1 glucose molecule ( 2 pyruvate molecules ) is 6 NADH , 2 FADH , and 2 ATP .", "In eukaryotes , oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae . It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient ( chemiosmotic potential ) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle . ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP . The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and , with the addition of two protons , water is formed .", "The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide . It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation .", "Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm . Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation 2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation 6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation 2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes .", "Step coenzyme yield ATP yield Source of ATP", "Glycolysis preparatory phase − 2 Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6 - phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm .", "Glycolysis pay - off phase Substrate - level phosphorylation", "2 NADH 3 or 5 Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP ( instead of usual 2.5 ) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane", "Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate 2 NADH 5 Oxidative phosphorylation", "Krebs cycle Substrate - level phosphorylation", "6 NADH 15 Oxidative phosphorylation", "2 FADH Oxidative phosphorylation", "Total yield 30 or 32 ATP From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes .", "Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration , such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate ( from glycolysis ) , phosphate , and ADP ( substrates for ATP synthesis ) into the mitochondria . All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient .", "Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex . The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force . The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient .", "Pyruvate is taken up by a specific , low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex .", "The phosphate carrier ( PiC ) mediates the electroneutral exchange ( antiport ) of phosphate ( H PO ; P ) for OH or symport of phosphate and protons ( H ) across the inner membrane , and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force .", "The ATP - ADP translocase ( also called adenine nucleotide translocase , ANT ) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane . The driving force is due to the ATP ( − 4 ) having a more negative charge than the ADP ( − 3 ) , and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient .", "The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H are needed to make 1 ATP . Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28 -- 30 ATP molecules . In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons . Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria . An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons . When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis . The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat . This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals .", "According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36 -- 38 , but only about 30 -- 32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose , because :", "ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) .", "ATP : NADH + H and ATP : FADH ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2 , but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively . Unlike in the substrate - level phosphorylation , the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish . ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) .", "ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H . The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) .", "ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi ( antiport with OH or symport with H ) mediated by ATP -- ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer , so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H .", "The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H / 1 NADH + H ( 4 + 2 + 4 ) or 6 H / 1 FADH ( 2 + 4 ) .", "So the final stoichiometry is 1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP 1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP", "So the final stoichiometry is", "1 NADH + H : 10 H : 10 / 4 ATP = 1 NADH + H : 2.5 ATP", "1 FADH : 6 H : 6 / 4 ATP = 1 FADH : 1.5 ATP", "ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD", "ATP : NADH + H coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is 1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD", "1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane . 2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD", "1.5 , as for FADH , if hydrogen atoms ( 2H + 2e ) are transferred from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane .", "2.5 in case of malate - aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH + H to mitochondrial NAD", "So finally we have , per molecule of glucose", "Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP", "Substrate - level phosphorylation : 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP ( directly GTP ) from Krebs cycle", "Oxidative phosphorylation 2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP", "2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle ) 2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP 2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP", "2 NADH + H from glycolysis : 2 × 1.5 ATP ( if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms ) or 2 × 2.5 ATP ( malate - aspartate shuttle )", "2 NADH + H from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle : 8 × 2.5 ATP", "2 FADH from the Krebs cycle : 2 × 1.5 ATP", "Altogether this gives 4 + 3 ( or 5 ) + 20 + 3 = 30 ( or 32 ) ATP per molecule of glucose", "The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis , because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide ( CO ) , but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm .", "Without oxygen , pyruvate ( pyruvic acid ) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation . The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion , but remains in the cytoplasm , where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell . This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate . Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis . In the absence of oxygen , fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis . This waste product varies depending on the organism . In skeletal muscles , the waste product is lactic acid . This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation . In strenuous exercise , when energy demands exceed energy supply , the respiratory chain can not process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH . During anaerobic glycolysis , NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate . Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction . Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen . During recovery , when oxygen becomes available , NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP . In yeast , the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide . This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation . The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate - level phosphorylation , which does not require oxygen .", "Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose : only 2 ATP are produced per glucose , compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration . This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation . Ethanol , for example , can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline . Glycolytic ATP , however , is created more quickly . For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment , they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions . For multicellular organisms , during short bursts of strenuous activity , muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration , so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted , as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves , such as sprinting .", "Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor ( such as oxygen ) to produce large amounts of energy , to drive the bulk production of ATP .", "Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen ( aerobic respiration ) nor pyruvate derivatives ( fermentation ) is the final electron acceptor . Rather , an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used . Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean ." ]

[ [ "the act of removing nits (the eggs of lice, generally head lice) from the host's hair" ] ]

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[ "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Nitpicking is the act of removing nits ( the eggs of lice , generally head lice ) from the host 's hair . As the nits are cemented to individual hairs , they can not be removed with most lice combs and , before modern chemical methods were invented , the only options were to shave all the host 's hair or to pick them free one by one .", "This is a slow and laborious process , as the root of each individual hair must be examined for infestation . It was largely abandoned as modern chemical methods became available ; however , as lice populations can and do develop resistance , manual nitpicking is still often necessary .", "As nitpicking inherently requires fastidious , meticulous attention to detail , the term has become appropriated to describe the practice of meticulously searching for minor , even trivial errors in detail ( often referred to as `` nits '' as well ) . Thus `` nitpicking '' may be a pejorative term for troubleshooting , proofreading or similar , whose excess could be a psychopathologic form of criticising , see hypercriticism ." ]

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[ "The text of the actual speech can be accessed through the References section .", "During the Second World War ( 1939 -- 45 ) , the Arsenal of Democracy was the slogan used by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt , in a radio broadcast delivered on 29 December 1940 . Roosevelt promised to help the United Kingdom fight Nazi Germany by giving them military supplies while the United States stayed out of the actual fighting . The president announced that intent a year before the Attack on Pearl Harbor ( 7 December 1941 ) , at a time when Germany had occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain .", "Nazi Germany was allied with Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan ( the Axis powers ) . At the time , Germany and the Soviet Union had signed a non-aggression treaty under the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , and had jointly effected the Invasion of Poland ( 1939 ) , a Realpolitik deal that remained effective until the Operation Barbarossa , the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union , in 1941 .", "Roosevelt 's address was `` a call to arm and support '' the Allies in Europe , and , to a lesser extent , arm and support the Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) , in total war against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . `` The great arsenal of democracy '' came to specifically refer to the industry of the U.S. , as the primary supplier of matériel for the Allied war effort .", "The slogan `` Arsenal of democracy '' refers to the collective efforts of American industry in supporting the Allies , which efforts tended to be concentrated in the established industrial centers of the U.S. , such as Chicago , Detroit , New York , Philadelphia , and Pittsburgh , and other places .", "In 1918 , Doubleday executive Herbert S. Houston analyzed World War I with an article titled `` Blocking New Wars '' . He wrote that American business was the `` Protector of Democracy '' while the American free press was `` one of the most effective weapons in the arsenal of democracy . ''", "The concept of America as an actual arsenal came from the American playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood , who was quoted in the May 12 , 1940 New York Times as saying `` this country is already , in effect , an arsenal for the democratic Allies . '' Although the French economist Jean Monnet had used the phrase later in 1940 , he was urged by Felix Frankfurter not to use it again so Roosevelt could make use of it in his speeches . Franklin Roosevelt has since been credited with the phrase . The phrase was suggested by top Roosevelt advisor Harry Hopkins . Yet another account has it that Roosevelt borrowed the phrase from Detroit auto executive William S. Knudsen , who was tapped by Roosevelt to lead the United States ' war materiel production efforts .", "Much of the ending of the speech attempted to dispel complacency . Roosevelt laid out the situation , and then pointed out the flaws in United States isolationism . He mentioned that `` Some of us like to believe that even if Great Britain falls , we are still safe , because of the broad expanse of the Atlantic and of the Pacific . '' He refuted this by saying that modern technology had effectively reduced the distances across those oceans , allowing even for `` planes that could fly from the British Isles to New England and back again without refueling . ''", "After establishing the danger , the president then proceeded to request action from the people . He acknowledged a telegram he had received . He refuted its message , which he summarized as `` Please , Mr. President , do n't frighten us by telling us the facts . '' The central fact he felt Americans must grasp was the geopolitical Heartland theory : `` If Great Britain goes down , the Axis powers will control the continents of Europe , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and the high seas -- and they will be in a position to bring enormous military and naval resources against this hemisphere . ''", "He then continued to describe the situation in Europe , punctuating his remarks with warnings of how the Nazis would use the same tactics in the Western Hemisphere , and giving vivid imagery such as `` The fate of these ( occupied ) nations tells us what it means to live at the point of a Nazi gun . '' Roosevelt attacked the British prewar policy of `` appeasement , '' calling it ineffective . Listing prior examples given by European countries , he said it was futile .", "The only solution was to assist Britain ( `` the spearhead of resistance to world conquest '' ) while it was still possible .", "While not explicitly pledging to stay out of the war , he stated that `` our national policy is not directed toward war , '' and argued that helping Britain now would save Americans from having to fight . `` You can , therefore , nail -- nail any talk about sending armies to Europe as deliberate untruth . '' Europe does `` not ask us to do their fighting . They ask us for the implements of war , the planes , the tanks , the guns , the freighters which will enable them to fight for their liberty and for our security . Emphatically we must get these weapons to them , get them to them in sufficient volume and quickly enough , so that we and our children will be saved the agony and suffering of war which others have had to endure . ''", "He urged this to change , all the while stressing that open war would not hurt the country : `` the strength of this nation shall not be diluted by the failure of the Government to protect the economic well - being of its citizens . '' He focused on that theme of `` splendid cooperation between the Government and industry and labor '' for several paragraphs , cited how American labor would make an impact in the combat zones , and noted how important the manufacture of weapons and vehicles is to being strong , as a nation .", "He warned against labor disputes , saying , `` The nation expects our defense industries to continue operation without interruption by strikes or lockouts . It expects and insists that management and workers will reconcile their differences by voluntary or legal means . ''", "Roosevelt stressed that it was not the American government but the American people who had the power to turn the tide of the war . It was here that he used the phrase `` arsenal of democracy '' : `` We must be the great arsenal of democracy . For us this is an emergency as serious as war itself . We must apply ourselves to our task with the same resolution , the same sense of urgency , the same spirit of patriotism and sacrifice as we would show were we at war . '' Finally he reassured the American people : `` I believe that the Axis powers are not going to win this war . ''", "The speech reflected the American approach to entry into World War II . It marked the decline of the isolationist and non-interventionist doctrine that had dominated interwar U.S. foreign policy since the United States ' involvement in World War I . At the time , while the United States Navy appeared strong and was widely thought to guarantee the Western Hemisphere would be safe from invasion , there were only 458,365 non-Coast Guard military personnel on active duty -- 259,028 in the Army , 160,997 in the Navy , and 28,345 in the Marine Corps . By the next year , that number had nearly quadrupled , with 1,801,101 total military personnel -- 1,462,315 in the Army , 284,437 in the Navy , and 54,359 in the Marine Corps .", "Previous policies such as the Neutrality Acts had already begun to be replaced by intensified assistance to the Allies , including the cash and carry policy in 1939 and Destroyers for Bases Agreement in September 1940 . The Lend - Lease program began in March 1941 , several months after the Arsenal of Democracy address . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 -- less than a year after the Arsenal of Democracy address -- the United States entered the war .", "The spending on military production was distributed 32 % for aircraft , 14.8 % for ships , 25.6 % for ordnance ( guns , ammunition and military vehicles ) , 4.9 % for electronics , and the remaining 22.7 % for fuels , clothing , construction materials , and food . Note that production costs fell steadily -- the same item cost much less to produce in 1945 than in 1942 . The largest United States military prime contractors are listed below in order of the total value of munitions produced from June 1940 through September 1944 . These large firms produced many different items ; the aircraft companies assembled parts made by thousands of firms .", "1 - General Motors , trucks , tanks , aircraft parts 2 - Curtiss - Wright , aircraft engines 3 - Ford Motor Company , trucks , aircraft 4 - Convair , aircraft 5 - Douglas Aircraft Company , aircraft 6 - United Aircraft , aircraft parts 7 - Bethlehem Steel , ships 8 - Chrysler , tanks , electronics , trucks 9 - General Electric , electrical parts , engines 10 - Lockheed Corporation , aircraft 11 - North American Aviation , aircraft 12 - Boeing , aircraft 13 - AT&T Corporation , telephones 14 - Glenn L. Martin Company , aircraft 15 - DuPont , chemicals , ammunition , atomic bomb parts 16 - U.S. Steel , steel 17 - Bendix Aviation , aircraft parts 18 - Packard , aircraft engines 19 - Sperry Corporation , electronics 20 - Kaiser Shipyards , ships 21 - Westinghouse Electric Company , parts 22 - Grumman , aircraft 23 - Newport News Shipbuilding , ships 24 - Republic Aviation , aircraft 25 - Bell Aircraft , aircraft 26 - Vigor Shipyards , ships 27 - Nash - Kelvinator , parts 28 - Studebaker , trucks 29 - Consolidated Steel Corporation , steel 30 - Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , tires 31 - Esso , gasoline & oil 32 - Avco , aircraft parts 33 - International Harvester , trucks 34 - American Locomotive Company , tanks 35 - Western Cartridge Company , ammunition 36 - American Car and Foundry Company , tanks 37 - United States Rubber Company , rubber parts 38 - Continental Motors , Inc. , aircraft parts 39 - Sunoco , gasoline & oil 40 - Baldwin Locomotive Works , tanks 41 - Pressed Steel Car Company , tanks 42 - Permanente Metals , incendiary bombs 43 - RCA , radios 44 - Caterpillar Inc. , tanks 45 - Allis - Chalmers , parts", "1 - General Motors , trucks , tanks , aircraft parts", "2 - Curtiss - Wright , aircraft engines", "3 - Ford Motor Company , trucks , aircraft", "4 - Convair , aircraft", "5 - Douglas Aircraft Company , aircraft", "6 - United Aircraft , aircraft parts", "7 - Bethlehem Steel , ships", "8 - Chrysler , tanks , electronics , trucks", "9 - General Electric , electrical parts , engines", "10 - Lockheed Corporation , aircraft", "11 - North American Aviation , aircraft", "12 - Boeing , aircraft", "13 - AT&T Corporation , telephones", "14 - Glenn L. Martin Company , aircraft", "15 - DuPont , chemicals , ammunition , atomic bomb parts", "16 - U.S. Steel , steel", "17 - Bendix Aviation , aircraft parts", "18 - Packard , aircraft engines", "19 - Sperry Corporation , electronics", "20 - Kaiser Shipyards , ships", "21 - Westinghouse Electric Company , parts", "22 - Grumman , aircraft", "23 - Newport News Shipbuilding , ships", "24 - Republic Aviation , aircraft", "25 - Bell Aircraft , aircraft", "26 - Vigor Shipyards , ships", "27 - Nash - Kelvinator , parts", "28 - Studebaker , trucks", "29 - Consolidated Steel Corporation , steel", "30 - Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , tires", "31 - Esso , gasoline & oil", "32 - Avco , aircraft parts", "33 - International Harvester , trucks", "34 - American Locomotive Company , tanks", "35 - Western Cartridge Company , ammunition", "36 - American Car and Foundry Company , tanks", "37 - United States Rubber Company , rubber parts", "38 - Continental Motors , Inc. , aircraft parts", "39 - Sunoco , gasoline & oil", "40 - Baldwin Locomotive Works , tanks", "41 - Pressed Steel Car Company , tanks", "42 - Permanente Metals , incendiary bombs", "43 - RCA , radios", "44 - Caterpillar Inc. , tanks", "45 - Allis - Chalmers , parts" ]

[ [ "George Washington" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal", "This article is part of the series on the", "United States Supreme Court", "The Court", "Decisions Procedure History Court Building", "Decisions Procedure History Court Building", "Current membership", "Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter", "Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch 1 seat vacant Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Anthony Kennedy David Souter", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "1 seat vacant", "Retired Associate Justices", "John Paul Stevens", "Sandra Day O'Connor", "All members", "List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices", "List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices", "List of all justices", "by time in office", "List of Chief Justices", "List of Associate Justices", "Nominations late in presidency", "Justices who served in Congress", "Ideological leanings of justices", "Court functionaries", "Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police", "Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police", "Reporter of Decisions", "Marshal of the Court", "Supreme Court Police", "Other countries Law Portal", "Other countries Law Portal", "", "", "The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the Court was organized by the 1st United States Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 , which specified its original and appellate jurisdiction , created 13 judicial districts , and fixed the size of the Supreme Court at six -- one chief justice and five associate justices . During the 19th century , Congress changed the size of the Court on seven occasions , concluding with the Judiciary Act of 1869 which stipulates that the Court consists of the chief justice and eight associate justices .", "Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the President of the United States to nominate , and with the advice and consent ( confirmation ) of the United States Senate , appoint justices to the Supreme Court . Nominations the Supreme Court of the United States are considered to be official when the Senate receives a signed nomination letter from the president naming the nominee , which is then entered in the Senate 's record . Since 1789 , there have been 163 formal nominations of 144 persons to the Supreme Court . Through August 2018 , 125 nominations have been successful ; there is also one nomination pending before the Senate . Of the 37 that were unsuccessful , 11 nominees were rejected in Senate roll - call votes , 11 were withdrawn by the president , and 15 lapsed at the end of a session of Congress . Six of these unsuccessful nominees were subsequently nominated and confirmed to other seats on the Court . Additionally , although confirmed , seven nominees either declined office or ( in one instance ) died before assuming office .", "George Washington holds the record for most Supreme Court nominations , with 14 nominations ( 12 of which were confirmed ) . Making the second-most nominations were Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Tyler , with nine each ( all nine of Roosevelt 's were confirmed , while only one of Tyler 's was ) . Three presidents -- William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and Jimmy Carter -- did not make any nominations , as there were no vacancies while they were in office .", "An important role in this process is played by the Senate Judiciary Committee , which conducts a comprehensive evaluation of a nominee 's background and qualifications before the Senate considers the nomination . Once confirmed to a seat on the Court , justices have life tenure , and so they serve until they die in office , resign or retire , or are impeached and removed from office . Even so , as it requires a separate presidential appointment , an incumbent associate justice who is nominated to be chief justice must undergo the confirmation process again . On rare occasions , presidents have been able to make Supreme Court appointments without the Senate 's consent , when the Senate is in recess . Such `` Recess appointments , '' however , are temporary , expiring at the end of the Senate 's next session . Presidents have made recess appointments on 12 occasions , most recently in 1958 .", "The table below lists all persons nominated for a seat on the Supreme Court since 1789 , in chronological order by date of nomination , along with the actions taken by the president and the Senate on those nominations . Specifically , the table lists the following for each Supreme Court nomination :", "name of each nominee , and their age at the time of nomination ; name of the president who made the nomination , and their political party affiliation ; `` seat '' vacant -- the chief justiceship is denoted as `` CJ '' and the associate justiceships are numbered `` 1 '' through `` 10 '' -- and last name of justice who most recently held it ; majority party in the Senate at the time of the nomination ; date on which the president formally made the nomination , by signing a nomination message ; outcome , the type and date of final action by the Senate , or of a nomination 's withdrawal by the President ; numbers of days that elapsed from the date a nomination was formally submitted until the date of final Senate action or of the nomination 's withdrawal .", "name of each nominee , and their age at the time of nomination ;", "name of the president who made the nomination , and their political party affiliation ;", "`` seat '' vacant -- the chief justiceship is denoted as `` CJ '' and the associate justiceships are numbered `` 1 '' through `` 10 '' -- and last name of justice who most recently held it ;", "majority party in the Senate at the time of the nomination ;", "date on which the president formally made the nomination , by signing a nomination message ;", "outcome , the type and date of final action by the Senate , or of a nomination 's withdrawal by the President ;", "numbers of days that elapsed from the date a nomination was formally submitted until the date of final Senate action or of the nomination 's withdrawal .", "The following final results of the nomination process are tracked :", "confirmed -- nominations confirmed by the Senate ( including those of persons who subsequently declined to serve , or who died before taking office ) ; withdrawn -- nominations withdrawn by the president prior to a confirmation vote ; rejected -- nominations rejected by the Senate ; lapsed -- nominations that lapsed at the end of a session of Congress without a Senate vote cast on whether to confirm ( including nominations that were postponed or tabled by the Senate that were not given further consideration ) .", "confirmed -- nominations confirmed by the Senate ( including those of persons who subsequently declined to serve , or who died before taking office ) ;", "withdrawn -- nominations withdrawn by the president prior to a confirmation vote ;", "rejected -- nominations rejected by the Senate ;", "lapsed -- nominations that lapsed at the end of a session of Congress without a Senate vote cast on whether to confirm ( including nominations that were postponed or tabled by the Senate that were not given further consideration ) .", "Additionally , where the final Senate action on a nomination was a roll - call vote ( as opposed to a voice vote or unanimous consent ) , the totals for and against are noted .", "In listing all persons ever nominated to the Supreme Court , the table includes the names of those who were not confirmed as well as those who were confirmed but did not assume office . For a list solely of the 113 individuals who assumed office and served on the Court see , List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States . Not included in the table are intended nominees , announced presidential selections whose names were withdrawn prior to being submitted to the Senate , as such persons were never officially nominated to the Court .", "Nominee Nominated by Succession Nomination Name Age President Party ( Seat ) Justice Majority party Date submitted Outcome ( vote ) and date ND John Jay 7004159920000000000 ♠ 43 Washington None ( CJ ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789 John Rutledge 7004182700000000000 ♠ 50 Washington None ( 1 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789 William Cushing 57 Washington None ( 2 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789 James Wilson 7004171770000000000 ♠ 47 Washington None ( 3 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789 John Blair Jr . 57 Washington None ( 4 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789 Robert H. Harrison 7004161860000000000 ♠ 44 Washington None ( 5 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789 James Iredell 7004140060000000000 ♠ 38 Washington None ( 5 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Feb. 8 , 1790 confirmed Feb. 10 , 1790 Thomas Johnson 57 Washington None ( 1 ) J. Rutledge Pro Admin Oct. 31 , 1791 confirmed Nov. 7 , 1791 7 William Paterson 7004172320000000000 ♠ 47 Washington None ( 1 ) T. Johnson Pro Admin Feb. 27 , 1793 withdrawn Feb. 28 , 1793 William Paterson 7004172370000000000 ♠ 47 Washington None ( 1 ) T. Johnson Pro Admin Mar. 4 , 1793 confirmed Mar. 4 , 1793 0 John Rutledge 56 Washington None ( CJ ) Jay Federalist Dec. 10 , 1795 rejected ( 10 -- 14 ) Dec. 15 , 1795 5 William Cushing 7004233410000000000 ♠ 63 Washington None ( CJ ) Rutledge Federalist Jan. 26 , 1796 confirmed Jan. 27 , 1796 Samuel Chase 55 Washington None ( 4 ) Blair Federalist Jan. 26 , 1796 confirmed Jan. 27 , 1796 Oliver Ellsworth 7004185710000000000 ♠ 50 Washington None ( CJ ) Rutledge Federalist Mar. 3 , 1796 confirmed ( 21 -- 1 ) Mar. 4 , 1796 Bushrod Washington 7004133460000000000 ♠ 36 J. Adams Federalist ( 3 ) Wilson Federalist Dec. 19 , 1798 confirmed Dec. 20 , 1798 Alfred Moore 7004162680000000000 ♠ 44 J. Adams Federalist ( 5 ) Iredell Federalist Dec. 4 , 1799 confirmed Dec. 10 , 1799 6 John Jay 55 J. Adams Federalist ( CJ ) Ellsworth Federalist Dec. 18 , 1800 confirmed Dec. 19 , 1800 John Marshall 7004165540000000000 ♠ 45 J. Adams Federalist ( CJ ) Ellsworth Federalist Jan. 20 , 1801 confirmed Jan. 27 , 1801 7 William Johnson 7004117730000000000 ♠ 32 Jefferson Dem - Rep ( 5 ) Moore Dem - Rep Mar. 22 , 1804 confirmed Mar. 24 , 1804 Henry B. Livingston 7004179140000000000 ♠ 49 Jefferson Dem - Rep ( 1 ) Paterson Dem - Rep Dec. 13 , 1806 confirmed Dec. 17 , 1806 Thomas Todd 7004153750000000000 ♠ 42 Jefferson Dem - Rep ( 6 ) new seat Dem - Rep Feb. 28 , 1807 confirmed Mar. 2 , 1807 Levi Lincoln Sr . 7004225110000000000 ♠ 61 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Jan. 2 , 1811 confirmed Jan. 3 , 1811 Alexander Wolcott 7004191340000000000 ♠ 52 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Feb. 4 , 1811 rejected ( 9 -- 24 ) Feb. 13 , 1811 9 John Quincy Adams 7004159300000000000 ♠ 43 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Feb. 21 , 1811 confirmed Feb. 22 , 1811 Joseph Story 7004117450000000000 ♠ 32 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Nov. 15 , 1811 confirmed Nov. 18 , 1811 Gabriel Duvall 58 Madison Dem - Rep ( 4 ) S. Chase Dem - Rep Nov. 15 , 1811 confirmed Nov. 18 , 1811 Smith Thompson 55 Monroe Dem - Rep ( 1 ) Livingston Dem - Rep Dec. 5 , 1823 confirmed Dec. 9 , 1823 Robert Trimble 7004180410000000000 ♠ 49 J.Q. Adams Dem - Rep ( 6 ) Todd Pro-Jackson Apr. 11 , 1826 confirmed ( 27 -- 5 ) May 9 , 1826 28 John J. Crittenden 7004150730000000000 ♠ 41 J.Q. Adams Dem - Rep ( 6 ) Trimble Pro-Jackson Dec. 17 , 1828 lapsed 57 John McLean 7004160650000000000 ♠ 43 Jackson Democratic ( 6 ) Trimble Democratic Mar. 6 , 1829 confirmed Mar. 7 , 1829 Henry Baldwin 7004182520000000000 ♠ 49 Jackson Democratic ( 3 ) Washington Democratic Jan. 4 , 1830 confirmed ( 41 -- 2 ) Jan. 6 , 1830 James Moore Wayne 7004162890000000000 ♠ 44 Jackson Democratic ( 5 ) W. Johnson Natl Rep Jan. 6 , 1835 confirmed Jan. 9 , 1835 Roger B. Taney 57 Jackson Democratic ( 4 ) Duvall Natl Rep Jan. 15 , 1835 lapsed 47 Roger B. Taney 58 Jackson Democratic ( CJ ) Marshall Democratic Dec. 28 , 1835 confirmed ( 29 -- 15 ) Mar. 15 , 1836 78 Philip P. Barbour 7004192090000000000 ♠ 52 Jackson Democratic ( 4 ) Duvall Democratic Dec. 28 , 1835 confirmed ( 30 -- 11 ) Mar. 15 , 1836 78 John Catron 7004186820000000000 ♠ 51 Jackson Democratic ( 7 ) new seat Democratic Mar. 3 , 1837 confirmed ( 28 -- 15 ) Mar. 8 , 1837 5 William Smith 7004273030000000000 ♠ 74 Jackson Democratic ( 8 ) new seat Democratic Mar. 3 , 1837 confirmed ( 23 -- 18 ) Mar. 8 , 1837 5 John McKinley 57 Van Buren Democratic ( 8 ) new seat Democratic Sep. 18 , 1837 confirmed Sep. 25 , 1837 7 Peter Vivian Daniel 56 Van Buren Democratic ( 4 ) Barbour Democratic Feb. 26 , 1841 confirmed ( 25 -- 5 ) Mar. 2 , 1841 John C. Spencer 56 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Jan. 8 , 1844 rejected ( 21 -- 26 ) Jan. 31 , 1844 23 Reuben Walworth 55 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Mar. 13 , 1844 withdrawn June 17 , 1844 96 Edward King 7004183870000000000 ♠ 50 Tyler None ( 3 ) Baldwin Whig June 5 , 1844 lapsed 10 John C. Spencer 56 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig June 17 , 1844 withdrawn June 17 , 1844 0 Reuben Walworth 55 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig June 17 , 1844 lapsed 999 N / A Reuben Walworth 56 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Dec. 4 , 1844 withdrawn Feb. 6 , 1845 64 Edward King 7004190160000000000 ♠ 52 Tyler None ( 3 ) Baldwin Whig Dec. 4 , 1844 withdrawn Feb. 8 , 1845 66 Samuel Nelson 7004301980000000000 ♠ 82 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Feb. 4 , 1845 confirmed Feb. 14 , 1845 10 John M. Read 7004173670000000000 ♠ 47 Tyler None ( 3 ) Baldwin Whig Feb. 7 , 1845 lapsed 999 N / A George Woodward 7004134210000000000 ♠ 36 Polk Democratic ( 3 ) Baldwin Democratic Dec. 23 , 1845 rejected ( 20 -- 29 ) Jan. 22 , 1846 30 Levi Woodbury 56 Polk Democratic ( 2 ) Story Democratic Dec. 23 , 1845 confirmed Jan. 3 , 1846 11 Robert Cooper Grier 7004191430000000000 ♠ 52 Polk Democratic ( 3 ) Baldwin Democratic Aug. 3 , 1846 confirmed Aug. 4 , 1846 Benjamin R. Curtis 7004153770000000000 ♠ 42 Fillmore Whig ( 2 ) Woodbury Democratic Dec. 11 , 1851 confirmed Dec. 23 , 1851 12 Edward A. Bradford 7004142130000000000 ♠ 38 Fillmore Whig ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Aug. 16 , 1852 lapsed 15 George E. Badger 57 Fillmore Whig ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Jan. 3 , 1853 lapsed 39 William C. Micou 7004168360000000000 ♠ 46 Fillmore Whig ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Feb. 14 , 1853 lapsed 999 N / A John A. Campbell 7004152460000000000 ♠ 41 Pierce Democratic ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Mar. 21 , 1853 confirmed Mar. 22 , 1853 Nathan Clifford 54 Buchanan Democratic ( 2 ) Curtis Democratic Dec. 9 , 1857 confirmed ( 26 -- 23 ) Jan. 12 , 1858 34 Jeremiah S. Black 7004186540000000000 ♠ 51 Buchanan Democratic ( 4 ) Daniel Democratic Feb. 5 , 1861 lapsed 999 N / A Noah Haynes Swayne 57 Lincoln Republican ( 6 ) McLean Republican Jan. 21 , 1862 confirmed ( 38 -- 1 ) Jan. 24 , 1862 Samuel Freeman Miller 7004169030000000000 ♠ 46 Lincoln Republican ( 4 ) Daniel Republican July 16 , 1862 confirmed July 16 , 1862 0 David Davis 7004174340000000000 ♠ 47 Lincoln Republican ( 8 ) Campbell Republican Dec. 1 , 1862 confirmed Dec. 8 , 1862 7 Stephen Johnson Field 7004169230000000000 ♠ 46 Lincoln Republican ( 9 ) new seat Republican Mar. 6 , 1863 confirmed Mar. 10 , 1863 Salmon P. Chase 56 Lincoln Republican ( CJ ) Taney Republican Dec. 6 , 1864 confirmed Dec. 6 , 1864 0 Henry Stanbery 7004230660000000000 ♠ 63 A. Johnson Natl Union ( 7 ) Catron Republican Apr. 16 , 1866 lapsed 999 N / A Ebenezer R. Hoar 7004196550000000000 ♠ 53 Grant Republican ( 10 ) new seat Republican Dec. 14 , 1869 rejected ( 24 -- 33 ) Feb. 3 , 1870 51 Edwin Stanton 54 Grant Republican ( 3 ) Grier Republican Dec. 20 , 1869 confirmed ( 46 -- 11 ) Dec. 20 , 1869 0 William Strong 7004225570000000000 ♠ 61 Grant Republican ( 3 ) Grier Republican Feb. 7 , 1870 confirmed Feb. 18 , 1870 Joseph P. Bradley 56 Grant Republican ( 10 ) new seat Republican Feb. 7 , 1870 confirmed ( 46 -- 9 ) Mar. 21 , 1870 42 Ward Hunt 7004228180000000000 ♠ 62 Grant Republican ( 1 ) Nelson Republican Dec. 3 , 1872 confirmed Dec. 11 , 1872 8 George Henry Williams 7004185130000000000 ♠ 50 Grant Republican ( CJ ) S.P. Chase Republican Dec. 1 , 1873 withdrawn Jan. 8 , 1874 38 Caleb Cushing 7004270200000000000 ♠ 73 Grant Republican ( CJ ) S.P. Chase Republican Jan. 9 , 1874 withdrawn Jan. 13 , 1874 Morrison Waite 58 Grant Republican ( CJ ) S.P. Chase Republican Jan. 19 , 1874 confirmed ( 63 -- 0 ) Jan. 21 , 1874 John Marshall Harlan 7004162080000000000 ♠ 44 Hayes Republican ( 8 ) Davis Republican Oct. 16 , 1877 confirmed Nov. 29 , 1877 44 William Burnham Woods 56 Hayes Republican ( 3 ) Strong Democratic Dec. 15 , 1880 confirmed ( 39 -- 8 ) Dec. 21 , 1880 6 Stanley Matthews 57 Hayes Republican ( 6 ) Swayne Democratic Jan. 26 , 1881 lapsed 999 N / A Stanley Matthews 57 Garfield Republican ( 6 ) Swayne Split Mar. 14 , 1881 confirmed ( 24 -- 23 ) May 12 , 1881 59 Horace Gray 7004196280000000000 ♠ 53 Arthur Republican ( 2 ) Clifford Split Dec. 19 , 1881 confirmed ( 51 -- 5 ) Dec. 20 , 1881 Roscoe Conkling 7004191100000000000 ♠ 52 Arthur Republican ( 1 ) Hunt Split Feb. 24 , 1882 confirmed ( 39 -- 12 ) Mar. 2 , 1882 6 Samuel Blatchford 7004226490000000000 ♠ 62 Arthur Republican ( 1 ) Hunt Split Mar. 13 , 1882 confirmed Mar. 22 , 1882 9 Lucius Q.C. Lamar II 7004227250000000000 ♠ 62 Cleveland Democratic ( 3 ) Woods Republican Dec. 6 , 1887 confirmed ( 32 -- 28 ) Jan. 16 , 1888 41 Melville Fuller 55 Cleveland Democratic ( CJ ) Waite Republican Apr. 30 , 1888 confirmed ( 41 -- 20 ) July 20 , 1888 81 David Josiah Brewer 7004191600000000000 ♠ 52 B. Harrison Republican ( 6 ) Matthews Republican Dec. 4 , 1889 confirmed ( 53 -- 11 ) Dec. 18 , 1889 14 Henry Billings Brown 54 B. Harrison Republican ( 4 ) Miller Republican Dec. 23 , 1890 confirmed Dec. 29 , 1890 6 George Shiras Jr . 7004220900000000000 ♠ 60 B. Harrison Republican ( 10 ) Bradley Republican July 19 , 1892 confirmed July 26 , 1892 7 Howell E. Jackson 7004222150000000000 ♠ 60 B. Harrison Republican ( 3 ) L. Lamar Republican Feb. 2 , 1893 confirmed Feb. 18 , 1893 16 William B. Hornblower 7004154700000000000 ♠ 42 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Sep. 19 , 1893 lapsed 999 N / A William B. Hornblower 7004155470000000000 ♠ 42 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Dec. 5 , 1893 rejected ( 24 -- 30 ) Jan. 15 , 1894 41 Wheeler H. Peckham 7004223010000000000 ♠ 61 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Jan. 22 , 1894 rejected ( 32 -- 41 ) Feb. 16 , 1894 25 Edward D. White 7004176400000000000 ♠ 48 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Feb. 19 , 1894 confirmed Feb. 19 , 1894 0 Rufus W. Peckham 57 Cleveland Democratic ( 3 ) H. Jackson Republican Dec. 3 , 1895 confirmed Dec. 9 , 1895 6 Joseph McKenna 54 McKinley Republican ( 9 ) Field Republican Dec. 16 , 1897 confirmed Jan. 21 , 1898 36 Oliver W. Holmes Jr . 7004225480000000000 ♠ 61 T. Roosevelt Republican ( 2 ) Gray Republican Dec. 2 , 1902 confirmed Dec. 4 , 1902 William R. Day 7004196650000000000 ♠ 53 T. Roosevelt Republican ( 10 ) Shiras Republican Feb. 19 , 1903 confirmed Feb. 23 , 1903 William Henry Moody 7004193370000000000 ♠ 52 T. Roosevelt Republican ( 4 ) Brown Republican Dec. 3 , 1906 confirmed Dec. 12 , 1906 9 Horace Harmon Lurton 7004240310000000000 ♠ 65 Taft Republican ( 3 ) R. Peckham Republican Dec. 13 , 1909 confirmed Dec. 20 , 1909 7 Charles Evans Hughes 7004175450000000000 ♠ 48 Taft Republican ( 6 ) Brewer Republican Apr. 25 , 1910 confirmed May 2 , 1910 7 Edward D. White 7004237790000000000 ♠ 65 Taft Republican ( CJ ) Fuller Republican Dec. 12 , 1910 confirmed Dec. 12 , 1910 0 Willis Van Devanter 7004188660000000000 ♠ 51 Taft Republican ( 1 ) E.D. White Republican Dec. 12 , 1910 confirmed Dec. 15 , 1910 Joseph Rucker Lamar 7004194160000000000 ♠ 53 Taft Republican ( 4 ) Moody Republican Dec. 12 , 1910 confirmed Dec. 15 , 1910 Mahlon Pitney 54 Taft Republican ( 8 ) J. Harlan Republican Feb. 19 , 1912 confirmed ( 50 -- 26 ) Mar. 13 , 1912 23 James C. McReynolds 7004191890000000000 ♠ 52 Wilson Democratic ( 3 ) Lurton Democratic Aug. 19 , 1914 confirmed ( 44 -- 6 ) Aug. 29 , 1914 10 Louis Brandeis 7004216240000000000 ♠ 59 Wilson Democratic ( 4 ) J. Lamar Democratic Jan. 28 , 1916 confirmed ( 47 -- 22 ) June 1 , 1916 125 John Hessin Clarke 58 Wilson Democratic ( 6 ) Hughes Democratic July 14 , 1916 confirmed July 24 , 1916 10 William Howard Taft 7004232980000000000 ♠ 63 Harding Republican ( CJ ) E.D. White Republican June 30 , 1921 confirmed June 30 , 1921 0 George Sutherland 7004220780000000000 ♠ 60 Harding Republican ( 6 ) Clarke Republican Sep. 5 , 1922 confirmed Sep. 5 , 1922 0 Pierce Butler 56 Harding Republican ( 10 ) Day Republican Nov. 21 , 1922 lapsed 999 N / A Pierce Butler 56 Harding Republican ( 10 ) Day Republican Dec. 5 , 1922 confirmed ( 61 -- 8 ) Dec. 21 , 1922 16 Edward Terry Sanford 58 Harding Republican ( 8 ) Pitney Republican Jan. 24 , 1923 confirmed Jan. 29 , 1923 5 Harlan F. Stone 7004190780000000000 ♠ 52 Coolidge Republican ( 9 ) McKenna Republican Jan. 5 , 1925 confirmed ( 71 -- 6 ) Feb. 5 , 1925 31 Charles Evans Hughes 7004247690000000000 ♠ 67 Hoover Republican ( CJ ) Taft Republican Feb. 3 , 1930 confirmed ( 52 -- 26 ) Feb. 13 , 1930 10 John J. Parker 7004161910000000000 ♠ 44 Hoover Republican ( 8 ) Sanford Republican Mar. 21 , 1930 rejected ( 39 -- 41 ) May 7 , 1930 47 Owen Roberts 55 Hoover Republican ( 8 ) Sanford Republican May 9 , 1930 confirmed May 20 , 1930 11 Benjamin N. Cardozo 7004225460000000000 ♠ 61 Hoover Republican ( 2 ) Holmes Republican Feb. 15 , 1932 confirmed Feb. 24 , 1932 9 Hugo Black 7004187930000000000 ♠ 51 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 1 ) Van Devanter Democratic Aug. 12 , 1937 confirmed ( 63 -- 16 ) Aug. 17 , 1937 5 Stanley Forman Reed 7004193720000000000 ♠ 53 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 6 ) Sutherland Democratic Jan. 15 , 1938 confirmed Jan. 25 , 1938 10 Felix Frankfurter 56 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 2 ) Cardozo Democratic Jan. 5 , 1939 confirmed Jan. 17 , 1939 12 William O. Douglas 7004147790000000000 ♠ 40 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 4 ) Brandeis Democratic Mar. 20 , 1939 confirmed ( 62 -- 4 ) Apr. 4 , 1939 15 Frank Murphy 7004181620000000000 ♠ 49 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 10 ) Butler Democratic Jan. 4 , 1940 confirmed Jan. 16 , 1940 14 Harlan F. Stone 7004250800000000000 ♠ 68 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( CJ ) Hughes Democratic June 12 , 1941 confirmed June 27 , 1941 15 James F. Byrnes 58 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 3 ) McReynolds Democratic June 12 , 1941 confirmed June 12 , 1941 0 Robert H. Jackson 7004180160000000000 ♠ 49 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 9 ) Stone Democratic June 12 , 1941 confirmed July 7 , 1941 25 Wiley Blount Rutledge 7004177060000000000 ♠ 48 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 3 ) Byrnes Democratic Jan. 11 , 1943 confirmed Feb. 8 , 1943 28 Harold Hitz Burton 57 Truman Democratic ( 8 ) O. Roberts Democratic Sep. 19 , 1945 confirmed Sep. 19 , 1945 0 Fred M. Vinson 56 Truman Democratic ( CJ ) Stone Democratic June 6 , 1946 confirmed June 20 , 1946 14 Tom C. Clark 7004182100000000000 ♠ 49 Truman Democratic ( 10 ) Murphy Democratic Aug. 2 , 1949 confirmed ( 73 -- 8 ) Aug. 18 , 1949 16 Sherman Minton 58 Truman Democratic ( 3 ) W. Rutledge Democratic Sep. 15 , 1949 confirmed ( 48 -- 16 ) Oct. 4 , 1949 19 Earl Warren 7004229430000000000 ♠ 62 Eisenhower Republican ( CJ ) Vinson Republican Jan. 11 , 1954 confirmed Mar. 1 , 1954 49 John Marshall Harlan II 55 Eisenhower Republican ( 9 ) R. Jackson Republican Nov. 9 , 1954 lapsed 999 N / A John Marshall Harlan II 55 Eisenhower Republican ( 9 ) R. Jackson Republican Jan. 10 , 1955 confirmed ( 71 -- 11 ) Mar. 16 , 1955 65 William J. Brennan Jr . 7004185270000000000 ♠ 50 Eisenhower Republican ( 3 ) Minton Democratic Jan. 14 , 1957 confirmed Mar. 19 , 1957 64 Charles Evans Whittaker 56 Eisenhower Republican ( 6 ) Reed Democratic Mar. 2 , 1957 confirmed Mar. 19 , 1957 17 Potter Stewart 7004160650000000000 ♠ 43 Eisenhower Republican ( 8 ) Burton Democratic Jan. 17 , 1959 confirmed ( 70 -- 17 ) May 5 , 1959 108 Byron White 7004163700000000000 ♠ 44 Kennedy Democratic ( 6 ) Whittaker Democratic Apr. 3 , 1962 confirmed Apr. 11 , 1962 8 Arthur Goldberg 54 Kennedy Democratic ( 2 ) Frankfurter Democratic Aug. 31 , 1962 confirmed Sep. 25 , 1962 25 Abe Fortas 55 L. Johnson Democratic ( 2 ) Goldberg Democratic July 28 , 1965 confirmed Aug. 11 , 1965 14 Thurgood Marshall 58 L. Johnson Democratic ( 10 ) Clark Democratic June 13 , 1967 confirmed ( 69 -- 11 ) Aug. 30 , 1967 78 Abe Fortas 58 L. Johnson Democratic ( CJ ) Warren Democratic June 26 , 1968 withdrawn Oct. 2 , 1968 98 Homer Thornberry 7004217180000000000 ♠ 59 L. Johnson Democratic ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic June 26 , 1968 withdrawn Oct. 2 , 1968 98 Warren E. Burger 7004225290000000000 ♠ 61 Nixon Republican ( CJ ) Warren Democratic May 23 , 1969 confirmed ( 74 -- 3 ) June 9 , 1969 17 Clement Haynsworth 56 Nixon Republican ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic Aug. 21 , 1969 rejected ( 45 -- 55 ) Nov. 21 , 1969 92 G. Harrold Carswell 7004182910000000000 ♠ 50 Nixon Republican ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic Jan. 19 , 1970 rejected ( 45 -- 51 ) Apr. 8 , 1970 79 Harry Blackmun 7004224340000000000 ♠ 61 Nixon Republican ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic Apr. 15 , 1970 confirmed ( 94 -- 0 ) May 12 , 1970 27 Lewis F. Powell Jr . 7004234090000000000 ♠ 64 Nixon Republican ( 1 ) H. Black Democratic Oct. 22 , 1971 confirmed ( 89 -- 1 ) Dec. 6 , 1971 45 William Rehnquist 7004171870000000000 ♠ 47 Nixon Republican ( 9 ) J. Harlan II Democratic Oct. 22 , 1971 confirmed ( 68 -- 26 ) Dec. 10 , 1971 49 John Paul Stevens 55 Ford Republican ( 4 ) Douglas Democratic Nov. 28 , 1975 confirmed ( 98 -- 0 ) Dec. 17 , 1975 19 Sandra Day O'Connor 7004187740000000000 ♠ 51 Reagan Republican ( 8 ) Stewart Republican Aug. 19 , 1981 confirmed ( 99 -- 0 ) Sep. 21 , 1981 33 William Rehnquist 7004225420000000000 ♠ 61 Reagan Republican ( CJ ) Burger Republican June 20 , 1986 confirmed ( 65 -- 33 ) Sep. 17 , 1986 89 Antonin Scalia 7004183670000000000 ♠ 50 Reagan Republican ( 9 ) Rehnquist Republican June 24 , 1986 confirmed ( 98 -- 0 ) Sep. 17 , 1986 85 Robert Bork 7004220370000000000 ♠ 60 Reagan Republican ( 1 ) Powell Democratic July 1 , 1987 rejected ( 42 -- 58 ) Oct. 23 , 1987 114 Anthony Kennedy 7004187570000000000 ♠ 51 Reagan Republican ( 1 ) Powell Democratic Nov. 30 , 1987 confirmed ( 97 -- 0 ) Feb. 3 , 1988 65 David Souter 7004185740000000000 ♠ 50 G.H.W. Bush Republican ( 3 ) Brennan Democratic July 25 , 1990 confirmed ( 90 -- 9 ) Oct. 2 , 1990 69 Clarence Thomas 7004157200000000000 ♠ 43 G.H.W. Bush Republican ( 10 ) T. Marshall Democratic July 8 , 1991 confirmed ( 52 -- 48 ) Oct. 15 , 1991 99 Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7004220060000000000 ♠ 60 Clinton Democratic ( 6 ) B. White Democratic June 14 , 1993 confirmed ( 96 -- 3 ) Aug. 3 , 1993 50 Stephen Breyer 55 Clinton Democratic ( 2 ) Blackmun Democratic May 17 , 1994 confirmed ( 87 -- 9 ) July 29 , 1994 73 John Roberts 7004184460000000000 ♠ 50 G.W. Bush Republican ( 8 ) O'Connor Republican July 29 , 2005 withdrawn Sep. 6 , 2005 39 John Roberts 7004184850000000000 ♠ 50 G.W. Bush Republican ( CJ ) Rehnquist Republican Sep. 6 , 2005 confirmed ( 78 -- 22 ) Sep. 29 , 2005 23 Harriet Miers 7004219730000000000 ♠ 60 G.W. Bush Republican ( 8 ) O'Connor Republican Oct. 7 , 2005 withdrawn Oct. 28 , 2005 21 Samuel Alito 55 G.W. Bush Republican ( 8 ) O'Connor Republican Nov. 10 , 2005 confirmed ( 58 -- 42 ) Jan. 31 , 2006 82 Sonia Sotomayor 54 Obama Democratic ( 3 ) Souter Democratic June 1 , 2009 confirmed ( 68 -- 31 ) Aug. 6 , 2009 66 Elena Kagan 7004182740000000000 ♠ 50 Obama Democratic ( 4 ) Stevens Democratic May 10 , 2010 confirmed ( 63 -- 37 ) Aug. 5 , 2010 87 Merrick Garland 7004231340000000000 ♠ 63 Obama Democratic ( 9 ) Scalia Republican Mar. 16 , 2016 lapsed 999 N / A Neil Gorsuch 7004180540000000000 ♠ 49 Trump Republican ( 9 ) Scalia Republican Feb. 1 , 2017 confirmed ( 54 -- 45 ) Apr. 7 , 2017 65 Brett Kavanaugh 7004195060000000000 ♠ 53 Trump Republican ( 1 ) Kennedy Republican July 10 , 2018 pending TBD 49 Sources :", "Nominee Nominated by Succession Nomination", "Name Age President Party ( Seat ) Justice Majority party Date submitted Outcome ( vote ) and date ND", "John Jay 7004159920000000000 ♠ 43 Washington None ( CJ ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789", "John Rutledge 7004182700000000000 ♠ 50 Washington None ( 1 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789", "William Cushing 57 Washington None ( 2 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789", "James Wilson 7004171770000000000 ♠ 47 Washington None ( 3 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789", "John Blair Jr . 57 Washington None ( 4 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789", "Robert H. Harrison 7004161860000000000 ♠ 44 Washington None ( 5 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Sep. 24 , 1789 confirmed Sep. 26 , 1789", "James Iredell 7004140060000000000 ♠ 38 Washington None ( 5 ) Inaugural Pro Admin Feb. 8 , 1790 confirmed Feb. 10 , 1790", "Thomas Johnson 57 Washington None ( 1 ) J. Rutledge Pro Admin Oct. 31 , 1791 confirmed Nov. 7 , 1791 7", "William Paterson 7004172320000000000 ♠ 47 Washington None ( 1 ) T. Johnson Pro Admin Feb. 27 , 1793 withdrawn Feb. 28 , 1793", "William Paterson 7004172370000000000 ♠ 47 Washington None ( 1 ) T. Johnson Pro Admin Mar. 4 , 1793 confirmed Mar. 4 , 1793 0", "John Rutledge 56 Washington None ( CJ ) Jay Federalist Dec. 10 , 1795 rejected ( 10 -- 14 ) Dec. 15 , 1795 5", "William Cushing 7004233410000000000 ♠ 63 Washington None ( CJ ) Rutledge Federalist Jan. 26 , 1796 confirmed Jan. 27 , 1796", "Samuel Chase 55 Washington None ( 4 ) Blair Federalist Jan. 26 , 1796 confirmed Jan. 27 , 1796", "Oliver Ellsworth 7004185710000000000 ♠ 50 Washington None ( CJ ) Rutledge Federalist Mar. 3 , 1796 confirmed ( 21 -- 1 ) Mar. 4 , 1796", "Bushrod Washington 7004133460000000000 ♠ 36 J. Adams Federalist ( 3 ) Wilson Federalist Dec. 19 , 1798 confirmed Dec. 20 , 1798", "Alfred Moore 7004162680000000000 ♠ 44 J. Adams Federalist ( 5 ) Iredell Federalist Dec. 4 , 1799 confirmed Dec. 10 , 1799 6", "John Jay 55 J. Adams Federalist ( CJ ) Ellsworth Federalist Dec. 18 , 1800 confirmed Dec. 19 , 1800", "John Marshall 7004165540000000000 ♠ 45 J. Adams Federalist ( CJ ) Ellsworth Federalist Jan. 20 , 1801 confirmed Jan. 27 , 1801 7", "William Johnson 7004117730000000000 ♠ 32 Jefferson Dem - Rep ( 5 ) Moore Dem - Rep Mar. 22 , 1804 confirmed Mar. 24 , 1804", "Henry B. Livingston 7004179140000000000 ♠ 49 Jefferson Dem - Rep ( 1 ) Paterson Dem - Rep Dec. 13 , 1806 confirmed Dec. 17 , 1806", "Thomas Todd 7004153750000000000 ♠ 42 Jefferson Dem - Rep ( 6 ) new seat Dem - Rep Feb. 28 , 1807 confirmed Mar. 2 , 1807", "Levi Lincoln Sr . 7004225110000000000 ♠ 61 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Jan. 2 , 1811 confirmed Jan. 3 , 1811", "Alexander Wolcott 7004191340000000000 ♠ 52 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Feb. 4 , 1811 rejected ( 9 -- 24 ) Feb. 13 , 1811 9", "John Quincy Adams 7004159300000000000 ♠ 43 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Feb. 21 , 1811 confirmed Feb. 22 , 1811", "Joseph Story 7004117450000000000 ♠ 32 Madison Dem - Rep ( 2 ) W. Cushing Dem - Rep Nov. 15 , 1811 confirmed Nov. 18 , 1811", "Gabriel Duvall 58 Madison Dem - Rep ( 4 ) S. Chase Dem - Rep Nov. 15 , 1811 confirmed Nov. 18 , 1811", "Smith Thompson 55 Monroe Dem - Rep ( 1 ) Livingston Dem - Rep Dec. 5 , 1823 confirmed Dec. 9 , 1823", "Robert Trimble 7004180410000000000 ♠ 49 J.Q. Adams Dem - Rep ( 6 ) Todd Pro-Jackson Apr. 11 , 1826 confirmed ( 27 -- 5 ) May 9 , 1826 28", "John J. Crittenden 7004150730000000000 ♠ 41 J.Q. Adams Dem - Rep ( 6 ) Trimble Pro-Jackson Dec. 17 , 1828 lapsed 57", "John McLean 7004160650000000000 ♠ 43 Jackson Democratic ( 6 ) Trimble Democratic Mar. 6 , 1829 confirmed Mar. 7 , 1829", "Henry Baldwin 7004182520000000000 ♠ 49 Jackson Democratic ( 3 ) Washington Democratic Jan. 4 , 1830 confirmed ( 41 -- 2 ) Jan. 6 , 1830", "James Moore Wayne 7004162890000000000 ♠ 44 Jackson Democratic ( 5 ) W. Johnson Natl Rep Jan. 6 , 1835 confirmed Jan. 9 , 1835", "Roger B. Taney 57 Jackson Democratic ( 4 ) Duvall Natl Rep Jan. 15 , 1835 lapsed 47", "Roger B. Taney 58 Jackson Democratic ( CJ ) Marshall Democratic Dec. 28 , 1835 confirmed ( 29 -- 15 ) Mar. 15 , 1836 78", "Philip P. Barbour 7004192090000000000 ♠ 52 Jackson Democratic ( 4 ) Duvall Democratic Dec. 28 , 1835 confirmed ( 30 -- 11 ) Mar. 15 , 1836 78", "John Catron 7004186820000000000 ♠ 51 Jackson Democratic ( 7 ) new seat Democratic Mar. 3 , 1837 confirmed ( 28 -- 15 ) Mar. 8 , 1837 5", "William Smith 7004273030000000000 ♠ 74 Jackson Democratic ( 8 ) new seat Democratic Mar. 3 , 1837 confirmed ( 23 -- 18 ) Mar. 8 , 1837 5", "John McKinley 57 Van Buren Democratic ( 8 ) new seat Democratic Sep. 18 , 1837 confirmed Sep. 25 , 1837 7", "Peter Vivian Daniel 56 Van Buren Democratic ( 4 ) Barbour Democratic Feb. 26 , 1841 confirmed ( 25 -- 5 ) Mar. 2 , 1841", "John C. Spencer 56 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Jan. 8 , 1844 rejected ( 21 -- 26 ) Jan. 31 , 1844 23", "Reuben Walworth 55 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Mar. 13 , 1844 withdrawn June 17 , 1844 96", "Edward King 7004183870000000000 ♠ 50 Tyler None ( 3 ) Baldwin Whig June 5 , 1844 lapsed 10", "John C. Spencer 56 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig June 17 , 1844 withdrawn June 17 , 1844 0", "Reuben Walworth 55 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig June 17 , 1844 lapsed 999 N / A", "Reuben Walworth 56 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Dec. 4 , 1844 withdrawn Feb. 6 , 1845 64", "Edward King 7004190160000000000 ♠ 52 Tyler None ( 3 ) Baldwin Whig Dec. 4 , 1844 withdrawn Feb. 8 , 1845 66", "Samuel Nelson 7004301980000000000 ♠ 82 Tyler None ( 1 ) Thompson Whig Feb. 4 , 1845 confirmed Feb. 14 , 1845 10", "John M. Read 7004173670000000000 ♠ 47 Tyler None ( 3 ) Baldwin Whig Feb. 7 , 1845 lapsed 999 N / A", "George Woodward 7004134210000000000 ♠ 36 Polk Democratic ( 3 ) Baldwin Democratic Dec. 23 , 1845 rejected ( 20 -- 29 ) Jan. 22 , 1846 30", "Levi Woodbury 56 Polk Democratic ( 2 ) Story Democratic Dec. 23 , 1845 confirmed Jan. 3 , 1846 11", "Robert Cooper Grier 7004191430000000000 ♠ 52 Polk Democratic ( 3 ) Baldwin Democratic Aug. 3 , 1846 confirmed Aug. 4 , 1846", "Benjamin R. Curtis 7004153770000000000 ♠ 42 Fillmore Whig ( 2 ) Woodbury Democratic Dec. 11 , 1851 confirmed Dec. 23 , 1851 12", "Edward A. Bradford 7004142130000000000 ♠ 38 Fillmore Whig ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Aug. 16 , 1852 lapsed 15", "George E. Badger 57 Fillmore Whig ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Jan. 3 , 1853 lapsed 39", "William C. Micou 7004168360000000000 ♠ 46 Fillmore Whig ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Feb. 14 , 1853 lapsed 999 N / A", "John A. Campbell 7004152460000000000 ♠ 41 Pierce Democratic ( 8 ) McKinley Democratic Mar. 21 , 1853 confirmed Mar. 22 , 1853", "Nathan Clifford 54 Buchanan Democratic ( 2 ) Curtis Democratic Dec. 9 , 1857 confirmed ( 26 -- 23 ) Jan. 12 , 1858 34", "Jeremiah S. Black 7004186540000000000 ♠ 51 Buchanan Democratic ( 4 ) Daniel Democratic Feb. 5 , 1861 lapsed 999 N / A", "Noah Haynes Swayne 57 Lincoln Republican ( 6 ) McLean Republican Jan. 21 , 1862 confirmed ( 38 -- 1 ) Jan. 24 , 1862", "Samuel Freeman Miller 7004169030000000000 ♠ 46 Lincoln Republican ( 4 ) Daniel Republican July 16 , 1862 confirmed July 16 , 1862 0", "David Davis 7004174340000000000 ♠ 47 Lincoln Republican ( 8 ) Campbell Republican Dec. 1 , 1862 confirmed Dec. 8 , 1862 7", "Stephen Johnson Field 7004169230000000000 ♠ 46 Lincoln Republican ( 9 ) new seat Republican Mar. 6 , 1863 confirmed Mar. 10 , 1863", "Salmon P. Chase 56 Lincoln Republican ( CJ ) Taney Republican Dec. 6 , 1864 confirmed Dec. 6 , 1864 0", "Henry Stanbery 7004230660000000000 ♠ 63 A. Johnson Natl Union ( 7 ) Catron Republican Apr. 16 , 1866 lapsed 999 N / A", "Ebenezer R. Hoar 7004196550000000000 ♠ 53 Grant Republican ( 10 ) new seat Republican Dec. 14 , 1869 rejected ( 24 -- 33 ) Feb. 3 , 1870 51", "Edwin Stanton 54 Grant Republican ( 3 ) Grier Republican Dec. 20 , 1869 confirmed ( 46 -- 11 ) Dec. 20 , 1869 0", "William Strong 7004225570000000000 ♠ 61 Grant Republican ( 3 ) Grier Republican Feb. 7 , 1870 confirmed Feb. 18 , 1870", "Joseph P. Bradley 56 Grant Republican ( 10 ) new seat Republican Feb. 7 , 1870 confirmed ( 46 -- 9 ) Mar. 21 , 1870 42", "Ward Hunt 7004228180000000000 ♠ 62 Grant Republican ( 1 ) Nelson Republican Dec. 3 , 1872 confirmed Dec. 11 , 1872 8", "George Henry Williams 7004185130000000000 ♠ 50 Grant Republican ( CJ ) S.P. Chase Republican Dec. 1 , 1873 withdrawn Jan. 8 , 1874 38", "Caleb Cushing 7004270200000000000 ♠ 73 Grant Republican ( CJ ) S.P. Chase Republican Jan. 9 , 1874 withdrawn Jan. 13 , 1874", "Morrison Waite 58 Grant Republican ( CJ ) S.P. Chase Republican Jan. 19 , 1874 confirmed ( 63 -- 0 ) Jan. 21 , 1874", "John Marshall Harlan 7004162080000000000 ♠ 44 Hayes Republican ( 8 ) Davis Republican Oct. 16 , 1877 confirmed Nov. 29 , 1877 44", "William Burnham Woods 56 Hayes Republican ( 3 ) Strong Democratic Dec. 15 , 1880 confirmed ( 39 -- 8 ) Dec. 21 , 1880 6", "Stanley Matthews 57 Hayes Republican ( 6 ) Swayne Democratic Jan. 26 , 1881 lapsed 999 N / A", "Stanley Matthews 57 Garfield Republican ( 6 ) Swayne Split Mar. 14 , 1881 confirmed ( 24 -- 23 ) May 12 , 1881 59", "Horace Gray 7004196280000000000 ♠ 53 Arthur Republican ( 2 ) Clifford Split Dec. 19 , 1881 confirmed ( 51 -- 5 ) Dec. 20 , 1881", "Roscoe Conkling 7004191100000000000 ♠ 52 Arthur Republican ( 1 ) Hunt Split Feb. 24 , 1882 confirmed ( 39 -- 12 ) Mar. 2 , 1882 6", "Samuel Blatchford 7004226490000000000 ♠ 62 Arthur Republican ( 1 ) Hunt Split Mar. 13 , 1882 confirmed Mar. 22 , 1882 9", "Lucius Q.C. Lamar II 7004227250000000000 ♠ 62 Cleveland Democratic ( 3 ) Woods Republican Dec. 6 , 1887 confirmed ( 32 -- 28 ) Jan. 16 , 1888 41", "Melville Fuller 55 Cleveland Democratic ( CJ ) Waite Republican Apr. 30 , 1888 confirmed ( 41 -- 20 ) July 20 , 1888 81", "David Josiah Brewer 7004191600000000000 ♠ 52 B. Harrison Republican ( 6 ) Matthews Republican Dec. 4 , 1889 confirmed ( 53 -- 11 ) Dec. 18 , 1889 14", "Henry Billings Brown 54 B. Harrison Republican ( 4 ) Miller Republican Dec. 23 , 1890 confirmed Dec. 29 , 1890 6", "George Shiras Jr . 7004220900000000000 ♠ 60 B. Harrison Republican ( 10 ) Bradley Republican July 19 , 1892 confirmed July 26 , 1892 7", "Howell E. Jackson 7004222150000000000 ♠ 60 B. Harrison Republican ( 3 ) L. Lamar Republican Feb. 2 , 1893 confirmed Feb. 18 , 1893 16", "William B. Hornblower 7004154700000000000 ♠ 42 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Sep. 19 , 1893 lapsed 999 N / A", "William B. Hornblower 7004155470000000000 ♠ 42 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Dec. 5 , 1893 rejected ( 24 -- 30 ) Jan. 15 , 1894 41", "Wheeler H. Peckham 7004223010000000000 ♠ 61 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Jan. 22 , 1894 rejected ( 32 -- 41 ) Feb. 16 , 1894 25", "Edward D. White 7004176400000000000 ♠ 48 Cleveland Democratic ( 1 ) Blatchford Democratic Feb. 19 , 1894 confirmed Feb. 19 , 1894 0", "Rufus W. Peckham 57 Cleveland Democratic ( 3 ) H. Jackson Republican Dec. 3 , 1895 confirmed Dec. 9 , 1895 6", "Joseph McKenna 54 McKinley Republican ( 9 ) Field Republican Dec. 16 , 1897 confirmed Jan. 21 , 1898 36", "Oliver W. Holmes Jr . 7004225480000000000 ♠ 61 T. Roosevelt Republican ( 2 ) Gray Republican Dec. 2 , 1902 confirmed Dec. 4 , 1902", "William R. Day 7004196650000000000 ♠ 53 T. Roosevelt Republican ( 10 ) Shiras Republican Feb. 19 , 1903 confirmed Feb. 23 , 1903", "William Henry Moody 7004193370000000000 ♠ 52 T. Roosevelt Republican ( 4 ) Brown Republican Dec. 3 , 1906 confirmed Dec. 12 , 1906 9", "Horace Harmon Lurton 7004240310000000000 ♠ 65 Taft Republican ( 3 ) R. Peckham Republican Dec. 13 , 1909 confirmed Dec. 20 , 1909 7", "Charles Evans Hughes 7004175450000000000 ♠ 48 Taft Republican ( 6 ) Brewer Republican Apr. 25 , 1910 confirmed May 2 , 1910 7", "Edward D. White 7004237790000000000 ♠ 65 Taft Republican ( CJ ) Fuller Republican Dec. 12 , 1910 confirmed Dec. 12 , 1910 0", "Willis Van Devanter 7004188660000000000 ♠ 51 Taft Republican ( 1 ) E.D. White Republican Dec. 12 , 1910 confirmed Dec. 15 , 1910", "Joseph Rucker Lamar 7004194160000000000 ♠ 53 Taft Republican ( 4 ) Moody Republican Dec. 12 , 1910 confirmed Dec. 15 , 1910", "Mahlon Pitney 54 Taft Republican ( 8 ) J. Harlan Republican Feb. 19 , 1912 confirmed ( 50 -- 26 ) Mar. 13 , 1912 23", "James C. McReynolds 7004191890000000000 ♠ 52 Wilson Democratic ( 3 ) Lurton Democratic Aug. 19 , 1914 confirmed ( 44 -- 6 ) Aug. 29 , 1914 10", "Louis Brandeis 7004216240000000000 ♠ 59 Wilson Democratic ( 4 ) J. Lamar Democratic Jan. 28 , 1916 confirmed ( 47 -- 22 ) June 1 , 1916 125", "John Hessin Clarke 58 Wilson Democratic ( 6 ) Hughes Democratic July 14 , 1916 confirmed July 24 , 1916 10", "William Howard Taft 7004232980000000000 ♠ 63 Harding Republican ( CJ ) E.D. White Republican June 30 , 1921 confirmed June 30 , 1921 0", "George Sutherland 7004220780000000000 ♠ 60 Harding Republican ( 6 ) Clarke Republican Sep. 5 , 1922 confirmed Sep. 5 , 1922 0", "Pierce Butler 56 Harding Republican ( 10 ) Day Republican Nov. 21 , 1922 lapsed 999 N / A", "Pierce Butler 56 Harding Republican ( 10 ) Day Republican Dec. 5 , 1922 confirmed ( 61 -- 8 ) Dec. 21 , 1922 16", "Edward Terry Sanford 58 Harding Republican ( 8 ) Pitney Republican Jan. 24 , 1923 confirmed Jan. 29 , 1923 5", "Harlan F. Stone 7004190780000000000 ♠ 52 Coolidge Republican ( 9 ) McKenna Republican Jan. 5 , 1925 confirmed ( 71 -- 6 ) Feb. 5 , 1925 31", "Charles Evans Hughes 7004247690000000000 ♠ 67 Hoover Republican ( CJ ) Taft Republican Feb. 3 , 1930 confirmed ( 52 -- 26 ) Feb. 13 , 1930 10", "John J. Parker 7004161910000000000 ♠ 44 Hoover Republican ( 8 ) Sanford Republican Mar. 21 , 1930 rejected ( 39 -- 41 ) May 7 , 1930 47", "Owen Roberts 55 Hoover Republican ( 8 ) Sanford Republican May 9 , 1930 confirmed May 20 , 1930 11", "Benjamin N. Cardozo 7004225460000000000 ♠ 61 Hoover Republican ( 2 ) Holmes Republican Feb. 15 , 1932 confirmed Feb. 24 , 1932 9", "Hugo Black 7004187930000000000 ♠ 51 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 1 ) Van Devanter Democratic Aug. 12 , 1937 confirmed ( 63 -- 16 ) Aug. 17 , 1937 5", "Stanley Forman Reed 7004193720000000000 ♠ 53 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 6 ) Sutherland Democratic Jan. 15 , 1938 confirmed Jan. 25 , 1938 10", "Felix Frankfurter 56 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 2 ) Cardozo Democratic Jan. 5 , 1939 confirmed Jan. 17 , 1939 12", "William O. Douglas 7004147790000000000 ♠ 40 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 4 ) Brandeis Democratic Mar. 20 , 1939 confirmed ( 62 -- 4 ) Apr. 4 , 1939 15", "Frank Murphy 7004181620000000000 ♠ 49 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 10 ) Butler Democratic Jan. 4 , 1940 confirmed Jan. 16 , 1940 14", "Harlan F. Stone 7004250800000000000 ♠ 68 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( CJ ) Hughes Democratic June 12 , 1941 confirmed June 27 , 1941 15", "James F. Byrnes 58 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 3 ) McReynolds Democratic June 12 , 1941 confirmed June 12 , 1941 0", "Robert H. Jackson 7004180160000000000 ♠ 49 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 9 ) Stone Democratic June 12 , 1941 confirmed July 7 , 1941 25", "Wiley Blount Rutledge 7004177060000000000 ♠ 48 F.D. Roosevelt Democratic ( 3 ) Byrnes Democratic Jan. 11 , 1943 confirmed Feb. 8 , 1943 28", "Harold Hitz Burton 57 Truman Democratic ( 8 ) O. Roberts Democratic Sep. 19 , 1945 confirmed Sep. 19 , 1945 0", "Fred M. Vinson 56 Truman Democratic ( CJ ) Stone Democratic June 6 , 1946 confirmed June 20 , 1946 14", "Tom C. Clark 7004182100000000000 ♠ 49 Truman Democratic ( 10 ) Murphy Democratic Aug. 2 , 1949 confirmed ( 73 -- 8 ) Aug. 18 , 1949 16", "Sherman Minton 58 Truman Democratic ( 3 ) W. Rutledge Democratic Sep. 15 , 1949 confirmed ( 48 -- 16 ) Oct. 4 , 1949 19", "Earl Warren 7004229430000000000 ♠ 62 Eisenhower Republican ( CJ ) Vinson Republican Jan. 11 , 1954 confirmed Mar. 1 , 1954 49", "John Marshall Harlan II 55 Eisenhower Republican ( 9 ) R. Jackson Republican Nov. 9 , 1954 lapsed 999 N / A", "John Marshall Harlan II 55 Eisenhower Republican ( 9 ) R. Jackson Republican Jan. 10 , 1955 confirmed ( 71 -- 11 ) Mar. 16 , 1955 65", "William J. Brennan Jr . 7004185270000000000 ♠ 50 Eisenhower Republican ( 3 ) Minton Democratic Jan. 14 , 1957 confirmed Mar. 19 , 1957 64", "Charles Evans Whittaker 56 Eisenhower Republican ( 6 ) Reed Democratic Mar. 2 , 1957 confirmed Mar. 19 , 1957 17", "Potter Stewart 7004160650000000000 ♠ 43 Eisenhower Republican ( 8 ) Burton Democratic Jan. 17 , 1959 confirmed ( 70 -- 17 ) May 5 , 1959 108", "Byron White 7004163700000000000 ♠ 44 Kennedy Democratic ( 6 ) Whittaker Democratic Apr. 3 , 1962 confirmed Apr. 11 , 1962 8", "Arthur Goldberg 54 Kennedy Democratic ( 2 ) Frankfurter Democratic Aug. 31 , 1962 confirmed Sep. 25 , 1962 25", "Abe Fortas 55 L. Johnson Democratic ( 2 ) Goldberg Democratic July 28 , 1965 confirmed Aug. 11 , 1965 14", "Thurgood Marshall 58 L. Johnson Democratic ( 10 ) Clark Democratic June 13 , 1967 confirmed ( 69 -- 11 ) Aug. 30 , 1967 78", "Abe Fortas 58 L. Johnson Democratic ( CJ ) Warren Democratic June 26 , 1968 withdrawn Oct. 2 , 1968 98", "Homer Thornberry 7004217180000000000 ♠ 59 L. Johnson Democratic ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic June 26 , 1968 withdrawn Oct. 2 , 1968 98", "Warren E. Burger 7004225290000000000 ♠ 61 Nixon Republican ( CJ ) Warren Democratic May 23 , 1969 confirmed ( 74 -- 3 ) June 9 , 1969 17", "Clement Haynsworth 56 Nixon Republican ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic Aug. 21 , 1969 rejected ( 45 -- 55 ) Nov. 21 , 1969 92", "G. Harrold Carswell 7004182910000000000 ♠ 50 Nixon Republican ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic Jan. 19 , 1970 rejected ( 45 -- 51 ) Apr. 8 , 1970 79", "Harry Blackmun 7004224340000000000 ♠ 61 Nixon Republican ( 2 ) Fortas Democratic Apr. 15 , 1970 confirmed ( 94 -- 0 ) May 12 , 1970 27", "Lewis F. Powell Jr . 7004234090000000000 ♠ 64 Nixon Republican ( 1 ) H. Black Democratic Oct. 22 , 1971 confirmed ( 89 -- 1 ) Dec. 6 , 1971 45", "William Rehnquist 7004171870000000000 ♠ 47 Nixon Republican ( 9 ) J. Harlan II Democratic Oct. 22 , 1971 confirmed ( 68 -- 26 ) Dec. 10 , 1971 49", "John Paul Stevens 55 Ford Republican ( 4 ) Douglas Democratic Nov. 28 , 1975 confirmed ( 98 -- 0 ) Dec. 17 , 1975 19", "Sandra Day O'Connor 7004187740000000000 ♠ 51 Reagan Republican ( 8 ) Stewart Republican Aug. 19 , 1981 confirmed ( 99 -- 0 ) Sep. 21 , 1981 33", "William Rehnquist 7004225420000000000 ♠ 61 Reagan Republican ( CJ ) Burger Republican June 20 , 1986 confirmed ( 65 -- 33 ) Sep. 17 , 1986 89", "Antonin Scalia 7004183670000000000 ♠ 50 Reagan Republican ( 9 ) Rehnquist Republican June 24 , 1986 confirmed ( 98 -- 0 ) Sep. 17 , 1986 85", "Robert Bork 7004220370000000000 ♠ 60 Reagan Republican ( 1 ) Powell Democratic July 1 , 1987 rejected ( 42 -- 58 ) Oct. 23 , 1987 114", "Anthony Kennedy 7004187570000000000 ♠ 51 Reagan Republican ( 1 ) Powell Democratic Nov. 30 , 1987 confirmed ( 97 -- 0 ) Feb. 3 , 1988 65", "David Souter 7004185740000000000 ♠ 50 G.H.W. Bush Republican ( 3 ) Brennan Democratic July 25 , 1990 confirmed ( 90 -- 9 ) Oct. 2 , 1990 69", "Clarence Thomas 7004157200000000000 ♠ 43 G.H.W. Bush Republican ( 10 ) T. Marshall Democratic July 8 , 1991 confirmed ( 52 -- 48 ) Oct. 15 , 1991 99", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7004220060000000000 ♠ 60 Clinton Democratic ( 6 ) B. White Democratic June 14 , 1993 confirmed ( 96 -- 3 ) Aug. 3 , 1993 50", "Stephen Breyer 55 Clinton Democratic ( 2 ) Blackmun Democratic May 17 , 1994 confirmed ( 87 -- 9 ) July 29 , 1994 73", "John Roberts 7004184460000000000 ♠ 50 G.W. Bush Republican ( 8 ) O'Connor Republican July 29 , 2005 withdrawn Sep. 6 , 2005 39", "John Roberts 7004184850000000000 ♠ 50 G.W. Bush Republican ( CJ ) Rehnquist Republican Sep. 6 , 2005 confirmed ( 78 -- 22 ) Sep. 29 , 2005 23", "Harriet Miers 7004219730000000000 ♠ 60 G.W. Bush Republican ( 8 ) O'Connor Republican Oct. 7 , 2005 withdrawn Oct. 28 , 2005 21", "Samuel Alito 55 G.W. Bush Republican ( 8 ) O'Connor Republican Nov. 10 , 2005 confirmed ( 58 -- 42 ) Jan. 31 , 2006 82", "Sonia Sotomayor 54 Obama Democratic ( 3 ) Souter Democratic June 1 , 2009 confirmed ( 68 -- 31 ) Aug. 6 , 2009 66", "Elena Kagan 7004182740000000000 ♠ 50 Obama Democratic ( 4 ) Stevens Democratic May 10 , 2010 confirmed ( 63 -- 37 ) Aug. 5 , 2010 87", "Merrick Garland 7004231340000000000 ♠ 63 Obama Democratic ( 9 ) Scalia Republican Mar. 16 , 2016 lapsed 999 N / A", "Neil Gorsuch 7004180540000000000 ♠ 49 Trump Republican ( 9 ) Scalia Republican Feb. 1 , 2017 confirmed ( 54 -- 45 ) Apr. 7 , 2017 65", "Brett Kavanaugh 7004195060000000000 ♠ 53 Trump Republican ( 1 ) Kennedy Republican July 10 , 2018 pending TBD 49", "Sources :" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Appendix Drawing of colon with variability of appendix as seen from front Arteries of cecum and appendix ( appendix labeled as vermiform process at lower right ) Details Precursor Midgut System Digestive system Artery Appendicular artery Vein Appendicular vein Identifiers Latin Appendix vermiformis MeSH D001065 TA A05. 7.02. 007 FMA 14542 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "Appendix", "Drawing of colon with variability of appendix as seen from front", "Arteries of cecum and appendix ( appendix labeled as vermiform process at lower right )", "Details", "Precursor Midgut", "System Digestive system", "Artery Appendicular artery", "Vein Appendicular vein", "Identifiers", "Latin Appendix vermiformis", "MeSH D001065", "TA A05. 7.02. 007", "FMA 14542", "Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "The appendix ( or vermiform appendix ; also cecal ( or caecal ) appendix ; vermix ; or vermiform process ) is a blind - ended tube connected to the cecum , from which it develops in the embryo . The cecum is a pouchlike structure of the colon , located at the junction of the small and the large intestines .", "The term `` vermiform '' comes from Latin and means `` worm - shaped '' .", "The human appendix averages 9 cm in length but can range from 2 to 20 cm . The diameter of the appendix is usually between 7 and 8 mm . The longest appendix ever removed was 26 cm long . It was removed from a patient in Zagreb , Croatia . The appendix is usually located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen , near the right hip bone . The base of the appendix is located 2 cm beneath the ileocecal valve that separates the large intestine from the small intestine . Its position within the abdomen corresponds to a point on the surface known as McBurney 's point .", "The appendix is connected to the mesentery in the lower region of the ileum , by a short region of the mesocolon known as the mesoappendix .", "Some identical twins -- known as mirror image twins -- can have a mirror - imaged anatomy , a congenital condition with the appendix located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen . Intestinal malrotation may also cause displacement of the appendix to the left side .", "While the base of the appendix is at a fairly constant location -- 2 cm below the ileocecal valve , the tip of the appendix can be variably located -- in the pelvis , outside the peritoneum or behind the cecum . The prevalence of the different positions varies amongst populations with the retrocecal position being most common in Ghana and Sudan , with 67.3 % and 58.3 % occurrence respectively , in comparison to Iran and Bosnia where the pelvic position is most common , with 55.8 % and 57.7 % occurrence respectively .", "In very rare cases ( laparotomies for suspected appendicitis have given a frequency of 1 in 100,000 ) , the appendix may not be present at all .", "Sometimes there is a semi-circular fold of mucous membrane at the opening of the appendix . This valve of the vermiform appendix is also called Gerlach 's valve .", "Although it has been long accepted that the immune tissue surrounding the appendix and elsewhere in the gut -- called gut - associated lymphoid tissue -- carries out a number of important functions , explanations were lacking for the distinctive shape of the appendix and its apparent lack of specific importance and function as judged by an absence of side effects following its removal . Therefore , the notion that the appendix is only vestigial became widely held .", "William Parker , Randy Bollinger , and colleagues at Duke University proposed in 2007 that the appendix serves as a haven for useful bacteria when illness flushes the bacteria from the rest of the intestines . This proposition is based on an understanding that emerged by the early 2000s of how the immune system supports the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria , in combination with many well - known features of the appendix , including its architecture , its location just below the normal one - way flow of food and germs in the large intestine , and its association with copious amounts of immune tissue . Research performed at Winthrop -- University Hospital showed that individuals without an appendix were four times more likely to have a recurrence of Clostridium difficile colitis . The appendix , therefore , may act as a `` safe house '' for beneficial bacteria . This reservoir of bacteria could then serve to repopulate the gut flora in the digestive system following a bout of dysentery or cholera or to boost it following a milder gastrointestinal illness .", "The appendix has been identified as an important component of mammalian mucosal immune function , particularly B cell - mediated immune responses and extrathymically derived T cells . This structure helps in the proper movement and removal of waste matter in the digestive system , contains lymphatic vessels that regulate pathogens , and lastly , might even produce early defences that prevent deadly diseases . Additionally , it is thought that this may provide more immune defences from invading pathogens and getting the lymphatic system 's B and T cells to fight the viruses and bacteria that infect that portion of the bowel and training them so that immune responses are targeted and more able to reliably and less dangerously fight off pathogens . In addition , there are different immune cells called innate lymphoid cells that function in the gut in order to help the appendix maintain digestive health .", "The human appendix had been proposed to be a vestigial structure , a structure that has lost all or most of its original function or that has evolved to take on a new function . The suggestion was that it is the shrunken remnant of the cecum thought to have been present in a remote ancestor of humans . This notion is still widely held . A 2013 study , however , refutes the idea of an inverse relationship between cecum size and appendix size and presence . Ceca , which occur in the digestive tracts of many herbivores ( e.g. , ox , horse ) , house mutualistic bacteria and ingested small stones that help animals digest the cellulose molecules found in plants .", "It is widely present in euarchontoglires ( a superorder of mammals that includes rodents and primates ) and has also evolved independently in the diprotodont marsupials and monotremes and is highly diverse in size and shape .", "A possible scenario for the progression from a fully functional cecum to the current human appendix was put forth by Charles Darwin . He suggested that the appendix was used for digesting leaves as primates . It may be a vestigial organ of ancient humans that has degraded to nearly nothing of its original purpose or evolved to take on a new purpose over the course of evolution . The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals , such as in the horse or the koala , appears to support this theory . The koala 's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose . Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage . As people began to eat more easily digested foods , they may have become less reliant on cellulose - rich plants for energy . As the cecum became less necessary for digestion , mutations that were previously deleterious ( and would have hindered evolutionary progress ) were no longer important , so the mutations survived . It is suggested that these alleles became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink . After millions of years , the once - necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans .", "The most common diseases of the appendix ( in humans ) are appendicitis and carcinoid tumors ( appendiceal carcinoid ) . Appendix cancer accounts for about 1 in 200 of all gastrointestinal malignancies . In rare cases , adenomas are also present .", "Appendicitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix . Pain often begins in the center of the abdomen , corresponding to the appendix 's development as part of the embryonic midgut . This pain is typically a dull , poorly localized , visceral pain .", "As the inflammation progresses , the pain begins to localize more clearly to the right lower quadrant , as the peritoneum becomes inflamed . This peritoneal inflammation , or peritonitis , results in rebound tenderness ( pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure ) . In particular , it presents at McBurney 's point , 1 / 3 of the way along a line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus . Typically , point ( skin ) pain is not present until the parietal peritoneum is inflamed , as well . Fever and an immune system response are also characteristic of appendicitis .", "Appendicitis usually requires the removal of the inflamed appendix , in an appendectomy either by laparotomy or laparoscopy . Untreated , the appendix may rupture , leading to peritonitis , followed by shock , and , if still untreated , death .", "The surgical removal of the appendix is called an appendectomy . This removal is normally performed as an emergency procedure when the patient is suffering from acute appendicitis . In the absence of surgical facilities , intravenous antibiotics are used to delay or avoid the onset of sepsis . In some cases , the appendicitis resolves completely ; more often , an inflammatory mass forms around the appendix . This is a relative contraindication to surgery .", "The appendix is also used for the construction of an efferent urinary conduit , in an operation known as the Mitrofanoff procedure , in people with a neurogenic bladder .", "The appendix is also used as a means to access the colon in children with paralysed bowels or major rectal sphincter problems . The appendix is brought out to the skin surface and the child / parent can then attach a catheter and easily wash out the colon ( via normal defaecation ) using an appropriate solution .", "Dr. Heather F. Smith of Midwestern University and colleagues explained :", "Recently ... improved understanding of gut immunity has merged with current thinking in biological and medical science , pointing to an apparent function of the mammalian cecal appendix as a safe - house for symbiotic gut microbes , preserving the flora during times of gastrointestinal infection in societies without modern medicine . This function is potentially a selective force for the evolution and maintenance of the appendix . Three morphotypes of cecal - appendices can be described among mammals based primarily on the shape of the cecum : a distinct appendix branching from a rounded or sac - like cecum ( as in many primate species ) , an appendix located at the apex of a long and voluminous cecum ( as in the rabbit , greater glider and Cape dune mole rat ) , and an appendix in the absence of a pronounced cecum ( as in the wombat ) . In addition , long narrow appendix - like structures are found in mammals that either lack an apparent cecum ( as in monotremes ) or lack a distinct junction between the cecum and appendix - like structure ( as in the koala ) . A cecal appendix has evolved independently at least twice , and apparently represents yet another example of convergence in morphology between Australian marsupials and placentals in the rest of the world . Although the appendix has apparently been lost by numerous species , it has also been maintained for more than 80 million years in at least one clade .", "In a more recent paper , the appendix was found to have evolved at least 32 times ( and perhaps as many as 38 times ) and to have been lost no more than six times . This suggests that the cecal appendix has a selective advantage in many situations and argues strongly against its vestigial nature . This complex evolutionary history of the appendix , along with a great heterogeneity in its evolutionary rate in various taxa , suggests that it is a recurrent trait .", "Such a function may be useful in a culture lacking modern sanitation and healthcare practice , where diarrhea may be prevalent . Current epidemiological data on the cause of death in developed countries collected by the World Health Organization in 2001 show that acute diarrhea is now the fourth leading cause of disease - related death in developing countries ( data summarized by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ) . Two of the other leading causes of death are expected to have exerted limited or no selection pressure .", "Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system ( frontal view ) Vermiform appendix Ileo - cecal valve and vermiform appendix Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix tip Cross section of the appendix with Enterobius with H&E stain Histology of vermiform appendix", "Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child", "Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child", "Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system ( frontal view )", "Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system ( frontal view )", "Vermiform appendix", "Ileo - cecal valve and vermiform appendix", "Ileo - cecal valve and vermiform appendix", "Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix tip", "Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix tip", "Cross section of the appendix with Enterobius with H&E stain", "Cross section of the appendix with Enterobius with H&E stain", "Histology of vermiform appendix", "Histology of vermiform appendix" ]

[ [ "KK" ] ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Krishnakumar Kunnath KK Performing Live at Alive India in Concert , Bangalore , India in Jan 2016 Background information Birth name Krishnakumar Kunnath Also known as KK , K.K. or Kay Kay ( 1968 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1968 ( age 49 ) Delhi , India Genres Playback singing , Indipop , rock Occupation ( s ) Singer , composer , lyricist Instruments Vocal Years active 1996 -- present Website Official web page of KK KK on Facebook KK on Twitter", "Krishnakumar Kunnath", "KK Performing Live at Alive India in Concert , Bangalore , India in Jan 2016", "Background information", "Birth name Krishnakumar Kunnath", "Also known as KK , K.K. or Kay Kay", "( 1968 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1968 ( age 49 ) Delhi , India", "Genres Playback singing , Indipop , rock", "Occupation ( s ) Singer , composer , lyricist", "Instruments Vocal", "Years active 1996 -- present", "Website Official web page of KK KK on Facebook KK on Twitter", "Official web page of KK KK on Facebook", "Krishnakumar Kunnath ( born 23 August 1968 ) , popularly known as KK , K.K. or Kay Kay ( Hindi : केके ) , is an Indian singer who sings for Hindi , Telugu , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam language films . KK is noted for his broad vocal range and is considered one of the most versatile singer in India .", "Born in Delhi to Hindu Malayali parents C.S. Nair and Kunnath Kanakavalli , Krishnakumar Kunnath was brought up in New Delhi . KK sang 3,500 jingles before breaking into Bollywood . He is an alumnus of Delhi 's Mount St Mary 's School and graduated from Kirori Mal College , Delhi University . He sang in the `` Josh of India '' song for the support of Indian Cricket Team during Cricket World Cup of 1999 .", "KK married his childhood sweetheart Jyothy in 1991 . His son Nakul Krishna Kunnath sang a song `` Masti '' from his latest album Humsafar with him . KK also has a daughter named Tamara Kunnath who , according to KK , loves playing piano . KK says that his family is his source of energy .", "KK has been greatly influenced by the singer Kishore Kumar and music director R.D. Burman . Michael Jackson , Billy Joel , Bryan Adams are also favourite international singers of KK . KK has said that it is not important for a singer 's face to be prominently seen -- saying he believes the important thing is that `` a singer must be heard . '' KK has never undergone any formal training in music .", "After graduating from Kirori Mal College , Delhi University in commerce , KK had a brief stint of eight months as marketing executive in the hotel industry . After few years , in 1994 , he moved to Mumbai .", "In 1994 , he gave his demo tape to Louis Banks , Ranjit Barot and Lesle Lewis to get a break in the music arena . He was called by UTV and he sang a jingle for Santogen Suiting ad . In a span of four years , he has sung more than 3,500 jingles in 11 Indian languages . He got the first break in Mumbai from UTV to sing jingles . He considers Lesle Lewis as his mentor for giving him his first jingle to sing in Mumbai . KK was introduced as a playback singer with A.R. Rahman 's hit song `` College Styley '' and `` Hello Dr . '' from Kadir 's Kadhal Desam and then `` Strawberry Kannae '' from AVM Productions 's musical film Minsara Kanavu ( 1997 ) . Pritam Chakraborty is also a fan of him . He got his Bollywood break with `` Tadap Tadap '' from Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 1999 ) . He has also won a National Award for `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' from movie Jhankar Beats in 2004 . However , prior to this song he had sung a small portion of the song `` Chhod Aaye Hum '' from Gulzar 's Maachis . Till now , KK has sung more than 500 songs in Hindi and more than 200 songs in Telugu , Bengali , Tamil , Kannada and Malayalam languages . He has worked with almost every music director of Hindi film industry active from 1999 . He has lent his voice to the biggest hit song of the year 2014 `` Tune Maari Entriyaan '' among several others in Gunday . KK 's new song from the movie Bajrangi Bhaijaan called `` Tu Jo Mila '' has become popular , many times remained No. 1 on iTunes . Popular singer Arijit Singh said he has been inspired by KK in singing , and is a big fan of KK . Another popular Bollywood singer , Ankit Tiwari also said he has been greatly influenced by KK and he takes KK as his idol and inspiration . Other singers like Javed Ali , Dev Negi , Armaan Malik , Mohammed Irfan , Anupam Roy , and the composer duo Sachin - Jigar have also said they are big fans of KK .", "In 1999 , Sony Music had just been launched in India and they were looking to launch a new artiste . KK was selected as the new artiste and he came out with a solo album titled Pal with Lesle Lewis composing the music . The album was arranged , composed and produced by Lesle Lewis of Colonial Cousins . The lyrics have been penned by Mehboob . The songs `` Aap Ki Dua '' , `` Yaaron '' and the title track `` Pal '' in no time ruled the lips of youngsters & also the music chart . `` Pal '' became an anthem & `` Yaaron '' became friendship anthem . The album just created history . Pal was the first album released by KK under Sony Music for which he got the prestigious Screen award as best singer . He is very good friend of Jeevan Deep Prakash -- Only resource of OCMC in India )", "On 22 January 2008 , KK released his second album Humsafar after a gap of eight years . The songs `` Aasman Ke '' , `` Dekho Na '' , `` Yeh Kahan Mil Gaye Hum '' and `` Rain Bhai Kaari ( Maajhi ) '' are famous songs from this album . Besides , KK had also sung an English Rock Ballad `` Cineraria '' . The title track , `` Humsafar '' is a mix of English and Hindi lyrics . The album Humsafar has 10 songs , out of which eight have been composed by KK . The other two songs were taken from his previous album Pal .", "KK has also sung many television serial songs like Just Mohabbat , Shaka Laka Boom Boom , Kuch Jhuki Si Palkein , Hip Hip Hurray , kavyanjali , Just Dance . He has also sung the theme song for Star Parivaar Awards 2010 with Shreya Ghoshal . KK appeared on television too . He was invited as jury member for a talent hunt show Fame Gurukul .", "KK also has sung a song named `` Tanha Chala '' for the Pakistani TV show The Ghost which was aired on Hum TV in 2008 . The song was composed by Farrukh Abid and Shoiab Farrukh , and Momina Duraid penned the lyrics .", "KK participated in the latest musical venture of MTV India Coke Studio . There he sang one qawwali `` Chadta Suraj '' along with Sabri Brothers and a recomposed version of his exquisite track `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' from movie Jhankaar Beats . He also came in ' Surili Baat ' in Aaj Tak Chanel . He has also performed in Sony Mix TV Show and MTV Unplugged Season 3 , aired on MTV 11 January 2014 . KK was in Dubai for his concert ' Salaam Dubai 2014 ' in April . He also did concerts in Goa , Dubai & Chennai , and Hong kong .", "On 29 August 2015 , KK appeared in the television singing reality show Indian Idol Junior Season 2 to cheer up the emerging singers of India where he performed `` Khuda Jaane '' , `` Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar '' , `` Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz '' , `` Ajab Si '' , `` Sach Kehraha Hai Deewana '' and many more songs with the junior idols and `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' with Vishal Dadlani , `` Aashaayen '' with Salim Merchant and `` Tadap Tadap '' with Sonakshi Sinha . After 10 years , He appeared in a singing reality show as a judge and guest jury member .", "On 13 September 2015 , KK came in `` Baaton Baaton Mein '' on Sony Mix .", "In 2013 , KK sang for an international album , Rise Up -- Colors of Peace , which consists of songs written by Turkish poet Fetullah Gulen and sung by artists from 12 countries . KK recorded a song named `` Rose of My Heart '' for the album .", "In 2010 , the Indi Band `` Bandish '' produced their second self - titled album . The album has a high energy track in the album Tere Bin -- a rock ballad sung by KK .", "His debut album Pal was released in April 1999 . His performance on the album received a Star Screen Award from Screen India for Best Male Singer .", "His second album , Humsafar , was released nine years later , in January 2008 . It belongs to the pop - rock genre and has a total of 10 songs . Humsafar has two songs that are repeated from his earlier album Pal -- `` Din Ho Ya Raat '' and `` Mehki Hawa '' . The video for a romantic song on the album , `` Aasman Ke '' , features the singer and south Indian model Suhasi Goradia Dhami . `` Humsafar '' , the title track , has an interplay of English and Hindi lyrics and is about one 's conscience and how it is a constant companion in the journey of life . One of the songs , `` Yeh Kahan Mil Gaye Hum '' , was penned seven years before the release . `` Dekho Na '' , a rock number , was written six years prior . The remaining six songs were developed in the last two years before the release . Other songs in the album include `` Rain Bhai Kaari ( Maajhi ) '' , a mix of Bengali Baul with rock with a tinge of SD Burman , and `` Cineraria '' , a fun - filled English ballad . KK himself wrote the lyrics of `` Cineraria '' and the English part of `` Humsafar '' , the title track , while the remaining tracks were written by others .", "Year Album ( s ) Music Director ( s ) Solo Albums 1999 Pal Lesle Lewis 2008 Humsafar KK Compilations 2002 Humraaz Himesh Reshammiya Kavalan KK , Rita 2011 Soulful Voice KK Various 2014 # Now Playing : KK Hits Various 2013 KK : Best Of Me Various 2015 Musical Bond : Pritam & KK Pritam Chakraborty", "Year Album ( s ) Music Director ( s )", "Solo Albums", "1999 Pal Lesle Lewis", "2008 Humsafar KK", "Compilations", "2002 Humraaz Himesh Reshammiya", "Kavalan KK , Rita", "2011 Soulful Voice KK Various", "2014 # Now Playing : KK Hits Various", "2013 KK : Best Of Me Various", "2015 Musical Bond : Pritam & KK Pritam Chakraborty", "Saanson Ke ( Raees ) Pal ( Pal ) Yaaron ( Pal ) Tadap Tadap Ke Is Dil SE ( Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ) Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe ( Dil Chahta Hai ) Bardaast ( Humraaz ) Maine Dil Se Kaha ( Rog ) Awarapan Banjarapan ( Jism ) Ding Dong ( Kucch To Hai ) Kabhi Khusboo ( Saaya ) Tu Aashiqui Hai ( Jhankaar Beats ) Hai Re Hai Re ( Khushi ) Dus Bahane ( Dus ) Bas Ek Pal ( Bas Ek Pal ) Soniye ( Aksar ) Teri Yaadon Mein ( The Killer ) O Sanam ( The Killer ) Dilnashin Dilnashin ( Aashiq Banaya Aapne ) Aashaayen ( Iqbal ) Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai ( Gangster ) Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar ( MP3 -- Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar ) Alvida ( Life In A ... Metro ) O Meri Jaan ( Life In A ... Metro ) Labon Ko ( Bhool Bhulaiyaa ) Zara Sa ( Jannat ) Haan Tu Hai ( Jannat ) Tu Mujhe Soch Kabhi ( Zindagi Tere Naam ) Ajab Si ( Om Shanti Om ) Beetein Lamhein ( The Train ) Khuda Jaane ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Dil Ibadat ( Tum Mile ) Tujhe Sochta Hoon ( Jannat 2 ) Zindagi Do Pal Ki ( Kites ) Dil Kyun Yeh Mera ( Kites ) Abhi Abhi ( Jism 2 ) Tum Ho Mera Pyaar ( Haunted -- 3D ) Kya Mujhe Pyaar Hai ( Woh Lamhe ) Main Tera Dhadkan Teri ( Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ) Golmaal ( Golmaal 3 ) Mujhko Pehchaanlo ( Don 2 ) Kaise Bataaoon ( 3G ) Mat Aazma Re ( Murder 3 ) I Am In Love ( Once Upon A Time In Mumbai ) Sajde ( Khatta Meetha ) Tujhi Mein ( Crook ) Humko Pyaar Hua ( Chal Chale ) ( Ready ) Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz ( Desi Boyz ) Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ) Tu Jo Mila ( Bajrangi Bhaijaan ) Tu Bhoola Jise ( Airlift ) Jannatein Kahan ( Jannat 2 ) O meri Jaan ( Raaz Reboot ) O meri Jaan ( Tum Mile ) Waqt Gaya Tham ( Fredrick ) Afreen Afreen ( 1920 London ) O Meri Jaan ( Raaz Reboot ) Jeetne ke liye ( Azhar ) Haa tu hai `` ( Jannat ) Zindagi do pal ki ( Kites ) Dil kyun ye mere ( kites )", "Saanson Ke ( Raees )", "Pal ( Pal )", "Yaaron ( Pal )", "Tadap Tadap Ke Is Dil SE ( Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam )", "Koi Kahe Kehta Rahe ( Dil Chahta Hai )", "Bardaast ( Humraaz )", "Maine Dil Se Kaha ( Rog )", "Awarapan Banjarapan ( Jism )", "Ding Dong ( Kucch To Hai )", "Kabhi Khusboo ( Saaya )", "Tu Aashiqui Hai ( Jhankaar Beats )", "Hai Re Hai Re ( Khushi )", "Dus Bahane ( Dus )", "Bas Ek Pal ( Bas Ek Pal )", "Soniye ( Aksar )", "Teri Yaadon Mein ( The Killer )", "O Sanam ( The Killer )", "Dilnashin Dilnashin ( Aashiq Banaya Aapne )", "Aashaayen ( Iqbal )", "Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai ( Gangster )", "Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar ( MP3 -- Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar )", "Alvida ( Life In A ... Metro )", "O Meri Jaan ( Life In A ... Metro )", "Labon Ko ( Bhool Bhulaiyaa )", "Zara Sa ( Jannat )", "Haan Tu Hai ( Jannat )", "Tu Mujhe Soch Kabhi ( Zindagi Tere Naam )", "Ajab Si ( Om Shanti Om )", "Beetein Lamhein ( The Train )", "Khuda Jaane ( Bachna Ae Haseeno )", "Dil Ibadat ( Tum Mile )", "Tujhe Sochta Hoon ( Jannat 2 )", "Zindagi Do Pal Ki ( Kites )", "Dil Kyun Yeh Mera ( Kites )", "Abhi Abhi ( Jism 2 )", "Tum Ho Mera Pyaar ( Haunted -- 3D )", "Kya Mujhe Pyaar Hai ( Woh Lamhe )", "Main Tera Dhadkan Teri ( Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani )", "Golmaal ( Golmaal 3 )", "Mujhko Pehchaanlo ( Don 2 )", "Kaise Bataaoon ( 3G )", "Mat Aazma Re ( Murder 3 )", "I Am In Love ( Once Upon A Time In Mumbai )", "Sajde ( Khatta Meetha )", "Tujhi Mein ( Crook )", "Humko Pyaar Hua ( Chal Chale ) ( Ready )", "Make Some Noise For The Desi Boyz ( Desi Boyz )", "Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( Mere Brother Ki Dulhan )", "Tu Jo Mila ( Bajrangi Bhaijaan )", "Tu Bhoola Jise ( Airlift )", "Jannatein Kahan ( Jannat 2 )", "O meri Jaan ( Raaz Reboot )", "O meri Jaan ( Tum Mile )", "Waqt Gaya Tham ( Fredrick )", "Afreen Afreen ( 1920 London )", "O Meri Jaan ( Raaz Reboot )", "Jeetne ke liye ( Azhar )", "Haa tu hai `` ( Jannat )", "Zindagi do pal ki ( Kites )", "Dil kyun ye mere ( kites )", "Year Award ( s ) Language Result 2005 Hub Awards Tamil Best Playback Singer - Male Won Filmfare Awards South Kannada Best Playback Singer - Male Nominated 2012 Eenam - Swaralaya Singer Of The Year Award Malayalam Singer Of The Year Nominated", "Year Award ( s ) Language Result", "2005 Hub Awards Tamil Best Playback Singer - Male Won", "Filmfare Awards South Kannada Best Playback Singer - Male Nominated", "2012 Eenam - Swaralaya Singer Of The Year Award Malayalam Singer Of The Year Nominated", "Filmfare Awards 2000 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tadap Tadap '' ( Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ) Nominated 2003 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Bardaasht '' ( Humraaz ) 2005 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) 2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zara Sa '' ( Jannat ) Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Screen Awards 1999 Best Playback Singer -- Male ( Non-Film Music ) `` Pal '' ( Pal ) Won Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Awarapan Banjarapan '' ( Jism ) Nominated Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' ( Jhankaar Beats ) 2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Won Zee Cine Awards 2005 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) Nominated 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindagi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) IIFA Awards Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' ( Jhankaar Beats ) Nominated 2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster ) 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Apsara Awards 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Sajde '' ( Khatta Meetha ) Gima Awards 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindgi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) Nominated 2013 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tujhe Sochta Hoon '' ( Jannat 2 ) Goldie Film Awards , US 2012 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Chalte Jaana Hain '' ( Life ! Camera Action ... ) Won BIG Star Entertainment Awards 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindgi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) Nominated Stardust Awards 2014 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tune Maari Entriyaan '' ( Gunday ) Nominated Annual Central European Bollywood Awards 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Jaane Ye Kya Hua '' ( Karthik Calling Karthik ) Nominated 2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated Star Guild Awards 2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated 2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Nominated 2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Sajde kiye '' ( Khatta Meetha ) Nominated BAMA Music Awards 2015 Best Playback Singer -- Male Nominated Source : Bollywood Hungama .", "Filmfare Awards", "2000 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tadap Tadap '' ( Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ) Nominated", "2003 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Bardaasht '' ( Humraaz )", "2005 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus )", "2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster )", "2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om )", "2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zara Sa '' ( Jannat )", "Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno )", "Screen Awards", "1999 Best Playback Singer -- Male ( Non-Film Music ) `` Pal '' ( Pal ) Won", "Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Awarapan Banjarapan '' ( Jism ) Nominated", "Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' ( Jhankaar Beats )", "2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus )", "2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster )", "2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated", "2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Won", "Zee Cine Awards", "2005 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus ) Nominated", "2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster )", "2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om )", "2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindagi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites )", "IIFA Awards", "Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Aashiqui Hai '' ( Jhankaar Beats ) Nominated", "2006 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Dus Bahane '' ( Dus )", "2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tu Hi Meri Shab Hai '' ( Gangster )", "2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om )", "2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno )", "Apsara Awards", "2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated", "2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno )", "2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Sajde '' ( Khatta Meetha )", "Gima Awards", "2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindgi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) Nominated", "2013 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tujhe Sochta Hoon '' ( Jannat 2 )", "Goldie Film Awards , US", "2012 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Chalte Jaana Hain '' ( Life ! Camera Action ... ) Won", "BIG Star Entertainment Awards", "2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Zindgi Do Pal Ki '' ( Kites ) Nominated", "Stardust Awards", "2014 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Tune Maari Entriyaan '' ( Gunday ) Nominated", "Annual Central European Bollywood Awards", "2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Jaane Ye Kya Hua '' ( Karthik Calling Karthik ) Nominated", "2007 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated", "Star Guild Awards", "2008 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Ajab Si '' ( Om Shanti Om ) Nominated", "2009 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Khuda Jaane '' ( Bachna Ae Haseeno ) Nominated", "2011 Best Playback Singer -- Male `` Sajde kiye '' ( Khatta Meetha ) Nominated", "BAMA Music Awards", "2015 Best Playback Singer -- Male Nominated", "Source : Bollywood Hungama ." ]

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[ "Genetic variation in populations can be analyzed and quantified by the frequency of alleles . Two fundamental calculations are central to population genetics : allele frequencies and genotype frequencies . Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population . In population genetics , the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion ( i.e. , 0 < f < 1 ) of genotypes in a population .", "Although allele and genotype frequencies are related , it is important to clearly distinguish them .", "Genotype frequency may also be used in the future ( for `` genomic profiling '' ) to predict someone 's having a disease or even a birth defect . It can also be used to determine ethnic diversity .", "As an example , let 's consider a population of 100 four - o - ' clock plants ( Mirabilis jalapa ) with the following genotypes :", "49 red - flowered plants with the genotype AA 42 pink - flowered plants with genotype Aa 9 white - flowered plants with genotype aa", "49 red - flowered plants with the genotype AA", "42 pink - flowered plants with genotype Aa", "9 white - flowered plants with genotype aa", "When calculating an allele frequency for a diploid species , remember that homozygous individuals have two copies of an allele , whereas heterozygotes have only one . In our example , each of the 42 pink - flowered heterozygotes has one copy of the a allele , and each of the 9 white - flowered homozygotes has two copies . Therefore , the allele frequency for a ( the white color allele ) equals", "f ( a ) = ( A a ) + 2 × ( a a ) 2 × ( A A ) + 2 × ( A a ) + 2 × ( a a ) = 42 + 2 × 9 2 × 49 + 2 × 42 + 2 × 9 = 60 200 = 0.3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) f ( ( a ) ) & = ( ( Aa ) + 2 \\ times ( aa ) \\ over 2 \\ times ( AA ) + 2 \\ times ( Aa ) + 2 \\ times ( aa ) ) = ( 42 + 2 \\ times 9 \\ over 2 \\ times 49 + 2 \\ times 42 + 2 \\ times 9 ) = ( 60 \\ over 200 ) = 0.3 \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "f ( a ) = ( A a ) + 2 × ( a a ) 2 × ( A A ) + 2 × ( A a ) + 2 × ( a a ) = 42 + 2 × 9 2 × 49 + 2 × 42 + 2 × 9 = 60 200 = 0.3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) f ( ( a ) ) & = ( ( Aa ) + 2 \\ times ( aa ) \\ over 2 \\ times ( AA ) + 2 \\ times ( Aa ) + 2 \\ times ( aa ) ) = ( 42 + 2 \\ times 9 \\ over 2 \\ times 49 + 2 \\ times 42 + 2 \\ times 9 ) = ( 60 \\ over 200 ) = 0.3 \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "This result tells us that the allele frequency of a is 0.3 . In other words , 30 % of the alleles for this gene in the population are the a allele .", "Compare genotype frequency : let 's now calculate the genotype frequency of aa homozygotes ( white - flowered plants ) .", "f ( a a ) = 9 49 + 42 + 9 = 9 100 = 0.09 = ( 9 % ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) f ( ( aa ) ) & = ( 9 \\ over 49 + 42 + 9 ) = ( 9 \\ over 100 ) = 0.09 = ( 9 \\ % ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "f ( a a ) = 9 49 + 42 + 9 = 9 100 = 0.09 = ( 9 % ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) f ( ( aa ) ) & = ( 9 \\ over 49 + 42 + 9 ) = ( 9 \\ over 100 ) = 0.09 = ( 9 \\ % ) \\ \\ \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "Allele and genotype frequencies always sum to less than or equal to one ( in other words , less than or equal to 100 % ) .", "The Hardy -- Weinberg law describes the relationship between allele and genotype frequencies when a population is not evolving . Let 's examine the Hardy -- Weinberg equation using the population of four - o'clock plants that we considered above : if the allele A frequency is denoted by the symbol p and the allele a frequency denoted by q , then p + q = 1 . For example , if p = 0.7 , then q must be 0.3 . In other words , if the allele frequency of A equals 70 % , the remaining 30 % of the alleles must be a , because together they equal 100 % .", "For a gene that exists in two alleles , the Hardy -- Weinberg equation states that ( p ) + ( 2pq ) + ( q ) = 1 If we apply this equation to our flower color gene , then", "f ( A A ) = p 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( AA ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) ) ( genotype frequency of homozygotes ) f ( A a ) = 2 p q ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( Aa ) ) = 2pq ) ( genotype frequency of heterozygotes ) f ( a a ) = q 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( aa ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( genotype frequency of homozygotes )", "f ( A A ) = p 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( AA ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) ) ( genotype frequency of homozygotes )", "f ( A a ) = 2 p q ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( Aa ) ) = 2pq ) ( genotype frequency of heterozygotes )", "f ( a a ) = q 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( aa ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( genotype frequency of homozygotes )", "If p = 0.7 and q = 0.3 , then", "f ( A A ) = p 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( AA ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( 0.7 ) = 0.49 f ( A a ) = 2 p q ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( Aa ) ) = 2pq ) = 2 × ( 0.7 ) × ( 0.3 ) = 0.42 f ( a a ) = q 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( aa ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( 0.3 ) = 0.09", "f ( A A ) = p 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( AA ) ) = p ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( 0.7 ) = 0.49", "f ( A a ) = 2 p q ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( Aa ) ) = 2pq ) = 2 × ( 0.7 ) × ( 0.3 ) = 0.42", "f ( a a ) = q 2 ( \\ displaystyle f ( \\ mathbf ( aa ) ) = q ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( 0.3 ) = 0.09", "This result tells us that , if the allele frequency of A is 70 % and the allele frequency of a is 30 % , the expected genotype frequency of AA is 49 % , Aa is 42 % , and aa is 9 % .", "Genotype frequencies may be represented by a De Finetti diagram ." ]

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[ "`` She 'll Be Coming ' Round the Mountain '' ( also sometimes called simply `` Coming ' Round the Mountain '' ) is a traditional folk song often categorized as children 's music .", "The song is derived from a Christian song known as `` When the Chariot Comes '' . The song 's style is reminiscent of the call and response structure of many folk songs ; among them are songs with a similar verse - structure but variant melodies , such as If You 're Happy and You Know It .", "These kinds of songs can be traced back to 17th - century British radical protestants and later commonly appeared in ballads as well as some religious songs : examples include `` What Wondrous Love Is This '' , `` Brave Benbow '' , `` The Ballad of Captain Kidd '' , `` Sam Hall '' and `` Ye Jacobites by Name '' .", "Although the first printed version of the song appeared in Carl Sandburg 's The American Songbag in 1927 , it is believed to have originated during the late 1800s , based on an old spiritual titled `` When the Chariot Comes '' sung to the same melody , which during the 19th century spread through Appalachia , where the lyrics were changed into their current form , which is often heard today with responses that add on to the previous verse .", "The song ostensibly refers to the Second Coming of Christ and subsequent Rapture , with the she referring to the chariot that the returning Christ is imagined as driving . Like most spirituals originating in the African - American community , however , this was probably a coded anthem for the Underground Railroad .", "The secularized version was sung by railroad work gangs in the Midwestern United States in the 1890s . Currently the song is usually sung in collections of children 's music . The song has been recorded by musicians ranging from Tommy Tucker Time ( 78'inch ) to Pete Seeger or Barney the Dinosaur .", "Harking back to the original lyrics of `` When the Chariot Comes '' , the song is sometimes referenced in relation to the end of the world , most notably in The Illuminatus ! Trilogy and the comic book Promethea .", "The Danish song `` Du må få min sofacykel '' has the same melody , but the lyrics of the song are about someone giving away their `` sofa bike '' , a bike with a back rest . The original of this song was a drinking song written by the Danish poet , songwriter and artist Mogens Lorentzen around the beginning of the 20th century . A Famous Studios Screen Song , `` Comin ' Round the Mountain '' was released based on this song , and is the featured sing - along song of the cartoon . Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1960 album Sing Again with The Chipmunks . The 1962 Folkways Records album of anti-Polaris songs , Ding Dong Dollar , uses the tune for the eponymous opening track . In 1967 Bob Dylan and The Band recorded the song , released on their album The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete . A funk version of the song appears on the 1976 album Hardcore Jollies from Funkadelic . The Peanuts cast performed the song in the 1977 film Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown . It was performed by The Winans in This is America , Charlie Brown in its episode `` Building of the Transcontinental Railroad '' . In Scotland , there is a variant to the song called ' Ye Cannae Shove Yer Granny Aff a Bus ' , written by The Singing Kettle . Raffi changed the song 's lyrics to `` He 'll be Comin ' Down the Chimney '' ( a reference to Santa Claus ) on his 1977 album More Singable Songs . He also included an instrumental polka rendition of the song entitled `` Mountain Polka '' on his Everything Grows album . A song titled `` Supergrass '' ( and a number of variant titles ) is attested with a similar tune , though it has a lyrical structure with verses and a chorus . The song is a political satire on the Troubles ; its narrator is a cowardly informant who is fleeing from the men he allegedly betrayed . It has been recorded by bands including The Irish Brigade and Athenrye . In the Reader 's Digest Children 's Songbook published in 1985 , the song is adapted with new words by Dan Fox and his son Paul and tells of the things that `` she '' will do in increasing number up to ten ( e.g. : `` She 'll be ridin ' on a camel , '' `` She 'll be tuggin ' on two turtles , '' `` She 'll be carvin ' three thick thistles , '' `` She 'll be pluckin ' four fat pheasants , '' etc . ) . The American death metal band Macabre used the melody on the song `` Coming to Chicago '' on their 2000 album Dahmer themed on the life of Jeffrey Dahmer . Ned Flanders of The Simpsons sang his own variation in `` The Bart of War '' which declares that `` poison gas injectors '' could threaten his safety . Jibjab created a satire about George W. Bush 's re-election called `` Second Term '' to the tune of `` She 'll Be Coming ' Round the Mountain '' . In Wizards of Waverly Place episode `` Monster Hunter '' first broadcast in 2009 , Harper Finkle creates a `` spell song '' for Alex Russo to remember the spells . In 2012 Neil Young together with Crazy Horse recorded an almost six minutes long version on their album Americana with the title `` Jesus Chariot '' . At least two soccer chants are sung to the tune of this song : English fans chant `` Ten German Bombers '' when their team is playing Germany . And Newcastle United fans chant `` Ten Mackem Bastards '' -- celebrating Shola Ameobi 's excellent record against their local rivals Sunderland . The German song `` Von den blauen Bergen kommen wir '' shares the same melody , as does the song `` Tante aus Marokko '' and its Dutch equivalent , `` Tante uit Marokko '' . These last two songs use similar themes from the original but personify the main character more literally as a cowgirl from the Wild West . A similar song is found in Norway ( derived from Lorentzen 's Danish version ) : `` Du skal få min gamle sykkel når jeg dør ( hvis jeg dør ) . '' The verses list all the `` old '' ( gamle ) things that `` you '' ( du ) can have `` when / if I die '' ( når / hvis jeg dør ) . The things on offer range from the lightly humorous to the scatological and pornographic , with many also playing on religion ( `` you can have my old bike / when I die , / ' cause the last onehundred meters / I can hitch - hike with St. Peter '' ) . For a good selection of verses , click here . Back in the 1960 's , the Norwegian children 's songwriter Thorbjørn Egner wrote a completely different text to the same melody instructing children about how to move safely in urban traffic ( `` Trafikkvisa '' ) . The Malaysian Scout song , `` Lai Chi Kan '' , uses the tune . The Italian Boy Scouts used to sing the song with very approximate English lyrics or unrelated Italian ones up until the ' Eighties . It was called `` Singhingaia '' from the refrain . Some sports fans at the University of Cambridge use this tune to sing `` we would rather be at Oxford than St John 's '' .", "The Danish song `` Du må få min sofacykel '' has the same melody , but the lyrics of the song are about someone giving away their `` sofa bike '' , a bike with a back rest . The original of this song was a drinking song written by the Danish poet , songwriter and artist Mogens Lorentzen around the beginning of the 20th century .", "A Famous Studios Screen Song , `` Comin ' Round the Mountain '' was released based on this song , and is the featured sing - along song of the cartoon .", "Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1960 album Sing Again with The Chipmunks .", "The 1962 Folkways Records album of anti-Polaris songs , Ding Dong Dollar , uses the tune for the eponymous opening track .", "In 1967 Bob Dylan and The Band recorded the song , released on their album The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete .", "A funk version of the song appears on the 1976 album Hardcore Jollies from Funkadelic .", "The Peanuts cast performed the song in the 1977 film Race for Your Life , Charlie Brown . It was performed by The Winans in This is America , Charlie Brown in its episode `` Building of the Transcontinental Railroad '' .", "In Scotland , there is a variant to the song called ' Ye Cannae Shove Yer Granny Aff a Bus ' , written by The Singing Kettle .", "Raffi changed the song 's lyrics to `` He 'll be Comin ' Down the Chimney '' ( a reference to Santa Claus ) on his 1977 album More Singable Songs . He also included an instrumental polka rendition of the song entitled `` Mountain Polka '' on his Everything Grows album .", "A song titled `` Supergrass '' ( and a number of variant titles ) is attested with a similar tune , though it has a lyrical structure with verses and a chorus . The song is a political satire on the Troubles ; its narrator is a cowardly informant who is fleeing from the men he allegedly betrayed . It has been recorded by bands including The Irish Brigade and Athenrye .", "In the Reader 's Digest Children 's Songbook published in 1985 , the song is adapted with new words by Dan Fox and his son Paul and tells of the things that `` she '' will do in increasing number up to ten ( e.g. : `` She 'll be ridin ' on a camel , '' `` She 'll be tuggin ' on two turtles , '' `` She 'll be carvin ' three thick thistles , '' `` She 'll be pluckin ' four fat pheasants , '' etc . ) .", "The American death metal band Macabre used the melody on the song `` Coming to Chicago '' on their 2000 album Dahmer themed on the life of Jeffrey Dahmer .", "Ned Flanders of The Simpsons sang his own variation in `` The Bart of War '' which declares that `` poison gas injectors '' could threaten his safety .", "Jibjab created a satire about George W. Bush 's re-election called `` Second Term '' to the tune of `` She 'll Be Coming ' Round the Mountain '' .", "In Wizards of Waverly Place episode `` Monster Hunter '' first broadcast in 2009 , Harper Finkle creates a `` spell song '' for Alex Russo to remember the spells .", "In 2012 Neil Young together with Crazy Horse recorded an almost six minutes long version on their album Americana with the title `` Jesus Chariot '' .", "At least two soccer chants are sung to the tune of this song : English fans chant `` Ten German Bombers '' when their team is playing Germany . And Newcastle United fans chant `` Ten Mackem Bastards '' -- celebrating Shola Ameobi 's excellent record against their local rivals Sunderland .", "The German song `` Von den blauen Bergen kommen wir '' shares the same melody , as does the song `` Tante aus Marokko '' and its Dutch equivalent , `` Tante uit Marokko '' . These last two songs use similar themes from the original but personify the main character more literally as a cowgirl from the Wild West .", "A similar song is found in Norway ( derived from Lorentzen 's Danish version ) : `` Du skal få min gamle sykkel når jeg dør ( hvis jeg dør ) . '' The verses list all the `` old '' ( gamle ) things that `` you '' ( du ) can have `` when / if I die '' ( når / hvis jeg dør ) . The things on offer range from the lightly humorous to the scatological and pornographic , with many also playing on religion ( `` you can have my old bike / when I die , / ' cause the last onehundred meters / I can hitch - hike with St. Peter '' ) . For a good selection of verses , click here . Back in the 1960 's , the Norwegian children 's songwriter Thorbjørn Egner wrote a completely different text to the same melody instructing children about how to move safely in urban traffic ( `` Trafikkvisa '' ) .", "The Malaysian Scout song , `` Lai Chi Kan '' , uses the tune .", "The Italian Boy Scouts used to sing the song with very approximate English lyrics or unrelated Italian ones up until the ' Eighties . It was called `` Singhingaia '' from the refrain .", "Some sports fans at the University of Cambridge use this tune to sing `` we would rather be at Oxford than St John 's '' ." ]

[ [ "the debut single by the American rapper Silentó" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Single by Silentó Released May 5 , 2015 Format Digital download Recorded November 2014 Genre Hip hop dance - pop Length 3 : 05 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Ricky Hawk Timothy Mingo Producer ( s ) Bolo Da Producer Silentó singles chronology `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 ) `` Watch Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Watch Me '' on YouTube", "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ''", "Single by Silentó", "Released May 5 , 2015", "Format Digital download", "Recorded November 2014", "Genre Hip hop dance - pop", "Hip hop dance - pop", "dance - pop", "Length 3 : 05", "Label Capitol", "Songwriter ( s ) Ricky Hawk Timothy Mingo", "Ricky Hawk Timothy Mingo", "Producer ( s ) Bolo Da Producer", "Silentó singles chronology", "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 )", "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 )", "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 )", "`` Watch Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 )", "`` Watch Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 )", "`` Watch Me '' ( 2015 ) `` Lightning in a Bottle '' ( 2015 )", "Music video", "`` Watch Me '' on YouTube", "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' is the debut single by the American rapper Silentó . In March 2015 , he was signed to Capitol Records , which released the track as a single with an accompanying music video . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it has spent 6 non-consecutive weeks . With a viral clip on YouTube , the song was popular for its dance despite mixed reviews , a combination of 2 popular moves cited in the title : the `` Whip ( dance ) '' and the `` Nae Nae '' as well as other hip hop dances from various songs `` Crank That ( Soulja Boy ) '' and `` Stanky Legg '' .", "The song was released on May 5 , 2015 . Starting August 28 until September 6 , 2015 , Silentó performed a remixed version for Nickelodeon to help advertise their Labor Day weekend line - up of shows ( ALVINNN ! ! ! and the Chipmunks , Harvey Beaks , Sanjay and Craig , and Pig Goat Banana Cricket ) under the title `` Epic Dance Party '' . In the promos , portions of Silentó 's original music video are used , although there are new shots featuring him dancing with the Nick characters and rapping the remix .", "The music video was uploaded online on Silentó 's Vevo channel on YouTube on June 25 , 2015 and shot in Atlanta , Georgia . It was directed by Marc Klasfeld . Set in a high school gymnasium , Silentó performs the dance moves mentioned in the song with dance crews , high school and university cheerleaders , fans , even a trio of conservative women who later join in on the dance , and also incorporates videos sent in by viewers . Lil Scrappy and Rich White Ladies make guest appearances in the video . As of April 2018 , it has surpassed 1.5 billion views on YouTube , making it the site 's 38th most - watched video .", "The digital media company DanceOn was crucial to the success of `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) . '' After striking a deal with Silentó , DanceOn reached out to its network of dance content creators to make instructional videos to the song for their # WatchMeDanceOn campaign . 50 of their creators made videos that they then posted on YouTube . Instantly they gained popularity bringing in more than 250 million views in under three months . The campaign was launched on April 13 , 2015 and by May 22 , 2015 the track 's sales tripled from 17,000 units a week to 42,000 a week .", "`` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 , where it has spent six non-consecutive weeks being kept from number one on the chart by songs such as `` Cheerleader '' by Omi and `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' by The Weeknd . It spent eighteen weeks in the top ten of that chart before dropping out on October 14 , 2015 . Internationally , the song has peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , as well as the top twenty of the charts in Denmark , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . The song reached over 2 million in sales by November 2015 , and has sold 2,440,000 copies as of June 2016 .", "The song received mostly positive reviews for its dance . It also received a nomination for Song of the Summer at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards and another nomination for R&B / Hip - Hop Song at the Teen Choice Awards . However , it was not immune to negative reception , as Australian site Irkitated named it one of the absolute `` worst songs '' .", "The song is featured in the television shows South Park , The $100,000 Pyramid , and The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt . It can also be heard in the film The Emoji Movie . The track appears in the video game Just Dance 2017 , and is playable in the demo for Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , and Nintendo Switch , Wii U copies of the demo keep Sorry as the playable demo track .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 35 Italy ( FIMI ) 95 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 43 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 3 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 3 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Radio Disney ( Top 30 ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 3 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 88 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 35 Italy ( FIMI ) 95 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 43 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 3 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 3 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Radio Disney ( Top 30 ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 3 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 88 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 35 Italy ( FIMI ) 95 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 43 South Africa ( EMA ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 3 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 24 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 36 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 39 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 3", "Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 9", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 65", "Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 31", "Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 6", "Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 41", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 15", "Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 46", "Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 40", "Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16", "France ( SNEP ) 19", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 35", "Italy ( FIMI ) 95", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 17", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11", "Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 43", "South Africa ( EMA ) 6", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 41", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19", "UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) 2", "US Billboard Hot 100 3", "US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 24", "US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 36", "US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 39", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 2", "US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 3", "Chart ( 2015 ) Position Radio Disney ( Top 30 ) 5 Australia ( ARIA ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 3", "Chart ( 2015 ) Position", "Radio Disney ( Top 30 ) 5", "Australia ( ARIA ) 52", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 42", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48", "US Billboard Hot 100 8", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 3", "Chart ( 2016 ) Position Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 69 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99 US Billboard Hot 100 88", "Chart ( 2016 ) Position", "Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 69", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99", "US Billboard Hot 100 88", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000", "Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000", "Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000", "United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 6,000,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone" ]

[ [] ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Avatar : The Last Airbender Also known as Avatar : The Legend of Aang Genre Action / Adventure Fantasy Comedy - drama Created by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Directed by Lauren MacMullan ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Dave Filoni ( Season 1 ) Giancarlo Volpe Anthony Lioi ( Season 1 ) Ethan Spaulding ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Michael Dante DiMartino ( The Crossroads of Destiny ) Joaquim Dos Santos ( Season 3 ) Voices of Zach Tyler Eisen Mae Whitman Jack DeSena Jessie Flower Dante Basco Dee Bradley Baker Jennie Kwan Mako ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greg Baldwin ( Season 3 ) Grey DeLisle Mark Hamill Composer ( s ) Jeremy Zuckerman , Benjamin Wynn Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 61 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Aaron Ehasz ( co-executive ) Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Nickelodeon Animation Studios DR Movie JM Animation MOI Animation Titmouse ( opening ) Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format NTSC 4 : 3 ( 480i ) Original release February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) -- July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 ) Chronology Followed by Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) The Legend of Korra ( TV series ) The Legend of Korra ( comics ) External links Official website", "Avatar : The Last Airbender", "Also known as Avatar : The Legend of Aang", "Genre Action / Adventure Fantasy Comedy - drama", "Action / Adventure Fantasy Comedy - drama", "Action / Adventure", "Comedy - drama", "Created by Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko", "Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko", "Michael Dante DiMartino", "Directed by Lauren MacMullan ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Dave Filoni ( Season 1 ) Giancarlo Volpe Anthony Lioi ( Season 1 ) Ethan Spaulding ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Michael Dante DiMartino ( The Crossroads of Destiny ) Joaquim Dos Santos ( Season 3 )", "Lauren MacMullan ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Dave Filoni ( Season 1 ) Giancarlo Volpe Anthony Lioi ( Season 1 ) Ethan Spaulding ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Michael Dante DiMartino ( The Crossroads of Destiny ) Joaquim Dos Santos ( Season 3 )", "Lauren MacMullan ( Seasons 1 - 2 )", "Dave Filoni ( Season 1 )", "Anthony Lioi ( Season 1 )", "Ethan Spaulding ( Seasons 2 - 3 )", "Michael Dante DiMartino ( The Crossroads of Destiny )", "Joaquim Dos Santos ( Season 3 )", "Voices of Zach Tyler Eisen Mae Whitman Jack DeSena Jessie Flower Dante Basco Dee Bradley Baker Jennie Kwan Mako ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greg Baldwin ( Season 3 ) Grey DeLisle Mark Hamill", "Zach Tyler Eisen Mae Whitman Jack DeSena Jessie Flower Dante Basco Dee Bradley Baker Jennie Kwan Mako ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Greg Baldwin ( Season 3 ) Grey DeLisle Mark Hamill", "Zach Tyler Eisen", "Dee Bradley Baker", "Mako ( Seasons 1 -- 2 )", "Greg Baldwin ( Season 3 )", "Composer ( s ) Jeremy Zuckerman , Benjamin Wynn", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 61 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Aaron Ehasz ( co-executive )", "Michael Dante DiMartino Bryan Konietzko Aaron Ehasz ( co-executive )", "Michael Dante DiMartino", "Aaron Ehasz ( co-executive )", "Running time 23 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Nickelodeon Animation Studios DR Movie JM Animation MOI Animation Titmouse ( opening )", "Nickelodeon Animation Studios DR Movie JM Animation MOI Animation Titmouse ( opening )", "Nickelodeon Animation Studios", "Titmouse ( opening )", "Release", "Original network Nickelodeon", "Picture format NTSC 4 : 3 ( 480i )", "Original release February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) -- July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 )", "Chronology", "Followed by Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) The Legend of Korra ( TV series ) The Legend of Korra ( comics )", "Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics ) The Legend of Korra ( TV series ) The Legend of Korra ( comics )", "Avatar : The Last Airbender ( comics )", "The Legend of Korra ( TV series )", "The Legend of Korra ( comics )", "External links", "Official website", "Avatar : The Last Airbender ( Avatar : The Legend of Aang in some regions ) is an American animated television series that aired for three seasons on Nickelodeon . The series began in February 2005 and concluded with a two - hour episode titled Sozin 's Comet in July 2008 . Avatar : The Last Airbender is set in an Asiatic - like world in which some people can manipulate the classical elements with psychokinetic variants of the Chinese martial arts known as `` bending '' . The series is presented in a style that combines anime with American cartoons and relies on the imagery of East - and - South Asian , Inuit , and New World societies . It follows the protagonist , twelve - year - old Aang and his friends , who must bring peace and unity to the world by ending the Fire Lord 's war with three nations .", "The series was commercially successful and was acclaimed by audiences and critics who praised its art direction , humor , cultural references , characters , and themes . It was nominated for -- and won -- Annie Awards , Genesis Awards , a Primetime Emmy Award , and a Peabody Award . The first season 's success prompted Nickelodeon to order a second and third season and the series inspired a critically panned but financially successful live - action film , The Last Airbender , considered one of the worst movies ever made , which was directed by M. Night Shyamalan . Merchandising for the series consisted of action figures , a trading card game , three video games , stuffed animals distributed by Paramount Parks , and two Lego sets . An art book was published in June 2010 . A sequel series titled The Legend of Korra aired from 2012 to 2014 . The complete series was released on Blu - ray on June 5 , 2018 for the 10th anniversary of season 3 's finale .", "Avatar : The Last Airbender is set in a world -- adjacent to a parallel spirit world -- that is home to humans and hybrid animals . Human civilization is divided into four nations , named after the four classical elements : the Water Tribes , the Earth Kingdom , the Fire Nation , and the Air Nomads . Each nation has a distinct society in which select people , known as `` benders '' ( waterbenders , earthbenders , firebenders and airbenders ) , have the ability to telekinetically manipulate and control their nation 's element using martial arts .", "Only the Avatar has the ability to bend all four elements . The Avatar , who may be male or female , is an international arbiter whose duty is to maintain harmony among the four nations , and act as a mediator between humans and spirits . When the Avatar dies , their spirit is reincarnated into the next of the four nations in what is known as the Avatar cycle : the Fire Nation , Air Nomads , Water Tribe and Earth Kingdom . An Avatar is required to master each bending art , beginning with the element of their home nation , and proceeding to learn the others in the order of the Avatar cycle , starting at the age of sixteen . Avatars also possess the ability to enter a condition known as the Avatar State , in which they gain the knowledge and abilities of all past Avatars . Although it is when they are most powerful , if an Avatar were ever to be killed while in the Avatar State , the reincarnation cycle would end and the avatar would never again be reborn .", "More than a century before the events of the series begin , Fire Lord Sozin , ruler of the Fire Nation , planned a world war to expand his nation 's territory and influence . He was prevented from carrying out his plans by Avatar Roku , who was born in the Fire Nation . After Roku 's death , the Avatar was reincarnated as an Airbender named Aang . Because the Avatar was now a child , Sozin saw his chance and proceeded with his militant plans . At the age of twelve , Aang learned about his avatar status because of the threat of Sozin 's war . Afraid of his new responsibilities and of separation from his mentor Gyatso , he fled his home on his flying bison , Appa . Aang was forced into the ocean by a storm ; he entered the Avatar State and encased himself and Appa in suspended animation in an iceberg near the South Pole for one hundred years . Sozin , knowing the avatar 's reincarnation cycle mandated an Air Nomad was the new Avatar , carried out a genocide against the Air Nomads during the passage of a once - a-century comet that increased the Firebenders ' power , and continued his world conquest .", "In the present day , as the Fire Nation continues its war against the other nations , Katara , a fourteen - year - old waterbender of the Southern Water Tribe , and her older brother , Sokka , find and revive Aang and Appa . Aang learns about the war and the siblings join him to reach the Northern Water Tribe at the North Pole so he and Katara can learn waterbending . Aang 's return attracts the attention of Prince Zuko , the exiled son of the current Fire Lord Ozai , who pursues them , accompanied by his uncle Iroh . Aang is also pursued by Zhao , a Fire Nation admiral who intends to win Ozai 's favor and rob Zuko of his redemption . En route to the North Pole , Aang learns about the genocide against his people when he visits the ruins of the Southern Air Temple . During the winter solstice , Aang meets the spirit of his predecessor , Avatar Roku , and comes to terms with his responsibilities . With the Northern Water Tribe , Aang and Katara learn advanced waterbending from Master Pakku ; Sokka falls in love with the chief 's daughter , Princess Yue . Zhao 's navy lays siege to the tribe , seizing the mortal forms of the ocean and moon spirits -- the source of waterbending -- and causing a lunar eclipse . Zhao kills the moon spirit to deprive the waterbenders of their abilities but Aang joins with the ocean spirit to drive off the enemy fleet while Yue sacrifices her life to revive the moon spirit . When Ozai hears about his older brother Iroh 's resistance to Zhao , he sends his daughter Azula to capture Iroh and Zuko .", "After leaving the Northern Water Tribe , Katara continues teaching Aang waterbending while the group searches for an earthbending teacher . They meet Toph Beifong , a twelve - year - old , blind earthbending prodigy who wants independence from her upper - class family . Pursued by Azula , Zuko and Iroh lead new lives in the Earth Kingdom as wanderers and refugees , settling in the capital city Ba Sing Se . At a library guarded by the spirit Wan Shi Tong , Aang and his group learn an imminent solar eclipse could let them stop the Fire Nation before Sozin 's Comet arrives . They journey to Ba Sing Se to inform the Earth King of this information . In the city , they find that the Earth King Kuei is a puppet ruler , manipulated by Long Feng , leader of the Dai Li secret police . After Aang 's group exposes Long Feng 's political machinations , Toph is captured but escapes by learning to bend metal . The Dai Li join Azula to instigate a coup d'état of Ba Sing Se , and Zuko , who has spent his time in Ba Sing Se trying to come to terms with his identity , sides with his sister Azula . During a face off in the catacombs underneath the ancient city , Azula nearly kills Aang , forcing the protagonists to retreat with help from Iroh and leaving the Earth Kingdom under the control of the Fire Nation .", "Aang emerges from a coma to find his friends and allies disguised as soldiers on a Fire Nation ship , preparing to invade the Fire Nation capital during the solar eclipse . The invasion is at first successful but Aang and his friends can not find Ozai and are forced to retreat . Zuko learns about his father 's intention to destroy the Earth Kingdom during the return of Sozin 's Comet ; he begins to regret his decision , and abandons the Fire Nation to join Aang and teach him firebending . As the comet approaches , Aang , a pacifist , wrestles with the possibility that he will have to kill Ozai to end the war . As he , in seclusion , consults the spirits of his predecessors for advice , Katara and the others encounter Iroh , who is leading a secret society called the Order of the White Lotus . The Order liberates Ba Sing Se . Sokka , Toph , and the warrior Suki attack the Fire Nation 's airships , while Zuko and Katara confront Azula to prevent her from being crowned as the new Fire Lord . As the comet arrives , Aang confronts Ozai but can not get the upper hand until Ozai triggers Aang 's connection to the Avatar State . Aang strips Ozai of his firebending powers . Zuko is crowned the new Fire Lord and arranges an armistice , establishing peace in the world .", "The series consists of sixty - one episodes . The first episode -- an - hour - long premiere -- aired on February 21 , 2005 , on Nickelodeon . The series concluded with a two - hour television movie broadcast on July 19 , 2008 . Each season of the series is known as a `` book '' , in which each episode is referred to as a `` chapter '' . Each book takes its name from one of the elements Aang , the protagonist , must master ; Water , Earth , and Fire . The show 's first two seasons each consists of twenty episodes and the third season has twenty - one . The entire series has been released on DVD in regions 1 , 2 and 4 .", "Season Book Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Book One : Water 20 February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) December 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 02 ) Book Two : Earth 20 March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) December 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 ) Book Three : Fire 21 September 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 21 ) July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 )", "Season Book Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "Book One : Water 20 February 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 21 ) December 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 02 )", "Book Two : Earth 20 March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) December 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 01 )", "Book Three : Fire 21 September 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 21 ) July 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 19 )", "Avatar : The Last Airbender was co-created and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko at Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank , California . Its animation was mostly done by South Korean studios JM Animation , DR Movie , and MOI Animation . According to Konietzko , the series was conceived in early 2001 when he took an old sketch of a balding , middle - aged man and imagined the man as a child . He drew the character herding bison in the sky and showed the sketch to DiMartino , who was watching a documentary about explorers trapped at the South Pole . Konietzko described their early development of the concept ; `` There 's an air guy along with these water people trapped in a snowy wasteland ... and maybe some fire people are pressing down on them '' . The co-creators successfully pitched the idea to Nickelodeon vice-president and executive producer Eric Coleman two weeks later .", "The series was introduced to the public in a teaser reel at Comic - Con 2004 , and premiered on February 21 , 2005 .", "In an interview , Konietzko said : `` Mike and I were really interested in other epic ' Legends & Lore ' properties , like Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings , but we knew that we wanted to take a different approach to that type of genre . Our love for Japanese anime , Hong Kong action and kung fu cinema , yoga , and Eastern philosophies led us to the initial inspiration for Avatar : The Last Airbender . ''", "The series is notable for borrowing extensively from East Asian art and mythology for its universe . Its creators employed cultural consultants Edwin Zane and calligrapher Siu - Leung Lee to help determine its art direction and settings . Its character designs are influenced by Chinese art and history , Hinduism , Taoism and Buddhism , and Yoga . Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn composed the series ' music and sound ; they experimented with a wide range of instruments , including the guzheng , pipa , and duduk , to match the show 's Asia - influenced setting . The art style of the fictitious locations used in the series are based on real locations in Asia . Sites such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall of China in Beijing were inspirations for the Earth Kingdom city of Ba Sing Se .", "The fighting styles employed by the show 's characters are derived from Chinese martial arts , for which the film - makers employed Sifu Kisu of the Harmonious Fist Chinese Athletic Association as a consultant . Each fighting style is unique to the `` benders '' who use them or characters who are aligned to a certain element . For example , practitioners of `` waterbending '' use movements influenced by T'ai chi and focused on alignment , body structure , breath , and visualization . Hung Gar was the inspiration for practitioners of `` earthbending '' , and was chosen for its firmly rooted stances and powerful strikes as a representation of the solidity of earth . Northern Shaolin , which uses strong arm and leg movements , was chosen to represent `` firebending '' . Ba Gua , which uses dynamic circular movements and quick directional changes , was used for `` airbending '' . The Chu Gar Southern Praying Mantis style can be seen practiced by the earthbender Toph , who develops a unique fighting style as a result of her blindness . Asian cinema influenced the presentation of these martial - art bending moves .", "Several books based on the show have been published . Dark Horse Comics published an art book titled Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Art of the Animated Series on June 2 , 2010 , with 184 pages of original art from the series . Several comic - book short stories were published in Nickelodeon Magazine , and Dark Horse published Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Lost Adventures -- a collection of these and new comics -- on June 15 , 2011 .", "Dark Horse published a graphic - novel series by Gene Yang that continues Aang 's story after the Hundred Years ' War . Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Promise , published in three volumes in 2012 , explores the fate of the Fire Nation colonies that become The Legend of Korra 's United Republic . A second set of three comic books , Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Search , focuses on Zuko and Azula , and the fate of their mother Ursa . The third set , Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Rift , shifts the focus to Aang , the creation of Republic City , and Toph 's relationship with her family . The Rift was followed by Avatar : The Last Airbender -- Smoke and Shadow about a resistance force in the Fire Nation against Firelord Zuko , who at the end of the original series assumed the throne . The fifth graphic novel was Avatar : The Last Airbender -- North and South , which follows the events of Smoke and Shadow and is about Katara and Sokka returning to the Water Tribe to see various changes to their homeland . The next planned graphic novel is titled Imbalance and is planned to be released in October 2018 . The series explores the emerging conflict between the benders and non-benders that becomes the center for the conflict in the first season of the sequel the Legend of Korra . Unlike the previous five books it is will not be written by Gene Yang .", "A video - game trilogy based on the series has been released . The Avatar : The Last Airbender video game was released on October 10 , 2006 , and Avatar : The Last Airbender -- The Burning Earth was released on October 16 , 2007 . Avatar : The Last Airbender -- Into the Inferno was released on October 13 , 2008 . Avatar : Legends of the Arena , a massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) for Microsoft Windows , was released on September 15 , 2008 , by Nickelodeon . Players can create their own character and interact with other players around the world . Avatar : The Last Airbender was THQ 's bestselling Nickelodeon game in 2006 and was one of Sony CEA 's Greatest Hits .", "The series ' first season was the basis of the 2010 live - action film The Last Airbender , which was written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan . It was intended as the first of a trilogy of films , each of which would be based upon one of the three television seasons . The film 's reception from critics and fans of the television series was overwhelmingly negative ; it had a six - percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and received five Razzies at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture . Although the film originally shared the title of the television series , the title The Last Airbender was used because producers feared it would be confused with James Cameron 's film Avatar . The Last Airbender stars Noah Ringer as Aang , Nicola Peltz as Katara , Jackson Rathbone as Sokka , Dev Patel as Zuko , and Shaun Toub as Iroh .", "The Legend of Korra , a sequel series to Avatar : The Last Airbender , premiered on Nickelodeon on April 14 , 2012 . It was written and produced by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko , the creators and producers of the original series . The show was initially titled Avatar : Legend of Korra , then The Last Airbender : Legend of Korra ; its events occur seventy years after the end of Avatar : The Last Airbender . The series ' protagonist is Korra , a 17 - year - old woman from the Southern Water Tribe who is the incarnation of the Avatar after Aang 's death .", "The Avatar : The Last Airbender was the highest - rated animated television series in its demographic at its premiere ; an average of 3.1 million viewers watched each new episode . It had 5.6 million viewers for its highest - rated episode and was a highly rated part of the Nicktoons lineup beyond its 6 - to - 11 - year - old target demographic . A one - hour special , The Secret of the Fire Nation , consisting of the episodes `` The Serpent 's Pass '' and `` The Drill '' , aired on September 15 , 2006 , and attracted 5.1 million viewers . According to the Nielsen Media Research , the special was the highest - rated cable - television program that week . In 2007 , Avatar : The Last Airbender was syndicated to more than 105 countries and was one of Nickelodeon 's top - rated programs . The series ranked first on Nickelodeon in Germany , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Netherlands , Belgium , and Colombia .", "The four - part series finale , `` Sozin 's Comet '' , had the series ' highest ratings . Its first airing averaged 5.6 million viewers , 95 percent more than Nickelodeon had in mid-July 2007 . During the week of July 14 , it was the most - viewed program by the under - 14 demographic . The finale 's popularity was reflected in online media ; Rise of the Phoenix King , a Nick.com online game based on `` Sozin 's Comet '' , had almost 815,000 game plays in three days . IGN ranked the series 35th on its list of top 100 animated TV shows .", "Avatar : The Last Airbender received critical acclaim . Max Nicholson of IGN called it a `` must - watch '' and described it as `` one of the greatest animated series of all time '' . Nick Hartel of DVD Talk called the series a remarkable , `` child friendly show '' whose legacy `` should endure for years to come '' . Erik Amaya of Bleeding Cool described the series as `` impressive in its sophistication '' and `` fantastic '' . Henry Glasheen of SLUG Magazine called the series `` adventurous and exciting '' , a `` classic '' and occasionally moving . According to Brittany Lovely of Hypable , it tells `` complex and beautiful '' stories . Joe Corey of Inside Pulse described the series as an anime - action hybrid . Chris Mitchell of Popzara called it one of best shows to air on Nickelodeon , praising the series ' background music and voice acting . D.F. Smith of IGN recommended it to viewers who enjoy action - adventure cartoons .", "Rob Keyes of Screen Rant called the series `` one of the greatest cartoons ever made '' . Mike Noyes of Inside Pulse recommended it to viewers who enjoy `` great '' adventure . Gord Lacey of TVShowsonDVD.com called the series `` one of the finest animated shows ever '' . According to Todd Douglass , Jr. of DVD Talk , adults will enjoy the series as much as children do . Joshua Miller of CHUD.com called it `` phenomenal '' and `` one of the most well animated programs ( children 's or adult ) American TV has ever had '' ; according to Miller , the series is heavily influenced by anime . Tim Janson of Cinefantastique described it as `` one of the most engaging animated shows produced '' . Dennis Amith of J ! ENT called the series `` one of the best animated TV series shown in the US by American creators '' . Amith praised its sophisticated storylines , edginess , humor , and action . Franco `` Cricket '' Te of Nerd Society described Avatar : The Last Airbender as `` one of the best cartoon ( s ) '' he had ever seen , recommending the series for its characters and plot . Scott Thill of Wired called the series engaging and its setting , influenced by the Eastern world , `` fantastic '' . Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku said the series should be part of the golden age of television , and recommended `` the sophisticated kids show '' to others .", "The show 's writing and theme have been widely praised by critics . Michael S. Mammano of Den of Geek called the plot `` smartly - written '' and praised the animation . Jenifer Rosenberg of ComicMix liked the program 's emphasis on family , friends , community , and education . According to Nick Hartel , the series touches on themes of `` genocide and self - doubt '' without frightening younger children ; rogue characters are redeemable , sending an important message that people can change and are not bonded to `` destiny '' . Chris Mitchell called the plot `` fantastic '' . D.F. Smith compared the series ' plot to Japanese action cartoons , calling its tone and dialogue `` very American '' and praising the humor leavening an epic , dramatic theme suitable for all ages . Rob Keyes also praised the series ' humor and affecting plot : `` ( It ) will capture your hearts '' .", "According to Mike Noyes , the series amalgamates elements of `` classic fantasy epics '' . Todd Douglass , Jr. called the plot engaging , well - thought - out , and meaningful . The series ' concept is `` well - realized '' , with a consistent story . Douglass wrote that the characters `` ( have ) a real sense of progression '' , and praised the writers for their humor , drama , and emotion . Joshua Miller called the series surprisingly dark despite its `` silly '' theme ; the plot is livelier than that of Lost and , similar to the latter show , emphasizes character development . According to Miller , its writing was `` true adult levels of storytelling '' . Tim Janson described the series as more than fantasy - and superhero - themed , seeing the characters as central and relateable . `` Cricket '' Te praised the series ' use of Buddhist philosophies and the diverse presentation of its themes of courage and life . Kirk Hamiltion praises the series for expressing towards its audience to be themselves and for its quiet progressivism .", "Critics also praised Avatar : The Last Airbender 's character development , art , animation , and choreography ; Eric Amaya enjoyed the expressive animation that complements the writing . According to Amaya , the elements were influenced by Hayao Miyazaki . Todd Douglass , Jr. called the character development interesting . Jenifer Rosenburg praised the series ' portrayal of females as `` strong , responsible , ( and ) intelligent '' . According to Joshua Miller , the bender characters ' use of bending for everyday activities brings `` depth and believability '' to the avatar world . Miller called the series ' designs `` rich and immersive '' , with each nation having its own , detailed look . He praised the action scenes as `` well rendered '' , comparing the development of the avatar world to that of The Lord of the Rings , and the fight choreography as `` wonderful in its most minor details '' . D.F. Smith enjoyed the series ' painstaking backgrounds . `` Cricket '' Te praised each episode 's color palette and the choreography 's combination of martial arts and magic . Nick Hartel criticized the animation , although he found it an improvement over previous Nickelodeon shows . Chris Mitchell called the animation fluid . `` Cricket '' Te agreed , noting its manga influence . According to Brittany Lovely , non-bender characters in battle are `` overshadowed '' by their bender counterparts . Joe Corey called the animation 's action and environments a `` great achievement '' , and Rob Keyes praised the series ' fight choreography . According to Kirk Hamilton , the action sequences in the series are amazing while being child - appropriate and exciting .", "Year Award Category Nominee Status 2005 Pulcinella Awards Best Action Adventure TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Best TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won 2006 33rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production Lauren MacMullan for `` The Deserter '' Won Writing for an Animated Television Production Aaron Ehasz and John O'Bryan for `` The Fortuneteller '' Nominated 2007 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated 34th Annie Awards Character Animation in a Television Production Yu Jae Myung for `` The Blind Bandit '' Won Directing in an Animated Television Production Giancarlo Volpe for `` The Drill '' Won Genesis Awards Outstanding Children 's Programming `` Appa 's Lost Days '' Won 59th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program `` City of Walls and Secrets '' Nominated Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Sang - Jin Kim for `` Lake Laogai '' Won 2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV series Joaquim Dos Santos for `` The Day of Black Sun , Part 2 : The Eclipse '' Nominated Peabody Awards N / A Avatar : The Last Airbender Won 13th Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Book 3 : Fire , Volume 4 Nominated 2009 36th Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production for Children Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Directing in an Animated Television Production Joaquim Dos Santos for `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 3 : Into the Inferno '' Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Television Animation `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 4 : Avatar Aang '' Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Top Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated", "Year Award Category Nominee Status", "2005 Pulcinella Awards Best Action Adventure TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won", "Best TV Series Avatar : The Last Airbender Won", "2006 33rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated", "Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production Lauren MacMullan for `` The Deserter '' Won", "Writing for an Animated Television Production Aaron Ehasz and John O'Bryan for `` The Fortuneteller '' Nominated", "2007 Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated", "34th Annie Awards Character Animation in a Television Production Yu Jae Myung for `` The Blind Bandit '' Won", "Directing in an Animated Television Production Giancarlo Volpe for `` The Drill '' Won", "Genesis Awards Outstanding Children 's Programming `` Appa 's Lost Days '' Won", "59th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program `` City of Walls and Secrets '' Nominated", "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation Sang - Jin Kim for `` Lake Laogai '' Won", "2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won", "Annecy International Animated Film Festival TV series Joaquim Dos Santos for `` The Day of Black Sun , Part 2 : The Eclipse '' Nominated", "Peabody Awards N / A Avatar : The Last Airbender Won", "13th Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Book 3 : Fire , Volume 4 Nominated", "2009 36th Annie Awards Best Animated Television Production for Children Avatar : The Last Airbender Won", "Directing in an Animated Television Production Joaquim Dos Santos for `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 3 : Into the Inferno '' Won", "Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Television Animation `` Sozin 's Comet , Part 4 : Avatar Aang '' Nominated", "Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 Fave Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Won", "Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Top Toon Avatar : The Last Airbender Nominated" ]

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[ "Washington Naval Treaty Limitation of Naval Armament Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty . Type Arms control Context World War I Signed February 6 , 1922 ( 1922 - 02 - 06 ) Location Memorial Continental Hall , Washington , D.C. Effective August 17 , 1923 ( 1923 - 08 - 17 ) Expiration December 31 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 31 ) Negotiators Charles Evans Hughes Arthur Balfour Albert Sarraut Carlo Schanzer Katō Tomosaburō Signatories Warren G. Harding George V Alexandre Millerand Victor Emmanuel III Yoshihito Parties United States British Empire France Kingdom of Italy Empire of Japan Language English Washington Naval Treaty , 1922 at Wikisource", "Limitation of Naval Armament", "Signing of the Washington Naval Treaty .", "Type Arms control", "Context World War I", "Signed February 6 , 1922 ( 1922 - 02 - 06 )", "Location Memorial Continental Hall , Washington , D.C.", "Effective August 17 , 1923 ( 1923 - 08 - 17 )", "Expiration December 31 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 31 )", "Negotiators Charles Evans Hughes Arthur Balfour Albert Sarraut Carlo Schanzer Katō Tomosaburō", "Signatories Warren G. Harding George V Alexandre Millerand Victor Emmanuel III Yoshihito", "Parties United States British Empire France Kingdom of Italy Empire of Japan", "Language English", "Washington Naval Treaty , 1922 at Wikisource", "The Washington Naval Treaty , also known as the Five - Power Treaty , the Four - Power Treaty , and the Nine - Power Treaty , was a treaty among the major nations that had won World War I , which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction . It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference , held in Washington , D.C. , from November 1921 to February 1922 , and it was signed by the governments of the United Kingdom , the United States , Japan , France , and Italy . It limited the construction of battleships , battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the signatories . The numbers of other categories of warships , including cruisers , destroyers and submarines , were not limited by the treaty , but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons displacement .", "The naval treaty was concluded on February 6 , 1922 . Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17 , 1923 , and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16 , 1924 .", "Later naval arms limitation conferences sought additional limitations of warship building . The terms of the Washington treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936 . By the mid-1930s , Japan and Italy renounced the treaties , making naval arms limitation an increasingly untenable position for the other signatories .", "Immediately after World War I , the United Kingdom had the world 's largest and most powerful navy , followed by the United States and more distantly by Japan . The three nations had been allied for World War I , but a naval arms race seemed likely for the next few years . President Woodrow Wilson 's administration had already announced successive plans for the expansion of the US Navy from 1916 to 1919 that would have resulted in a massive fleet of 50 modern battleships . At the time , it was engaged in building six battleships and six battlecruisers .", "In response , the Japanese parliament finally authorized construction of warships to enable the Japanese Navy to reach its target of an `` eight - eight '' fleet programme , with eight modern battleships and eight battlecruisers . The Japanese started work on four battleships and four battlecruisers , all much larger and more powerful than those of the classes preceding .", "The 1921 British Naval Estimates planned four battleships and four battlecruisers , with another four battleships to follow the subsequent year .", "The U.S. public was largely unwelcoming of the new `` arms race '' . The United States Congress disapproved of Wilson 's 1919 naval expansion plan , and during the 1920 presidential election campaign , politics returned to the non-interventionalism of the prewar era , with little appetite for continued naval expansion . Britain could also ill afford any resumption of battleship construction , given the exorbitant price of naval construction .", "In late 1921 , the US government became aware that Britain was planning a conference to discuss the strategic situation in the Pacific and Far East . To forestall the conference and satisfy domestic pressure for a global disarmament conference , the Harding administration called the Washington Naval Conference during November 1921 .", "At the first plenary session held November 21 , 1921 , US Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes presented his country 's proposals . Hughes provided a dramatic beginning for the conference by stating with resolve : `` The way to disarm is to disarm '' . The ambitious slogan received enthusiastic public endorsement and likely shortened the conference while helping ensure his proposals were largely adopted . He subsequently proposed the following :", "A ten - year pause or `` holiday '' in the construction of capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) , including the immediate suspension of all capital ship building . The scrapping of existing or planned capital ships to give a 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 ratio of tonnage with Britain , the United States , Japan , France and Italy respectively . Ongoing limits of both capital ship tonnage and the tonnage of secondary vessels with the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio .", "A ten - year pause or `` holiday '' in the construction of capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) , including the immediate suspension of all capital ship building .", "The scrapping of existing or planned capital ships to give a 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 ratio of tonnage with Britain , the United States , Japan , France and Italy respectively .", "Ongoing limits of both capital ship tonnage and the tonnage of secondary vessels with the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio .", "The proposals on capital ships were largely accepted by the British delegation , but they were controversial with the public . It would no longer be possible for Britain to have adequate fleets in the North Sea , the Mediterranean , and the Far Eas t simultaneously . That provoked outrage from parts of the Royal Navy .", "Nevertheless , there was huge pressure on Britain to agree . The risk of war with the United States was increasingly regarded as merely theoretical , as there were very few policy differences between the two countries . Naval spending was also unpopular in both Britain and its dominions . Furthermore , Britain was implementing major decreases of its budget because of the post -- World War I recession .", "The Japanese delegation was divided . Japanese naval doctrine required the maintenance of a fleet 70 % the size of that of the United States , which was felt to be the minimum necessary to defeat the United States in any subsequent war . The Japanese envisaged two separate engagements , first with the U.S. Pacific Fleet and then with the U.S. Atlantic Fleet . It calculated that a 7 : 5 ratio in the first battle would produce a big enough margin of victory to be able to win the subsequent engagement and so a 5 : 3 ratio , or 60 % , was unacceptable . Nevertheless , the director of the delegation , Katō Tomosaburō , preferred accepting the latter to the prospect of an arms race with the United States , as the relative industrial output of the two nations would cause Japan to lose such an arms race and possibly an economic crisis . Going into the negotiations , the Japanese had only 55 % of capital ships and 18 % of the GDP that the Americans did .", "His opinion was opposed strongly by Katō Kanji , the president of the Naval Staff College , who acted as his chief naval aide at the delegation and represented the influential `` big navy '' school of thought . It held that in the event of war , the United States would be able to build indefinitely more warships , because of its huge industrial power , and so Japan needed to prepare as thoroughly as possible for the inevitable conflict with America .", "Katō Tomosaburō was finally able to persuade the Japanese high command to accept the Hughes proposals , but the outcome of the treaty was for years a cause of controversy in the navy .", "The French delegation initially responded angrily to the idea of reducing its capital ships tonnage to 175,000 tons and demanded 350,000 , slightly above Japan . In the end , concessions regarding cruisers and submarines helped persuade the French to agree to the limit on capital ships . Another issue that was seen as critical by the French representatives was Italy 's request of substantial parity , which was seen as unsubstantiated ; however , pressure from the American and British delegations led them to give in . That was seen as a great success in Italy , but parity would never actually be reached .", "There was much discussion about the inclusion or exclusion of individual warships . In particular , the Japanese delegation was keen to retain their newest battleship Mutsu , which had been funded with great public enthusiasm , including donations from schoolchildren . That resulted in provisions to allow the United States and Britain to construct equivalent ships .", "Hughes proposed to limit secondary ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) in the same proportions as capital ships . However , that was unacceptable to both the British and the French . The British counterproposal , in which the British would be entitled to 450,000 tons of cruisers in consideration of its imperial commitments but the United States and Japan only 300,000 and 250,000 respectively , proved equally contentious . Thus , the idea of limiting total cruiser tonnage or numbers was rejected entirely .", "Instead , the British suggested a qualitative limit of future cruiser construction . The limit proposed , of a 10,000 ton maximum displacement and 8 - inch calibre guns , was intended to allow the British to retain the Hawkins class , then being constructed . That coincided with US requirements for cruisers for Pacific operations and also with Japanese plans for the Furutaka class . The suggestion was adopted with little debate .", "A major British demand during the negotiations was the complete abolition of the submarine , which had proved so effective against them in the war . However , that proved impossible , particularly as a result of French opposition ; they demanded an allowance of 90,000 tons of submarines and so the conference ended without an agreement on restricting submarines .", "Article XIX of the Treaty also prohibited Britain , Japan , and the United States from constructing any fortifications or naval bases in the Pacific Ocean . That was a significant victory for Japan , as fortified British or American bases would pose a serious problem for the Japanese in the event of any future war . The provision of the treaty essentially guaranteed that Japan would be the dominant power in the Western Pacific Ocean and was crucial in gaining Japanese acceptance of the limits on capital ship construction .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Tonnage limitations Country Capital ships Aircraft carriers British Empire 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes ) United States 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes ) Empire of Japan 315,000 tons ( 320,000 tonnes ) 81,000 tons ( 82,000 tonnes ) France 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes ) Italy 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes )", "Tonnage limitations", "Country Capital ships Aircraft carriers", "British Empire 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes )", "United States 525,000 tons ( 533,000 tonnes ) 135,000 tons ( 137,000 tonnes )", "Empire of Japan 315,000 tons ( 320,000 tonnes ) 81,000 tons ( 82,000 tonnes )", "France 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes )", "Italy 175,000 tons ( 178,000 tonnes ) 60,000 tons ( 61,000 tonnes )", "The treaty strictly limited both the tonnage and construction of capital ships and aircraft carriers and included limits of the size of individual ships .", "The tonnage limits defined by Articles IV and VII ( tabulated ) gave a strength ratio of approximately 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75 for Britain , the United States , Japan , Italy , and France .", "The qualitative limits of each type of ship were as follows :", "Capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) were limited to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of no larger than 16 - inch calibre . ( Articles V and VI ) Aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons and could carry no more than 10 heavy guns , of a maximum calibre of 8 inches . However , each signatory was allowed to use two existing capital ship hulls for aircraft carriers , with a displacement limit of 33,000 tons each ( Articles IX and X ) . For the purposes of the treaty , an aircraft carrier was defined as a warship displacing more than 10,000 tonnes constructed exclusively for launching and landing aircraft . Carriers lighter than 10,000 tonnes , therefore , did not count towards the tonnage limits ( Article XX , part 4 ) . Moreover , all aircraft carriers then in service or building ( Argus , Furious , Langley and Hosho ) were declared `` experimental '' and not counted ( Article VIII ) . All other warships were limited to a maximum displacement of 10,000 tons and a maximum gun calibre of 8 inches ( Articles XI and XII ) .", "Capital ships ( battleships and battlecruisers ) were limited to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of no larger than 16 - inch calibre . ( Articles V and VI )", "Aircraft carriers were limited to 27,000 tons and could carry no more than 10 heavy guns , of a maximum calibre of 8 inches . However , each signatory was allowed to use two existing capital ship hulls for aircraft carriers , with a displacement limit of 33,000 tons each ( Articles IX and X ) . For the purposes of the treaty , an aircraft carrier was defined as a warship displacing more than 10,000 tonnes constructed exclusively for launching and landing aircraft . Carriers lighter than 10,000 tonnes , therefore , did not count towards the tonnage limits ( Article XX , part 4 ) . Moreover , all aircraft carriers then in service or building ( Argus , Furious , Langley and Hosho ) were declared `` experimental '' and not counted ( Article VIII ) .", "All other warships were limited to a maximum displacement of 10,000 tons and a maximum gun calibre of 8 inches ( Articles XI and XII ) .", "The treaty also detailed by Chapter II the individual ships to be retained by each navy , including the allowance for the United States to complete two further ships of the Colorado class and for Britain to complete two new ships in accordance with the treaty limits .", "Chapter II , part 2 , detailed what was to be done to render a ship ineffective for military use . In addition to sinking or scrapping , a limited number of ships could be converted as target ships or training vessels if their armament , armour and other combat - essential parts were removed completely . Some could also be converted into aircraft carriers .", "Part 3 , Section II specified the ships to be scrapped to comply with the treaty and when the remaining ships could be replaced . In all , the United States had to scrap 30 existing or planned capital ships , Britain 23 and Japan 17 .", "The treaty marked the end of a long period of increases of battleship construction . Many ships then being constructed were scrapped or converted into aircraft carriers . Treaty limits were respected and then extended by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 . It was not until the mid-1930s that navies began to build battleships once again , and power and size of new battleships began to increase once again . The Second London Naval Treaty in 1936 sought to extend the Washington Treaty limits until 1942 , but in the absence of Japan or Italy , it was largely ineffective .", "There were fewer effects on cruiser building . While the treaty specified 10,000 tons and 8 - inch guns as the maximum size of a cruiser , that was also the minimum size cruiser that any navy was willing to build . The treaty began a building competition of 8 - inch , 10,000 ton `` treaty cruisers '' , which gave further cause for concern . Subsequent naval treaties sought to address this , by limiting cruiser , destroyer and submarine tonnage .", "Unofficial terms of the treaty included the end of the Anglo - Japanese Alliance by Britain . It was not part of the Washington Treaty in any way , but the American delegates had made it clear they would not agree to the treaty unless Britain ended its alliance with the Japanese .", "The naval treaty had a profound effect on the Japanese . With superior American and British industrial power , a long war would very likely end in a Japanese defeat . Thus , gaining parity on the strategic level was not economically possible .", "Many Japanese considered the 5 : 5 : 3 ratio of ships as another way of being snubbed by the West , but it can be argued that the Japanese had a greater concentration of force than the U.S Navy or the Royal Navy . It also contributed to controversy in high ranks of the Imperial Japanese Navy between the Treaty Faction officers and their Fleet Faction opponents , who were also allied with the ultranationalists of the Japanese army and other parts of the Japanese government . For the Treaty Faction , the treaty was one of the factors that contributed to the deterioration of the relationship between the United States and Japanese governments . Some have also argued that the treaty was one major factor in prompting Japanese expansionism by the Fleet Faction during the early 1930s . The perception of unfairness resulted in Japan 's renunciation of the Naval Limitation Treaties in 1936 .", "Isoroku Yamamoto , who later masterminded the Attack on Pearl Harbor , argued that Japan should remain in the treaty . His opinion was more complex , however , in that he believed the United States could outproduce Japan by a greater factor than the 5 : 3 ratio because of the huge US production advantage of which he was an expert since he had served with the Japanese Embassy in Washington . `` Anyone who has seen the auto factories in Detroit and the oil - fields in Texas '' , he commented after the signing of the treaty , `` knows that Japan lacks the power for a naval race with America . '' He later added , `` The ratio works very well for Japan -- it is a treaty to restrict the other parties . '' He believed that other methods than a spree of construction would be needed to even the odds , which may have contributed to his advocacy of the plan to attack Pearl Harbor . However , he did not have sufficient influence at Navy headquarters or in the government .", "On December 29 , 1934 , the Japanese government gave formal notice that it intended to terminate the treaty . Its provisions remained in force until the end of 1936 and were not renewed . Japan effectively ignored the treaty in 1936 .", "What was unknown to the participants of the Conference was that the American `` Black Chamber '' ( the Cypher Bureau , a US intelligence service ) , commanded by Herbert Yardley , was spying on the delegations ' communications with their home capitals . In particular , Japanese communications were penetrated thoroughly , and American negotiators were able to get the absolute minimum possible deal that the Japanese had indicated they would ever accept .", "As it was unpopular with much of the Imperial Japanese Navy and with the increasingly active and important ultranationalist groups , the value that the Japanese government accepted was the cause of much suspicion and accusation among Japanese politicians and naval officers ." ]

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[ "Fool 's Gold Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Tennant Produced by Donald De Line Written by Andy Tennant John Claflin Daniel Zelman Starring Matthew McConaughey Kate Hudson Donald Sutherland Ewen Bremner Alexis Dziena Kevin Hart Ray Winstone Music by George Fenton Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Troy Takaki Tracey Wadmore - Smith Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $70 million Box office $111,231,041", "Fool 's Gold", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Andy Tennant", "Produced by Donald De Line", "Written by Andy Tennant John Claflin Daniel Zelman", "Starring Matthew McConaughey Kate Hudson Donald Sutherland Ewen Bremner Alexis Dziena Kevin Hart Ray Winstone", "Music by George Fenton", "Cinematography Don Burgess", "Edited by Troy Takaki Tracey Wadmore - Smith", "Distributed by Warner Bros .", "Release date February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 )", "February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 )", "February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 )", "Running time 113 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $70 million", "Box office $111,231,041", "Fool 's Gold is a 2008 American adventure - romance film from Warner Bros. Pictures about a recently divorced couple who rekindle their romantic life while searching for a lost treasure . The film was directed by Andy Tennant and reunites the How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days stars Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson .", "This article needs an improved plot summary . ( January 2017 )", "This article needs an improved plot summary . ( January 2017 )", "`` Finn '' Finnegan is a treasure hunter searching for a sunken Spanish galleon , the Aurelia , that was lost at sea with the 1715 Treasure Fleet . During his search to find the galleon and its treasure , his wife Tess divorces him . Tess has been working as a steward on a yacht owned by multi-millionaire Nigel Honeycutt . Finn finds a clue to the location of the treasure and manages to get on Nigel Honeycutt 's yacht The Precious Gem and convince him and his daughter Gemma to join ( and fund ) the search for the treasure .", "Bigg Bunny , a gangster , and Finn 's mentor , Moe Fitch , are intent on finding the treasure first . The Precious Gem and Moe 's vessel compete to find the treasure in The Bahamas . As Finn attempts to secretly take down Moe 's search grid , Finn discovers a sword which holds a clue to finding the treasure . Tess and Finn follow the clues to an ancient church and discover a diary describing the location of the treasure . Bigg Bunny and his associates , who have been following Tess and Finn , take Tess hostage and assume incorrectly that Finn is dead . Bigg Bunny forces Tess to aid him in the search for the treasure in a blowhole . Tess finds the treasure in a cave beneath the blowhole .", "Finn and the Honeycutts enlist Moe to help steal the treasure from Bigg Bunny . They arrive as Bigg Bunny sends one of his associates back into the water to find out who was killed in the blowhole . The blowhole kills Bigg Bunny 's employee and traps Finn and Tess . Tess saves Finn , but Bigg Bunny kidnaps Tess again . Gemma transports Finn to Bigg Bunny 's plane on her jet ski , and Finn leaps onto the plane 's pontoon as it takes flight . Bigg Bunny attempts to shoot Finn , but Tess kicks Bigg Bunny out of the plane , sending him into the ocean . Moe takes Bigg Bunny 's henchman as a prisoner .", "Tess and Finn are reunited and find the treasure together . Tess is shown to be pregnant . In the end , the treasure is displayed in Moe 's museum , now renamed the Fitch Finnegan Maritime Museum .", "Matthew McConaughey as Ben ' Finn ' Finnegan Kate Hudson as Tess Finnegan Donald Sutherland as Nigel Honeycutt Alexis Dziena as Gemma Honeycutt Ray Winstone as Moe Fitch Kevin Hart as Bigg Bunny Deenz Ewen Bremner as Alfonz Brian Hooks as Curtis Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Cordell Michael Mulheren as Eddie Adam LeFevre as Gary Rohan Nichol as Stefan David Roberts as Cyrus Roger Sciberras as Andras Dan Mewing as Pilot", "Matthew McConaughey as Ben ' Finn ' Finnegan", "Kate Hudson as Tess Finnegan", "Donald Sutherland as Nigel Honeycutt", "Alexis Dziena as Gemma Honeycutt", "Ray Winstone as Moe Fitch", "Kevin Hart as Bigg Bunny Deenz", "Ewen Bremner as Alfonz", "Brian Hooks as Curtis", "Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Cordell", "Michael Mulheren as Eddie", "Adam LeFevre as Gary", "Rohan Nichol as Stefan", "David Roberts as Cyrus", "Roger Sciberras as Andras", "Dan Mewing as Pilot", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Warner Bros. and director Andy Tennant planned to shoot the film in the Caribbean , but decided on Queensland , Australia because the hurricane season in the Caribbean was likely to stall production of the film . The Key West scenes were filmed in Port Douglas . Filming also took place in Brisbane , the Gold Coast , Hamilton Island , Lizard Island , Airlie Beach , and Hervey Bay . Scenes were also filmed at Batt Reef , where Steve Irwin died from a stingray barb in 2006 .", "Inside scenes were shot on a sound stage at the Warner Bros studio facility and the actors and crew stayed in luxury homes and apartments on the Gold Coast . McConaughey mentioned having a python in the backyard of his house in Port Douglas . McConaughey said , `` There were other days like the day we went out diving and swam with a dugong , which was very cool . ''", "Two crew members were stung by Irukandji jellyfish during filming , so some of the water scenes were shot in the Caribbean because the actors were so frightened .", "At the time of filming , The Precious Gem luxury motor yacht in the film was called the Keri Lee and has subsequently been renamed `` Penny Mae '' . It was designed by yacht architect Ward Setzer of Setzer Design Group and originally named Status Quo . It is privately owned and operated by Lee Group Charters .", "The yacht 's tender was a 2007 Chris - Craft Launch 25 .", "Warner Brothers Entertainment , Inc. , was sued in 2011 by Canadian novelist Lou Boudreau , in Canadian court , alleging copyright infringement by Tennant and two other men over the authorship of the script . Warner Brothers did not comment on the matter .", "Fool 's Gold was released on February 8 , 2008 , in the North America and grossed $21.5 million in 3,125 theaters its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the box office . As of September 2008 , the film grossed over $110.5 million worldwide -- $70.2 million in the North America and $40.3 million in other territories .", "The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 11 % of 144 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review ; the average rating is 3.6 / 10 . The consensus reads : `` With little chemistry among the performers , humorless gags , and a predictable storyline , Fool 's Gold fails on every level . '' Metacritic rated the film 29 out of 100 based on 28 reviews .", "Several critics compared the film unfavorably to National Treasure and Romancing the Stone . Some critics referred to the film as `` tedious '' and `` listless . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film zero stars out of four and said `` Paris Hilton 's appalling The Hottie and the Nottie is `` marginally better . '' Travers wrote `` I defy any 2008 comedy to be as stupid , slack and sexless '' as Fool 's Gold . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film one star out of four and called it `` excruciatingly lame '' . Lumenick said , `` It 's all basically an excuse to show off the scenery '' , including McConaughey 's abs . Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film one and a half stars out of four and said it `` plays like a Three Stooges movie with scuba gear '' , but that `` a Three Stooges movie is enlightened next to this one . '' Rickey described McConaughey as `` perennially shirtless '' and Hudson as `` peculiarly mirthless '' .", "Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat gave the film one and a half stars and said `` the resolution is never in doubt , the villains are comedic rather than menacing , and no one involved seems to care one way or the other that their names are attached to this indifferent mess . '' Vonder Haar said McConaughey plays Finn `` as Sahara 's Dirk Pitt minus the SEAL training and a few million brain cells . '' and asked `` Does McConaughey have some codicil in his contract stipulating he must spend at least 51 % of a movie shirtless ? '' Sid Smith of the Chicago Tribune gave it two stars out of four and said the characters `` are comic book clichés '' . Smith said `` the outcome is predictable '' and `` The wasted talents include Sutherland , affecting a hokey British accent , and hatchet - faced Ewen Bremner . '' Brian Lowry of Variety said , `` The lure of Matthew McConaughey shirtless for extended stretches doubtless has some marketing value , but after that , Fool 's Gold offers small compensation . '' Lowry wrote `` At times the pic feels like a comedic version of The Deep , only without the comedy . '' Lowry said the tropic scenery was well - shot but said `` there 's not much chemistry '' between McConaughey and Hudson .", "Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times called it a `` cheesy , familiar bore '' and said it `` feels at times like a third - rate Bond movie set to a Jimmy Buffett album . '' Chocano said `` Hudson is the best thing about the movie . She has a likable , grounded presence and sharp comic timing . '' Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club gave the film a `` C + '' and called it `` the kind of thing people watch because it 's the in - flight movie '' . Rabin called the repeated mentions of Finn 's sexual prowess `` a delightfully unnecessary move '' . Rabin said the film `` outstays its welcome by a good 20 minutes '' and called it `` extravagantly stupid '' , but that the film 's strengths were the `` photogenic locales , obscenely beautiful stars , a laid - back soundtrack '' and an unwillingness to take itself seriously . Lou Lumenick said the ending was `` surprisingly bloody '' and Brian Lowry said the ending is `` a little more violent than necessary '' and `` a bit grittier than it should be tonally , as if we 've detoured into a different movie . '' Simon Braund of Empire magazine gave the film one star out of five and called it `` Absolute tosh . A ridiculous , unerringly tedious plot is weighed down by listless performances from a cast who clearly wished they were somewhere else , despite the sumptuous location . ''", "The film earned a Razzie Award nomination for Kate Hudson as Worst Actress ( also for My Best Friend 's Girl ) .", "Fool 's Gold was released on DVD and Blu - ray discs on June 17 , 2008 . About 1,225,904 DVD units have been sold , acquiring revenue of $20,502,574 . This does not include Blu - ray sales . It was presented in anamorphic widescreen with an English - language 5.1 digital surround soundtrack . The extras for the DVD include Flirting with Adventure McConaughey - Hudson chemistry featurette , and a gag reel . Fool 's Gold was released on R4 Australian DVD on June 5 , 2008 ." ]

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[ "`` The Ballroom Blitz '' Cover of the 1973 German single issue Single by The Sweet from the album Desolation Boulevard ( US version ) B - side `` Rock and Roll Disgrace '' ( RCA ) `` Restless '' ( Capitol ) Released September 1973 ( 1973 - 09 ) ( Europe ) July 1975 ( 1975 - 07 ) ( US ) Format 7 '' single Recorded 1973 Genre Glam rock , hard rock Length 4 : 06 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Nicky Chinn Mike Chapman Producer ( s ) Phil Wainman The Sweet singles chronology `` Hell Raiser '' ( 1973 ) `` The Ballroom Blitz '' ( 1973 ) `` Teenage Rampage '' ( 1974 ) Audio sample file help", "`` The Ballroom Blitz ''", "Cover of the 1973 German single issue", "Single by The Sweet", "from the album Desolation Boulevard ( US version )", "B - side `` Rock and Roll Disgrace '' ( RCA ) `` Restless '' ( Capitol )", "`` Rock and Roll Disgrace '' ( RCA ) `` Restless '' ( Capitol )", "`` Rock and Roll Disgrace '' ( RCA )", "`` Restless '' ( Capitol )", "Released September 1973 ( 1973 - 09 ) ( Europe ) July 1975 ( 1975 - 07 ) ( US )", "Format 7 '' single", "Recorded 1973", "Genre Glam rock , hard rock", "Length 4 : 06", "Label RCA", "Songwriter ( s ) Nicky Chinn Mike Chapman", "Nicky Chinn Mike Chapman", "Producer ( s ) Phil Wainman", "Phil Wainman", "The Sweet singles chronology", "`` Hell Raiser '' ( 1973 ) `` The Ballroom Blitz '' ( 1973 ) `` Teenage Rampage '' ( 1974 )", "`` Hell Raiser '' ( 1973 ) `` The Ballroom Blitz '' ( 1973 ) `` Teenage Rampage '' ( 1974 )", "`` Hell Raiser '' ( 1973 ) `` The Ballroom Blitz '' ( 1973 ) `` Teenage Rampage '' ( 1974 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` The Ballroom Blitz '' ( often called `` Ballroom Blitz '' ) is a song by the British rock band The Sweet , written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman .", "`` The Ballroom Blitz '' was inspired by an incident on 27 January 1973 when the band was performing at the Grand Hall in Kilmarnock , Scotland and were driven offstage by a barrage of bottles .", "Recorded at Audio International Studio , 18 Rodmarton Street , London .", "The song appeared on the US and Canadian versions of Desolation Boulevard but never appeared on a Sweet album in the UK , other than hits compilations .", "The initial guitar and drum riff of the song has similarity to a 1963 song by Bobby Comstock called `` Let 's Stomp '' .", "The first known cover of `` The Ballroom Blitz '' was by the Les Humphries Singers in 1975 , which was the first German single to reach # 1 in New Zealand . In 1979 , the song was covered by the Damned , which featured Lemmy from Motörhead on bass guitar . It was released as a B - side to `` I Just Ca n't Be Happy Today '' and featured as a bonus track on their CD reissue of Machine Gun Etiquette . Other covers include renditions by Krokus in 1984 , the 1988 Surf Punks album `` Oh no ! Not them again . '' ( in the lyrics jacket , instead of the lyrics , it says `` you should know the words by now '' , Christian rock band Calibretto 13 on their album Enter the Danger Brigade in 2000 , Tia Carrere on the soundtrack to Wayne 's World in 1992 , and thrash metal band Nuclear Assault on their 1991 album Out of Order . In 2016 , The Struts recorded a cover of the song for the soundtrack of The Edge of Seventeen . In 2017 , The Featherz covered the song on their debut album Five Year Itch . This was originally intended for the CD edition of their 2016 single Forget All You Know .", "The song was played in the 1992 film Wayne 's World ; Tia Carrere was the lead singer for the `` band '' ( Crucial Taunt ) that performed it in the film . The song was featured in the television series Life on Mars . The lyrics `` she thinks she 's the passionate one '' from the song are dubbed into the Beastie Boys song `` Hey Ladies '' . The song was featured in the 1996 film Bordello of Blood . The song was featured in the trailer for the 1997 film Home Alone 3 . The song was featured in a 2004 commercial for the Mitsubishi Galant . The song appears in the 2005 Italian film Romanzo Criminale . The song was heavily featured in promotional material for the 2016 film Suicide Squad . Since June 2016 , the song has been used in public information films on the subject of smart meters surrounding gas and electricity use . A cover version by WaveGroup Sound based on the original song is used in the Rock Band video game . Another cover version ( also by WaveGroup Sound ) based on the Krokus version is used in the video game Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s . The song appears in the 2003 film Daddy Day Care . The song appears in the 2007 film The Sandlot : Heading Home . The song is used in an episode of the cartoon Regular Show ( season 4 , episode 10 ) entitled `` T.G.I. Tuesday '' first airing on January 7 , 2013 . A multiplayer map from the 2016 video game Battlefield 1 is titled `` Ballroom Blitz '' set in France . The opening lyrics were parodied in The The 's 1989 song , `` Armageddon Days Are Here ( Again ) '' ( `` Are you ready , Jesus ? '' `` Uh - huh ! '' `` Buddha ? '' `` Yeah ! '' `` Mohammad ? '' `` OK ! '' `` Well alright fellas , let 's goooooooo ! '' ) A cover version by The Struts is featured in the soundtrack of the 2016 film The Edge of Seventeen . A metal cover of the song was recorded and uploaded to YouTube by Norwegian metal artist Leo Moracchioli on July 27 , 2018 .", "The song was played in the 1992 film Wayne 's World ; Tia Carrere was the lead singer for the `` band '' ( Crucial Taunt ) that performed it in the film .", "The song was featured in the television series Life on Mars .", "The lyrics `` she thinks she 's the passionate one '' from the song are dubbed into the Beastie Boys song `` Hey Ladies '' .", "The song was featured in the 1996 film Bordello of Blood .", "The song was featured in the trailer for the 1997 film Home Alone 3 .", "The song was featured in a 2004 commercial for the Mitsubishi Galant .", "The song appears in the 2005 Italian film Romanzo Criminale .", "The song was heavily featured in promotional material for the 2016 film Suicide Squad .", "Since June 2016 , the song has been used in public information films on the subject of smart meters surrounding gas and electricity use .", "A cover version by WaveGroup Sound based on the original song is used in the Rock Band video game . Another cover version ( also by WaveGroup Sound ) based on the Krokus version is used in the video game Guitar Hero Encore : Rocks the 80s .", "The song appears in the 2003 film Daddy Day Care .", "The song appears in the 2007 film The Sandlot : Heading Home .", "The song is used in an episode of the cartoon Regular Show ( season 4 , episode 10 ) entitled `` T.G.I. Tuesday '' first airing on January 7 , 2013 .", "A multiplayer map from the 2016 video game Battlefield 1 is titled `` Ballroom Blitz '' set in France .", "The opening lyrics were parodied in The The 's 1989 song , `` Armageddon Days Are Here ( Again ) '' ( `` Are you ready , Jesus ? '' `` Uh - huh ! '' `` Buddha ? '' `` Yeah ! '' `` Mohammad ? '' `` OK ! '' `` Well alright fellas , let 's goooooooo ! '' )", "A cover version by The Struts is featured in the soundtrack of the 2016 film The Edge of Seventeen .", "A metal cover of the song was recorded and uploaded to YouTube by Norwegian metal artist Leo Moracchioli on July 27 , 2018 .", "Brian Connolly -- lead vocals Steve Priest -- bass guitar , backing vocals , spoken lead vocals Andy Scott -- guitar , backing vocals Mick Tucker -- drums , backing vocals", "Brian Connolly -- lead vocals", "Steve Priest -- bass guitar , backing vocals , spoken lead vocals", "Andy Scott -- guitar , backing vocals", "Mick Tucker -- drums , backing vocals", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 1976 ) Peak position Australia Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio SA Top 20 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 9 Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada 22 US Billboard Hot 100 16", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 1976 ) Peak position Australia Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio SA Top 20 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 9 Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada 22 US Billboard Hot 100 16", "Chart ( 1973 - 1976 ) Peak position Australia Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Germany ( Official German Charts ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio SA Top 20 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5", "Chart ( 1973 - 1976 ) Peak position", "Australia", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Canada", "Germany ( Official German Charts )", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 )", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "South Africa ( Springbok Radio SA Top 20 )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100 5", "Chart ( 1974 ) Rank Australia 9", "Chart ( 1974 ) Rank", "Australia 9", "Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Canada 22 US Billboard Hot 100 16", "Chart ( 1975 ) Rank", "Canada 22", "US Billboard Hot 100 16" ]

[ [ "The National Palace" ] ]

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[ "National Palace Palacio Nacional The National Palace in Santo Domingo General information Architectural style Neoclassical Location Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Coordinates 18 ° 28 ′ 27 '' N 69 ° 53 ′ 52 '' W  /  18.47417 ° N 69.89778 ° W  / 18.47417 ; - 69.89778 Coordinates : 18 ° 28 ′ 27 '' N 69 ° 53 ′ 52 '' W  /  18.47417 ° N 69.89778 ° W  / 18.47417 ; - 69.89778 Construction started February 27 , 1944 ; 73 years ago ( 1944 - 02 - 27 ) Completed August 16 , 1947 Technical details Floor area 18,000 m ( 190,000 sq ft ) Design and construction Architect Guido D'Alessandro", "National Palace", "Palacio Nacional", "The National Palace in Santo Domingo", "General information", "Architectural style Neoclassical", "Location Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic", "Coordinates 18 ° 28 ′ 27 '' N 69 ° 53 ′ 52 '' W  /  18.47417 ° N 69.89778 ° W  / 18.47417 ; - 69.89778 Coordinates : 18 ° 28 ′ 27 '' N 69 ° 53 ′ 52 '' W  /  18.47417 ° N 69.89778 ° W  / 18.47417 ; - 69.89778", "Construction started February 27 , 1944 ; 73 years ago ( 1944 - 02 - 27 )", "Completed August 16 , 1947", "Technical details", "Floor area 18,000 m ( 190,000 sq ft )", "Design and construction", "Architect Guido D'Alessandro", "The National Palace ( Spanish : Palacio Nacional ) is a building in Santo Domingo , that houses the offices of the Executive Branch ( Presidency and Vice Presidency ) of the Dominican Republic .", "Designed in a restrained neoclassical style by Italian architect Guido D'Alessandro at the behest of Rafael Trujillo , construction started on February 27 , 1944 -- The centenary of Dominican independence -- and was inaugurated on August 16 , 1947 . Occupying an area of 18,000 square metres and luxuriously appointed throughout , the National Palace is considered one of the most beautiful buildings built in the Dominican Republic .", "The building stands on the grounds of the former Presidential Mansion ( Mansión Presidencial ) , built during the United States military occupation of 1916 - 1924 .", "While the president 's office is located within the palace , the Palacio Nacional is not an executive residence as the president does not live there ; there is no designated Executive Residence in Santo Domingo . The building comprises three stories . Building services are located at ground level .", "The main floor includes the ceremonial vestibule , the Presidential and Vice-presidential offices , and the Cabinet meeting room . The third storey houses the main reception rooms : the Hall of the Ambassadors , the Hall of the Caryatids , the Green Room , the Mahogany room , and the president 's private quarters .", "The dome , which rests on a windowed drum , is 34 metres high and has a diameter of 18 m . Inside , 18 columns sustain the dome . Most of the marble used throughout the building is Dominican , and was extracted from quarries in Samaná and Caballero . The Palacio Nacional complex also includes the `` presidential '' Chapel of San Rafael Arcángel , carried out in the same architectural style as the palace .", "The Palace and mainly the Hall of the Caryatids was used for the new year 's scene in The Godfather Part II where Michael confronts Fredo about his betrayal ." ]

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[ "Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms , both past and present , and the relationships among living things through time . Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees ( synonyms : cladograms , phylogenetic trees , phylogenies ) . Phylogenies have two components : branching order ( showing group relationships ) and branch length ( showing amount of evolution ) . Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits ( e.g. , anatomical or molecular characteristics ) and the distribution of organisms ( biogeography ) . Systematics , in other words , is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth .", "In the study of biological systematics , researchers use the different branches to further understand the relationships between differing organisms . These branches are used to determine the applications and uses for modern day systematics .", "Biological systematics classifies species by using three specific branches . Numerical systematics , or biometry , uses biological statistics to identify and classify animals . Biochemical systematics classifies and identifies animals based on the analysis of the material that makes up the living part of a cell -- such as the nucleus , organelles , and cytoplasm . Experimental systematics identifies and classifies animals based on the evolutionary units that comprise a species , as well as their importance in evolution itself . Factors such as mutations , genetic divergence , and hybridization all are considered evolutionary units .", "With the specific branches , researchers are able to determine the applications and uses for modern - day systematics . These applications include :", "Studying the diversity of organisms and the differentiation between extinct and living creatures . Biologists study the well - understood relationships by making many different diagrams and `` trees '' ( cladograms , phylogenetic trees , phylogenies , etc . ) . Including the scientific names of organisms , species descriptions and overviews , taxonomic orders , and classifications of evolutionary and organism histories . Explaining the biodiversity of the planet and its organisms . The systematic study is that of conservation . Manipulating and controlling the natural world . This includes the practice of ' biological control ' , the intentional introduction of natural predators and disease .", "Studying the diversity of organisms and the differentiation between extinct and living creatures . Biologists study the well - understood relationships by making many different diagrams and `` trees '' ( cladograms , phylogenetic trees , phylogenies , etc . ) .", "Including the scientific names of organisms , species descriptions and overviews , taxonomic orders , and classifications of evolutionary and organism histories .", "Explaining the biodiversity of the planet and its organisms . The systematic study is that of conservation .", "Manipulating and controlling the natural world . This includes the practice of ' biological control ' , the intentional introduction of natural predators and disease .", "John Lindley provided an early definition of systematics in 1830 , although he wrote of `` systematic botany '' rather than using the term `` systematics '' .", "In 1970 Michener et al. defined `` systematic biology '' and `` taxonomy '' ( terms that are often confused and used interchangeably ) in relationship to one another as follows :", "Systematic biology ( hereafter called simply systematics ) is the field that ( a ) provides scientific names for organisms , ( b ) describes them , ( c ) preserves collections of them , ( d ) provides classifications for the organisms , keys for their identification , and data on their distributions , ( e ) investigates their evolutionary histories , and ( f ) considers their environmental adaptations . This is a field with a long history that in recent years has experienced a notable renaissance , principally with respect to theoretical content . Part of the theoretical material has to do with evolutionary areas ( topics e and f above ) , the rest relates especially to the problem of classification . Taxonomy is that part of Systematics concerned with topics ( a ) to ( d ) above .", "Taxonomy , systematic biology , systematics , biosystematics , scientific classification , biological classification , phylogenetics : At various times in history , all these words have had overlapping , related meanings . However , in modern usage , they can all be considered synonyms of each other .", "For example , Webster 's 9th New Collegiate Dictionary of 1987 treats `` classification '' , `` taxonomy '' , and `` systematics '' as synonyms . According to this work , the terms originated in 1790 , c. 1828 , and in 1888 respectively . Some claim systematics alone deals specifically with relationships through time , and that it can be synonymous with phylogenetics , broadly dealing with the inferred hierarchy of organisms . This means it would be a subset of taxonomy as it is sometimes regarded , but the inverse is claimed by others .", "Europeans tend to use the terms `` systematics '' and `` biosystematics '' for the study of biodiversity as a whole , whereas North Americans tend to use `` taxonomy '' more frequently . However , taxonomy , and in particular alpha taxonomy , is more specifically the identification , description , and naming ( i.e. nomenclature ) of organisms , while `` classification '' focuses on placing organisms within hierarchical groups that show their relationships to other organisms . All of these biological disciplines can deal with both extinct and extant organisms .", "Systematics uses taxonomy as a primary tool in understanding , as nothing about an organism 's relationships with other living things can be understood without it first being properly studied and described in sufficient detail to identify and classify it correctly . Scientific classifications are aids in recording and reporting information to other scientists and to laymen . The systematist , a scientist who specializes in systematics , must , therefore , be able to use existing classification systems , or at least know them well enough to skilfully justify not using them .", "Phenetics was an attempt to determine the relationships of organisms through a measure of overall similarity , making no distinction between plesiomorphies ( shared ancestral traits ) and apomorphies ( derived traits ) . From the late - 20th century onwards , it was superseded by cladistics , which rejects plesiomorphies in attempting to resolve the phylogeny of Earth 's various organisms through time . Today 's systematists generally make extensive use of molecular biology and of computer programs to study organisms .", "Taxonomic characters are the taxonomic attributes that can be used to provide the evidence from which relationships ( the phylogeny ) between taxa are inferred . Kinds of taxonomic characters :", "Morphological characters General external morphology Special structures ( e.g. genitalia ) Internal morphology ( anatomy ) Embryology Karyology and other cytological factors Physiological characters Metabolic factors Body secretions Genic sterility factors Molecular characters Immunological distance Electrophoretic differences Amino acid sequences of proteins DNA hybridization DNA and RNA sequences Restriction endonuclease analyses Other molecular differences Behavioral characters Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms Other behavior patterns Ecological characters Habit and habitats Food Seasonal variations Parasites and hosts Geographic characters General biogeographic distribution patterns Sympatric - allopatric relationship of populations", "Morphological characters General external morphology Special structures ( e.g. genitalia ) Internal morphology ( anatomy ) Embryology Karyology and other cytological factors Physiological characters Metabolic factors Body secretions Genic sterility factors Molecular characters Immunological distance Electrophoretic differences Amino acid sequences of proteins DNA hybridization DNA and RNA sequences Restriction endonuclease analyses Other molecular differences Behavioral characters Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms Other behavior patterns Ecological characters Habit and habitats Food Seasonal variations Parasites and hosts Geographic characters General biogeographic distribution patterns Sympatric - allopatric relationship of populations", "Morphological characters General external morphology Special structures ( e.g. genitalia ) Internal morphology ( anatomy ) Embryology Karyology and other cytological factors Physiological characters Metabolic factors Body secretions Genic sterility factors Molecular characters Immunological distance Electrophoretic differences Amino acid sequences of proteins DNA hybridization DNA and RNA sequences Restriction endonuclease analyses Other molecular differences", "Morphological characters General external morphology Special structures ( e.g. genitalia ) Internal morphology ( anatomy ) Embryology Karyology and other cytological factors", "General external morphology Special structures ( e.g. genitalia ) Internal morphology ( anatomy ) Embryology Karyology and other cytological factors", "General external morphology", "Special structures ( e.g. genitalia )", "Internal morphology ( anatomy )", "Karyology and other cytological factors", "Physiological characters Metabolic factors Body secretions Genic sterility factors", "Metabolic factors Body secretions Genic sterility factors", "Genic sterility factors", "Molecular characters Immunological distance Electrophoretic differences Amino acid sequences of proteins DNA hybridization DNA and RNA sequences Restriction endonuclease analyses Other molecular differences", "Immunological distance Electrophoretic differences Amino acid sequences of proteins DNA hybridization DNA and RNA sequences Restriction endonuclease analyses Other molecular differences", "Amino acid sequences of proteins", "DNA and RNA sequences", "Restriction endonuclease analyses", "Other molecular differences", "Behavioral characters Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms Other behavior patterns Ecological characters Habit and habitats Food Seasonal variations Parasites and hosts Geographic characters General biogeographic distribution patterns Sympatric - allopatric relationship of populations", "Behavioral characters Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms Other behavior patterns", "Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms Other behavior patterns", "Courtship and other ethological isolating mechanisms", "Other behavior patterns", "Ecological characters Habit and habitats Food Seasonal variations Parasites and hosts", "Habit and habitats Food Seasonal variations Parasites and hosts", "Habit and habitats", "Parasites and hosts", "Geographic characters General biogeographic distribution patterns Sympatric - allopatric relationship of populations", "General biogeographic distribution patterns Sympatric - allopatric relationship of populations", "General biogeographic distribution patterns", "Sympatric - allopatric relationship of populations" ]

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[ "Hurricane Sandy Category 3 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS ) Hurricane Sandy at peak intensity just before landfall in Cuba on October 25 Formed October 22 , 2012 Dissipated November 2 , 2012 ( Extratropical after October 29 ) Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) Lowest pressure 940 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.76 inHg Fatalities 233 total ( direct and indirect ) Damage $75 billion ( 2012 USD ) ( Third - costliest hurricane in U.S. history ) Areas affected Greater Antilles , Bahamas , most of the eastern United States ( especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States ) , Bermuda , eastern Canada Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season General Meteorological history Impact Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other wikis Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories", "Category 3 major hurricane ( SSHWS / NWS )", "Hurricane Sandy at peak intensity just before landfall in Cuba on October 25", "Formed October 22 , 2012", "Dissipated November 2 , 2012", "( Extratropical after October 29 )", "Highest winds 1 - minute sustained : 115 mph ( 185 km / h )", "Lowest pressure 940 mbar ( hPa ) ; 27.76 inHg", "Fatalities 233 total ( direct and indirect )", "Damage $75 billion ( 2012 USD ) ( Third - costliest hurricane in U.S. history )", "Areas affected Greater Antilles , Bahamas , most of the eastern United States ( especially the coastal Mid-Atlantic States ) , Bermuda , eastern Canada", "Part of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season", "General Meteorological history Impact Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada Other wikis Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories", "Meteorological history", "Greater Antilles United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England Canada", "United States Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England", "Maryland and Washington , D.C. New Jersey New York New England", "Maryland and Washington , D.C.", "Commons : Sandy images Wikinews : Sandy stories", "Commons : Sandy images", "Wikinews : Sandy stories", "Hurricane Sandy ( unofficially referred to as `` Superstorm Sandy '' ) was the deadliest and most destructive hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season , and the third - costliest hurricane in United States history . Classified as the eighteenth named storm , tenth hurricane and second major hurricane of the year , Sandy was a Category 3 storm at its peak intensity when it made landfall in Cuba . While it was a Category 2 hurricane off the coast of the Northeastern United States , the storm became the largest Atlantic hurricane on record ( as measured by diameter , with winds spanning 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) ) . Estimates as of 2015 assessed damage to have been about $75 billion ( 2012 USD ) , a total surpassed only by hurricanes Katrina and Harvey . At least 233 people were killed along the path of the storm in eight countries .", "Sandy developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22 , quickly strengthened , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Sandy six hours later . Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and gradually intensified . On October 24 , Sandy became a hurricane , made landfall near Kingston , Jamaica , re-emerged a few hours later into the Caribbean Sea and strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane . On October 25 , Sandy hit Cuba as a Category 3 hurricane , then weakened to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on October 26 , Sandy moved through the Bahamas . On October 27 , Sandy briefly weakened to a tropical storm and then restrengthened to a Category 1 hurricane . Early on October 29 , Sandy curved west - northwest ( the `` left turn '' or `` left hook '' ) and then moved ashore near Brigantine , New Jersey , just to the northeast of Atlantic City , as a post-tropical cyclone with hurricane - force winds .", "In Jamaica , winds left 70 % of residents without electricity , blew roofs off buildings , killed one , and caused about $100 million ( 2012 USD ) in damage . Sandy 's outer bands brought flooding to Haiti , killing at least 54 , causing food shortages , and leaving about 200,000 homeless ; the hurricane also caused two deaths in the Dominican Republic . In Puerto Rico , one man was swept away by a swollen river . In Cuba , there was extensive coastal flooding and wind damage inland , destroying some 15,000 homes , killing 11 , and causing $2 billion ( 2012 USD ) in damage . Sandy caused two deaths and damage estimated at $700 million ( 2012 USD ) in The Bahamas .", "In the United States , Hurricane Sandy affected 24 states , including the entire eastern seaboard from Florida to Maine and west across the Appalachian Mountains to Michigan and Wisconsin , with particularly severe damage in New Jersey and New York . Its storm surge hit New York City on October 29 , flooding streets , tunnels and subway lines and cutting power in and around the city . Damage in the United States amounted to $71.4 billion ( 2013 USD ) . In Canada , two were killed in Ontario and an estimated $100 million ( 2012 CAD ) in damage was caused throughout Ontario and Quebec .", "Hurricane Sandy began as a low pressure system which developed sufficient organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Eighteen on October 22 south of Kingston , Jamaica . It moved slowly at first due to a ridge to the north . Low wind shear and warm waters allowed for strengthening , and the system was named Tropical Storm Sandy late on October 22 . Early on October 24 , an eye began developing , and it was moving steadily northward due to an approaching trough . Later that day , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded Sandy to hurricane status about 65 mi ( 105 km ) south of Kingston , Jamaica . At about 1900 UTC that day , Sandy made landfall near Kingston with winds of about 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Just offshore Cuba , Sandy rapidly intensified to winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , and at that intensity it made landfall just west of Santiago de Cuba at 0525 UTC on October 25 .", "After Sandy exited Cuba , the structure became disorganized , and it turned to the north - northwest over the Bahamas . By October 27 , Sandy was no longer fully tropical , and despite strong shear , it maintained convection due to influence from an approaching trough ; the same trough turned the hurricane to the northeast . After briefly weakening to a tropical storm , Sandy re-intensified into a hurricane , and on October 28 an eye began redeveloping . The storm moved around an upper - level low over the eastern United States and also to the southwest of a ridge over Atlantic Canada , turning it to the northwest . Sandy briefly re-intensified to Category 2 intensity on the morning of October 29 , around which time it had a wind diameter of over 1,150 miles ( 1,850 km ) , and a central pressure of 943 mb , which set records for many cities across the Northeastern United States for the lowest pressures ever observed . The convection diminished while the hurricane accelerated toward the New Jersey coast , and the hurricane was no longer tropical by 2100 UTC on October 29 . About 2 / hours later , Sandy made landfall near Brigantine , New Jersey , with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) . During the next four days , Sandy 's remnants drifted northward and then northeastward over Ontario , before merging with another low pressure area over Eastern Canada on November 2 .", "On October 23 , 2012 , the path of Hurricane Sandy was correctly predicted by the European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts ( ECMWF ) headquartered in Reading , England nearly eight days in advance of its striking the American East Coast . The computer model noted that the storm would turn west towards land and strike the New York / New Jersey region on October 29 , rather than turn east and head out to the open Atlantic as most hurricanes in this position do . By October 27 , four days after the ECMWF made its prediction , the National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center confirmed the path of the hurricane predicted by the European model . The National Weather Service was criticized for not employing its higher - resolution forecast models the way that its European counterpart did . A hardware and software upgrade completed at the end of 2013 enabled the weather service to make more accurate predictions , and do so far more in advance than the technology in 2012 had allowed .", "According to NCAR senior climatologist Kevin E. Trenberth , `` The answer to the oft - asked question of whether an event is caused by climate change is that it is the wrong question . All weather events are affected by climate change because the environment in which they occur is warmer and moister than it used to be . '' Although NOAA meteorologist Martin Hoerling attributes Sandy to `` little more than the coincidental alignment of a tropical storm with an extratropical storm '' , Trenberth does agree that the storm was caused by `` natural variability '' but adds that it was `` enhanced by global warming '' . One factor contributing to the storm 's strength was abnormally warm sea surface temperatures offshore the East Coast of the United States -- more than 3 ° C ( 5 ° F ) above normal , to which global warming had contributed 0.6 ° C ( 1 ° F ) . As the temperature of the atmosphere increases , the capacity to hold water increases , leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts .", "As they move north , Atlantic hurricanes typically are forced east and out to sea by the Prevailing Westerlies . In Sandy 's case , this typical pattern was blocked by a ridge of high pressure over Greenland resulting in a negative North Atlantic Oscillation , forming a kink in the jet stream , causing it to double back on itself off the East Coast . Sandy was caught up in this northwesterly flow . The blocking pattern over Greenland also stalled an Arctic front which combined with the cyclone . Mark Fischetti of Scientific American said that the jet stream 's unusual shape was caused by the melting of Arctic ice . Trenberth said that while a negative North Atlantic Oscillation and a blocking anticyclone were in place , the null hypothesis remained that this was just the natural variability of weather . Sea level at New York and along the New Jersey coast has increased by nearly a foot ( 300 mm ) over the last hundred years , which contributed to the storm surge . Harvard geologist Daniel P. Schrag calls Hurricane Sandy 's 13 - foot ( 4 m ) storm surge an example of what will , by mid-century , be the `` new norm on the Eastern seaboard '' .", "After the storm became a tropical cyclone on October 22 , the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch for the entire island . Early on October 23 , the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch was issued . At 1500 UTC , the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning , while the tropical storm warning was discontinued . In preparation of the storm , many residents stocked up on supplies and reinforced roofing material . Acting Prime Minister Peter Phillips urged people to take this storm seriously , and also to take care of their neighbors , especially the elderly , children , and disabled . Government officials shut down schools , government buildings , and the airport in Kingston on the day prior to the arrival of Sandy . Meanwhile , numerous and early curfews were put in place to protect residents , properties , and to prevent crime . Shortly after Jamaica issued its first watch on October 22 , the Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti . By late October 23 , it was modified to a tropical storm warning .", "The Government of Cuba posted a hurricane watch for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey , Granma , Guantánamo , Holguín , Las Tunas , and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23 . Only three hours later , the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning . The Government of the Bahamas , at 1500 UTC on October 23 , issued a tropical storm watch for several Bahamian islands , including the Acklins , Cat Island , Crooked Island , Exuma , Inagua , Long Cay , Long Island , Mayaguana , Ragged Island , Rum Cay , and San Salvador Island . Later that day , another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands , Andros Island , the Berry Islands , Bimini , Eleuthera , Grand Bahama , and New Providence . By early on October 24 , the tropical storm watch for Cat Island , Exuma , Long Island , Rum Cay , and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning .", "At 1515 UTC on October 26 , the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda , reflecting the enormous size of the storm and the anticipated wide - reaching impacts .", "Wikinews has related news : U.S. prepares for arrival of Hurricane Sandy", "Wikinews has related news : U.S. prepares for arrival of Hurricane Sandy", "Much of the East Coast of the United States , in Mid-Atlantic and New England regions , had a good chance of receiving gale - force winds , flooding , heavy rain and possibly snow early in the week of October 28 from an unusual hybrid of Hurricane Sandy and a winter storm producing a Fujiwhara effect . Government weather forecasters said there was a 90 % chance that the East Coast would be impacted by the storm . Jim Cisco of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center coined the term `` Frankenstorm '' , as Sandy was expected to merge with a storm front a few days before Halloween . As coverage continued , several media outlets began eschewing this term in favor of `` superstorm '' . Utilities and governments along the East Coast attempted to head off long - term power failures Sandy might cause . Power companies from the Southeast to New England alerted independent contractors to be ready to help repair storm damaged equipment quickly and asked employees to cancel vacations and work longer hours . Researchers from Johns Hopkins University , using a computer model built on power outage data from previous hurricanes , conservatively forecast that 10 million customers along the Eastern Seaboard would lose power from the storm .", "Through regional offices in Atlanta , Philadelphia , New York City , and Boston , the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) monitored Sandy , closely coordinating with state and tribal emergency management partners in Florida and the Southeast , Mid-Atlantic , and New England states . President Obama signed emergency declarations on October 28 for several states expected to be impacted by Sandy , allowing them to request federal aid and make additional preparations in advance of the storm . Flight cancellations and travel alerts on the U.S. East Coast were put in place in the Mid-Atlantic and the New England areas . Over 5,000 commercial airline flights scheduled for October 28 and October 29 were canceled by the afternoon of October 28 and Amtrak canceled some services through October 29 in preparation for the storm . In addition , the National Guard and U.S. Air Force put as many as 45,000 personnel in at least seven states on alert for possible duty in response to the preparations and aftermath of Sandy .", "Schools on the Treasure Coast announced closures for October 26 in anticipation of Sandy . A Russian intelligence - gathering ship was allowed to stay in Jacksonville to avoid Sandy ; the port is not far from Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base .", "At 0900 UTC on October 26 , a tropical storm watch was issued from the mouth of the Savannah River in South Carolina to Oregon Inlet , North Carolina , including Pamlico Sound . Twelve hours later , the portion of the tropical storm watch from the Santee River in South Carolina to Duck , North Carolina , including Pamlico Sound , was upgraded to a warning . Governor of North Carolina Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 eastern counties on October 26 , which took effect on the following day . By October 29 , the state of emergency was extended to 24 counties in western North Carolina , with up to a foot ( 30 cm ) of snow attributed to Sandy anticipated in higher elevations . The National Park Service closed at least five sections of the Blue Ridge Parkway .", "On October 26 , Governor of Virginia Bob McDonnell declared a state of emergency . The U.S. Navy sent more than twenty - seven ships and forces to sea from Naval Station Norfolk for their protection . Governor McDonnell authorized the National Guard to activate 630 personnel ahead of the storm . Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney canceled campaign appearances scheduled for October 28 in Virginia Beach , Virginia , and New Hampshire October 30 because of Sandy . Vice President Joe Biden canceled his appearance on October 27 in Virginia Beach and an October 29 campaign event in New Hampshire . President Barack Obama canceled a campaign stop with former President Bill Clinton in Virginia scheduled for October 29 , as well as a trip to Colorado Springs , Colorado , the next day because of the impending storm .", "On October 26 , Mayor of Washington , D.C. Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency , which President Obama signed on October 28 . The United States Office of Personnel Management announced federal offices in the Washington , D.C. area would be closed to the public on October 29 -- 30 . In addition , Washington D.C. Metro service , both rail and bus , was canceled on October 29 due to expected high winds , the likelihood of widespread power outages , and the closing of the federal government . The Smithsonian Institution closed for the day of October 29 .", "Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley declared a state of emergency on October 26 . By the following day , Smith Island residents were evacuated with the assistance of the Maryland Natural Resources Police , Dorchester County opened two shelters for those in flood prone areas , and Ocean City initiated Phase I of their Emergency Operations Plan . Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. put workers on standby and made plans to bring in crews from other states . On October 28 , President Obama declared an emergency in Maryland and signed an order authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency to aid in disaster relief efforts . Also , numerous areas were ordered to be evacuated including part of Ocean City , Worcester County , Wicomico County , and Somerset County . Officials warned that more than a hundred million tons of dirty sediment mixed with tree limbs and debris floating behind Conowingo Dam could be eventually poured into the Chesapeake Bay , posing a potential environmental threat .", "The Maryland Transit Administration canceled all service for October 29 and October 30 . The cancellations applied to buses , light rail , and Amtrak and MARC train service . On October 29 , six shelters opened in Baltimore , and early voting was canceled for the day . Maryland Insurance Commissioner Therese M. Goldsmith activated an emergency regulation requiring pharmacies to refill prescriptions regardless of their last refill date . On October 29 , the Chesapeake Bay Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge and Thomas J. Hatem Memorial Bridge over the Susquehanna River were closed to traffic in the midday hours .", "On October 28 , Governor Markell declared a state of emergency , with coastal areas of Sussex County evacuated . In preparation for the storm , the Delaware Department of Transportation suspended some weekend construction projects , removed traffic cones and barrels from construction sites , and removed several span - wire overhead signs in Sussex County . Delaware Route 1 through Delaware Seashore State Park was closed due to flooding . Delaware roads were closed to the public , except for emergency and essential personnel , and tolls on I - 95 and Delaware Route 1 were waived . DART First State transit service was also suspended during the storm .", "Preparations began on October 26 , when officials in Cape May County advised residents on barrier islands to evacuate . There was also a voluntary evacuation for Mantoloking , Bay Head , Barnegat Light , Beach Haven , Harvey Cedars , Long Beach , Ship Bottom , and Stafford in Ocean County . Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie ordered all residents of barrier islands from Sandy Hook to Cape May to evacuate and closed Atlantic City casinos . Tolls were suspended on the northbound Garden State Parkway and the westbound Atlantic City Expressway starting at 6 a.m. on October 28 . President Obama signed an emergency declaration for New Jersey , allowing the state to request federal funding and other assistance for actions taken before Sandy 's landfall .", "On October 28 , Mayor of Hoboken Dawn Zimmer ordered residents of basement and street - level residential units to evacuate , due to possible flooding . On October 29 , residents of Logan Township were ordered to evacuate . Jersey Central Power & Light told employees to prepare to work extended shifts . Most schools , colleges and universities were closed October 29 while at least 509 out of 580 school districts were closed October 30 . Although tropical storm conditions were inevitable and hurricane - force winds were likely , the National Hurricane Center did not issue any tropical cyclone watches or warnings for New Jersey , because Sandy was forecast to become extratropical before landfall and thus would not be a tropical cyclone .", "Preparations in Pennsylvania began when Governor Tom Corbett declared a state of emergency on October 26 . Mayor of Philadelphia Michael Nutter asked residents in low - lying areas and neighborhoods prone to flooding to leave their homes by 1800 UTC October 28 and move to safer ground . The Philadelphia International Airport suspended all flight operations for October 29 . On October 29 , Philadelphia shut down its mass transit system . On October 28 , Mayor of Harrisburg Linda D. Thompson declared a state of disaster emergency for the city to go into effect at 5 a.m. October 29 . Electric utilities in the state brought in crews and equipment from other states such as New Mexico , Texas , and Oklahoma , to assist with restoration efforts .", "Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a statewide state of emergency and asked for a pre-disaster declaration on October 26 , which President Obama signed later that day . By October 27 , major carriers canceled all flights into and out of JFK , LaGuardia , and Newark - Liberty airports , and the Metro North and Long Island Rail Roads suspended service . The Tappan Zee Bridge was closed , and later the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel and Holland Tunnel were also closed . On Long Island , an evacuation was ordered for South Shore , including areas south of Sunrise Highway , north of Route 25A , and in elevations of less than 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) above sea level on the North Shore . In Suffolk County , mandatory evacuations were ordered for residents of Fire Island and six towns . Most schools closed in Nassau and Suffolk counties on October 29 .", "New York City began taking precautions on October 26 . Governor Cuomo ordered the closure of MTA and its subway on October 28 , and the MTA suspended all subway , bus , and commuter rail service beginning at 2300 UTC . After Hurricane Irene nearly submerged subways and tunnels in 2011 , entrances and grates were covered just before Sandy , but were still flooded . PATH train service and stations as well as the Port Authority Bus Terminal were shut down in the early morning hours of October 29 .", "Later on October 28 , officials activated the coastal emergency plan , with subway closings and the evacuation of residents in areas hit by Hurricane Irene in 2011 . More than 76 evacuation shelters were open around the city . On October 29 , Mayor Michael Bloomberg ordered public schools closed and called for a mandatory evacuation of Zone A , which comprised areas near coastlines or waterways . Additionally , 200 National Guard troops were deployed in the city . NYU Langone Medical Center canceled all surgeries and medical procedures , except for emergency procedures . Additionally , one of NYU Langone Medical Center 's backup generators failed on October 29 , prompting the evacuation of hundreds of patients , including those from the hospital 's various intensive care units . U.S. stock trading was suspended for October 29 -- 30 .", "Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy partially activated the state 's Emergency Operations Center on October 26 and signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day . On October 28 , President Obama approved Connecticut 's request for an emergency declaration , and hundreds of National Guard personnel were deployed . On October 29 , Governor Malloy ordered road closures for all state highways . Numerous mandatory and partial evacuations were issued in cities across Connecticut .", "Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick ordered state offices to be closed October 29 and recommended schools and private businesses close . On October 28 , President Obama issued a Pre-Landfall Emergency Declaration for Massachusetts . Several shelters were opened , and many schools were closed . The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority shut down all services on the afternoon of October 29 . On October 28 , Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin , New Hampshire Governor John Lynch , and Maine 's Governor Paul LePage all declared states of emergency .", "The National Weather Service issued a storm warning for Lake Huron on October 29 that called for wave heights of 26 feet ( 7.9 m ) , and possibly as high as 38 feet ( 12 m ) . Lake Michigan waves were expected to reach 19 feet ( 5.8 m ) , with a potential of 33 feet ( 10 m ) on October 30 . Flood warnings were issued in Chicago on October 29 , where wave heights were expected to reach 18 to 23 feet ( 5.5 to 7.0 m ) in Cook County and 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) in northwest Indiana . Gale warnings were issued for Lake Michigan and Green Bay in Wisconsin until the morning of October 31 , and waves of 33 feet ( 10 m ) in Milwaukee and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in Sheboygan were predicted for October 30 . The actual waves reached about 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) but were less damaging than expected . The village of Pleasant Prairie , Wisconsin urged a voluntary evacuation of its lakefront area , though few residents signed up , and little flooding actually occurred .", "Michigan was impacted by a winter storm system coming in from the west , mixing with cold air streams from the Arctic and colliding with Hurricane Sandy . The forecasts slowed shipping traffic on the Great Lakes , as some vessels sought shelter away from the peak winds , except those on Lake Superior . Detroit - based DTE Energy released 100 contract line workers to assist utilities along the eastern U.S. with storm response , and Consumers Energy did the same with more than a dozen employees and 120 contract employees . Due to the widespread power outages , numerous schools had to close , especially in St. Clair County and areas along Lake Huron north of Metro Detroit .", "As far as Ohio 's western edge , areas were under a wind advisory . All departing flights at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport were canceled until October 30 at 3 p.m.", "Governor of West Virginia Earl Ray Tomblin declared a state of emergency ahead of storm on October 29 . Up to 2 to 3 feet ( 0.6 -- 0.9 m ) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state .", "The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first preliminary statement for Hurricane Sandy on October 25 from Southern Ontario to the Canadian Maritimes , with the potential for heavy rain and strong winds . On October 29 , Environment Canada issued severe wind warnings for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley corridor , from Southwestern Ontario as far as Quebec City . On October 30 , Environment Canada issued storm surge warnings along the mouth of the St. Lawrence River . Rainfall warnings were issued for the Charlevoix region in Quebec , as well as for several counties in New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia , where about 2 to 3 inches ( 51 to 76 mm ) of rain was to be expected . Freezing rain warnings were issued for parts of Northern Ontario .", "At least 233 people were killed across the United States , the Caribbean , and Canada , as a result of the storm .", "Deaths and damage by region Region Fatalities Missing Damage ( USD ) Source ( s ) Total Direct Indirect N / A Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0 Minimal Canada 0 0 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100 million Cuba 11 6 0 5 0 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Dominican Republic 0 0 0 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30 million Haiti 54 20 0 34 21 7008750000000000000 ♠ $750 million Jamaica 0 0 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100 million Offshore of the U.S. 0 0 0 -- Puerto Rico 0 0 0 -- The Bahamas 0 0 0 7008700000000000000 ♠ $700 million United States 157 71 85 0 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion Totals : 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 106 87 40 21 ≥ 7010750000000000000 ♠ $75 billion * Because of differing sources , totals may not match .", "Region Fatalities Missing Damage ( USD ) Source ( s )", "Total Direct Indirect N / A", "Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0 Minimal", "Canada 0 0 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100 million", "Cuba 11 6 0 5 0 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion", "Dominican Republic 0 0 0 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30 million", "Haiti 54 20 0 34 21 7008750000000000000 ♠ $750 million", "Jamaica 0 0 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100 million", "Offshore of the U.S. 0 0 0 --", "Puerto Rico 0 0 0 --", "The Bahamas 0 0 0 7008700000000000000 ♠ $700 million", "United States 157 71 85 0 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion", "Totals : 7002233000000000000 ♠ 233 106 87 40 21 ≥ 7010750000000000000 ♠ $75 billion", "* Because of differing sources , totals may not match .", "Jamaica was the first country directly affected by Sandy , which was also the first hurricane to make landfall on the island since Hurricane Gilbert , 24 years prior . Trees and power lines were snapped and shanty houses were heavily damaged , both from the winds and flooding rains . More than 100 fishermen were stranded in outlying Pedro Cays off Jamaica 's southern coast . Stones falling from a hillside crushed one man to death as he tried to get into his house in a rural village near Kingston . After 6 days another fatality recorded as a 27 - year - old man , died due to electrocution , attempting a repair . The country 's sole electricity provider , the Jamaica Public Service Company , reported that 70 percent of its customers were without power . More than 1,000 people went to shelters . Jamaican authorities closed the island 's international airports , and police ordered 48 - hour curfews in major towns to keep people off the streets and deter looting . Most buildings in the eastern portion of the island lost their roofs . Damage was assessed at approximately $100 million throughout the country .", "In Haiti , which was still recovering from both the 2010 earthquake and the ongoing cholera outbreak , at least 54 people died , and approximately 200,000 were left homeless as a result of four days of ongoing rain from Hurricane Sandy . Heavy damage occurred in Port - Salut after rivers overflowed their banks . In the capital of Port - au - Prince , streets were flooded by the heavy rains , and it was reported that `` the whole south of the country is underwater '' . Most of the tents and buildings in the city 's sprawling refugee camps and the Cité Soleil neighborhood were flooded or leaking , a repeat of what happened earlier in the year during the passage of Hurricane Isaac . Crops were also wiped out by the storm and the country would be making an appeal for emergency aid . Damage in Haiti was estimated at $750 million ( 2012 USD ) , making it the costliest tropical cyclone in Haitian history . In the month following Sandy , a resurgence of cholera linked to the storm killed at least 44 people and infected more than 5,000 others .", "In the neighboring Dominican Republic , two people were killed and 30,000 people evacuated . An employee of CNN estimated 70 % of the streets in Santo Domingo were flooded . One person was killed in Juana Díaz , Puerto Rico after being swept away by a swollen river .", "Costliest Cuban hurricanes Hurricane Season Damage Ike 2008 7009730000000000000 ♠ $7.3 billion Matthew 2016 7009258000000000000 ♠ $2.58 billion Irma 2017 7009220000000000000 ♠ $2.2 billion Gustav 2008 7009210000000000000 ♠ $2.1 billion Michelle 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Sandy 2012 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion Dennis 2005 7009150000000000000 ♠ $1.5 billion Ivan 7009120000000000000 ♠ $1.2 billion Charley 7008923000000000000 ♠ $923 million", "Hurricane Season Damage", "Ike 2008 7009730000000000000 ♠ $7.3 billion", "Matthew 2016 7009258000000000000 ♠ $2.58 billion", "Irma 2017 7009220000000000000 ♠ $2.2 billion", "Gustav 2008 7009210000000000000 ♠ $2.1 billion", "Michelle 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion", "Sandy 2012 7009200000000000000 ♠ $2 billion", "Dennis 2005 7009150000000000000 ♠ $1.5 billion", "Ivan 7009120000000000000 ♠ $1.2 billion", "Charley 7008923000000000000 ♠ $923 million", "At least 55,000 people were evacuated before Hurricane Sandy 's arrival . While moving ashore , the storm produced waves up to 29 feet ( 9 meters ) and a 6 - foot ( 2 meter ) storm surge that caused extensive coastal flooding . There was widespread damage , particularly to Santiago de Cuba where 132,733 homes were damaged , of which 15,322 were destroyed and 43,426 lost their roof . Electricity and water services were knocked out , and most of the trees in the city were damaged . Total losses throughout Santiago de Cuba province is estimated as high as $2 billion ( 2012 USD ) . Sandy killed 11 people in the country -- nine in Santiago de Cuba Province and two in Guantánamo Province ; most of the victims were trapped in destroyed houses . This makes Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit Cuba since 2005 , when Hurricane Dennis killed 16 people .", "A NOAA automated station at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama Island reported sustained winds of 49 mph ( 74 km / h ) and a wind gust of 63 mph ( 102 km / h ) . One person died from falling off his roof while attempting to fix a window shutter in the Lyford Cay area on New Providence . Another died in the Queen 's Cove area on Grand Bahama Island where he drowned after the sea surge trapped him in his apartment . Portions of the Bahamas lost power or cellular service , including an islandwide power outage on Bimini . Five homes were severely damaged near Williams 's Town . Overall damage in the Bahamas was about $700 million ( 2012 USD ) , with the most severe damage on Cat Island and Exuma where many houses were heavily damaged by wind and storm surge .", "Owing to the sheer size of the storm , Sandy also impacted Bermuda with high winds and heavy rains . On October 28 , a weak F0 tornado touched down in Sandys Parish , damaging homes and businesses . During a three - day span , the storm produced 0.98 in ( 25 mm ) of rain at the L.F. Wade International Airport . The strongest winds were recorded on October 29 : sustained winds reached 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) and gusts peaked at 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) , which produced scattered minor damage .", "Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricanes Cost refers to total estimated property damage Rank Hurricane Season Damage Harvey 2017 7011198000000000000 ♠ $198 billion Katrina 2005 7011108000000000000 ♠ $108 billion Sandy 2012 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion Ike 2008 7010295200000000000 ♠ $29.5 billion 5 Andrew 7010265000000000000 ♠ $26.5 billion 6 Wilma 2005 7010210070000000000 ♠ $21 billion 7 Ivan 7010188200000000000 ♠ $18.8 billion 8 Irene 2011 7010156000000000000 ♠ $15.6 billion 9 Charley 7010151130000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion 10 Rita 2005 7010120370000000000 ♠ $12 billion Source : National Hurricane Center", "Rank Hurricane Season Damage", "Harvey 2017 7011198000000000000 ♠ $198 billion", "Katrina 2005 7011108000000000000 ♠ $108 billion", "Sandy 2012 7010714000000000000 ♠ $71.4 billion", "Ike 2008 7010295200000000000 ♠ $29.5 billion", "5 Andrew 7010265000000000000 ♠ $26.5 billion", "6 Wilma 2005 7010210070000000000 ♠ $21 billion", "7 Ivan 7010188200000000000 ♠ $18.8 billion", "8 Irene 2011 7010156000000000000 ♠ $15.6 billion", "9 Charley 7010151130000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion", "10 Rita 2005 7010120370000000000 ♠ $12 billion", "Source : National Hurricane Center", "A total of 24 U.S. states were in some way affected by Sandy . The hurricane caused tens of billions of dollars in damage in the United States , destroyed thousands of homes , left millions without electric service , and caused 71 direct deaths in nine states , including 49 in New York , 10 in New Jersey , 3 in Connecticut , 2 each in Pennsylvania and Maryland , and 1 each in New Hampshire , Virginia and West Virginia . There were also 2 direct deaths from Sandy in U.S. coastal waters in the Atlantic Ocean , about 90 miles ( 150 km ) off the North Carolina coast , which are not counted in the U.S. total . In addition , the storm resulted in 87 indirect deaths . In all , a total of 160 people were killed due to the storm , making Sandy the deadliest hurricane to hit the United States mainland since Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the deadliest to hit the U.S. East Coast since Hurricane Agnes in 1972 .", "Due to flooding and other storm - related problems , Amtrak canceled all Acela Express , Northeast Regional , Keystone , and Shuttle services for October 29 and 30 . More than 13,000 flights were canceled across the U.S. on October 29 , and more than 3,500 were called off October 30 . From October 27 through early November 1 , airlines canceled a total of 19,729 flights , according to FlightAware .", "On October 31 , over 6 million customers were still without power in 15 states and the District of Columbia . The states with the most customers without power were New Jersey with 2,040,195 customers ; New York with 1,933,147 ; Pennsylvania with 852,458 ; and Connecticut with 486,927 .", "The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq reopened on October 31 after a two - day closure for the storm . More than 1,500 FEMA personnel were along the East Coast working to support disaster preparedness and response operations , including search and rescue , situational awareness , communications and logistical support . In addition , 28 teams containing 294 FEMA Corps members were pre-staged to support Sandy responders . Three federal urban search and rescue task forces were positioned in the Mid-Atlantic and ready to deploy as needed .", "On November 2 , the American Red Cross announced they had 4,000 disaster workers across storm damaged areas , with thousands more en route from other states . Nearly 7,000 people spent the night in emergency shelters across the region .", "Hurricane Sandy : Coming Together , a live telethon on November 2 that featured rock and pop stars such as Bruce Springsteen , Billy Joel , Jon Bon Jovi , Mary J. Blige , Sting and Christina Aguilera , raised around $23 million for American Red Cross hurricane relief efforts .", "As of November 5 , 2012 , the National Hurricane Center ranks Hurricane Sandy the second - costliest US hurricane since 1900 in constant 2010 dollars , and the sixth - costliest after adjusting for inflation , population and property values . Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will `` either decrease or remain essentially unchanged '' overall , but the ones that do form will likely be stronger , with fiercer winds and heavier rains .", "Scientists at the University of Utah reported the energy generated by Sandy was equivalent to `` small earthquakes between magnitudes 2 and 3 '' .", "In South Florida , Sandy lashed the area with rough surf , strong winds , and brief squalls . Along the coast of Miami - Dade County , waves reached 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) , but may have been as high as 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in Palm Beach County . In the former county , minor pounding occurred on a few coastal roads . Further north in Broward County , State Road A1A was inundated with sand and water , causing more than a 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) stretch of the road to be closed for the entire weekend . Additionally , coastal flooding extended inland up to 2 blocks in some locations and a few houses in the area suffered water damage . In Manalapan , which is located in southern Palm Beach County , several beachfront homes were threatened by erosion . The Lake Worth Pier was also damaged by rough seas . In Palm Beach County alone , losses reached $14 million . Sandy caused closures and cancellations of some activities at schools in Palm Beach , Broward and Miami - Dade counties . Storm surge from Sandy also caused flooding and beach erosion along coastal areas in South Florida . Gusty winds also impacted South Florida , peaking at 67 mph ( 108 km / h ) in Jupiter and Fowey Rocks Light , which is near Key Biscayne . The storm left power outages across the region , which left many traffic lights out of order .", "In east - central Florida , damage was minor , though the storm left about 1,000 people without power . Airlines at Miami International Airport canceled more than 20 flights to or from Jamaica or the Bahamas , while some airlines flying from Fort Lauderdale -- Hollywood International Airport canceled a total of 13 flights to the islands . The Coast Guard rescued two sea men in Volusia County off New Smyrna Beach on the morning of October 26 . Brevard and Volusia Counties schools canceled all extracurricular activities for October 26 , including football .", "Two panther kittens escaped from the White Oak Conservation Center in Nassau County after the hurricane swept a tree into the fence of their enclosure ; they were missing for 24 hours before being found in good health .", "On October 28 , Governor Bev Perdue declared a state of emergency in 24 western counties , due to snow and strong winds .", "North Carolina was spared from major damage for the most part ( except at the immediate coastline ) , though winds , rain , and mountain snow affected the state through October 30 . Ocracoke and Highway 12 on Hatteras Island were flooded with up to 2 feet ( 0.6 m ) of water , closing part of the highway , while 20 people on a fishing trip were stranded on Portsmouth Island .", "There were three Hurricane Sandy - related deaths in the state .", "On October 29 , the Coast Guard responded to a distress call from Bounty , which was built for the 1962 movie Mutiny on the Bounty . It was taking on water about 90 miles ( 150 km ) southeast of Cape Hatteras . Sixteen people were on board . The Coast Guard said the 16 people abandoned ship and got into two lifeboats , wearing survival suits and life jackets . The ship sank after the crew got off . The Coast Guard rescued 14 crew members ; another was found hours later but was unresponsive and later died . The search for the captain , Robin Walbridge , was suspended on November 1 , after efforts lasting more than 90 hours and covering approximately 12,000 square nautical miles ( 41,100 km2 ) .", "On October 29 , snow was falling in parts of the state . Gov. Bob McDonnell announced on October 30 that Virginia had been `` spared a significant event '' , but cited concerns about rivers cresting and consequent flooding of major arteries . Virginia was awarded a federal disaster declaration , with Gov. McDonnell saying he was `` delighted '' that President Barack Obama and FEMA were on it immediately . At Sandy 's peak , more than 180,000 customers were without power , most of whom were located in Northern Virginia . There were three Hurricane Sandy - related fatalities in the state .", "The Supreme Court and the United States Government Office of Personnel Management were closed on October 30 , and schools were closed for two days . MARC train and Virginia Railway Express were closed on October 30 , and Metro rail and bus service were on Sunday schedule , opening at 2 p.m. , until the system closes .", "At least 100 feet ( 30 m ) of a fishing pier in Ocean City was destroyed . Governor Martin O'Malley said the pier was `` half - gone '' . Due to high winds , the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge on I - 95 were closed . During the storm , the Mayor of Salisbury instituted a Civil Emergency and a curfew . Interstate 68 in far western Maryland and northern West Virginia closed due to heavy snow , stranding multiple vehicles and requiring assistance from the National Guard . Workers in Howard County tried to stop a sewage overflow caused by a power outage October 30 . Raw sewage spilled at a rate of 2 million gallons per hour . It was unclear how much sewage had flowed into the Little Patuxent River . Over 311,000 people were left without power as a result of the storm .", "By the afternoon of October 29 , rainfall at Rehoboth Beach totaled 6.53 inches ( 166 mm ) . Other precipitation reports include nearly 7 inches ( 180 mm ) at Indian River Inlet and more than 4 inches ( 100 mm ) in Dover and Bear . At 4 p.m. on October 29 , Delmarva Power reported on its website that more than 13,900 customers in Delaware and portions of the Eastern Shore of Maryland had lost electric service as high winds brought down trees and power lines . About 3,500 of those were in New Castle County , 2,900 were in Sussex , and more than 100 were in Kent County . Some residents in Kent and Sussex Counties experienced power outages that lasted up to nearly six hours . At the peak of the storm , more than 45,000 customers in Delaware were without power . The Delaware Memorial Bridge speed limit was reduced to 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) and the two outer lanes in each direction were closed . Officials planned to close the span entirely if sustained winds exceeded 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) . A wind gust of 64 mph ( 103 km / h ) was measured at Lewes just before 2 : 30 p.m. on October 29 . Delaware Route 1 was closed due to water inundation between Dewey Beach and Fenwick Island . In Dewey Beach , flood waters were 1 to 2 feet ( 0.30 to 0.61 m ) in depth . Following the impact in Delaware , President Barack Obama declared the entire state a federal disaster area , providing money and agencies for disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Sandy .", "A 50 - foot ( 15 m ) piece of the Atlantic City Boardwalk washed away . Half the city of Hoboken flooded ; the city of 50,000 had to evacuate two of its fire stations , the EMS headquarters , and the hospital . With the city cut off from area hospitals and fire suppression mutual aid , the city 's Mayor asked for National Guard help . In the early morning of October 30 , authorities in Bergen County , New Jersey , evacuated residents after a berm overflowed and flooded several communities . Police Chief of Staff Jeanne Baratta said there were up to five feet ( 1.5 m ) of water in the streets of Moonachie and Little Ferry . The state Office of Emergency Management said rescues were undertaken in Carlstadt . Baratta said the three towns had been `` devastated '' by the flood of water . At the peak of the storm , more than 2,600,000 customers were without power . There were 43 Hurricane Sandy - related deaths in the state of New Jersey . Damage in the state was estimated at $36.8 billion .", "Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter said the city would have no mass transit operations on any lines October 30 . All major highways in and around the city of Philadelphia were closed on October 29 during the hurricane , including Interstate 95 , the Blue Route portion of Interstate 476 , the Vine Street Expressway , Schuylkill Expressway ( I - 76 ) , and the Roosevelt Expressway ; U.S. Route 1 . The highways reopened at 4 a.m. on October 30 . The Delaware River Port Authority also closed its major crossings over the Delaware River between Pennsylvania and New Jersey due to high winds , including the Commodore Barry Bridge , the Walt Whitman Bridge , the Ben Franklin Bridge and the Betsy Ross Bridge . Trees and powerlines were downed throughout Altoona , and four buildings partially collapsed . More than 1.2 million were left without power . The Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency reported 14 deaths believed to be related to Sandy .", "New York governor Andrew Cuomo called National Guard members to help in the state . Storm impacts in Upstate New York were much more limited than in New York City ; there was some flooding and a few downed trees . Rochester area utilities reported slightly fewer than 19,000 customers without power , in seven counties . In the state as a whole , however , more than 2,000,000 customers were without power at the peak of the storm .", "Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg announced that New York City public schools would be closed on Tuesday , October 30 and Wednesday , October 31 , but they remained closed through Friday , November 2 . CUNY and NYU canceled all classes and campus activities for October 30 . The New York Stock Exchange was closed for trading for two days , the first weather closure of the exchange since 1985 . It was also the first two - day weather closure since the Great Blizzard of 1888 .", "The East River overflowed its banks , flooding large sections of Lower Manhattan . Battery Park had a water surge of 13.88 ft . Seven subway tunnels under the East River were flooded . The Metropolitan Transportation Authority said that the destruction caused by the storm was the worst disaster in the 108 - year history of the New York City subway system . Sea water flooded the Ground Zero construction site . Over 10 billion gallons of raw and partially treated sewage were released by the storm , 94 % of which went into waters in and around New York and New Jersey . In addition , a four - story Chelsea building 's facade crumbled and collapsed , leaving the interior on full display ; however , no one was hurt by the falling masonry . The Atlantic Ocean storm surge also caused considerable flood damage to homes , buildings , roadways , boardwalks and mass transit facilities in low - lying coastal areas of the outer boroughs of Queens , Brooklyn and Staten Island .", "After receiving many complaints that holding the marathon would divert needed resources , Mayor Bloomberg announced late afternoon November 2 that the New York City Marathon had been canceled . The event was to take place on Sunday , November 4 . Marathon officials said that they did not plan to reschedule .", "Gas shortages throughout the region led to an effort by the U.S. federal government to bring in gasoline and set up mobile truck distribution at which people could receive up to 10 gallons of gas , free of charge . This caused lines of up to 20 blocks long and was quickly suspended . On Thursday , November 8 , Mayor Bloomberg announced odd - even rationing of gasoline would be in effect beginning November 9 until further notice .", "On November 26 , Governor Cuomo called Sandy `` more impactful '' than Hurricane Katrina , and estimated costs to New York at $42 billion . Approximately 100,000 residences on Long Island were destroyed or severely damaged , including 2,000 that were rendered uninhabitable . There were 53 Hurricane Sandy - related deaths in the state of New York . In 2016 , the hurricane was determined to have been the worst to strike the New York City area since at least 1700 .", "Wind gusts to 83 mph were recorded on outer Cape Cod and Buzzards Bay . Nearly 300,000 customers were without power in Massachusetts , and roads and buildings were flooded . Over 100,000 customers lost power in Rhode Island . Most of the damage was along the coastline , where some communities were flooded . Mount Washington , New Hampshire saw the strongest measured wind gust from the storm at 140 mph . Nearly 142,000 customers lost power in the state .", "Sandy 's rain became snow in the Appalachian mountains , leading to blizzard conditions in some areas , especially West Virginia , when a tongue of dense and heavy Arctic air pushed south through the region . This would normally cause a Nor'easter , prompting some to dub Sandy a `` nor'eastercane '' or `` Frankenstorm '' . There was 1 -- 3 feet ( 30 -- 91 cm ) of snowfall in 28 of West Virginia 's 55 counties . The highest snowfall accumulation was 36 inches ( 91 cm ) near Richwood . Other significant totals include 32 inches ( 81 cm ) in Snowshoe , 29 inches ( 74 cm ) in Quinwood , and 28 inches ( 71 cm ) in Davis , Flat Top , and Huttonsville . By the morning of October 31 , there were still 36 roads closed due to downed trees , powerlines , and snow in the road . Approximately 271,800 customers lost power during the storm .", "There were reports of collapsed buildings in several counties due to the sheer weight of the wet , heavy snow . Overall , there were seven fatalities related to Hurricane Sandy and its remnants in West Virginia , including John Rose , Sr. , the Republican candidate for the state 's 47th district in the state legislature , who was killed in the aftermath of the storm by a falling tree limb broken off by the heavy snowfall . Governor Earl Ray Tomblin asked President Obama for a federal disaster declaration , and on October 30 , President Obama approved a state of emergency declaration for the state .", "Wind gusts at Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport were reported at 68 miles per hour ( 109 km / h ) . On October 30 , hundreds of school districts canceled or delayed school across the state with at least 250,000 homes and businesses without power . Damage was reported across the state including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame which lost parts of its siding . Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland . Snow and icy roads also were reported south of Columbus .", "The US Department of Energy reported that more than 120,000 customers lost power in Michigan as a result of the storm . The National Weather Service said that waves up to 23 feet ( 7 m ) high were reported on southern Lake Huron .", "More than one foot ( 300 mm ) of snow fell in eastern Kentucky as Sandy merged with an Arctic front . Winter warnings in Harlan , Letcher , and Pike County were put into effect until October 31 .", "The remnants of Sandy produced high winds along Lake Huron and Georgian Bay , where gusts were measured at 105 km / h ( 63 mph ) . A 121 km / h ( 72 mph ) gust was measured on top of the Bluewater Bridge . One woman died after being hit by a piece of flying debris in Toronto . At least 145,000 customers across Ontario lost power , and a Bluewater Power worker was electrocuted in Sarnia while working to restore power . Around 49,000 homes and businesses lost power in Quebec during the storm , with nearly 40,000 of those in the Laurentides region of the province , as well as more than 4,000 customers in the Eastern Townships and 1,700 customers in Montreal . Hundreds of flights were canceled . Around 14,000 customers in Nova Scotia lost power during the height of the storm . The Insurance Bureau of Canada 's preliminary damage estimate was over $100 million for the nation .", "Several media organizations contributed to the immediate relief effort : Disney -- ABC Television Group held a `` Day of Giving '' on Monday , November 5 , raising $17 million on their television stations for the American Red Cross and NBC raised $23 million during their Hurricane Sandy : Coming Together telethon the same day . On 31 October 2012 , News Corporation donated $1 million to relief efforts in the New York metropolitan area . As of December 2013 , the NGO Hurricane Sandy New Jersey Relief Fund had distributed much of the funding raised in New Jersey .", "On November 6 , the United Nations and World Food Programme promised humanitarian aid to at least 500,000 people in Santiago de Cuba .", "On December 12 , 2012 , the 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Various television channels in the United States and internationally aired the four - hour concert which was expected to reach over 1 billion people worldwide , featuring Bon Jovi , Eric Clapton , Dave Grohl , Billy Joel , Alicia Keys , Chris Martin , Paul McCartney , The Rolling Stones , Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , Roger Waters , Eddie Vedder , Kanye West , and The Who . Web sites including Fuse.tv , MTV.com , YouTube , and the sites of AOL and Yahoo ! planned to stream the performance .", "On December 28 , 2012 , the United States Senate approved an emergency Hurricane Sandy relief bill to provide $60 billion for US states affected by Sandy , but the House in effect postponed action until the next session which began January 3 by adjourning without voting on the bill . On January 4 , 2013 House leaders pledged to vote on a flood insurance bill and an aid package by January 15 . On January 28 , the Senate passed the $50.5 billion Sandy aid bill by a count of 62 -- 36 . which President Obama signed into law January 29 .", "In January 2013 , The New York Times reported that those affected by the hurricane were still struggling to recover .", "In June 2013 , NY Governor Andrew Cuomo set out to centralize recovery and rebuilding efforts in impacted areas of New York State by establishing the Governor 's Office of Storm Recovery ( GOSR ) . He aimed to address communities ' most urgent needs , and to identify innovative and enduring solutions to strengthen the State 's infrastructure and critical systems . Operating under the umbrella of New York Rising , GOSR utilized approximately $3.8 billion in flexible funding made available by the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development 's ( HUD ) Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery ( CDBG - DR ) program to concentrate aid in four main areas : housing , small business , infrastructure , and the community reconstruction .", "On December 6 , 2013 , an analysis of Federal Emergency Management Agency data showed that fewer than half of those affected who requested disaster recovery assistance had received any , and a total of 30,000 residents of New York and New Jersey remained displaced .", "In March 2014 , Newsday reported , that 17 months after the hurricane people displaced from rental units on Long Island faced unique difficulties due to lack of affordable rental housing and delays in housing program implementations by New York State . Close to 9,000 rental units on Long Island were damaged by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 , and Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in 2011 per the NY State Governor 's Office of Storm Recovery ( GOSR ) . New York State officials said that additional assistance would soon be available from the HUD 's Community Development Block Grant funds via the New York Rising program . On March 15 , 2014 , a group of those who remained displaced by the hurricane organized a protest at the Nassau Legislative building in Mineola , New York , to raise awareness of their frustration with the timeline for receiving financial assistance from the New York Rising program .", "As of March 2014 , the GOSR released a press statement , that the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program had distributed more than $280 million in payments to 6,388 homeowners for damage from Hurricane Sandy , Hurricane Irene or Tropical Storm Lee . Every eligible homeowner who had applied by January 20 , 2014 had been issued a check for home reconstruction , including over 4,650 Nassau residents for over $201 million and over 1,350 Suffolk residents for over $65 million . The State also had made offers over $293 million to buyout homes of 709 homeowners .", "Hurricane Sandy sparked much political commentary . Many scientists said warming oceans and greater atmospheric moisture were intensifying storms while rising sea levels were worsening coastal effects . November 2012 Representative Henry Waxman of California , the top Democrat of the House Energy and Commerce Committee , requested a hearing in the lame duck session on links between climate change and Hurricane Sandy . Some news outlets labeled the storm the October surprise of the 2012 United States Presidential election , while Democrats and Republicans accused each other of politicizing the storm .", "The storm hit the United States one week before its general United States elections , and affected the presidential campaign , local and state campaigns in storm - damaged areas . New Jersey Governor Chris Christie , one of Mitt Romney 's leading supporters , praised President Barack Obama and his reaction to the hurricane , and toured storm - damaged areas of his state with the president . It was reported at the time that Sandy might affect elections in several states , especially by curtailing early voting . The Economist wrote , `` ( ... ) the weather is supposed to clear up well ahead of election day , but the impact could be felt in the turnout of early voters . '' ABC News predicted this might be offset by a tendency to clear roads and restore power more quickly in urban areas . The storm ignited a debate over whether Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney in 2011 proposed to eliminate the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . The next day the Romney campaign promised to keep FEMA funded , but did not explain what other parts of the federal budget it would cut to pay for it . Beyond the election , National Defense Magazine said Sandy `` might cause a rethinking ( in the USA ) of how climate change threatens national security '' .", "In his news conference on November 14 , President Obama said `` ... we ca n't attribute any particular weather event to climate change . What we do know is the temperature around the globe is increasing faster than was predicted even 10 years ago . We do know that the Arctic ice cap is melting faster than was predicted even five years ago . We do know that there have been extraordinarily -- there have been an extraordinarily large number of severe weather events here in North America , but also around the globe . And I am a firm believer that climate change is real , that it is impacted by human behavior and carbon emissions . And as a consequence , I think we 've got an obligation to future generations to do something about it . ''", "On January 30 , 2015 , days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles ( 50,210 km ) of the North Atlantic coast , President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies , state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change .", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 )", "This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 )", "Power outages and flooding in the area closed the New York Stock Exchange and other financial markets on both October 29 and 30 , a weather - related closure that last happened in 1888 . When markets reopened on October 31 , investors were relieved that it closed relatively flat that day . A week later , the National Association of Insurance Commissioners Capital Markets Bureau noted a slight uptick in the market ( 0.8 % ) and suggested that the negative economic impact of Hurricane Sandy was offset by the expected positive impacts of rebuilding .", "As Hurricane Sandy approached the United States , forecasters and journalists gave it several different unofficial names , at first related to its projected snow content , then to its proximity to Halloween , and eventually to the overall size of the storm . Early nicknames included `` Snowicane Sandy '' and `` Snor'eastercane Sandy '' . The most popular Halloween - related nickname was `` Frankenstorm '' , coined by Jim Cisco , a forecaster at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . CNN banned the use of the term , saying it trivialized the destruction .", "The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States , as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system , resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane `` Superstorm Sandy '' by the media , public officials , and several organizations , including U.S. government agencies . This persisted as the most common nickname well into 2013 . The term was also embraced by climate change proponents as a term for the new type of storms caused by global warming , while other writers used the term but maintained that it was too soon to blame the storm on climate change . Meanwhile , Popular Science called it `` an imaginary scare - term that exists exclusively for shock value '' .", "Thousands of homeowners were denied their flood insurance claims based upon fraudulent engineers ' reports , according to the whistleblowing efforts of Andrew Braum , an engineer who claimed that at least 175 of his more than 180 inspections were doctored . As a result , a class - action racketeering lawsuit has been filed against several insurance companies and their contract engineering firms . As of 2015 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency planned to review all flood insurance claims .", "New Jersey hospitals saw a spike in births nine months after Sandy , causing some to believe that there was a post-Sandy baby boom . The Monmouth Medical Center saw a 35 % jump , and two other hospitals saw 20 % increases . An expert stated that post-storm births that year were higher than in past disasters .", "Because of the exceptional damage and deaths caused by the storm in many countries , the name Sandy was later retired by the World Meteorological Organization , and will never be used again for a North Atlantic hurricane . The name was replaced with Sara for the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season .", "In the Syfy television movie Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! , a radar image of Sandy can be seen ( close to its landfall in New Jersey ) , but represented fictionally as an unnamed tropical storm heading towards Washington D.C . The storm is also featured in an episode of Shades of Blue ." ]

[ [ "2010" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Just the Way You Are '' Single by Bruno Mars from the album Doo - Wops & Hooligans Released July 20 , 2010 Format CD single digital download Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 41 Label Elektra Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Khalil Walton Khari Cain Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Needlz Bruno Mars singles chronology `` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 ) `` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Just the Way You Are ''", "Single by Bruno Mars", "from the album Doo - Wops & Hooligans", "Released July 20 , 2010", "Format CD single digital download", "CD single digital download", "Genre Pop R&B", "Pop R&B", "Length 3 : 41", "Label Elektra Atlantic", "Elektra Atlantic", "Songwriter ( s ) Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Khalil Walton Khari Cain", "Bruno Mars Philip Lawrence Ari Levine Khalil Walton Khari Cain", "Producer ( s ) The Smeezingtons Needlz", "The Smeezingtons Needlz", "Bruno Mars singles chronology", "`` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Billionaire '' ( 2010 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 2010 ) `` Grenade '' ( 2010 )", "`` Just the Way You Are '' is the debut solo single by American singer - songwriter Bruno Mars . It is the lead single from his debut studio album , Doo - Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Khalil Walton and Needlz and produced by the former three , under their alias , The Smeezingtons along with Needlz . It was released in the United States to Contemporary hit radio on August 10 , 2010 . The track was released in the United Kingdom on September 19 , 2010 , as `` Just the Way You Are ( Amazing ) '' . The song 's lyrics compliment a woman 's beauty .", "The debut single received positive reviews from critics , who considered it a stand - out track on Doo - Wops & Hooligans and praised The Smeezington 's production . It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at the 2011 ceremony . The song peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , Australia , Canada , New Zealand and in the United Kingdom charts and peaked in the top five in other countries . It was certified nine times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , seven times by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and six times by Music Canada ( MC ) . `` Just the Way You Are '' was the best selling digital single of 2011 , selling more than 12.5 million copies , thus joining an elite group of best - selling singles worldwide .", "The music video , directed by Ethan Lader , was released on September 8 , 2010 and features Peruvian born Australian actress Nathalie Kelley . The official remix features rapper Lupe Fiasco and is included on the deluxe edition of Doo - Wops & Hooligans . Mars performed `` Just The Way You Are '' on The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , on the Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 -- 2014 ) and on the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 - 2018 ) . He also included it during his performance at the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show . `` Just the Way You Are '' has been covered by various recording artists and it inspired Meghan Trainor 's debut single `` All About That Bass '' .", "Mars said of the song , `` It took me months to come up with ' Just the Way You Are ' ... I was n't thinking of anything deep or poetic . I was telling a story . Get ready to fall in love ! '' He added , `` I 'm a big fan of songs like Joe Cocker 's ' You Are So Beautiful ' and Eric Clapton 's ' Wonderful Tonight ' - songs that go straight to the point . You know , there 's no mind - boggling lyrics or twists in the story - they just come directly from the heart . And to me ' Just The Way You Are ' is one of those songs . There 's nothing mind - blowing about it . I 'm just telling a woman she looks beautiful the way she IS - and , let 's be honest , what woman does n't wan na hear those lyrics ? ! '' Mars ' A&R was responsible for finding the original idea from producers / songwriters Khalil Walton and Needlz . Mars originally sang the hook that Khalil and Needlz wrote for a feature on a Lupe Fiasco record . Needlz allowed Mars to use the idea for his album . This was all facilitated by Aaron Bay Shuck , who told HitQuarters that as soon as `` Just the Way You Are '' was finished they knew they had the first single , saying :", "`` It had a massive chorus , an instantly memorable melody and lyric , and was a natural transition from the B.o.B and Travie McCoy songs ... ( Also ) it did n't sound like anything else on the radio . It had everything we could want in a first single for Bruno . ''", "Ari Levine explains : `` Needlz had a track with a melody idea by Khalil Walton that was presented to us by one of the A&R guys . Bruno and Phil came up with the chorus , and then Needlz sent us the files and we replaced a bunch of sounds with our sounds and I programmed drums in the MPC , and we wrote the rest of the song . I never met Needlz or Walton '' . The song was supposed to be for Lupe Fiasco but at this point Bruno decided to keep it .", "`` Just the Way You Are '' was co-written by Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Khalil Walton and Needlz , while production was handled by the former three production - team , The Smeezingtons . It was Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios in Hollywood by Manny Marroquin , while Christian Plata and Erik Madrid served as the assistant mixing . Ari Levine , Needlz , and Bruno Mars played all the instruments on the track and recorded them . Ari was also responsible for engineering the song at Levcon Studios in California . Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in California .", "`` Just The Way You Are '' was released as the lead single from Doo - Wops & Hooligans . Elektra Records serviced the song to download in the United States on July 20 , 2010 . It was released in the United States to Contemporary hit radio on August 10 , 2010 by Elktra and Atlatic Records . On September 19 , 2010 , the song was sent to the United Kingdom to be released , under the name , Just the Way You Are ( Amazing ) , on Mainstream Radio . On November 2 , seven remixes were released as a purchasable download in US . It was released as a CD single in Germany , Austria , and Switzerland , on November 12 . The single contains the album version of the song and the remix by Skrillex Batboi . The track was released on September 27 , 2010 in the United Kingdom via digital download . On November 2 , 2011 , an EP that includes several remixes was released worldwide . Skrillex , Martin Danielle and the Manufactured Superstars were among the names to remix the original version into electronic dance music versions . A deluxe edition which includes the remix and the music video was released on November 25 , 2010 , worldwide .", "`` Just the Way You Are '' An 18 - second sample of the song 's chorus Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` Just the Way You Are '' An 18 - second sample of the song 's chorus", "Problems playing this file ? See media help .", "`` Just The Way You Are '' is a pop and R&B song with an instrumentation that features piano , keyboard sounds and breakbeat . The instruments are arranged into what critics described as a `` nice smooth ballad with vocals '' . Tim Byron of The Vine said `` the steeply rising melody at the start of the chorus introduces a little tension before defusing it with the , catchy tag of the chorus , which is simple and effective as a hook '' . The Guardian music reviewer , Paul Lester , describes the song as `` fairly standard R&B pop , his vocal a breezy falsetto as characterless . ''", "The song is in the key of F major and has a sequence of F -- Dm -- B ♭ -- F. Mars ' vocal range spans from F to C. Billboard critic Megan Vick called `` Just The Way You Are '' `` a feel - good jam , in which Mars ' is able to take `` to the next level '' is dreamy soprano with a `` breezy piano and vaguely hip - hop breakbeat '' `` . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly labeled the song `` sweetly smitten ballad '' . Nick Levin from Digital Spy describe it as a `` huge - hearted urbany piano ballad with a similar instant classic feel to `` Empire State of Mind '' `` . From The Guardian , Paul Lester says the lyrics are `` about a girl Mars could `` kiss all day '' `` . The song has been compared to a `` U2 production '' by Jon Caramanica of The New York Times and by Andy Gill adding that he felt a `` groove through R&B territory '' . Tim Sendra of AllMusic called the debut single `` lushly romantic '' . Scott Kara for the New Zealand Herald felt the song was a `` ballad boogie '' .", "Lyrically , the song is about Mars professing `` his love for a beautiful girl who occupies his dreams '' . Megan Vick for Billboard carries on with her explanation `` Mars professes his love ... '' When you smile , the whole world stops and stares for a while / ' Cause girl you 're amazing , just the way you are `` . She concludes , `` Mars ' lyrics aim to make female listeners feel nothing short of perfect in their own skin '' . Tim Byron of The Vine said the song is `` effective -- the repeated lines at the start of the verses are catchy '' . Consequence of Sound 's Kevin Barber described the song `` Mars sticks to the song 's name and insists that he would n't want to change anything about his particular gal . You believe him , too . With an undeniably catchy chorus '' .", "The song has received positive reviews by music critics . Digital Spy 's Nick Levine gave the song four out of five stars and described it as a `` huge - hearted urbany piano ballad '' and compared it to `` Empire State of Mind '' by Alicia Keys with a similar sound as the Keys song . In her review for Billboard , Megan Vick wrote : `` Over a breezy piano and vaguely hip - hop breakbeat , Mars professes his love for a beautiful girl who occupies his dreams ( ... ) Mars pens lyrics that aim to make female listeners feel nothing short of perfect in their own skin . With its steady , danceable pulse and singalong chorus , Mars has created a feel - good jam that should establish him as a solo contender in his own right . '' Nima Baniamer from Contactmusic.com felt that `` there is nothing about the single that makes Bruno Mars stand out from all the other RnB artists dominating the charts at the moment '' , and said , `` The song never builds to any climax and it simply falls a bit flat , coming across quite corny and cheesy . ''", "The song was nominated for the 2010 The Record of the Year ceremony . On February 13 , 2011 , the song won the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . The single was nominated for several awards at 2011 Billboard Music Awards , but it ended up by winning only the category Top Radio Song . It was nominated for Choice Music : Love Song at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards . In the same year , the single won Most Performed Song at ASCAP Pop Music Awards . In 2012 , at the same award ceremony , it won , again , Most Performed Song and also Song of the Year . At the RTHK International Pop Poll Awards the song won `` Top 10 Gold International Gold Songs '' .", "`` Just the Way You Are '' has sold 13.7 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best - selling singles of all time . In 2013 , as a celebration of the chart 's 55th Anniversary , Billboard counted down the 100 biggest Hot 100 hits ever , the song was ranked at 74 . The song is also one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time placed at number 74 with sales around 1.17 million .", "The song reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 on the chart dated October 2 , 2010 , ending the two - week reign of Katy Perry 's `` Teenage Dream '' . The song spent a total of 48 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , debuting on August 7 , 2010 and leaving the chart on July 2 , 2011 . By the end of December 2010 , the song had sold over 3,280,000 digital copies in the US alone ; and as of October 2015 , it has sold 6.7 million downloads domestically . The song was certified nine times platinum by the RIAA . It holds the record of the longest - reigning debut format on the Adult Contemporary , having spent 20 weeks atop . It first featured on the Greatest of All Time Hot 100 at number 79 . The song jumped from 7 to 1 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart dated October 9 , 2010 .", "On September 26 , 2010 , it became the singer 's second number - one single in the United Kingdom , where it hit the number - one spot again on October 24 , 2010 from sales of 116,000 copies becoming the first song ever to have left the top three before rebounding to the top spot . It sold 766,000 copies during 2010 , becoming the third biggest seller of the year . On April 9 , 2013 it was revealed that the song is the ninth most downloaded song of all time in the United Kingdom . On 2 August 2011 `` Just The Way You Are '' became the 108th million - selling single in the UK , having taken 43 weeks to reach that figure . In the United Kingdom and according to the Official Charts Company , the single has reached a total of 1 , 57 million combined sales ( 1.33 million purchases and 244 , 72 streaming equivalent sales ) , as of September 2017 . The same chart company ranked the song as the 75th biggest selling single of all - time in UK . It was certified two times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) .", "On October 12 , 2010 , Bruno Mars got his third number one single in the Dutch Top 40 , after `` Nothin ' On You '' and `` Billionaire '' , having spent 11 weeks at number one in Netherlands . The song also reached number one in Australia and certified seven times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The single debuted at number 31 in New Zealand on August 2 , 2010 . The song was number 1 for two weeks . The single was on the chart for 32 weeks .", "It debuted at number 8 on the Italian Singles Chart on November 4 , 2010 . The song ended up by peaking at number five , and it stayed on the chart for 1 week . It was less successful on the French Singles Chart , where it peaked at number 33 and stayed on the chart for 28 weeks . `` Just The Way You Are '' also peaked at number three in Switzerland , at number one in the Republic of Ireland and in the Netherlands , at number four in Belgium ( Flanders ) , and at number 2 in Germany and Sweden . It reached number six at Denmark . `` Just the Way You Are '' was the best selling digital single of 2011 , selling more than 12.5 million copies globally throughout that year .", "The corresponding music video was directed by Ethan Lander , shot in September 2010 in the downtown of Los Angeles and released on September 8 , 2010 . Cameron Duddy was able to shoot the behind - the - scenes footage in exchange for his jean jacket , which Mars used during the music video . The video features Peruvian - Australian actress Nathalie Kelley . Lander considers Bruno Mars a star . He adds `` The charisma that he has , you ca n't teach . '' Finishing with `` singer even manages to be suave in his mugshot , which is no small feat ! '' He sees the video as a collaboration , the video director came up with the vision and Mars added his vision and so on . The video is a mixture of live action and stopped animation and through the animation Bruno shows his girlfriend how beautiful she is . He takes a cassette tape and starts creating images out of the tape and they start to get a life of their own .", "The video begins with Kelley listening to `` Just the Way You Are '' on her Walkman as Mars walks in . Mars stops the tape player , removes the cassette tape and begins singing his song . As the instrumental portion of the song begins , Mars pulls the media out of the cassette tape and arranges the media into letters forming his name followed by the song title . As the song continues , he forms a picture of a drum , again on the table , using the tape media . Additional images of similar construction follow throughout the video including a portrait of Mars as well as one of Kelley blinking her eyes and smiling as Mars continues singing . Most of the images shown are animated , including a bell which Mars rings with his fingers in synchronization with the chimes near the end of the song . Lastly , Mars finishes the song while singing and playing an upright piano while Kelley watches and smiles . The video was inspired by the artwork of Erika Iris Simmons .", "It has received strong airplay on VH1 Europe , reaching # 1 on the VH1 Pop Chart . At the 2011 MTV Video Music Aid Japan the music video won Best Male Video . In 2011 , the video also received 3 nominations at the MuchMusic Video Awards . It won Favorite International Video at the MYX Music Awards . During the Channel ( V ) Thailand Music Video Awards received the award for Popular International Music Video . As of April 2018 , the music video has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube .", "Bruno Mars performed the song at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City on August 25 , 2010 , with him and his four - piece band dressed in blue tuxedos and black skinny ties . John Macdonald for Spin said `` Despite a couple pitch problems here and there , Mars proved to be nearly as good a performer as he is a songwriter '' . Mars performed the song on Saturday Night Live on October 9 , 2010 . The song was performed at The Ellen DeGeneres Show , on October 14 , 2010 . A soulful arrangement of the song was sung for a Billboard Tastemakers video session , on October 22 , 2010 . An acoustic version of the song was performed at Grammy Nominations concert in 2010 for the 53rd Grammy Awards . Mars also performed it at the NBA All - Star Tip Off Pre-Show in February 2011 . The song was also performed on NBC 's Today Show on June 24 , 2011 . A live performance was also done on the French X Factor during the finale of the second season . Carolina Frost for the Huffington Post said that Mars at the 2012 Brit Awards `` took his poptastic song Just the Way You Are , and gave it a fresh jazzy arrangement . '' While Tweeter David Quantick summed up his opinion , asking if `` someone came as a spare Osmond '' . Others praised Mars ' vocality and confidence with his soulful rendition . It was the twelfth song of his debut worldwide tour , The Doo - Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 - 12 ) and was fourteenth on the set list of his second worldwide tour , The Moonshine Jungle Tour ( 2013 - 14 ) . The single was performed as the last song in his set list for his performance at Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show as a Tribute to the United States Armed Forces . In 2017 , the singer participated in the `` Somos Una Voz '' relief initiative concert by singing a Spanish version of `` Just the Way You Are '' . On his third worldwide tour , the 24K Magic World Tour ( 2017 - 18 ) , the track was the fourteenth or fifteenth track of the setlist .", "`` Just the Way You Are '' was covered by Nathan Sykes from The Wanted , The Saturdays at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on October 29 , 2010 . It was performed by Cory Monteith for the American TV show Glee on episode `` Furt '' , which aired on November 22 , 2010 . San Diego - based formed band , Pierce the Veil covered the track for the compilation album Punk Goes Pop 4 , which was released on November 21 , 2011 .", "Daniel Evans , a finalist on The X Factor ( UK ) , included his version of the song on his album Wicked Game , released on December 2 , 2013 . The album contains covers from various artists . Matt Cardle , the winner of the seventh series of British TV talent contest The X Factor , performed `` Just the Way You Are '' in week 2 of the live shows and later recorded his own version of the song as a B - side for his debut single `` When We Collide '' .", "In 2012 , Dominican musician Karlos Rosé covered the song in bachata as his debut single which peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart and number one on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart in the United States . The music video for his cover was filmed in New York City and directed by Robert Kruz . The song is featured in the movie Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) .", "Digital download `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 40 Digital download -- Deluxe single `` Just the Way You Are '' -- 3 : 40 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Remix featuring Lupe Fiasco ) -- 3 : 58 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( music video ) CD single `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 40 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Skrillex Batboi Remix ) -- 3 : 50 Digital download -- Remixes EP `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Simon Steur Club Mix ) -- 5 : 37 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Simon Steur Dub ) -- 5 : 37 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Carl Louis & Martin Danielle Club Mix ) -- 5 : 19 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Carl Louis & Martin Danielle Classic Mix ) -- 5 : 17 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Manufactured Superstars Remix ) -- 7 : 24 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Steve Smart & Westfunk Club Mix ) -- 7 : 06 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Skrillex Batboi Remix ) -- 3 : 49 Promo CD `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 43 Promo CD `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 40 The Remixes -- Promo Vinyl 12 '' `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Original ) -- 3 : 41 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Crok Rokcouture Dfn Remix V3 ) -- 5 : 21 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( David S. House Remix ) -- 3 : 34 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 41 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Mistermike Remix ) -- 3 : 40 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Dark Intensity Remix ) -- 4 : 04 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Mister Grays Dutch Edit ) -- 3 : 00 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Koji One Edit ) -- 4 : 20 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Lupe Fiasco Remix ) -- 3 : 58 Promo 12 '' Vynil `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Main ) -- 3 : 41 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 41 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Intro - Edit ) -- 3 : 45 Bruno Mars featuring Gucci Mane , LMFAO & Travis McCoy - `` Billionaire '' ( Intro - Edit ) -- 3 : 39 `` Voices In My Head '' -- 3 : 24 `` Dance In The Mirror '' -- 4 : 00", "Digital download `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 40 Digital download -- Deluxe single `` Just the Way You Are '' -- 3 : 40 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Remix featuring Lupe Fiasco ) -- 3 : 58 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( music video ) CD single `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 40 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Skrillex Batboi Remix ) -- 3 : 50 Digital download -- Remixes EP `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Simon Steur Club Mix ) -- 5 : 37 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Simon Steur Dub ) -- 5 : 37 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Carl Louis & Martin Danielle Club Mix ) -- 5 : 19 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Carl Louis & Martin Danielle Classic Mix ) -- 5 : 17 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Manufactured Superstars Remix ) -- 7 : 24 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Steve Smart & Westfunk Club Mix ) -- 7 : 06 `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Skrillex Batboi Remix ) -- 3 : 49 Promo CD `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 43 Promo CD `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 40 The Remixes -- Promo Vinyl 12 '' `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Original ) -- 3 : 41 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( Crok Rokcouture Dfn Remix V3 ) -- 5 : 21 `` Just The Way You Are '' ( David S. 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end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 53 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 Italy ( FIMI ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 95 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 32 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 19 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 89 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 64 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 46 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 20 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 65 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 28 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 41 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 40 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 48 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 77 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 47 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 82", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 17 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 14 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 17 France ( SNEP ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 51 Mexico ( Airplay ) 9 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - 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United States July 20 , 2010 Digital download Elektra Records August 10 , 2010 Contemporary Elektra Records Atlantic Records United Kingdom September 19 , 2010 Mainstream radio Elektra Records United Kingdom September 27 , 2010 Digital download Unknown ́ United States November 2 , 2010 Warner Music Group Germany November 12 , 2010 CD single Elektra Records Austria Switzerland Worldwide November 25 , 2010 Digital download", "Country Release date Format Label Ref .", "United States July 20 , 2010 Digital download Elektra Records", "August 10 , 2010 Contemporary Elektra Records Atlantic Records", "Elektra Records Atlantic Records", "United Kingdom September 19 , 2010 Mainstream radio Elektra Records", "United Kingdom September 27 , 2010 Digital download Unknown ́", "United States November 2 , 2010 Warner Music Group", "Germany November 12 , 2010 CD single Elektra Records", "Austria", "Switzerland", "Worldwide November 25 , 2010 Digital download" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Perla Haney - Jardine Haney - Jardine at the premiere of Spider - Man 3 in 2007 ( 1997 - 07 - 17 ) July 17 , 1997 ( age 21 ) Niterói , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Residence Asheville , North Carolina , U.S. Citizenship Brazil United States Occupation Actress Years active 2004 - present", "Perla Haney - Jardine", "Haney - Jardine at the premiere of Spider - Man 3 in 2007", "( 1997 - 07 - 17 ) July 17 , 1997 ( age 21 ) Niterói , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil", "Residence Asheville , North Carolina , U.S.", "Citizenship Brazil United States", "Brazil United States", "Occupation Actress", "Years active 2004 - present", "Perla Haney - Jardine ( born July 17 , 1997 ) is a Brazilian - American actress , best known for her role as B.B. in the 2004 movie Kill Bill : Volume 2 .", "Haney - Jardine was born in Niterói , Brazil . Her father , Chusy Haney - Jardine , is a Venezuelan - born director , and her mother , Jennifer MacDonald , is an American film producer .", "She started out doing commercials before going into movies . She attended high school at Asheville School and now lives with her family in Asheville , North Carolina .", "Haney - Jardine starred in the 2005 film Dark Water with Jennifer Connelly and Tim Roth , and as Penny Marko , the Sandman 's sick daughter , in Spider - Man 3 in 2007 . In 2008 she starred as Diane Lane 's daughter in the film Untraceable . She also played BB in Kill Bill 2 , the daughter of Bill and Beatrix ( Uma Thurman )", "Year Film Role Notes Kill Bill : Volume 2 B.B. 2005 Dark Water Natasha Rimsky / Young Dahlia 2007 Spider - Man 3 Penny Marko 2008 Anywhere , U.S.A. Pearl Untraceable Annie Haskins Genova Mary 2009 Save the Future Lauduree Short film 2011 Future Weather Lauduree 2015 Steve Jobs Lisa Brennan - Jobs 2017 Midnighters Hannah", "Year Film Role Notes", "Kill Bill : Volume 2 B.B.", "2005 Dark Water Natasha Rimsky / Young Dahlia", "2007 Spider - Man 3 Penny Marko", "2008 Anywhere , U.S.A. Pearl", "Untraceable Annie Haskins", "Genova Mary", "2009 Save the Future Lauduree Short film", "2011 Future Weather Lauduree", "2015 Steve Jobs Lisa Brennan - Jobs", "2017 Midnighters Hannah", "Year Award Work Results 2005 Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Kill Bill : Volume 2 Nominated", "Year Award Work Results", "2005 Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Kill Bill : Volume 2 Nominated" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "`` The Infinity War '' Cover of Infinity War 1 ( Jun 1992 ). Art by Ron Lim . Publisher Marvel Comics Publication date June -- November 1992 Genre show Title ( s ) Infinity War # 1 - 6 Marvel Comics Presents # 108 - 111 Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 7 - 10 Creative team Writer ( s ) Jim Starlin Artist ( s ) Ron Lim Infinity War ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2105 - 6", "`` The Infinity War ''", "Cover of Infinity War 1 ( Jun 1992 ). Art by Ron Lim .", "Publisher Marvel Comics", "Publication date June -- November 1992", "Genre", "show Title ( s ) Infinity War # 1 - 6 Marvel Comics Presents # 108 - 111 Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 7 - 10", "show Title ( s ) Infinity War # 1 - 6 Marvel Comics Presents # 108 - 111 Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 7 - 10", "show Title ( s )", "Infinity War # 1 - 6 Marvel Comics Presents # 108 - 111 Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 7 - 10", "Creative team", "Writer ( s ) Jim Starlin", "Artist ( s ) Ron Lim", "Infinity War ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2105 - 6", "The Infinity War is a six - issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics in 1992 . The series was written by Jim Starlin and penciled by Ron Lim , Ian Laughlin , Al Milgrom , Jack Morelli and Christie Scheele .", "The storyline is a direct sequel to the 1991 `` Infinity Gauntlet '' crossover , and was followed by The Infinity Crusade in 1993 .", "The story had additional tie - ins including Alpha Flight # 110 - 112 , Captain America # 408 , Daredevil # 310 , Deathlok # 16 , Doctor Strange : Sorcerer Supreme # 42 - 47 , Fantastic Four # 366 - 370 , Guardians of the Galaxy vol 1 # 27 - 29 , Marc Spector : Moon Knight # 41 - 44 , Marvel Comics Presents # 108 - 111 , New Warriors # 27 , Nomad vol. 2 , # 7 , Quasar # 38 - 40 , Silver Sable and The Wild Pack # 4 - 5 , Silver Surfer vol. 3 , # 67 - 69 , Sleepwalker # 18 , Spider - Man # 24 , and Wonder Man # 13 - 14 . All of these were published between July and November 1992 . What The -- ? ! # 20 featured a parody story about various comedic superheroes struggle against the `` Infinity Wart '' .", "When hero Adam Warlock takes possession of the artifact known as the Infinity Gauntlet , he expels the good and evil aspects of his being to become a totally logical being , who can therefore use the Gauntlet wisely . This act recreates his `` evil '' persona and old foe the Magus , who desires universal conquest and revenge against Warlock and the Titan Thanos . ( Meanwhile , the effectively emotionless Adam is brought before a `` jury '' of the cosmic powers and voluntarily surrenders his godhood once he is found to be `` guilty '' of being unworthy . ) The Magus collects five cosmic containment units ( another name for the Cosmic Cubes ) , and with the power gained incapacitates the cosmic entity Eternity ; creates an interdimensional realm and an army of doppelgängers -- evil `` mirror '' images of Earth 's superheroes .", "After investigating the energy of the containment units , Thanos discovers the Magus and retreats to warn Warlock . Galactus and several of Earth 's heroes also investigate and then attempt to revive Eternity , as the entity will be required to petition the Living Tribunal , who has decreed that the Infinity Gems can no longer be used in unison in the Earth - 616 universe . The rationale is that if the Gauntlet can be reactivated , then the Magus can be removed from existence . The Magus sends the doppelgängers to Earth to distract the heroes , and the evil version of Mister Fantastic detonates a gamma bomb when the heroes assemble at Four Freedoms Plaza . However , the Invisible Woman contains the blast while Thunder God Thor directs the radiation into space , and a surprise attack by the Magus and the doppelgänger of Thanos has the heroes believing the two characters are now allied .", "The story climaxes at the Magus ' base : a group of heroes free those who were replaced by doppelgängers ; cosmic adventurer Quasar arrives with the Ultimate Nullifier ( with Thanos goading Quasar to use it against the Magus knowing that Quasar would also be destroyed ) and villains Kang the Conqueror and Doctor Doom appear , hoping to harness the source of the powerful energies detected .", "Warlock and the still inactive Gauntlet are captured by the Magus , and both attacked by Doom and Kang . Warlock is defeated and the Magus is severely weakened in the battle and attempts to use the containment units but discovers they have been stolen . Doom betrays and stops Kang , and then demands the Gauntlet from the Magus . Eternity , however , has just been revived and has requested the Gauntlet be reactivated , which the Living Tribunal agrees to . An apparently omnipotent Magus easily defeats Doom and dissolves Quasar , who arrives with the Ultimate Nullifier . Thanos defeats his doppelgänger and distracts the Magus , allowing Warlock to grapple with the villain for the Gauntlet . Warlock releases from the Gauntlet a being that is a composite of the entity Eternity and his twin , Infinity . The being incapacitates the Magus , allowing Warlock to absorb the Magus into the Soul Gem . The experience places Warlock in a coma .", "Thanos reveals to the assembled heroes that the Magus was tricked and never gained omnipotence as the Reality Gem on the Gauntlet -- which Thanos is revealed to be the secret guardian of -- was a convincing fake . The heroes return to Earth and the final page of the last issue reveals that the containment units have been stolen by Warlock 's `` good '' persona , the Goddess . In addition to these developments , Eternity -- who is apparently ' deputized ' by the Living Tribunal to make such a decree -- thereafter declares that the Gems on the Gauntlet will never be able to be used again as a single unit , no matter what future crisis befalls the universe .", "The full storyline was published as The Infinity War , a 400 - page trade paperback that collects The Infinity War limited series , Warlock and the Infinity Watch # 7 - 10 , and Marvel Comics Presents # 108 - 111 ( April 2006 , ISBN 0 - 7851 - 2105 - 6 )", "In October 2014 , Marvel announced a two - part film titled Avengers : Infinity War written by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely and directed by the Russo brothers . On August 1 , 2016 , Marvel made an interim announcement that Infinity War might be one film , which it later dropped in preference to its original two - part film plans . The Russos added that the movie will not be a literal adaptation of the story , but will borrow elements . The first part , Avengers : Infinity War , was released on April 27 , 2018 ." ]

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[ "First Day on the Somme Part of the Battle of the Somme ( First World War ) Battle of the Somme 1 July -- 18 November 1916 Date 1 July 1916 Location Somme , Picardy , France 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Coordinates : 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Result See the Aftermath section Belligerents British Empire United Kingdom Bermuda Newfoundland France German Empire Commanders and leaders Douglas Haig Henry Rawlinson Ferdinand Foch Fritz von Below Strength 13 British divisions 6 French divisions 6 divisions Casualties and losses British : 57,470 including 19,240 killed French : 7,000 8,000 casualties 4,200 prisoners In the German ten - day casualty accounting period 1 -- 10 July , there were 46,319 casualties and 7,539 men sick . Somme Somme is a department in northern France , of the Hauts - de-France region of France", "First Day on the Somme", "Part of the Battle of the Somme ( First World War )", "Battle of the Somme 1 July -- 18 November 1916", "Date 1 July 1916 Location Somme , Picardy , France 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Coordinates : 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Result See the Aftermath section", "Date 1 July 1916 Location Somme , Picardy , France 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Coordinates : 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Result See the Aftermath section", "Date 1 July 1916", "Location Somme , Picardy , France 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683 Coordinates : 50 ° 1 ′ N 2 ° 41 ′ E  /  50.017 ° N 2.683 ° E  / 50.017 ; 2.683", "Result See the Aftermath section", "Belligerents", "British Empire United Kingdom Bermuda Newfoundland France German Empire", "United Kingdom Bermuda Newfoundland", "Commanders and leaders", "Douglas Haig Henry Rawlinson Ferdinand Foch Fritz von Below", "Strength", "13 British divisions 6 French divisions 6 divisions", "Casualties and losses", "British : 57,470 including 19,240 killed French : 7,000 8,000 casualties 4,200 prisoners", "In the German ten - day casualty accounting period 1 -- 10 July , there were 46,319 casualties and 7,539 men sick .", "Somme Somme is a department in northern France , of the Hauts - de-France region of France", "Battle of the Somme Battles of the Somme , 1916 Albert First day on the Somme Montauban Mametz Fricourt Contalmaison La Boisselle Gommecourt Bazentin Ridge Longueval Trônes Wood Ovillers Fromelles High Wood Delville Wood Pozières Mouquet Farm Guillemont Ginchy Flers -- Courcelette Martinpuich Morval Combles Lesbœufs Gueudecourt Thiepval Ridge Transloy Ridges Eaucourt Le Sars Butte de Warlencourt Ancre Heights Schwaben Redoubt Stuff Redoubt Regina Trench Ancre Beaumont - Hamel Associated articles Hébuterne ( 1915 ) Order of Battle Mines on the first day of the Somme Boar 's Head Leipzig Salient Lochnagar mine Y Sap mine Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt Thiepval Memorial Ancre , 1917", "Battle of the Somme", "", "Battles of the Somme , 1916 Albert First day on the Somme Montauban Mametz Fricourt Contalmaison La Boisselle Gommecourt Bazentin Ridge Longueval Trônes Wood Ovillers Fromelles High Wood Delville Wood Pozières Mouquet Farm Guillemont Ginchy Flers -- Courcelette Martinpuich Morval Combles Lesbœufs Gueudecourt Thiepval Ridge Transloy Ridges Eaucourt Le Sars Butte de Warlencourt Ancre Heights Schwaben Redoubt Stuff Redoubt Regina Trench Ancre Beaumont - Hamel Associated articles Hébuterne ( 1915 ) Order of Battle Mines on the first day of the Somme Boar 's Head Leipzig Salient Lochnagar mine Y Sap mine Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt Thiepval Memorial Ancre , 1917", "Albert First day on the Somme Montauban Mametz Fricourt Contalmaison La Boisselle Gommecourt Bazentin Ridge Longueval Trônes Wood Ovillers Fromelles High Wood Delville Wood Pozières Mouquet Farm Guillemont Ginchy Flers -- Courcelette Martinpuich Morval Combles Lesbœufs Gueudecourt Thiepval Ridge Transloy Ridges Eaucourt Le Sars Butte de Warlencourt Ancre Heights Schwaben Redoubt Stuff Redoubt Regina Trench Ancre Beaumont - Hamel", "Albert First day on the Somme Montauban Mametz Fricourt Contalmaison La Boisselle Gommecourt", "First day on the Somme Montauban Mametz Fricourt Contalmaison La Boisselle Gommecourt", "First day on the Somme", "Bazentin Ridge Longueval Trônes Wood Ovillers Fromelles High Wood", "Longueval Trônes Wood Ovillers Fromelles High Wood", "Pozières Mouquet Farm", "Mouquet Farm", "Flers -- Courcelette Martinpuich", "Martinpuich", "Morval Combles Lesbœufs Gueudecourt", "Combles Lesbœufs Gueudecourt", "Transloy Ridges Eaucourt Le Sars Butte de Warlencourt", "Eaucourt Le Sars Butte de Warlencourt", "Butte de Warlencourt", "Ancre Heights Schwaben Redoubt Stuff Redoubt Regina Trench", "Schwaben Redoubt Stuff Redoubt Regina Trench", "Ancre Beaumont - Hamel", "Beaumont - Hamel", "Beaumont - Hamel", "Hébuterne ( 1915 ) Order of Battle Mines on the first day of the Somme Boar 's Head Leipzig Salient Lochnagar mine Y Sap mine Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt Thiepval Memorial Ancre , 1917", "Hébuterne ( 1915 )", "Order of Battle", "Mines on the first day of the Somme", "Boar 's Head", "Y Sap mine", "Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt", "Ancre , 1917", "Western Front 1914 Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur Frontiers Charleroi Mons Great Retreat 1st Marne 1st Aisne Antwerp Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations 1st Artois 1915 1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois 1916 Verdun Somme 1917 Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai 1918 Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens", "Western Front", "", "1914 Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur Frontiers Charleroi Mons Great Retreat 1st Marne 1st Aisne Antwerp Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations 1st Artois 1915 1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois 1916 Verdun Somme 1917 Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai 1918 Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens", "Belgium Halen Liège Dinant Namur", "Halen Liège Dinant Namur", "Frontiers Charleroi Mons", "Charleroi Mons", "Great Retreat 1st Marne", "1st Marne", "Race to the Sea Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations", "Yser 1st Ypres Winter operations", "1st Champagne Hartmannswillerkopf Neuve Chapelle 2nd Ypres 2nd Artois 2nd Champagne Loos 3rd Artois", "Verdun Somme", "Alberich Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills Messines 3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele ) La Malmaison 1st Cambrai", "Nivelle Arras 2nd Aisne Hills", "Arras 2nd Aisne Hills", "3rd Ypres ( Passchendaele )", "Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne Hundred Days Amiens", "Spring Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne", "Michael Lys 3rd Aisne 2nd Marne", "Hundred Days Amiens", "Amiens", "The first day on the Somme , 1 July 1916 , was the opening day of the Battle of Albert ( 1 -- 13 July ) , the name given by the British to the first two weeks of the Battle of the Somme . Nine corps of the French Sixth Army , the British Fourth and the Third army , attacked the German 2nd Army ( General Fritz von Below ) from Foucaucourt south of the Somme northwards to Serre , north of the Ancre and at Gommecourt , 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) beyond , in the Third Army area . The objective of the attack was to capture the German first and second positions from Serre south to the Albert -- Bapaume road and the first position from the road south to Foucaucourt .", "The German defence south of the road mostly collapsed and the French had `` complete success '' on both banks of the Somme , as did the British from Maricourt on the army boundary , where XIII Corps took Montauban and reached all its objectives and XV Corps captured Mametz and isolated Fricourt . The III Corps attack on both sides of the Albert -- Bapaume road was a disaster , making only a short advance south of La Boisselle , where the 34th Division had the largest number of casualties of any Allied division on 1 July . Further north , the X Corps attack captured the Leipzig Redoubt , failed opposite Thiepval and had a great but temporary success on the left flank , where the German front line was overrun by the 36th Ulster Division , which then captured Schwaben and Stuff redoubts .", "German counter-attacks during the afternoon recaptured most of the lost ground north of the Albert -- Bapaume road and more British attacks against Thiepval were costly failures . On the north bank of the Ancre , the attack of VIII Corps was a disaster , with large numbers of British troops being shot down in no man 's land . The VII Corps diversion at Gommecourt was also costly , with only a partial and temporary advance south of the village . The German defeats from Foucaucourt to the Albert -- Bapaume road left the German defence on the south bank incapable of resisting another attack and a substantial German retreat began , from the Flaucourt plateau to the west bank of the Somme close to Péronne , while north of the Somme , Fricourt was abandoned overnight .", "Several truces were observed to recover wounded from no man 's land on the British front , where the Fourth Army had lost 57,470 casualties , of whom 19,240 men were killed . The French had 1,590 casualties and the German 2nd Army lost 10,000 -- 12,000 men . Orders were issued to the Anglo - French armies to continue the offensive on 2 July and a German counter-attack on the north bank of the Somme by the 12th Division , intended for the night of 1 / 2 July , took until dawn on 2 July to begin and was destroyed . Since 1 July 1916 , the cost of the battle and the `` meagre gains '' have been a source of grief and controversy in Britain ; in German and French writing , the first day of the Battle of the Somme has been little more than a footnote to the mass losses of 1914 -- 1915 and the Battle of Verdun .", "In July 1915 , the French Commander in Chief Joseph Joffre held the first inter-Allied conference at Chantilly . In December , a second conference resolved to conduct simultaneous attacks by the French , Russian , British and Italian armies . The British theatre of operations was in France and Flanders but in February 1916 , Haig accepted Joffre 's plan for a combined attack astride the Somme river , around 1 July ; in April , the British Cabinet agreed to an offensive in France . The nature of a joint offensive on the Somme began to change almost immediately , when the German army attacked Verdun on 21 February . In March , Foch proposed a Somme offensive on a 28 mi ( 45 km ) front , between Lassigny and the Somme with 42 French divisions and a British attack on a 16 mi ( 25 km ) front from the Somme to Thiepval with 25 divisions . French divisions intended for the joint offensive were soon diverted to Verdun and the offensive was eventually reduced to a main effort by the British and a supporting attack by one French army .", "The Somme was to be the first mass offensive mounted by the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and the first battle to involve a large number of New Army divisions , many composed of Pals battalions that had formed in response to Kitchener 's call for volunteers in August 1914 . By the end of the Gallipoli Campaign in the Mediterranean , twelve British divisions were in Egypt and from 4 February -- 20 June , nine were transferred to France . From Britain and Egypt the 34th and 35th divisions arrived in January , the 31st and 46th ( North Midland ) divisions in February , the 29th , 39th , 1st Australian and 2nd Australian divisions in March , the New Zealand Division in April , the 41st , 61st ( 2nd South Midland ) and 63rd ( 2nd Northumbrian ) divisions in May , the 40th , 60th ( 2 / 2nd London ) , 4th Australian and 5th Australian divisions in June and the 11th ( Northern ) Division on 3 July . The 55th ( West Lancashire ) and 56th ( 1 / 1st London ) divisions were reassembled , a battalion of the Newfoundland Regiment and the South African Brigade joined in April , followed by a contingent of the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps in July .", "Despite considerable debate among German staff officers , General Erich von Falkenhayn , the head of Oberste Heeresleitung ( OHL , German army supreme command ) insisted on rigid defence of the front line in 1916 and implied after the war that the psychology of German soldiers , shortage of manpower and lack of reserves made the policy inescapable , since the troops necessary to seal off breakthroughs did not exist . High losses incurred in holding ground by a policy of no retreat were preferable to higher losses , voluntary withdrawals and the effect of a belief that soldiers had discretion to avoid battle . When a more flexible policy was substituted later , discretion was still reserved to army commanders . Despite the certainty by mid-June of an Anglo - French attack on the Somme against the 2nd Army , Falkenhayn sent only four divisions , keeping eight in the western strategic reserve . No divisions were moved from the 6th Army , despite it holding a shorter line with ​ 17 ⁄ divisions and three of the reserve divisions being in the 6th Army area . The maintenance of the strength of the 6th Army at the expense of the 2nd Army on the Somme , indicated that Falkenhayn intended a counter-offensive against the British to be made closer to Arras north of the Somme front , once the British offensive had been shattered .", "In April 1916 , Groupe d'armées du Nord ( GAN , General Ferdinand Foch ) issued an 82 - page pamphlet on the stages and processes of an attack on enemy positions prepared in depth , which the offensives of 1915 showed would inevitably be costly and time - consuming . The pamphlet was a substantial revision of Note 5779 , derived from But et conditions d'une action offensive d'ensemble ( 16 April 1915 ) , a manual compiled from after - action reports of the fighting in 1914 and the foundation of French offensive planning during 1915 . The pamphlet revised the emphasis in Note 5779 on breakthrough offensives ; a battle would now be methodical until the power of resistance of the defender was broken by `` moral , material and physical degradation '' , while the attacker retained the ability to continue the offensive ; a breakthrough remained a possibility but would be unlikely . Co-ordination of artillery and infantry was fundamental to the process , in which artillery would destroy defences and then infantry would occupy them , infantry objectives being determined by the capacity of artillery to prepare the way and limit casualties .", "Artillery bombardments were to be co-ordinated with infantry attacks , with various types of artillery given suitable targets for the cumulative destruction of field defences and the killing of German infantry . Heavy artillery and mortars were to be used for the destruction of field fortifications , howitzers and light mortars for the destruction of trenches , machine - gun and observation posts ; heavy guns and mortars to destroy fortified villages and concrete strong points . Longer - range guns were to engage German artillery with counter-battery fire , to deprive German infantry of artillery support during the attack , when French infantry were at their most vulnerable . Wire cutting was to be performed by field artillery , firing high explosive ( HE ) shells and supported by specialist wire - cutting sections of infantry , which would go out the night before an attack . During the attack , the field artillery would fire a linear barrage on trenches and the edges of woods and villages . Infantry tactics were to be based on reconnaissance , clear objectives , liaison with flanking units and the avoidance of disorganisation within attacking units . General attacks would need to be followed by the systematic capture of remaining defences for jumping - off positions in the next general attack .", "In 1915 , British tactical thinking had been based on the experience of its Western Front battles , particularly the Battle of Loos in September and the study of French and German experience in translated manuals and pamphlets . The importance of organised artillery firepower and the integration of types of weapons and equipment was understood by the British planners . Creeping barrages , smoke screens and cloud gas discharges were to be used along with aircraft , trench mortars , Lewis guns and elaborate signals systems , to counter chronic communication failures as soon as the infantry attacked . Troops were to advance in a succession of lines grouped into waves , followed by parties to consolidate captured ground or pass through the leading troops and continue the advance . The 9th Division had attacked at Loos with four battalions on a front of 1,600 yd ( 1,500 m ) , each battalion in three waves , one behind the other . A second battalion followed each of the leading battalions in the same formation , ready to leapfrog beyond and a second brigade followed the first as a reserve . Six lines of infantry , with the soldiers 2 yd ( 1.8 m ) apart had confronted the German defence . Lines and waves had been made thinner and shallower after 1915 . On 14 July 1916 , in the attack on Longueval , the 9th ( Scottish ) Division advanced with four battalions . Companies were arranged in columns of platoons , creating four platoon waves 70 yd ( 64 m ) apart . One of the attacking brigades advanced with each battalion on a two - company front with two companies behind a second battalion following on . Each section of the front was attacked by sixteen platoon waves . Six platoons had attacked on a front of about 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) , roughly one soldier every 5.5 yd ( 5.0 m ) .", "On the Somme front , Falkenhayn 's construction plan of January 1915 had been completed . Barbed wire obstacles had been enlarged from one belt 5 -- 10 yd ( 4.6 -- 9.1 m ) wide to two belts 30 yd ( 27 m ) wide , about 15 yd ( 14 m ) apart . Double and triple thickness wire was used and laid 3 -- 5 ft ( 0.91 -- 1.52 m ) high . The front line had been increased from one trench to three , dug 150 -- 200 yd ( 140 -- 180 m ) apart to create a front position , the first trench occupied by sentry groups , the second ( Wohngraben ) for the front - trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves . The trenches were traversed and had sentry - posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet . Dugouts had been deepened from 6 -- 9 ft ( 1.8 -- 2.7 m ) to 20 -- 30 ft ( 6.1 -- 9.1 m ) , 50 yd ( 46 m ) apart and large enough for 25 men . An intermediate line of strongpoints ( Stutzpunktlinie ) about 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) behind the front line was also built . Communication trenches ran back to the reserve line , renamed the second position , which was as well built and wired as the first position . The second position was beyond the range of Allied field artillery , to force an attacker to stop for long enough to move artillery forward .", "For long - distance reconnaissance and bombing and attacks on Die Fligertruppe ( Imperial German Flying Corps up to October , then Deutsche Luftstreitkräfte , ( German Air Force ) ) , the 9th ( Headquarters ) Wing of the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) was moved to the Somme front , with 21 , 27 , 60 squadrons and part of 70 Squadron . The Fourth Army had the support of RFC IV Brigade , with two squadrons of the 14th ( Army ) Wing , four squadrons of the 3rd Wing and 1 Kite Balloon Squadron , with one section for each corps . Corps squadrons , 3 , 4 , 9 and 15 had 30 aircraft for counter-battery work , 13 aircraft for contact patrol , 16 for trench reconnaissance , destructive bombardment and other duties and there were nine aircraft in reserve . VII Corps ( Lieutenant - General d'Oyly Snow ) was given 8 Squadron with 18 aircraft and 5 Kite Balloon Section . The strength of the RFC in the Somme area was 185 aircraft against the German 2nd Army aircraft establishment , which also had to face the French Aviation Militaire on the south bank of the Somme ( The Anglo - French air effort considerably outnumbered the Germans until mid-July ) . Protection for corps aircraft was to be provided by standing patrols of pairs of aircraft and offensive sweeps by the two army squadrons . Bombing attacks were to be made on the railways behind the German front , with the main effort beginning on 1 July , to ensure that damage could not be repaired in the days after the beginning of the offensive . Troops , transport columns , dumps and headquarters behind the battlefront were to be attacked and the ammunition depots at Mons , Namur and Lille were to be specially attacked . The French Sixth Army ( General Émile Fayolle ) , had 201 aeroplanes .", "The British had substantially increased the amount of artillery on the Western Front after the Battle of Loos in late 1915 , but the length of front to be bombarded on the Somme led to a five - day preparatory bombardment being planned . There had been a debate about the merits of a short hurricane bombardment but there were insufficient guns quickly to destroy German field defences and be certain that barbed wire was cut , given the dependence of the artillery on air observation and uncertain weather . The artillery had to cut barbed wire and neutralise German artillery with counter-battery fire . The British artillery fired more than 1.5 million shells during the preliminary bombardment , more than in the first year of the war . On 1 July , another 250,000 shells were fired ; the guns could be heard on Hampstead Heath , 165 mi ( 266 km ) away . While this weight of bombardment was new for the British , it was common on the Western Front ; at the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915 , there had been a six - day preparatory bombardment with over 2.1 million shells . British shell production had increased since the shell scandal of 1915 but quality had been sacrificed for quantity and many shells failed to explode . Shrapnel shells were virtually useless against entrenched positions and required accurate fuze settings to cut wire ; very little high explosive ammunition had been manufactured for field artillery . The French Sixth Army had 552 heavy guns and howitzers , with a much larger supply of high explosive ammunition for field artillery and far more experienced personnel .", "In March , the two British cavalry corps were disbanded and the divisions distributed to the armies and the new Reserve Corps ( General Hubert Gough ) . In June , the Reserve Corps was reinforced and became the Reserve Army . The Reserve Army cavalry was to operate combined with infantry and artillery , ready to act as a `` conveyor belt '' , to exploit a success by the Fourth Army , with the 25th Division in the lead followed by two cavalry divisions and then II Corps . In mid-June , II Corps was transferred to the Fourth Army ; the French Sixth Army contained four cavalry divisions . In late June , favourable intelligence reports and the reduction of the French commitment for the Somme offensive , led to a change of plan by the British . Should the German army collapse , the cavalry was expected to follow up , capture Bapaume and take post on the right flank , to provide a flank guard of all - arms detachments facing east , as the main body of cavalry and the infantry advanced northwards . The 1st , 2nd ( Indian ) and 3rd Cavalry divisions were to assemble by zero hour 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) west of Albert around Buire , Bresle , Bonny and La Neuville , ready to move forward or remain and then return to billets behind Amiens depending on events .", "A BEF manual published on 8 May 1916 ( SS 109 , Training of Divisions For Offensive Action ) , described successions of lines to add driving power to the attack , to reach the objective with the capacity to consolidate the captured ground against counter-attack . In the Fourth Army Tactical Notes of May 1916 , battalions were allowed to attack on a front of 2 -- 4 platoons in 8 -- 4 waves about 100 yd ( 91 m ) apart . Supporting lines were to pass through the leading ones , to avoid excessive demands on the energy and ability of individual soldiers . Weight of numbers was rejected as a tactic ; each platoon was to carry half the burden of a brigade attack for a few minutes , before being relieved by a fresh wave . Platoons were divided into functions , fighting , mopping - up , support and carrying ; the fighting platoons were to press on as the moppers - up secured the ground behind them . Support and carrying platoons could pick their way through artillery barrages with the tools and weapons needed to consolidate and defeat German counter-attacks . Some troops in carrying platoons had about 66 lb ( 30 kg ) of equipment and tools , whereas troops in the advanced platoons carried a rifle , bayonet , 170 rounds of ammunition , iron ration ( an emergency ration of preserved food , tea , sugar and salt ) , two grenades , pick , shovel or entrenching tool , four empty sandbags , two gas helmets , wire cutters , a smoke candle and a water - bottle . In the French army , the experience of 1915 showed that despite the power of French bombardments , infantry would enter a chaotic environment , full of German pockets of resistance and individuals who had been by - passed . By mid-1916 much of the French infantry in the Sixth Army had been trained as specialists , as rifle - and - bayonet men , bombers , rifle grenadiers or light machine - gun crews . Attacking waves were spread wider and companies trained to manoeuvre in small groups , to get behind surviving German defences , as Nettoyeurs de Tranchées ( trench cleaners ) armed with hand - grenades and revolvers , searched captured ground for stray Germans and hidden machine - gunners , although such methods did not come into general use until later in the year .", "BEF railway tonnage , 1916 Month LT Jan 2,484 Feb 2,535 Mar 2,877 Apr 3,121 May 3,391 Jun 4,265 Jul 4,478 Aug 4,804 Sept 4,913 Oct 5,324 Nov 5,107 Dec 5,202", "Month LT", "Jan 2,484", "Feb 2,535", "Mar 2,877", "Apr 3,121", "May 3,391", "Jun 4,265", "Jul 4,478", "Aug 4,804", "Sept 4,913", "Oct 5,324", "Nov 5,107", "Dec 5,202", "From 1 January -- 3 July 1916 the BEF was reinforced by 17 divisions and the number of heavy guns increased from 324 to 714 . The new divisions needed ​ 51 ⁄ supply trains a week to meet daily needs and a large number of extra trains , to transport heavy artillery ammunition . Until mid-June , ammunition supply for the BEF needed 5 -- 12 trains per week , then rose to 45 -- 90 trains per week , to deliver a stock of 148,000 long tons ( 150,000 t ) of munitions . Ammunition expenditure became a concern by 12 July but deliveries to the area behind the Fourth Army kept pace , although transport from railheads to the guns was not always maintained . In the weeks before 1 July , an extra seven trains a day were sufficient to deliver ammunition . In the rear of the Fourth Army , huge encampments were built for troops , horses , artillery and workshops , dumps were filled with equipment , reservoirs and pipelines ; power stations , light railways roads and telephone networks were constructed . Over 2,000,000 imp gal ( 9,100,000 l ) of petrol per month was needed for the lorry fleet , moving supplies up to 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) from railheads to the front line and a million Brodie helmets were delivered between January and June . In the 37th Division area , 91,420 man - hours were needed to dig 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) of trenches , jumping - off points , command - posts , dug - outs , machine - gun emplacements and ammunition stores and for wiring and maintenance . In the French Sixth Army sector , one railway line from Amiens led to Bray on the north bank but on the south bank there were no rail lines ; road - trains carried supplies from Amiens to Foucaucourt .", "In March and April , eight German divisions were believed to be in reserve opposite the British from the Somme to the North Sea coast and then divisions in reserve behind the 4th Army were moved south to Artois in the 6th Army area . From 4 -- 14 June , the success of the Brusilov Offensive became apparent and agent reports showed increased railway movement from Belgium to Germany . The final BEF military intelligence estimate before 1 July , was that there were 32 German battalions opposite the British Fourth Army and 65 battalions in reserve or close enough to reach the battlefield in the first week . Five of the seven German divisions in reserve had been engaged at Verdun and some divisions had been transferred from France to the Eastern Front . Men of the 1916 conscription class were appearing among German prisoners of war , suggesting that the German army had been weakened and that the British could break down the German front line and force a battle of manoeuvre on the defenders . In late June , the British part of the Somme plan was amended , for the rapid capture of Bapaume and envelopment of German defences north to Arras , rather than to the south at Péronne . An increase in the number of trains moving from Germany to Belgium was also discovered but the quality of German troops opposite the British was thought to have been much reduced . The true number of German divisions in reserve in France was ten , with six opposite the British , double the number known to the British . Reports of work continuing on the German defences opposite the Fourth Army in March and April , led the planners to adopt a less optimistic view , particularly due to the news about very deep shell - proof shelters being dug under German front trenches , which proved far less vulnerable to bombardment .", "The chalk soil of the Somme was ideal for tunnelling and the British inherited a number of mine workings begun by the French army . The British tunnelling companies placed 19 mines beneath the German front positions and prepared Russian saps from the British front line into no man 's land , to be opened at Zero Hour and allow the infantry to attack the German positions from a comparatively short distance . Mines were used to destroy the German defences and to provide shelter in no man 's land for the advancing infantry . Eight large and eleven small mines were prepared for the first day of the battle ; three large mines of 20 long tons ( 20,000 kg ) and seven mines around 5,000 lb ( 2,300 kg ) . When the mines were blown , infantry would rush forward to seize the craters ; the largest mines , each containing 24 long tons ( 24,000 kg ) of ammonal , were on either side of the Albert -- Bapaume road near La Boisselle , Y Sap mine north of the road and Lochnagar mine to the south . H3 , the other large mine was planted under Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt near Beaumont Hamel , containing 18 long tons ( 18,000 kg ) of explosive . The mines were to be detonated at 7 : 28 a.m. , two minutes before zero hour , except for the Hawthorn Ridge mine , which was sprung at 7 : 20 a.m. The small mine at Kasino Point was mistimed and blown after the infantry attack had commenced ; the Somme mines were the largest yet in the war .", "British planning for the offensive began in April , with a Fourth Army proposal for a methodical advance to the high ground around Thiepval and thence to the Bapaume -- Péronne road . Haig had exhaustive negotiations with Joffre and rejected the concept in favour of the capture of the ridge north of Péronne , to assist a French crossing of the Somme further south . Diversion of French divisions to Verdun and the assumption by the British of the main role in the Somme offensive , led to revisions of the plan towards an ambitious attempt at strategic attrition , through a breakthrough and a battle of manoeuvre with distant objectives . The French Sixth Army in GAN , was the last of the three French armies originally intended for the Somme . Joffre , placed XX Corps north of the river , next to the British XIII Corps , the southernmost Fourth Army formation .", "British plans were made by a process of negotiation between Haig and General Henry Rawlinson , the Fourth Army commander , during which Haig became more optimistic at what could be achieved early in an offensive , given the examples of Gorlice - Tarnów in 1915 and at Verdun early in 1916 . Rawlinson favoured a methodical attack from the beginning of the offensive , in which belts of the German defences about 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) deep , would be pulverised by artillery and then occupied by infantry . An attempt to reach deeper objectives towards the German second position , risked infantry being counter-attacked beyond the cover of field artillery but had the advantage of exploiting a period when German artillery was being withdrawn .", "On 16 April , Rawlinson announced the objectives to the corps commanders , in which III , X and VIII corps would capture Pozières , Grandcourt and Serre on the first day and XIII and XV corps would have objectives to be agreed later . On 19 April , Rawlinson wrote that an attempt to reach the German second line on the first day was doubtful , an extension of the attack in the south on Montauban required another division and the inclusion of Gommecourt to the north , was beyond the capability of the Fourth Army . Rawlinson also wrote that long bombardment was dependent on the French , the availability of ammunition and the endurance of gun - crews ; the exploitation of a successful attack would need a substantial number of fresh divisions .", "The process of discussion and negotiation between Haig and Rawlinson also occurred between Rawlinson and the corps commanders and between corps and divisional commanders . For the first time definite daily objectives were set , rather than the objectives of the attack being unlimited and discretion was granted in the means to achieve them . When the frontage of attack had been decided , corps headquarters settled the details and arranged the building of the infrastructure of attack : dugouts , magazines , observation posts , telephone lines , roads , light railways , tramways , in addition to liaison with neighbouring corps and the RFC . For the first time , the army headquarters co-ordinated the artillery arrangements with an Army Artillery Operation Order , in which tasks and timetable were laid down and corps artillery officers left to decide the means to achieve them .", "On 16 June , Haig discussed the Anglo - French intentions for the campaign , to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun , assist Italy and Russia by preventing the transfer of divisions from the Western Front and to inflict losses on the German army , through the capture of Pozières Ridge from Montauban to the Ancre , capture the area from the Ancre to Serre in order to protect the flank , then exploit the position gained according to the way the battle developed . If German resistance collapsed , an advance east would be pressed far enough to pass through the German defences and the attack would turn north , to envelop the German defences as far as Monchy le Preux near Arras , with cavalry on the outer flank to defend against a counter-attack . Should a continuation of the advance beyond the first objective not be possible , the main effort could be transferred elsewhere , while the Fourth Army continued to mount local attacks .", "On 28 June , the Fourth Army headquarters instructed that should the initial attacks cause the German defence to collapse , the closest infantry would exploit without waiting for cavalry ; furthermore , the 19th ( Western ) and 49th ( West Riding ) division ( in local reserve ) would be committed along the Albert -- Bapaume road and parallel to it to the north . The cavalry , which had assembled 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) west of Albert , was not to move until roads had been cleared for their advance . Haig had formulated a plan in which a local or a big success could be exploited but Rawlinson had a much more modest intention of small advances onto high ground and pauses to consolidate in order to fend off German counter-attacks ; this situation led to an `` unhappy compromise '' .", "Weather ( 23 June -- 1 July ) Date Rain mm ° F / ° C 23 2.0 79 ° -- 55 ° 26 ° -- 12 ° wind 24 1.0 72 ° -- 52 ° 22 ° -- 11 ° dull 25 1.0 71 ° -- 54 ° 22 ° -- 12 ° wind 26 6.0 72 ° -- 52 ° 22 ° -- 11 ° cloud 27 8.0 68 ° -- 54 ° 20 ° -- 12 ° cloud 28 2.0 68 ° -- 50 ° 20 ° -- 10 ° dull 29 0.1 66 ° -- 52 ° 19 ° -- 11 ° cloud wind 30 0.0 72 ° -- 48 ° 22 ° -- 9 ° dull gale 1 Jul 0.0 79 ° -- 52 ° 26 ° -- 11 ° clear", "Date Rain mm ° F / ° C", "23 2.0 79 ° -- 55 ° 26 ° -- 12 ° wind", "24 1.0 72 ° -- 52 ° 22 ° -- 11 ° dull", "25 1.0 71 ° -- 54 ° 22 ° -- 12 ° wind", "26 6.0 72 ° -- 52 ° 22 ° -- 11 ° cloud", "27 8.0 68 ° -- 54 ° 20 ° -- 12 ° cloud", "28 2.0 68 ° -- 50 ° 20 ° -- 10 ° dull", "29 0.1 66 ° -- 52 ° 19 ° -- 11 ° cloud wind", "30 0.0 72 ° -- 48 ° 22 ° -- 9 ° dull gale", "1 Jul 0.0 79 ° -- 52 ° 26 ° -- 11 ° clear", "Many of the German units on the Somme had been there since 1914 and had made great efforts to fortify the defensive line , particularly with barbed - wire entanglements so that the front trench could be held with fewer troops . Railways , roads and waterways connected the battlefront to the Ruhr where the material arrived from for minierte Stollen , dug - outs 20 -- 30 ft ( 6.1 -- 9.1 m ) underground , for 25 men each excavated every 50 yd ( 46 m ) . In February , following the Herbstschlacht ( Autumn Battle , or Second Battle of Champagne ) in 1915 , a third defensive position a further 3,000 yd ( 2,700 m ) back from the Stutzpunktlinie was begun and was nearly complete on the Somme front when the battle began . The German artillery was organised in a series of Sperrfeuerstreifen ( barrage sectors ) ; each officer was expected to know the batteries covering his section of the front line and the batteries had to be ready to engage fleeting targets . A telephone system was built with lines buried 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) deep for 5 mi ( 8.0 km ) behind the front line , to link with the artillery .", "The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses that the rebuilding had not remedied . The front trenches were on a forward slope , lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by observers on the British side of no man 's land . The defences were crowded towards the front trench , with a regiment having two battalions near the front - trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the Stutzpunktlinie and the second position , all within 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) and most troops within 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) of the front line , accommodated in the new deep dugouts . The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope , guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an artillery bombardment , directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines . Digging and wiring of a new third position began in May , civilians were moved away and stocks of ammunition and hand - grenades were increased in the front - line .", "By mid-June , General Fritz von Below ( commander of the 2nd Army ) and Crown Prince Rupprecht ( commander of the 6th Army ) expected an attack on the 2nd Army , which held the front from north of Gommecourt to Noyon in the south . However , Falkenhayn was more concerned about an offensive in Alsace - Lorraine and an attack on the 6th Army that held the front north of the 2nd Army , from Gommecourt to St Eloi near Ypres . In April , Falkenhayn had suggested a spoiling attack by the 6th Army but the demands of the offensive at Verdun made such an operation impractical . In May , Below proposed a preventive attack ( a suggestion latter reduced , in June , to an operation from Ovillers to St Pierre Divion ) but was only assigned one additional artillery regiment , in addition to some labour battalions and captured Russian heavy artillery . On 6 June , Below reported that air reconnaissance showed that attacks at Fricourt and Gommecourt were possible and that the French troops south of the Somme had been reinforced . The German XVII Corps held the ground opposite the French but it was overstretched , with twelve regiments holding a 22 mi ( 36 km ) stretch of line with no reserves .", "In mid-June , Falkenhayn remained sceptical of an offensive on the Somme , as a great success would lead to operations in Belgium , whereas an offensive in Alsace - Lorraine would take the war and its devastation into Germany . More railway activity , fresh digging and camp extensions around Albert opposite the 2nd Army was seen by German air observers on 9 and 11 June and spies reported an imminent offensive . On 24 June , a British prisoner spoke of a five - day bombardment to begin on 26 June and local units expected an attack within days . On 27 June , 14 balloons were visible , one for each British division . No German reinforcements were sent to the area until 1 July and only then to the 6th Army that had been given control of the three divisions in reserve behind it . At Verdun on 24 June , Crown Prince Wilhelm was ordered to conserve troops , ammunition and equipment and further restrictions were imposed on 1 July when two divisions were taken under OHL control . By 30 June , the German air strength on the 2nd Army front was six Feldflieger - Abteilungen ( reconnaissance flights ) with 42 aircraft , four Artillerieflieger - Abteilungen ( artillery flights ) with 17 aeroplanes , Kampfgeschwader 1 ( Bomber - Fighter Squadron 1 ) with 43 aircraft , Kampfstaffel 32 ( Bomber - Fighter Flight 32 ) with 8 aeroplanes and a Kampfeinsitzer - Kommando ( single - seat fighter detachment ) with 19 aeroplanes , a total of 129 aircraft .", "South of the river , the XXXV Corps ( the 51st , 61st and 121st Divisions and 20 batteries of heavy artillery ) attacked two hours after the offensive began on the north bank . The 61st Division advanced , acting as right - flank guard for the I Colonial Corps near the river . A French attack of any great size on the south bank had been considered impossible by the German command and after the 10th Bavarian Division was transferred north off the river to reinforce the XIV Reserve Corps , divisional frontages were made even wider on the south side of the river , the three remaining divisions of XVII Corps using their third regiment to fill the gap at the cost of having no reserve . The French preliminary bombardment caused the Germans many casualties and many machine - guns and mortars were destroyed . When the attack began , concealed by mist , the German defenders were surprised and overrun . The French artillery had c. 10 heavy batteries per 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) of front , 18 observation balloons were opposite the German 11th Division alone and French artillery observation aircraft were flown so low by their pilots over Estrées that German soldiers could see the faces of the crews . The division had only two field artillery regiments and part of one regiment sent as reinforcement , with no heavy guns for counter-battery fire , except for periodic support from a small number of heavy guns covering all of the south side of the river .", "The German artillery group around Estrées , Soyécourt and Fay attempted a systematic bombardment of the French front line on 30 June . The French replied with 2,000 heavy shells on one German field regiment alone , which knocked out three guns . By the time of the attack of 1 July , German artillery on the south bank had been hit by 15,000 French shells and was almost silent by 11 : 00 a.m. Only eight heavy batteries were available to the Germans on the south bank and at 9 : 30 a.m. , the French barrage lifted off the German front line and three mines were blown under a redoubt at the village of Fay . A measure of surprise was gained , despite losses to German flanking fire from beyond the southern flank of the attack . Grenadier Regiment 10 had been subjected to a `` torrent '' of fire overnight , which had forced the German infantry to shelter in mine galleries . A gas bombardment was synchronised with the French infantry attack and the mine explosions at 10 : 00 a.m. killed many of the sheltering troops . By 2 : 00 p.m. the German defences had been overwhelmed and the garrisons killed or captured ; such reinforcements as existed were moved forward to occupy the second position south of Assevillers .", "On the south bank , the I Colonial Corps ( 2nd , 3rd , 16th Colonial and the 99th Territorial divisions along with 65 heavy artillery batteries ) also attacked two hours after the main assault . The 2nd and 3rd Colonial divisions , advanced between XXXV Corps and the river . They overran the first line of the German 121st Division , holding the line south from the Somme , in just fifteen minutes and took Dompierre and Bequincourt . On the French left flank , Frise held out until the village was re-bombarded and then taken by 12 : 30 p.m. after a second attack . The 2nd and 3rd Colonial divisions began probing 2,500 metres ( 2,700 yd ) of the German second position held by the III Battalion , Infantry Regiment 60 around Assevillers and Herbécourt . Assevillers was captured at 4 : 00 p.m. and Herbécourt was attacked from the north - west at 5 : 30 p.m. and captured ; but subsequently lost to a German counter-attack . The colonial divisions took c. 2,000 prisoners , for very few French casualties . The attack on the south bank had advanced 1.2 mi ( 2 km ) .", "North of the Somme , the French XX Corps consisted of the 11th , 39th , 72nd and 153rd divisions and 32 batteries of heavy artillery . The French attacked with the 11th and 39th divisions at 7.30 a.m. , the commanders of the 1st Liverpool Pals ( part of British XII Corp 's 30th Division ) and the French 153rd Infantry Regiment advancing together . At the forward bastion , known as Bois Y , north - west of Curlu , which contained many machine - guns and was protected by Menuisiers Trench 200 metres ( 220 yd ) further forward , the attack went `` like clockwork '' . The 79th Regiment , which had a final objective 1,500 metres ( 1,600 yd ) beyond the start line , found that the French bombardment had destroyed much of the German fortifications and that the creeping barrage kept the Germans under cover . Only at Bois Favière ( in the 39th Division area , where part of the wood was held by the Germans for several days ) and at Curlu ( in the 11th Division area on the north bank ) were the Germans able to conduct an organised defence .", "The 37th Regiment of the 11th Division attacked Curlu and received massed small - arms fire ; the regiment was repulsed from the western fringe of the village before attacks were suspended for a re-bombardment , by which time the village was outflanked on both sides . Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 6 recorded the first attack at 9 : 00 a.m. , after drumfire ( so many shells exploding that the reports merge into a rumble ) which began at 6 : 00 a.m. , followed by two more until drumfire fell again at 4 : 00 p.m. and the remaining garrison was ordered to retire . Most of the Bavarian regiment was thrown in piecemeal , from the Somme to Montauban and destroyed , suffering 1,809 casualties . The French did not exploit their success , because the British did not advance to their second objective beyond Montauban . Four counter-attacks from Hardecourt were repulsed and by mid-morning 2,500 prisoners had been taken and an advance of 1.5 kilometres ( 0.93 mi ) had been achieved .", "The southern flank of the British line was held by XIII Corps , which attacked Montauban with the New Army 18th and 30th divisions . The 30th Division took its objectives by 1 : 00 p.m. and the 18th Division completed its advance by 3 : 00 p.m. German defences in the south were far less developed than north of the Albert -- Bapaume road and could be observed from territory held by the British and French . The infantry advanced behind a creeping barrage and had the benefit of the heavy artillery of French XX Corps to the south . Much of the German artillery in the area was put out of action during the preliminary bombardment and the German second and third lines were unfinished with no deep dugouts except in the first trench . On the right of the British attack , most of the German infantry and machine - guns were destroyed before the British advance and a river mist hampered the remaining defenders . In the chaos , alarmist reports were received that Bernafay and Trônes woods had been captured and before noon , all available men , including clerks and cooks were ordered forward to the second position . The 12th Reserve Division , was ordered to prepare a counter-attack from Montauban to Mametz overnight but at midnight the division had only reached the second position . The 30th Division had 3,011 casualties , the 18th Division lost 3,115 and Reserve Infantry Regiment 109 lost 2,147 men ; Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 6 had 1,810 casualties .", "The village of Mametz was attacked by the 7th Division , which on the right flank had only 100 -- 200 yd ( 91 -- 183 m ) of no man 's land to cross . The infantry advanced behind a creeping field artillery barrage that lifted slowly according to a timetable and moved towards a standing barrage fired by the heavy artillery that lifted to the next objective at set times . The right and central brigades attacked on a 1,800 yd ( 1,600 m ) front , from support trenches behind the British front line . Crossing no man 's land led to few casualties but far more were inflicted as the battalions advanced uphill 700 yd ( 640 m ) to the village . The east end of the village was captured but several attempts on the north and west ends were repulsed . After a series of bombardments and when British troops further south began to menace the supply routes of the garrison , resistance collapsed and the village was occupied .", "The west side of the village was attacked by the 20th Brigade , which had to fight forward for most of the day . The infantry pushed on to ground facing Mametz Wood and the Willow Stream , outflanking Fricourt to the north though the objectives further beyond Mametz were not reached . Much of the front of the 7th Division was opposite Reserve Infantry Regiment 109 , of the 28th Reserve Division , which should have been relieved on the night of 30 June and which received a warning of the attack from a listening station at La Boisselle . Most of the regiment was caught in their deep shelters , under the front trench and cut off from telephone communication . Most of the supporting machine - guns and artillery were put out of action early on . Reinforcements were sent to the second position but not ordered to counter-attack due to uncertainty about the situation at Montauban and the need to secure Mametz Wood . The 7th Division suffered 3,380 casualties during the day .", "The village of Fricourt lay in a bend in the front line , where it turned eastwards for 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) before swinging south again to the Somme River . XV Corps was to attack either side of the village , to isolate the defenders and avoid a frontal assault . The 20th Brigade of the 7th Division was to capture the west end of Mametz and swing left , to create a defensive flank along the Willow Stream facing Fricourt from the south , as the 22nd Brigade waited in the British front line , ready to exploit a German retirement from the village . The 21st Division advance was to pass north of Fricourt , to reach the north bank of the Willow Stream beyond Fricourt and Fricourt Wood . To protect infantry from enfilade fire from the village , the Triple Tambour mines were blown beneath the Tambour salient on the western fringe of the village , to raise a lip of earth , to obscure the view from the village . The 21st Division made some progress and penetrated to the rear of Fricourt and the 50th Brigade of the 17th ( Northern ) Division , held the front line opposite the village .", "The 10th West Yorkshire Regiment , was required to advance close by Fricourt and suffered 733 casualties , the worst battalion losses of the day . A company from the 7th Green Howards made an unplanned attack directly against the village and was annihilated . Reserve Infantry Regiment 111 , opposite the 21st Division , were severely impacted by the bombardment and many dug - outs were blocked by shell explosions . One company was reduced to 80 men before the British attack and a reinforcement failed to get through the British supporting artillery - fire , taking post in Round Wood where it was able to repulse the 64th Brigade attack . The rest of the regimental reserves were used to block the route to Contalmaison . The loss of Mametz and the advance of the 21st Division made Fricourt untenable and the garrison was withdrawn during the night . The 17th Division occupied the village virtually unopposed early on 2 July and took several prisoners . The 21st Division lost 4,256 casualties and the 50th Brigade of the 17th Division lost 1,155 men .", "The 34th Division ( New Army ) was to attack along the Albert -- Bapaume road , aided by the blowing of Lochnager mine and Y Sap mine ( the largest mine explosions of the day ) either side of La Boisselle . The mine at Y Sap north of the village caused no casualties as the Germans evacuated the area in time but the springing of the Lochnagar mine , south of the village , temporarily trapped German troops in shelters nearby and the position was lost . Parties of the Grimsby Chums got into the Lochnagar mine crater before being pinned down by German small - arms fire . The Tyneside Scottish Brigade was to attack up Mash Valley and against La Boisselle at the Glory Hole ( L'îlot to the French and Granathof to the Germans ) and the Tyneside Irish were in reserve , ready to advance and capture the second objective from Contalmaison to Pozières .", "At zero hour , the Tyneside Scottish Brigade started its advance from the Tara -- Usna Line ( a British reserve position behind the front line ) to cross 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) of open ground before they reached no man 's land . Despite machine - gun fire , a party of around 50 men survived to advance up Sausage Valley , south of La Boisselle , almost to the edge of Contalmaison . The survivors were captured after making the furthest British advance of the day , about 4,000 yd ( 3,700 m ) . The positions of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 had been severely damaged in the bombardment , but the regiment was forewarned of the British attack by a Moritz device , which eavesdropped on British telephone signals and allowed the Germans to withdraw before the Y Sap mine exploded . The 34th Division suffered the worst casualties of the day , losing 6,380 men .", "The 8th Division attacked the Ovillers spur , which was north of the Albert -- Bapaume road . The division had to cross 750 yd ( 690 m ) of no man 's land and advance towards German trenches , which had been sited to exploit spurs running down from the ridge . The only approach to the German lines was up Mash Valley , under the guns in La Boisselle to the south , Ovillers to the front and the Thiepval spur to the north . All three brigades attacked , the 23rd Brigade up Mash Valley , where c. 200 men reached the German second trench and then held about 300 yd ( 270 m ) of the front trench , until 9 : 15 a.m. The centre brigade reached the second line , before being forced back to the British front line and the left - hand brigade managed to reach the third trench , while German counter-bombardments cut off the leading troops from reinforcements . The co-ordination of British artillery and infantry failed , the field artillery lifting to the final objective and the heavy artillery lifting an hour before the attack , leaving the German defenders unmolested as they repulsed the infantry . Ovillers was defended by Infantry Regiment 180 , which lost 192 casualties in the bombardment . Many of the German fortifications were smashed , except on the right at The Nab . The British advance was met by massed small - arms fire at 100 yd ( 91 m ) , which cut down many men , after which a bombing fight began . British penetrations were contained by German troops in communication trenches on the flanks . The two battalions of the regiment in the area lost 280 casualties and the 8th Division losses were 5,121 men .", "The salient and Thiepval village were attacked by the New Army 32nd Division . The Glasgow Commercials advanced into no man 's land at 7 : 23 a.m. , until they were 30 -- 40 yd ( 27 -- 37 m ) from the German front line . At zero hour , the British rushed the trench before the garrison could react and captured the Leipzig Redoubt . Attempts to exploit the success were met by machine - gun fire from the Wundtwerk ( Wonderwork ) and the British were not able to advance further . The capture of the redoubt was the only permanent success in the northern sector . The 49th Division in reserve , went forward during mid-morning in support of the 32nd Division , although the commander , Major - General Rycroft , had suggested that it would have more effect by reinforcing the success of the 36th Division . The 146th Brigade attacked Thiepval through the 32nd Division area and then the 49th Division was ordered to send any uncommitted battalions direct to the 36th Division . The area was defended by two battalions of Reserve Infantry Regiment 99 , whose machine - gun posts survived the bombardment and which began firing as soon as the British attacked . The 3rd Company , Infantry Regiment 180 was annihilated in hand - to - hand fighting at Leipzig Redoubt . The garrison of Thiepval emerged from the shelters and cellars of the village before the British arrived and cut down the attackers with small - arms fire , leaving a `` wall of dead '' in front of the position . The 32nd Division lost 3,949 casualties and the 49th Division 590 casualties .", "The 36th Division attacked between Thiepval and the Ancre River against Schwaben Redoubt and gained a `` spectacular victory '' . The preliminary artillery bombardment , which included support from French batteries firing gas - shell and a smoke screen from trench mortars , was more successful than on other parts of the front north of the Albert -- Bapaume road . The infantry crept into no man 's land before the attack , rushed the German front trench and then pressed on . The defeat of the neighbouring divisions left the 36th Division flanks unsupported and the German defenders on either side were free to rake the division with flanking fire , as well as fire from ahead . German artillery began a barrage along no man 's land ( Sperrfeuer ) which isolated the most advanced Irish troops . The advance briefly reached the German second line and captured Schwaben Redoubt and closed on Stuff redoubt .", "Opposite the 36th Division was III Battalion , Reserve Infantry Regiment 99 and the I and III battalions of Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 8 ( BRIR 8 ) . The German units suffered severe casualties due to the British bombardment , which destroyed much of the front position , particularly west of Schwaben Redoubt . The positions were so quickly overrun by the British , that little return fire could be opened . II Battalion , BRIR 8 was ordered to recapture the redoubt but the order was delayed and all available troops were sent to attack from Goat Redoubt and Grandcourt . In the confusion , few of the German troops were able to assemble ; the counter-attack began piecemeal and was repulsed several times , until a bombardment and another attack by two fresh battalions at about 10 : 00 p.m. , forced the British out of the redoubt . The 36th Division lost 5,104 casualties .", "The northern flank of the Fourth Army was held by VIII Corps ( Lieutenant - General Aylmer Hunter - Weston ) . Three divisions were to attack on the first day , with the 48th ( South Midland ) Division in reserve , except for two battalions that held a 1.6 mi ( 2.6 km ) stretch between the Third and Fourth armies and two battalions that were attached to the 4th Division .", "The 29th Division attacked towards Beaumont - Hamel . Part of the attack was filmed and showed the detonation of a 40,000 lb ( 18,000 kg ) mine beneath Hawthorn Ridge Redoubt at 7 : 20 a.m. , ten minutes before the infantry attack began . The detonation of the mine alerted the Germans and British troops failed to occupy all of the mine crater , before German troops arrived and took over the far lip . Many troops of both brigades were shot down in no man 's land , which was dominated by Redan Ridge and then caught by German artillery barrages . German white signal rockets were seen and taken for British success flares , which led the divisional commander Major - General de Lisle to order the 88th Brigade from reserve , to exploit the success . The brigade included the Newfoundland Regiment , which advanced on open ground from reserve trenches 200 yd ( 180 m ) back from the British front line .", "The Newfoundland advance avoided the congestion of dead and wounded in communication trenches but many of the troops became casualties to German small - arms fire while still behind their front line . Some Newfoundland troops got across no man 's land near Y Ravine but were held up by uncut wire . Most of the German shelters and Beaumont - Hamel were derelict and shell - craters overlapped . Reserve Infantry Regiment 119 , who had been sheltering under the village in Stollen survived and with other units at Leiling Schlucht ( Y Ravine ) and the Leiling and Bismarck dugouts , engaged the British troops from the wreckage of the trenches . The Newfoundland Regiment suffered 710 casualties , a 91 percent loss , second only to that of the 10th Battalion , West Yorkshire Regiment , which lost 733 casualties at Fricourt , south of the Albert -- Bapaume road . The 29th Division lost 5,240 casualties .", "The 4th Division attacked between Serre and Beaumont - Hamel and captured the Quadrilateral ( Heidenkopf ) but could not exploit the success , because of the repulse by the Germans of the attacks by the flanking divisions . Crossfire from Beaumont Hamel and Serre and determined counter-attacks held up the 4th Division . Parties of Lancashire Fusiliers , Seaforth Highlanders and troops from the 11th Brigade held the Quadrilateral and were reinforced by a company of the Royal Irish Fusiliers during the night . Except at the Quadrilateral , the 4th Division ended the day back at its start line . No other gains were made and German counter-attacks overnight pushed the parties in the Quadrilateral back until only the Irish Fusiliers remained in the German front line , not having received an order to retreat early on 2 July . The Irish eventually withdrew at 11 : 30 a.m. with its wounded and three prisoners ; the 4th Division had 5,752 casualties . In 2006 , G.P. Kingston recorded 5,890 casualties in the division during July .", "The 31st Division , a New Army division made up of Pals battalions , was to capture Serre and then turn north to form the northern defensive flank of the Fourth Army . The 31st Division attacked uphill from several copses and the two attacking brigades were engaged by the Germans with small - arms fire , firing 74,000 bullets when repelling the attack . Small groups of the Accrington Pals and the Sheffield City Battalion , managed to cross no man 's land and reach Serre and a party advanced 1.25 mi ( 2.01 km ) to Pendant Copse , before being cut off and killed or captured . Reserve Infantry Regiment 121 was confronted by the British attack before all the troops had emerged from their dugouts . More than three infantry sections were blown up in the mine explosion at Hawthorn Redoubt , the rest of the garrison being trapped until the end of the attack . A counter-attack towards the redoubt by two platoons gradually bombed the British back ; after an hour only the troops in the Heidenkopf remained and it was re-captured during the night . Reserve Infantry Regiment 119 lost 292 casualties , Reserve Infantry Regiment 121 lost 560 men , Infantry Regiment 169 had 362 casualties and the 31st Division suffered 3,600 casualties .", "The Third Army under the command of General Edmund Allenby , was to mount a diversion north of the Fourth Army area , with the VII Corps . At the Gommecourt Salient , the German trenches curved around a château and its parkland and a gap of 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) separated the Gommecourt diversion , from the northern edge of the main attack . Preparations for a pincer movement to capture the garrison in a pocket , were made as obvious as possible to attract German attention . The 56th ( 1 / 1st London ) Division had prepared jumping - off trenches in no man 's land and when the attack commenced at 7 : 30 a.m. swift progress was made . The first three German trenches were captured and a party pushed on towards the rendezvous with the 46th Division . A heavy German barrage descended on no man 's land , which made it impossible for reinforcements to move forward or for a trench to be dug , to form a defensive flank to the south and the survivors were forced to withdraw after dark . The 46th Division attack found that the German wire was uncut and the ground littered with unexploded mortar bombs . A smoke screen intended to mask the infantry obscured their view and left the Germans with observation over the attack . The ground was particularly wet and muddy and few troops reached the German trenches ; the remaining British troops overran the front line , where German troops were able to emerge from shelters not mopped - up by supporting battalions , having been pinned down in no man 's land by a German counter-barrage and engage the British troops from behind .", "The British bombardment cut much of the wire at Gommecourt and demolished many trenches , particularly in the area of Infantry Regiment 170 opposite the 56th Division . The smoke screen obstructed the beginning of the attack and the damage caused by the bombardment blocked many dug - out entrances ; a counter-attack was swiftly mounted from Kern Redoubt ( the Maze ) , which was not under attack . The counter-attack failed to stop the 56th Division reaching the third line of trenches , before a converging attack by Infantry Regiment 170 and Reserve Infantry regiments 15 and 55 began . The British had consolidated and the counter-attack made little progress , until co-ordinated bombing attacks in the afternoon gradually recovered the position . Opposite the 46th Division , Reserve Infantry regiments 55 and 91 took post in time , engaged the attackers while they were crossing no man 's land and failed to stop the loss of the front trench , until a counter-attack from the third trench `` annihilated '' the leading British troops ; the German regiments had 1,212 casualties . The 46th Division had 2,445 losses , which was the lowest divisional loss on 1 July and the commander , Major - General Montagu - Stuart - Wortley , was dismissed for the failure . The 56th Division had 4,314 casualties .", "The British moved into the area of the Somme in mid-1915 and relieved the French Tenth Army at the end of February 1916 . Photographic reconnaissance began in October 1915 and in March 1916 intensive British preparations commenced . The IV Brigade of the RFC was formed on 1 April 1916 , with six squadrons of aeroplanes and a Kite Balloon squadron ; the IV Brigade squadrons were the first to be increased from twelve to eighteen aircraft . On 25 April photographs were taken which revealed the German construction of a third position , from Flers to Le Sars , Pys , Irles , Achiet - le - Petit and Ablainzevelle . In mid-May and late June , the German defences opposite the Fourth Army were photographed again . Die Fliegertruppen des Deutschen Kaiserreiches ( Imperial German Flying Corps ) had six reconnaissance flights ( Feldflieger - Abteilungen ) with 42 aircraft , four artillery flights ( Artillerieflieger - Abteilungen ) with 17 aeroplanes , a bomber - fighter squadron ( Kampfgeschwader I ) with 43 aircraft a bomber - fighter flight ( Kampfstaffel 32 ) with 8 aeroplanes and a single - seater fighter detachment ( Kampfeinsitzer - Kommando ) with 19 aircraft , a strength of 129 aeroplanes .", "The IV Brigade corps aircraft were to be protected with line patrols , by pairs of aircraft from the army squadrons and offensive sweeps by formations of DH 2s . The concentration of aircraft for the offensive was completed by the arrival on 19 June of the Ninth ( headquarters ) Wing with three squadrons and one flight , which brought the number of aircraft on the Fourth Army front to 167 , plus eighteen at Gommecourt . The bombing offensive by the RFC was intended to cut railway links behind the Somme front , south of the Valenciennes -- Arras railway and west of the lines around Douai , Busigny and Tergnier . Trains were to be attacked in cuttings , railway bridges were to be bombed and the stations at Cambrai , Busigny , St Quentin and Tergnier were to be raided and the German ammunition depots at Mons , Namur and the station at Lille were also to be attacked . British aircraft and kite balloons were to be used to observe the intermittent bombardment , which began in mid-June and the preliminary bombardment , which commenced on 24 June . Low cloud and rain obstructed air observation of the bombardment , which soon fell behind schedule and on 25 June , aircraft of the four British armies on the Western Front attacked the German kite balloons opposite ; fifteen were attacked , four were shot down by rockets and one bombed , three of the balloons being in the Fourth Army area . Next day three more balloons were shot down opposite the Fourth Army and during German artillery retaliation to the Anglo - French bombardment , 102 German artillery positions were plotted and a Fokker was shot down near Courcelette .", "Accurate observation was not possible at dawn on 1 July due to patches of mist but by 6 : 30 a.m. the general effect of the Anglo - French bombardment could be seen . Observers in contact aircraft could see lines of British infantry crawling into no man 's land , ready to attack the German front trench at 7 : 30 a.m. Each corps and division had a wireless receiving - station for wireless messages from airborne artillery - observers and observers on the ground were stationed at various points , to receive messages and maps dropped from aircraft . As contact observers reported the progress of the infantry attack , artillery - observers sent many messages to the British artillery and reported the effect of counter-battery fire on German artillery . Balloon observers used their telephones , to report changes in the German counter-barrage and to direct British artillery on fleeting targets , continuing to report during the night , by observing German gun - flashes . Air reconnaissance during the day found little movement on the roads and railways behind the German front and the railways at Bapaume were bombed from 5 : 00 a.m. Flights to Cambrai , Busigny and Etreux later in the day saw no unusual movement , although German aircraft attacked the observation aircraft all the way to the targets and back , two Rolands being shot down by the escorts . Bombing began the evening before with a raid on the station at St Saveur by six R.E. 7s of 21 Squadron , whose pilots claimed hits on sheds and a second raid around 6 : 00 a.m. on 1 July hit the station and railway lines ; both attacks were escorted and two Fokkers were shot down on the second raid .", "Railway bombing was conducted by 28 aircraft , each with two 112 lb ( 51 kg ) bombs , at intervals after midday and Cambrai station was hit with seven bombs , for the loss of one aircraft . In the early evening an ammunition train was bombed on the line between Aubigny - au - Bac and Cambrai and set on fire , the cargo burning and exploding for several hours . Raids on St Quentin and Busigny were reported to be failures by the crews and three aircraft were lost . All corps aircraft carried 20 lb ( 9.1 kg ) bombs , to attack billets , transport , trenches and artillery - batteries . Offensive sweeps were flown by 27 and 60 squadrons from 11 : 30 a.m. -- 7 : 00 p.m. but found few German aircraft and only an LVG was forced down . Two sets of line patrols were flown , one by 24 Squadron DH. 2s from Péronne to Pys and Gommecourt from 6 : 45 a.m. to nightfall , which met six German aircraft during the day and forced two down . The second set of patrols by pairs of F.E. 2bs were made by 22 Squadron between 4 : 12 a.m. and dusk , from Longueval to Cléry and Douchy to Miraumont. 22 Squadron lost two aircraft and had one damaged but prevented German aircraft attacks on the corps aircraft .", "XIII Corps was watched by most of 9 Squadron , which saw the 30th Division troops take the line Dublin Trench -- Glatz Redoubt by 8 : 30 a.m. and the 18th Division take Pommiers Trench and Pommiers Redoubt . At 10 : 00 a.m. an observer saw a line of flashes on the ground , from mirrors carried by 30th Division soldiers on their packs . The British troops moved along Train Alley towards Montauban . A German artillery battery began to fire from Bernafay Wood and the pilot machine - gunned the crews from 700 ft ( 210 m ) and put the battery out of action . On return towards the British lines , the crew saw Montauban being occupied and 18th Division troops advancing up the ridge to the west of the village , the pilot flew low along the ridge and gave the troops a wave . By 11 : 15 a.m. mirrors were seen flashing along the north edge of Montauban .", "The XV Corps attack either side of Fricourt was observed by parts of 3 and 9 squadrons , which were able to report by evening that the 21st Division and the 34th Division to the north , had advanced deeply into the German defensive positions above Fricourt . The 7th Division had advanced beyond Mametz , forming a defensive flank on the left and linking on the right with XIII Corps . Troops from III Corps and XV Corps lit red flares , which were quickly reported by observers in contact - patrol aircraft . A balloon observer from 3 Kite Balloon Section was able to get the artillery to re-bombard Danzig Alley , after British troops were forced out by a German counter-attack and second British attack in the afternoon took the trench easily . Most of 3 Squadron watched over the disastrous III Corps attack at La Boisselle and Ovillers and saw the 34th Division troops reach Peake Wood north of Fricourt .", "The attacks by X Corps and VIII Corps , from Thiepval to Serre were observed by crews from 4 and 15 squadrons . Ground observers could see much of the battle and communications were not as badly cut as on other parts of the front . Some of the deeper British infantry advances could only be seen from the air , particularly those at Schwaben Redoubt and Pendant Copse. 4 Squadron reported the hurried withdrawal of German artillery , between Courcelette and Grandcourt during the afternoon and spotted the massing of German troops at 4 : 30 p.m. A special flight was sent to Thiepval and the pilot flew by at 600 ft ( 180 m ) to examine the ground and report that the British attacks had failed . With 15 Squadron observing the disaster occurring to VIII Corps around Beaumont Hamel , the defeat of the British attacks and the repulse of the troops from the few areas where breakthroughs had occurred were reported by the aircraft observers .", "The VII Corps attack was observed by 8 Squadron , which had taken reconnaissance photographs during a period of clear weather the day before . The attack of the 46th and 56th divisions , had a standing patrol of one aircraft each from 6 : 45 a.m. -- 3 : 25 p.m. and then one aircraft for both divisions . No red infantry flares were seen during the day ; aircraft flew through the barrage to make visual identifications at low level and by the end of the day German ground fire had made three aircraft unserviceable . One aeroplane flew into a balloon cable near St Amand , damaging the aircraft although the crew were unhurt . Reports from the observation crews related the fate of the leading troops of the 46th Division , who were cut off after over-running the German first line by German troops emerging from underground shelters . Following waves intended to mop - up the German front line , were seen to be stopped in no man 's land by artillery and machine - gun barrages . On the 56th Division front , observers watched the leading British troops capture the first , second and third lines before being cut off by another German barrage in no man 's land . German infantry were seen to mass and then counter-attack , regaining the third line by midday , the second line by afternoon and the first line late in the evening .", "By May 1916 , eight German divisions held the front from Roye to Arras with three in reserve . The German defence of the south bank of the Somme was the responsibility of XVII Corps with three divisions . On the north bank the XIV Reserve Corps ( Generalleutnant Hermann von Stein ) with two divisions held the line from the Somme to the Ancre and the Guard Corps ( General Karl von Plettenberg ) with three divisions held the ground north of the Ancre opposite Serre and Gommecourt . On 20 June , British heavy artillery bombarded German communications behind the front line as far back as Bapaume and then continued intermittently until the evening of 22 June . At dawn on 24 June , a shrapnel barrage began on the German front position and villages nearby . At noon , more accurate fire began before increasing in intensity around Thiepval as heavy batteries commenced firing and in the evening , a light rain turned the German positions into mud . On 25 June , heavy artillery - fire predominated , smashing trenches and blocking dugouts . Variations in the intensity of fire indicated likely areas to be attacked ; the greatest weight of fire occurring at Mametz , Fricourt and Ovillers ; during the night the German commanders prepared their defences around the villages and ordered the second line to be manned . After an overnight lull , the bombardment increased again on 26 June , gas being discharged at 5 : 00 a.m. towards Beaumont Hamel and Serre , before the bombardment increased in intensity near Thiepval , then suddenly stopped . The German garrison took post and fired red rockets to call for artillery support , which placed a barrage in no man 's land . Later in the afternoon huge mortar bombs began to fall , destroying shallower dug - outs , a super-heavy gun began to bombard the main German strong - points , as smaller guns pulverised the villages close to the front line , from which civilians were hurriedly removed .", "German troops billeted in the villages moved into the open to avoid the shelling and on 27 and 28 June , heavy rain added to the devastation , as the bombardment varied from steady accurate shelling to shell - storms and periods of quiet . At night British patrols moved into no man 's land and prisoners captured by the Germans , said that they were checking on the damage and searching for German survivors . German interrogators gleaned information suggesting that an offensive would come either side of the Somme and Ancre rivers at 5 : 00 a.m. on 29 June . All of the German infantry stood to with reinforcements but the bombardment resumed in the afternoon , rising to drumfire several times . Artillery - fire concentrated on small parts of the front , then lines of shells moved forward into the depth of the German defences . Periodic gas discharges and infantry probes continued but German sentries watching through periscopes were often able to warn the garrisons in time to react . The bombardment on 30 June repeated the pattern of the earlier days , by when much of the German surface defences had been swept away , look - out shelters and observation posts were in ruins and many communication trenches had disappeared .", "On the night of 30 June -- 1 July , the bombardment fell on rear defences and communication trenches , then at dawn British aircraft `` filled the sky '' , captive balloons rose into the air at 6 : 30 a.m. and an unprecedented barrage began all along the German front , until 7 : 30 a.m. , when the bombardment abruptly stopped . The remaining German trench garrisons began to leave their shelters and set up machine - guns in the remains of trenches and shell - holes , which proved difficult to spot and allowed the occupants to change direction , easily to face threats from all directions . Where the British infantry advanced close behind the barrage the German defenders were often overrun and at Montauban , Mametz and around Fricourt , the Germans were rushed , while most were still underground . Further north , the Germans had time to emerge and stopped most attacks in no man 's land . In the 26th Reserve Division area , a front of 9,000 yd ( 8,200 m ) from Ovillers to Serre , four regiments occupied the first line with two battalions each , one in the support line and one in reserve . The Germans emerged to see lines of British infantry in no man 's land and opened rapid fire on them , lines and waves falling down , reforming and moving forward . Some German infantry stood on trench parapets to aim better and red rockets were fired to call for artillery barrages on no man 's land , which shattered the British infantry formations . The survivors kept going and began a bombing fight close to the German line which , was defeated except at the Leipzig Redoubt , which was quickly sealed off by German flanking parties and between Thiepval and the Ancre , where the British advanced towards Grandcourt 3,000 yd ( 2,700 m ) away . Several counter-attacks were mounted , which forced the British back to the German front trench after dark .", "Prior and Wilson wrote that the conventional account of the day has soldiers burdened by 66 lb ( 30 kg ) of equipment , obeying `` doltish '' orders to walk shoulder - to - shoulder towards the German lines and being mown down by German machine - gunners , who had time to climb out of shelters and man the parapet . Prior and Wilson ascribed the origin of this narrative to John Buchan in The Battle of the Somme ( 1917 ) in which the bravery of soldiers is extolled , rather than faulty infantry tactics being criticised . Prior and Wilson traced the narrative through the writing of B.H. Liddell Hart , J.E. Edmonds the official historian , C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , Martin Middlebrook , Correlli Barnett and Paul Kennedy . In 1970 , Anthony Farrar - Hockley questioned the narrative but reverted to the orthodox view soon after . Prior and Wilson did not dispute the facts of c. 20,000 dead and c. 40,000 wounded but wrote that the Tactical Notes issued by Rawlinson did not dictate the way that advances were to be made but were `` ambiguous '' , referring to `` celerity of movement '' , `` a steady pace '' and `` a rapid advance of some lightly - equipped men '' and did not prescribe a formation to be adopted for the advance .", "To the north , the leading brigade of the 31st Division advanced into no man 's land before zero hour , ready to rush the German front trench when the barrage lifted . Some units of the 4th Division , advanced from the British front line in formations led by snipers and skirmishers ; in the 29th Division some battalions `` marched '' to the German wire and others rushed forward from assembly - trenches dug in no man 's land . In the 36th , 32nd and 8th division areas , some battalions assembled in front of the German wire , ready to rush forward at zero hour and many of the battalions of XV Corps and XIII Corps walked slowly forward in lines behind a creeping barrage . Of 80 battalions in the initial attack , 53 crept into no man 's land , ten rushed from the British front trench and twelve advanced at a steady pace behind a barrage . Prior and Wilson found that the behaviour of the British infantry had less effect than the behaviour of the German infantry , which in turn was determined by the fire of the British artillery . Where the German defences and garrisons had been destroyed , the British infantry succeeded . When significant numbers of German machine - gunners survived , especially when supported by artillery , the British attack failed . On the French front , the artillery preparation was almost wholly effective in destroying German defences and killing German infantry in their underground shelters . The prevalence and effectiveness of killing - machines determined the result and in such an environment , a soldier with a bayonet was obsolete and infantry formations irrelevant .", "In 2008 , Harris described the success of the French and XIII Corps and XV Corps , the extent of British casualties for ground gained and Haig 's responsibility for the British casualties . Harris wrote of the inferior German defences on the French front , surprise , superior French artillery and better infantry tactics than those used by the British . The French attacked in the south as did the two most successful British corps and in this area , only the first line was expected to be captured . Harris wrote that the German army was often ignored in analyses of the First Day and that the main defensive effort was made in the north , the area of greatest German success . Terrain in the south , Anglo - French air superiority and closer objectives , tended to concentrate Allied artillery - fire , which was better - observed and more accurate than on the hillier ground to the north .", "Barbed wire was cut , the German fortifications `` exceptionally '' damaged and a crude form of creeping barrage preceded the infantry to their objectives . Harris held Haig responsible for the extension of the objectives in the north to the German second position , which diluted the density of British artillery - fire , although because no study had been made of the details of the preliminary bombardment , caution must accompany a conclusion that bombardment of the closer objectives was unduly dissipated . Harris concluded that the attack front was too broad and that Rawlinson should be held responsible with Haig , for attempting to advance on a 16 mi ( 26 km ) front . Despite being under no diplomatic pressure from the French or political pressure from London to obtain swift success , the British tried to do too much too quickly , unlike the French Sixth Army which made short advances with the support of massive amounts of artillery - fire .", "Philpott wrote that after the war the French Official History gave five pages to 1 July , with one paragraph on the British attack and that the German Official History Der Weltkrieg covered the day in 62 pages . The British Official History described the day in 177 pages , with one page on the French success . In Joffre 's memoirs the French victory was ascribed to `` the excellent work of the artillery '' and German underestimation of French offensive potential remaining from the battle at Verdun , leading them to make their principal defensive effort in the north . The British had been attacked from behind after failing to mop up captured German positions . This military explanation was insufficient for many British commentators , who blamed `` anachronistic '' `` sword wavers '' for leading volunteers to an unnecessary slaughter . The French success , based on the experience of 1915 was overlooked , as was the French expectation of more quick victories being disappointed , as the battle became a counterpart to the long attrition campaign at Verdun . Philpott also described the Germans being written out of the British narrative of useless sacrifice . The Anglo - French armies had gained an advantage on 1 July , by forcing the German defences for 13 mi ( 21 km ) either side of the Somme to collapse . In the early afternoon a broad breach existed north of the river but the `` break in '' was in an unexpected place , which meant that exploitation would have to be improvised .", "Philpott wrote that the `` gory scene '' behind the British front showed that something had gone wrong . In the evening of 1 July , Haig wrote in his diary ,", "North of the Ancre , VIII Division ( sic ) said they began well but as the day progressed , their troops were forced back into the German front line , except two battalions which occupied Serre village and were , it is said , cut off . I am inclined to believe from further reports that few of VIII Corps left their trenches .", "VIII Corps had left their trenches and over 14,000 men became casualties . Edmonds wrote that for the loss of Britain and Ireland 's `` finest manhood '' there was only a small gain of ground , although an advance of 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) on a 3.5 mi ( 5.6 km ) front and minor advances elsewhere , was the furthest achieved by the British since trench warfare began . Only 1,983 unwounded prisoners had been taken and none of the captured ground north of the Albert -- Bapaume road had been held . Before the battle , Rawlinson had requested 18 ambulance trains but only three were provided and these departed part - filled , before many of the wounded had been brought to casualty clearing stations , which had capacity for only 9,500 cases . Casualties were left untended in the open and it was not until 4 July that the Fourth Army medical services had treated all the wounded ( some casualties reached hospitals in England still wearing field dressings ) . As night fell , survivors began to make their way back to the British trenches and stretcher - bearers went into no man 's land . Major - General Ingouville - Williams , commander of the 34th Division , participated in the search and some medical orderlies continued after dawn broke .", "At Beaumont - Hamel , two British medical officers arranged a truce and in other places movement in no man 's land was fired on . Victoria Crosses were awarded to Robert Quigg and Geoffrey Cather ( posthumous ) for rescuing wounded . Some casualties survived for up to a week in no man 's land , living on rations from dead soldiers ' packs before being rescued . At 7 : 30 p.m. , the Fourth Army headquarters believed that there had been 16,000 casualties , by 3 July the staff thought that there had been 40,000 losses and by 6 July the count had risen to 60,000 men . The final total of 57,470 casualties , 19,240 of whom had been killed , was not calculated for some time ; the French Sixth Army had 1,590 losses and the German 2nd Army lost 10,000 -- 12,000 men . In 2013 , Ralph Whitehead wrote that 20,790 German casualties were suffered in early July , of whom 6,226 men certainly became casualties on 1 July . Before 1 July , 1,912 casualties were suffered during the Anglo - French preliminary bombardment or in the days afterwards and 12,642 troops were counted missing .", "Haig visited the Fourth Army headquarters and discussed the continuation of the attack on 2 July , although in the confused situation the original plan was not changed . Pressure was to be maintained on the Germans to inflict losses and reach ground from which to attack the German second position , with particular emphasis on the capture of Fricourt . Gough with the cavalry and infantry standing by to exploit a gap was not called on and at 7 : 00 p.m. Rawlinson requested that he take over X Corps and VIII Corps to reorganise the front astride the Ancre . The 12th Division was sent to relieve the 8th Division and the 25th Division was moved closer to X Corps . Haig ordered the 23rd and 38th divisions to move towards the Somme front and at 10 : 00 p.m. the Fourth Army headquarters ordered all corps to continue the attack . Local conditions south of the Albert -- Bapaume road , led many officers to urge that the German defeat in the area to be exploited with fresh divisions but XIII Corps was ordered to consolidate and prepare to attack Mametz Wood with XV Corps , which was to capture Fricourt and advance towards Contalmaison , still thought to have been captured . III Corps was ordered to attack La Boisselle and Ovillers again and reach Contalmaison and X Corps and VIII Corps were ordered to capture all of the German first position and reach the intermediate line .", "In the afternoon of 1 July , the German survivors of the 28th Reserve Division and 12th Division and part of the 10th Bavarian Division at Montauban Ridge , had been driven back to the Braune Stellung ( second position ) from Ginchy to Longueval and Bazentin le Grand . The 12th Reserve Division arrived in the evening from Bapaume and was sent towards Combles and Ginchy and at 6 : 45 p.m. , a counter-attack was ordered to regain Montauban Ridge between Favières Wood and Montauban . One regiment was to advance past the north end of Combles to Guillemont and re-capture the north end of Montauban , a regiment in the centre was to retake Favières Wood and the left regiment was to advance along the north bank of the Somme between Curlu and Maurepas as existing troops joined in from the second position . Dawn broke at 3 : 00 a.m. on 2 July , well before the advance reached Bernafay Wood and a British barrage quickly forced back the Germans into Caterpillar Valley . At La Briqueterie the German infantry were quickly repulsed , as was their attack along the river by French infantry south of Favières Wood . The 12th Division had many losses and was withdrawn to Grüne Stellung ( an intermediate position ) around Maltz Horn Farm in front of the second line .", "For Newfoundland , the first day of battle changed the course of the island 's history , ending any hope of independence . After the war the Newfoundland government bought 40 acres ( 16 ha ) at the site of the battalion 's attack and created the Newfoundland Memorial Park to commemorate the dead , which was opened by Haig on 7 June 1925 . Although the rest of Canada celebrates Canada Day on 1 July , it remains Memorial Day in Newfoundland and Labrador .", "Eric Bell , 9th Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers at Thiepval -- posthumous . Geoffrey Cather , 9th Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers at Hamel -- posthumous . John Green , Royal Army Medical Corps ( att. 1 / 5th Battalion Sherwood Foresters ) at Foncquevillers -- posthumous . Stewart Loudoun - Shand , 10th Battalion Alexandra , Princess of Wales 's Own ( Yorkshire Regiment ) at Fricourt -- posthumous . William McFadzean , 14th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles at Thiepval Wood -- posthumous . Robert Quigg , 12th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles at Hamel . Walter Ritchie , 2nd Battalion Seaforth Highlanders ( Ross - shire Buffs , Duke of Albany 's ) at Beaumont Hamel . George Sanders , 1 / 7th Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment ( The Prince of Wales 's Own ) at Thiepval . James Turnbull , 17th Battalion Highland Light Infantry at Authuille -- posthumous .", "Eric Bell , 9th Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers at Thiepval -- posthumous .", "Geoffrey Cather , 9th Battalion Royal Irish Fusiliers at Hamel -- posthumous .", "John Green , Royal Army Medical Corps ( att. 1 / 5th Battalion Sherwood Foresters ) at Foncquevillers -- posthumous .", "Stewart Loudoun - Shand , 10th Battalion Alexandra , Princess of Wales 's Own ( Yorkshire Regiment ) at Fricourt -- posthumous .", "William McFadzean , 14th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles at Thiepval Wood -- posthumous .", "Robert Quigg , 12th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles at Hamel .", "Walter Ritchie , 2nd Battalion Seaforth Highlanders ( Ross - shire Buffs , Duke of Albany 's ) at Beaumont Hamel .", "George Sanders , 1 / 7th Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment ( The Prince of Wales 's Own ) at Thiepval .", "James Turnbull , 17th Battalion Highland Light Infantry at Authuille -- posthumous ." ]

[ [ "18" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , also known as the All England Club , based at Church Road , Wimbledon , London , England , is a private members ' club . It is best known as the venue for the Wimbledon Championships , the only Grand Slam tennis event still held on grass . Initially an amateur event that occupied club members and their friends for a few days each summer , the championships have become far more prominent than the club itself . However , it still operates as a members ' tennis club , with all courts in use all year round .", "The club has 375 full members , about 100 temporary playing members , and a number of honorary members , including past Wimbledon singles champions and people who have rendered distinguished service to the game . To become a full or temporary member , an applicant must obtain letters of support from four existing full members , two of whom must have known the applicant for at least three years . The name is then added to the Candidates ' List . Honorary Members are elected from time to time by the club 's Committee . Membership carries with it the right to purchase two tickets for each day of the Wimbledon Championships . In addition to this all champions are invited to become members .", "The patron of the club is Catherine , Duchess of Cambridge , and the President is The Duke of Kent .", "The Club was founded by six gentlemen at the offices of The Field on 23 July 1868 at the height of a croquet craze as the All England Croquet Club , and held its first croquet competition in 1870 . Its original ground was situated off Worple Road , Wimbledon . Croquet was very popular there until the then - infant sport of lawn tennis ( a game introduced by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so prior , and originally called Sphairistikè ) was introduced in 1875 , when one lawn was set aside for this purpose . The first tennis Gentlemen 's Championship in Singles was held in July 1877 , when the Club changed its name to The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club . That year at Wimbledon service was underarm . The champion , Spencer Gore , opined that `` Lawn tennis will never rank among our great games . '' In 1878 the height of the net was altered to 4 feet 9 inches ( 1.45 m ) at the posts and 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) at the centre . In 1882 , croquet was dropped from the name , as tennis had become the main activity of the Club . But in 1899 it was restored to the Club 's name for sentimental reasons , and the Club 's name became The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club .", "In 1884 , the Club added Ladies ' Singles and Gentlemen 's Doubles , and then in 1913 Ladies ' Doubles and Mixed Doubles . For the 1908 Summer Olympics , the venue hosted the Grass Courts tennis events . The early Club colours were found to be almost identical to those of the Royal Marines , so they were changed in 1909 to the present Club colours of dark green and purple . The popularity of Frenchwoman Suzanne Lenglen was largely responsible for forcing the Club to move to larger grounds at its present site in Church Road , Wimbledon , in 1922 , where its first Championship was `` plagued by rain each day '' .", "The current Centre Court dates from that year . It has been improved and extended on several occasions . Most recently a sliding roof was added in time for the 2009 Championships . In 1924 the old No. 1 Court opened on the west side of Centre Court . During World War II The Championships were suspended but the Club remained open with a much smaller staff , and was used for fire and ambulance services , British Home Guard , and a decontamination unit , and troops stationed nearby drilled on the main concourse . At 5 : 20 p.m. on October 11 , 1940 , five 500 pound German bombs struck the grounds , demolishing 1,200 seats in Centre Court . The old No. 1 Court was replaced with the current No. 1 Court in 1997 , and the Broadcast Centre was built at the same time . Shortly afterwards , the Millennium Building , which houses facilities for players , press , officials and members , was built on the site of the old No. 1 Court .", "The Church Road site initially extended only as far north as Centre Court . In 1967 the All England Club purchased 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) to the north . This was leased to the New Zealand Sports and Social Club and became known as Aorangi Park ( Aorangi means `` Cloud Piercer '' , and is the Māori part of Aoraki / Mount Cook ; `` Aorangi '' is the standard Māori spelling and `` Aoraki '' is used in the Māori dialect in the vicinity of the mountain ) . It is most commonly known as ' Henman Hill ' because of the popularity of former British tennis player , Tim Henman . Initially the only use that the All England Club itself made of this new land was for car parking during The Championships , but in 1981 the New Zealanders ' lease was terminated , and the Club has developed most of the area for its own purposes .", "The All England Club , through its subsidiary The All England Lawn Tennis Ground plc , issues debentures to tennis fans every five years to raise funds for capital expenditure . The original debentures were issued in 1920 . Each debenture provides a pair of tickets for each day of the tournament for five years . Only debenture holders are legally permitted to sell on their tickets to third parties .", "The Club was the venue for the tennis event at the 2012 Summer Olympics .", "The Club currently has 18 tournament grass courts , eight American clay courts , two acrylic courts and five indoor courts . There are also 22 Aorangi Park grass courts , which serve as competitors ' practice courts before and during The Championships . The grass courts can be used from May until September . The grass has been cut to 8 mm since 1995 , and 100 % perennial ryegrass has been used for its strength since 2001 ( prior to that , it was 70 % perennial rye and 30 % creeping red fescue ) . The courts are renovated in September , using nine tons of grass seed annually .", "The largest court is Centre Court , which usually hosts the finals of the main singles and doubles events at The Championships . The quotation above the players ' entrance to Centre Court is an extract from the poem `` If -- '' , by Rudyard Kipling , which reads : `` If you can meet with triumph and disaster and treat those two impostors just the same . '' This court also served as the main venue for the tennis events at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Initially , the courts were arranged in such a way that the principal court was situated in the middle with the others arranged around it ; hence the title `` Centre Court '' .", "The present Centre Court , built in 1922 upon the move of the Club , was not actually in the centre at the time it was built , but as new courts were added in later years it became a more accurate description . It currently seats 15,000 -- expanded from 14,000 following redevelopment in 2007 -- 08 ( spatially , the expansion is greater than those numbers imply , as seats have been widened ) , and ( as of 2009 ) is the fourth - largest tennis stadium in the world . The Club installed a retractable roof on Centre Court which was completed in May 2009 . It is a ' folding concertina ' made of 5,200 square metres of a translucent waterproof fabric that allows natural light to reach the grass , and opens / closes in under 10 minutes . Redevelopment work commenced in 2006 and Centre Court had no roof at all in place for the duration of the 2007 Championships .", "The other ' show court ' is No. 1 Court , built in 1997 , which holds around 11,500 people and occasionally plays host to Davis Cup matches ( Centre Court usually being reserved for the Wimbledon Championships ) . This is to be fitted with a retractable roof similar to Centre Court in time for the 2019 Championships .", "A new No. 2 Court with 4,000 seats was first used at the 2009 Championships . The old No. 2 Court was renamed No. 3 Court in 2009 , and was rebuilt after the 2009 Championships . The grounds are set to undergo major renovation in the coming years as part of the Wimbledon Master Plan .", "The Club also houses the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum .", "Among the features that differentiate The Championships from the other Grand Slams are that they are played on grass courts , they require the players to wear white , and they schedule a day off on the middle Sunday of the tournament ( though sometimes -- such as in 2004 and 2016 -- poor weather has meant play has needed to take place ) . The winner of the Gentlemen 's singles at The Championships receives a gold trophy inscribed with the words : `` The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World '' .", "The Championships attract attendance of around 450,000 people . Ninety per cent of the financial surplus that the Club generates from running The Championships is used to develop tennis in Great Britain ; between 1998 -- 2016 the surplus ranged from £ 25 -- 40 million per year . The Championships are run by a Committee of Management that consists of 12 club members and seven nominees of The Lawn Tennis Association ( LTA ) . The 2017 Committee included the following Club members : P.G.H. Brook ( Chairman ) , Ms S.J. Ambrose , The Lord O'Donnell GCB KCB CB , R.M. Gradon , T.H. Henman O.B.E. , I.L. Hewitt , Mrs A.W.L. Innes , S.A. Jones L.V.O , R.T. Stoakes , A.J.K. Tatum , Miss DA Jevans CBE , The Hon HB Weatherill .", "In 2003 , a long - standing tradition of Centre Court players bowing or curtseying to the Royal Box was discontinued by order of the Duke of Kent , President of the Club since 1969 , who deemed it an anachronism in modern times . The only exception would be if the Queen or the Prince of Wales were to attend . Andy Murray and Jarkko Nieminen elected to bow when the Queen visited The Championships for their 2010 second round match , as did Roger Federer and Fabio Fognini at their second round match , watched by the Prince of Wales , in 2012 . In December 2016 , it was announced that the Duchess of Cambridge would succeed The Queen as Patron of The AELTC and The Championships , effective January 2017 .", "Black players were not allowed to play at the Club until 1951 , and Jews were not admitted until 1952 . According to Angela Buxton , the Jewish former British Wimbledon doubles champion , it also has led to her exclusion . Buxton said in 2004 , reflecting on the fact that the All England Club , almost 50 years after Buxton 's 1956 Wimbledon triumph with Althea Gibson , had still not invited Buxton to join : `` I think the anti-Semitism is still there . The mere fact that I 'm not a member is a full sentence that speaks for itself . '' Buxton told New York Post reporter Marc Berman that she had been on the `` waiting list '' since she applied in the 1950s . `` I wish it still was n't such an elite sport , '' Buxton told Berman . `` I wish we could bring it down to a common baseline . It 's going that way . It 's still not there . ''", "In 2006 , Chairman Tim Phillips said that paying men and women equal prize money at The Championships was something they `` fundamentally do n't think would be fair on the men . '' ( due to men playing best - of - five sets , and women only best - of - three ) . The Championships introduced equal prize money the following year ." ]

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[ "Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha )", "Pokhran - II Operation Shakti", "A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation .", "Information", "Country India", "Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan", "Period 11 -- 13 May 1998", "Number of tests 5", "Test type Underground tests", "Device type Fission / fusion", "Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested", "Test chronology", "← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha )", "The Pokhran - II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 .", "Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , the first of which was a fusion bomb while the remaining four were fission bombs . The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998 , under the assigned code name Operation Shakti , with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . The tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States .", "Many names have been assigned to these tests ; originally these were collectively called Operation Shakti -- 98 , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through to Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I .", "Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies have been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards the harnessing of nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) .", "In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 .", "After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 .", "Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design .", "As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow .", "The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate .", "Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years .", "In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer .", "In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles .", "Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries .", "Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . ''", "The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might had been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues .", "In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . ''", "Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made .", "It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests .", "Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . ''", "Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the Director of Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the Director of the Department of Atomic Energy ( DAE ) , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) , the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research ( AMDER ) , and the Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved .", "Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destinations other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images .", "The main technical personnel involved in the operation were :", "Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation .", "Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy .", "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy .", "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO .", "Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy .", "Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations .", "Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations .", "Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations .", "Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition", "Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition", "Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition", "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation .", "Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation .", "Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC .", "Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development .", "Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture .", "Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition .", "Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment .", "Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation .", "Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 am on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' .", "The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 metres ( 660 ft ) deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 metres ( 490 ft ) deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device .", "The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated .", "Five nuclear devices were Made during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were :", "Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device .", "Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt .", "Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer .", "Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt .", "Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device .", "Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device .", "An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated .", "At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this .", "Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement :", "`` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . ''", "`` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . ''", "News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security .", "By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which had invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the ones who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences .", "The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test .", "In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India .", "From 1998 -- 1999 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest .", "Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India .", "Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India .", "On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it is shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement :", "( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community .", "The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . ''", "On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation .", "Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) .", "Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) .", "Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist , Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai .", "The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia .", "Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years .", "The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 .", "It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology .", "Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran is a 2018 Bollywood movie based on India 's underground Pokhran - II nuclear test .", "Parmanu : The Story of Pokhran is a 2018 Bollywood movie based on India 's underground Pokhran - II nuclear test ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In economics , a model is a theoretical construct representing economic processes by a set of variables and a set of logical and / or quantitative relationships between them . The economic model is a simplified framework designed to illustrate complex processes , often but not always using mathematical models . Frequently , economic models posit structural parameters . Structural parameters are underlying parameters in a model or class of models . A model may have various exogenous variables , and those variables may change to create various responses by economic variables . Methodological uses of models include investigation , theorizing , and fitting theories to the world .", "In general terms , economic models have two functions : first as a simplification of and abstraction from observed data , and second as a means of selection of data based on a paradigm of econometric study .", "Simplification is particularly important for economics given the enormous complexity of economic processes . This complexity can be attributed to the diversity of factors that determine economic activity ; these factors include : individual and cooperative decision processes , resource limitations , environmental and geographical constraints , institutional and legal requirements and purely random fluctuations . Economists therefore must make a reasoned choice of which variables and which relationships between these variables are relevant and which ways of analyzing and presenting this information are useful .", "Selection is important because the nature of an economic model will often determine what facts will be looked at , and how they will be compiled . For example , inflation is a general economic concept , but to measure inflation requires a model of behavior , so that an economist can differentiate between real changes in price , and changes in price that are to be attributed to inflation .", "In addition to their professional academic interest , the use of models include :", "Forecasting economic activity in a way in which conclusions are logically related to assumptions ; Proposing economic policy to modify future economic activity ; Presenting reasoned arguments to politically justify economic policy at the national level , to explain and influence company strategy at the level of the firm , or to provide intelligent advice for household economic decisions at the level of households . Planning and allocation , in the case of centrally planned economies , and on a smaller scale in logistics and management of businesses . In finance predictive models have been used since the 1980s for trading ( investment , and speculation ) , for example emerging market bonds were often traded based on economic models predicting the growth of the developing nation issuing them . Since the 1990s many long - term risk management models have incorporated economic relationships between simulated variables in an attempt to detect high - exposure future scenarios ( often through a Monte Carlo method ) .", "Forecasting economic activity in a way in which conclusions are logically related to assumptions ;", "Proposing economic policy to modify future economic activity ;", "Presenting reasoned arguments to politically justify economic policy at the national level , to explain and influence company strategy at the level of the firm , or to provide intelligent advice for household economic decisions at the level of households .", "Planning and allocation , in the case of centrally planned economies , and on a smaller scale in logistics and management of businesses .", "In finance predictive models have been used since the 1980s for trading ( investment , and speculation ) , for example emerging market bonds were often traded based on economic models predicting the growth of the developing nation issuing them . Since the 1990s many long - term risk management models have incorporated economic relationships between simulated variables in an attempt to detect high - exposure future scenarios ( often through a Monte Carlo method ) .", "A model establishes an argumentative framework for applying logic and mathematics that can be independently discussed and tested and that can be applied in various instances . Policies and arguments that rely on economic models have a clear basis for soundness , namely the validity of the supporting model .", "Economic models in current use do not pretend to be theories of everything economic ; any such pretensions would immediately be thwarted by computational infeasibility and the incompleteness or lack of theories for various types of economic behavior . Therefore , conclusions drawn from models will be approximate representations of economic facts . However , properly constructed models can remove extraneous information and isolate useful approximations of key relationships . In this way more can be understood about the relationships in question than by trying to understand the entire economic process .", "The details of model construction vary with type of model and its application , but a generic process can be identified . Generally any modelling process has two steps : generating a model , then checking the model for accuracy ( sometimes called diagnostics ) . The diagnostic step is important because a model is only useful to the extent that it accurately mirrors the relationships that it purports to describe . Creating and diagnosing a model is frequently an iterative process in which the model is modified ( and hopefully improved ) with each iteration of diagnosis and respecification . Once a satisfactory model is found , it should be double checked by applying it to a different data set .", "According to whether all the model variables are deterministic , economic models can be classified as stochastic or non-stochastic models ; according to whether all the variables are quantitative , economic models are classified as discrete or continuous choice model ; according to the model 's intended purpose / function , it can be classified as quantitative or qualitative ; according to the model 's ambit , it can be classified as a general equilibrium model , a partial equilibrium model , or even a non-equilibrium model ; according to the economic agent 's characteristics , models can be classified as rational agent models , representative agent models etc .", "Stochastic models are formulated using stochastic processes . They model economically observable values over time . Most of econometrics is based on statistics to formulate and test hypotheses about these processes or estimate parameters for them . A widely used bargaining class of simple econometric models popularized by Tinbergen and later Wold are autoregressive models , in which the stochastic process satisfies some relation between current and past values . Examples of these are autoregressive moving average models and related ones such as autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) and GARCH models for the modelling of heteroskedasticity . Non-stochastic models may be purely qualitative ( for example , relating to social choice theory ) or quantitative ( involving rationalization of financial variables , for example with hyperbolic coordinates , and / or specific forms of functional relationships between variables ) . In some cases economic predictions in a coincidence of a model merely assert the direction of movement of economic variables , and so the functional relationships are used only stoical in a qualitative sense : for example , if the price of an item increases , then the demand for that item will decrease . For such models , economists often use two - dimensional graphs instead of functions . Qualitative models -- although almost all economic models involve some form of mathematical or quantitative analysis , qualitative models are occasionally used . One example is qualitative scenario planning in which possible future events are played out . Another example is non-numerical decision tree analysis . Qualitative models often suffer from lack of precision .", "Stochastic models are formulated using stochastic processes . They model economically observable values over time . Most of econometrics is based on statistics to formulate and test hypotheses about these processes or estimate parameters for them . A widely used bargaining class of simple econometric models popularized by Tinbergen and later Wold are autoregressive models , in which the stochastic process satisfies some relation between current and past values . Examples of these are autoregressive moving average models and related ones such as autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) and GARCH models for the modelling of heteroskedasticity .", "Non-stochastic models may be purely qualitative ( for example , relating to social choice theory ) or quantitative ( involving rationalization of financial variables , for example with hyperbolic coordinates , and / or specific forms of functional relationships between variables ) . In some cases economic predictions in a coincidence of a model merely assert the direction of movement of economic variables , and so the functional relationships are used only stoical in a qualitative sense : for example , if the price of an item increases , then the demand for that item will decrease . For such models , economists often use two - dimensional graphs instead of functions .", "Qualitative models -- although almost all economic models involve some form of mathematical or quantitative analysis , qualitative models are occasionally used . One example is qualitative scenario planning in which possible future events are played out . Another example is non-numerical decision tree analysis . Qualitative models often suffer from lack of precision .", "At a more practical level , quantitative modelling is applied to many areas of economics and several methodologies have evolved more or less independently of each other . As a result , no overall model taxonomy is naturally available . We can nonetheless provide a few examples that illustrate some particularly relevant points of model construction .", "An accounting model is one based on the premise that for every credit there is a debit . More symbolically , an accounting model expresses some principle of conservation in the form", "An accounting model is one based on the premise that for every credit there is a debit . More symbolically , an accounting model expresses some principle of conservation in the form", "algebraic sum of inflows = sinks − sources", "algebraic sum of inflows = sinks − sources", "algebraic sum of inflows = sinks − sources", "algebraic sum of inflows = sinks − sources", "This principle is certainly true for money and it is the basis for national income accounting . Accounting models are true by convention , that is any experimental failure to confirm them , would be attributed to fraud , arithmetic error or an extraneous injection ( or destruction ) of cash , which we would interpret as showing the experiment was conducted improperly .", "This principle is certainly true for money and it is the basis for national income accounting . Accounting models are true by convention , that is any experimental failure to confirm them , would be attributed to fraud , arithmetic error or an extraneous injection ( or destruction ) of cash , which we would interpret as showing the experiment was conducted improperly .", "Optimality and constrained optimization models -- Other examples of quantitative models are based on principles such as profit or utility maximization . An example of such a model is given by the comparative statics of taxation on the profit - maximizing firm . The profit of a firm is given by", "Optimality and constrained optimization models -- Other examples of quantitative models are based on principles such as profit or utility maximization . An example of such a model is given by the comparative statics of taxation on the profit - maximizing firm . The profit of a firm is given by", "π ( x , t ) = x p ( x ) − C ( x ) − t x ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi ( x , t ) = xp ( x ) - C ( x ) - tx \\ quad )", "π ( x , t ) = x p ( x ) − C ( x ) − t x ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi ( x , t ) = xp ( x ) - C ( x ) - tx \\ quad )", "π ( x , t ) = x p ( x ) − C ( x ) − t x ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi ( x , t ) = xp ( x ) - C ( x ) - tx \\ quad )", "π ( x , t ) = x p ( x ) − C ( x ) − t x ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi ( x , t ) = xp ( x ) - C ( x ) - tx \\ quad )", "where p ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle p ( x ) ) is the price that a product commands in the market if it is supplied at the rate x ( \\ displaystyle x ) , x p ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle xp ( x ) ) is the revenue obtained from selling the product , C ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle C ( x ) ) is the cost of bringing the product to market at the rate x ( \\ displaystyle x ) , and t ( \\ displaystyle t ) is the tax that the firm must pay per unit of the product sold .", "where p ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle p ( x ) ) is the price that a product commands in the market if it is supplied at the rate x ( \\ displaystyle x ) , x p ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle xp ( x ) ) is the revenue obtained from selling the product , C ( x ) ( \\ displaystyle C ( x ) ) is the cost of bringing the product to market at the rate x ( \\ displaystyle x ) , and t ( \\ displaystyle t ) is the tax that the firm must pay per unit of the product sold .", "The profit maximization assumption states that a firm will produce at the output rate x if that rate maximizes the firm 's profit . Using differential calculus we can obtain conditions on x under which this holds . The first order maximization condition for x is", "The profit maximization assumption states that a firm will produce at the output rate x if that rate maximizes the firm 's profit . Using differential calculus we can obtain conditions on x under which this holds . The first order maximization condition for x is", "∂ π ( x , t ) ∂ x = ∂ ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ x − t = 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ pi ( x , t ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) - t = 0 )", "∂ π ( x , t ) ∂ x = ∂ ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ x − t = 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ pi ( x , t ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) - t = 0 )", "∂ π ( x , t ) ∂ x = ∂ ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ x − t = 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ pi ( x , t ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) - t = 0 )", "∂ π ( x , t ) ∂ x = ∂ ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ x − t = 0 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial \\ pi ( x , t ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial x ) ) - t = 0 )", "Regarding x as an implicitly defined function of t by this equation ( see implicit function theorem ) , one concludes that the derivative of x with respect to t has the same sign as", "Regarding x as an implicitly defined function of t by this equation ( see implicit function theorem ) , one concludes that the derivative of x with respect to t has the same sign as", "∂ 2 ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ 2 x = ∂ 2 π ( x , t ) ∂ x 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) = ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) \\ pi ( x , t ) \\ over \\ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "∂ 2 ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ 2 x = ∂ 2 π ( x , t ) ∂ x 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) = ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) \\ pi ( x , t ) \\ over \\ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "∂ 2 ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ 2 x = ∂ 2 π ( x , t ) ∂ x 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) = ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) \\ pi ( x , t ) \\ over \\ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "∂ 2 ( x p ( x ) − C ( x ) ) ∂ 2 x = ∂ 2 π ( x , t ) ∂ x 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) ( xp ( x ) - C ( x ) ) ) ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) x ) ) = ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) \\ pi ( x , t ) \\ over \\ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "which is negative if the second order conditions for a local maximum are satisfied .", "which is negative if the second order conditions for a local maximum are satisfied .", "Thus the profit maximization model predicts something about the effect of taxation on output , namely that output decreases with increased taxation . If the predictions of the model fail , we conclude that the profit maximization hypothesis was false ; this should lead to alternate theories of the firm , for example based on bounded rationality .", "Thus the profit maximization model predicts something about the effect of taxation on output , namely that output decreases with increased taxation . If the predictions of the model fail , we conclude that the profit maximization hypothesis was false ; this should lead to alternate theories of the firm , for example based on bounded rationality .", "Borrowing a notion apparently first used in economics by Paul Samuelson , this model of taxation and the predicted dependency of output on the tax rate , illustrates an operationally meaningful theorem ; that is one requiring some economically meaningful assumption that is falsifiable under certain conditions .", "Borrowing a notion apparently first used in economics by Paul Samuelson , this model of taxation and the predicted dependency of output on the tax rate , illustrates an operationally meaningful theorem ; that is one requiring some economically meaningful assumption that is falsifiable under certain conditions .", "Aggregate models . Macroeconomics needs to deal with aggregate quantities such as output , the price level , the interest rate and so on . Now real output is actually a vector of goods and services , such as cars , passenger airplanes , computers , food items , secretarial services , home repair services etc . Similarly price is the vector of individual prices of goods and services . Models in which the vector nature of the quantities is maintained are used in practice , for example Leontief input - output models are of this kind . However , for the most part , these models are computationally much harder to deal with and harder to use as tools for qualitative analysis . For this reason , macroeconomic models usually lump together different variables into a single quantity such as output or price . Moreover , quantitative relationships between these aggregate variables are often parts of important macroeconomic theories . This process of aggregation and functional dependency between various aggregates usually is interpreted statistically and validated by econometrics . For instance , one ingredient of the Keynesian model is a functional relationship between consumption and national income : C = C ( Y ) . This relationship plays an important role in Keynesian analysis .", "Aggregate models . Macroeconomics needs to deal with aggregate quantities such as output , the price level , the interest rate and so on . Now real output is actually a vector of goods and services , such as cars , passenger airplanes , computers , food items , secretarial services , home repair services etc . Similarly price is the vector of individual prices of goods and services . Models in which the vector nature of the quantities is maintained are used in practice , for example Leontief input - output models are of this kind . However , for the most part , these models are computationally much harder to deal with and harder to use as tools for qualitative analysis . For this reason , macroeconomic models usually lump together different variables into a single quantity such as output or price . Moreover , quantitative relationships between these aggregate variables are often parts of important macroeconomic theories . This process of aggregation and functional dependency between various aggregates usually is interpreted statistically and validated by econometrics . For instance , one ingredient of the Keynesian model is a functional relationship between consumption and national income : C = C ( Y ) . This relationship plays an important role in Keynesian analysis .", "Most economic models rest on a number of assumptions that are not entirely realistic . For example , agents are often assumed to have perfect information , and markets are often assumed to clear without friction . Or , the model may omit issues that are important to the question being considered , such as externalities . Any analysis of the results of an economic model must therefore consider the extent to which these results may be compromised by inaccuracies in these assumptions , and a large literature has grown up discussing problems with economic models , or at least asserting that their results are unreliable .", "One of the major problems addressed by economic models has been understanding economic growth . An early attempt to provide a technique to approach this came from the French physiocratic school in the Eighteenth century . Among these economists , François Quesnay should be noted , particularly for his development and use of tables he called Tableaux économiques . These tables have in fact been interpreted in more modern terminology as a Leontiev model , see the Phillips reference below .", "All through the 18th century ( that is , well before the founding of modern political economy , conventionally marked by Adam Smith 's 1776 Wealth of Nations ) simple probabilistic models were used to understand the economics of insurance . This was a natural extrapolation of the theory of gambling , and played an important role both in the development of probability theory itself and in the development of actuarial science . Many of the giants of 18th century mathematics contributed to this field . Around 1730 , De Moivre addressed some of these problems in the 3rd edition of The Doctrine of Chances . Even earlier ( 1709 ) , Nicolas Bernoulli studies problems related to savings and interest in the Ars Conjectandi . In 1730 , Daniel Bernoulli studied `` moral probability '' in his book Mensura Sortis , where he introduced what would today be called `` logarithmic utility of money '' and applied it to gambling and insurance problems , including a solution of the paradoxical Saint Petersburg problem . All of these developments were summarized by Laplace in his Analytical Theory of Probabilities ( 1812 ) . Clearly , by the time David Ricardo came along he had a lot of well - established math to draw from .", "In the late 1980s the Brookings Institution compared 12 leading macroeconomic models available at the time . They compared the models ' predictions for how the economy would respond to specific economic shocks ( allowing the models to control for all the variability in the real world ; this was a test of model vs. model , not a test against the actual outcome ) . Although the models simplified the world and started from a stable , known common parameters the various models gave significantly different answers . For instance , in calculating the impact of a monetary loosening on output some models estimated a 3 % change in GDP after one year , and one gave almost no change , with the rest spread between .", "Partly as a result of such experiments , modern central bankers no longer have as much confidence that it is possible to ' fine - tune ' the economy as they had in the 1960s and early 1970s . Modern policy makers tend to use a less activist approach , explicitly because they lack confidence that their models will actually predict where the economy is going , or the effect of any shock upon it . The new , more humble , approach sees danger in dramatic policy changes based on model predictions , because of several practical and theoretical limitations in current macroeconomic models ; in addition to the theoretical pitfalls , ( listed above ) some problems specific to aggregate modelling are :", "Limitations in model construction caused by difficulties in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the real economy . ( Hence the profusion of separate models . ) The law of unintended consequences , on elements of the real economy not yet included in the model . The time lag in both receiving data and the reaction of economic variables to policy makers attempts to ' steer ' them ( mostly through monetary policy ) in the direction that central bankers want them to move . Milton Friedman has vigorously argued that these lags are so long and unpredictably variable that effective management of the macroeconomy is impossible . The difficulty in correctly specifying all of the parameters ( through econometric measurements ) even if the structural model and data were perfect . The fact that all the model 's relationships and coefficients are stochastic , so that the error term becomes very large quickly , and the available snapshot of the input parameters is already out of date . Modern economic models incorporate the reaction of the public and market to the policy maker 's actions ( through game theory ) , and this feedback is included in modern models ( following the rational expectations revolution and Robert Lucas , Jr. 's Lucas critique of non-microfounded ) models . If the response to the decision maker 's actions ( and their credibility ) must be included in the model then it becomes much harder to influence some of the variables simulated .", "Limitations in model construction caused by difficulties in understanding the underlying mechanisms of the real economy . ( Hence the profusion of separate models . )", "The law of unintended consequences , on elements of the real economy not yet included in the model .", "The time lag in both receiving data and the reaction of economic variables to policy makers attempts to ' steer ' them ( mostly through monetary policy ) in the direction that central bankers want them to move . Milton Friedman has vigorously argued that these lags are so long and unpredictably variable that effective management of the macroeconomy is impossible .", "The difficulty in correctly specifying all of the parameters ( through econometric measurements ) even if the structural model and data were perfect .", "The fact that all the model 's relationships and coefficients are stochastic , so that the error term becomes very large quickly , and the available snapshot of the input parameters is already out of date .", "Modern economic models incorporate the reaction of the public and market to the policy maker 's actions ( through game theory ) , and this feedback is included in modern models ( following the rational expectations revolution and Robert Lucas , Jr. 's Lucas critique of non-microfounded ) models . If the response to the decision maker 's actions ( and their credibility ) must be included in the model then it becomes much harder to influence some of the variables simulated .", "Complex systems specialist and mathematician David Orrell wrote on this issue in his book Apollo 's Arrow and explained that the weather , human health and economics use similar methods of prediction ( mathematical models ) . Their systems -- the atmosphere , the human body and the economy -- also have similar levels of complexity . He found that forecasts fail because the models suffer from two problems : ( i ) they can not capture the full detail of the underlying system , so rely on approximate equations ; ( ii ) they are sensitive to small changes in the exact form of these equations . This is because complex systems like the economy or the climate consist of a delicate balance of opposing forces , so a slight imbalance in their representation has big effects . Thus , predictions of things like economic recessions are still highly inaccurate , despite the use of enormous models running on fast computers .", "Economic and meteorological simulations may share a fundamental limit to their predictive powers : chaos . Although the modern mathematical work on chaotic systems began in the 1970s the danger of chaos had been identified and defined in Econometrica as early as 1958 :", "`` Good theorising consists to a large extent in avoiding assumptions ... ( with the property that ) ... a small change in what is posited will seriously affect the conclusions . '' ( William Baumol , Econometrica , 26 see : Economics on the Edge of Chaos ) .", "`` Good theorising consists to a large extent in avoiding assumptions ... ( with the property that ) ... a small change in what is posited will seriously affect the conclusions . ''", "( William Baumol , Econometrica , 26 see : Economics on the Edge of Chaos ) .", "It is straightforward to design economic models susceptible to butterfly effects of initial - condition sensitivity .", "However , the econometric research program to identify which variables are chaotic ( if any ) has largely concluded that aggregate macroeconomic variables probably do not behave chaotically . This would mean that refinements to the models could ultimately produce reliable long - term forecasts . However the validity of this conclusion has generated two challenges :", "In 2004 Philip Mirowski challenged this view and those who hold it , saying that chaos in economics is suffering from a biased `` crusade '' against it by neo-classical economics in order to preserve their mathematical models . The variables in finance may well be subject to chaos . Also in 2004 , the University of Canterbury study Economics on the Edge of Chaos concludes that after noise is removed from S&P 500 returns , evidence of deterministic chaos is found .", "In 2004 Philip Mirowski challenged this view and those who hold it , saying that chaos in economics is suffering from a biased `` crusade '' against it by neo-classical economics in order to preserve their mathematical models .", "The variables in finance may well be subject to chaos . Also in 2004 , the University of Canterbury study Economics on the Edge of Chaos concludes that after noise is removed from S&P 500 returns , evidence of deterministic chaos is found .", "More recently , chaos ( or the butterfly effect ) has been identified as less significant than previously thought to explain prediction errors . Rather , the predictive power of economics and meteorology would mostly be limited by the models themselves and the nature of their underlying systems ( see Comparison with models in other sciences above ) .", "A key strand of free market economic thinking is that the market 's `` invisible hand '' guides an economy to prosperity more efficiently than central planning using an economic model . One reason , emphasized by Friedrich Hayek , is the claim that many of the true forces shaping the economy can never be captured in a single plan . This is an argument that can not be made through a conventional ( mathematical ) economic model , because it says that there are critical systemic - elements that will always be omitted from any top - down analysis of the economy .", "Cobb -- Douglas model of production Solow -- Swan model of economic growth Lucas islands model of money supply Heckscher -- Ohlin model of international trade Black -- Scholes model of option pricing Gordon - Loeb model of information security investment", "Cobb -- Douglas model of production", "Solow -- Swan model of economic growth", "Lucas islands model of money supply", "Heckscher -- Ohlin model of international trade", "Black -- Scholes model of option pricing", "Gordon - Loeb model of information security investment" ]

[ [ "from Natchez, Mississippi, to Nashville, Tennessee" ] ]

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[ "The Natchez Trace , also known as the `` Old Natchez Trace '' , is a historic forest trail within the United States which extends roughly 440 miles ( 710 km ) from Natchez , Mississippi , to Nashville , Tennessee , linking the Cumberland , Tennessee , and Mississippi Rivers .", "The trail was created and used by Native Americans for centuries , and was later used by early European and American explorers , traders , and emigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Today , the path is commemorated by the 444 - mile ( 715 km ) Natchez Trace Parkway and Bridge , which follow the approximate path of the Trace , as well as the related Natchez Trace Trail . Parts of the original trail are still accessible and some segments are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .", "Largely following a geologic ridge line , prehistoric animals followed the dry ground of the Trace to distant grazing lands , the salt licks of today 's Middle Tennessee , and to the Mississippi River . Native Americans used many early footpaths created by the foraging of bison , deer , and other large game that could break paths through the dense undergrowth . In the case of the Trace , bison traveled north to find salt licks in the Nashville area . After Native Americans began to settle the land , they blazed the trail further , until it became a relatively well - established path . Numerous prehistoric indigenous settlements in Mississippi were established along the Natchez Trace . Among them were the 2,000 - year - old Pharr Mounds of the Middle Woodland period , located near present - day Tupelo , Mississippi .", "The first recorded European explorer to travel the Trace in its entirety was an unnamed Frenchman in 1742 , who wrote of the trail and its `` miserable conditions '' . Early European explorers depended on the assistance of Native American guides -- specifically , the Choctaw and Chickasaw . These tribes and earlier peoples , collectively known as the Mississippian culture , had long used the Trace for trade .", "Even before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase , President Thomas Jefferson wanted to connect the distant Mississippi frontier to other settled areas of the United States . To foster communication with what was then called the southwest , he designated a postal road to be built between Daniel Boone 's Wilderness Road ( the southern branch of the road ended at Nashville ) and the Mississippi River .", "The U.S. signed treaties with the Chickasaw and Choctaw tribes to maintain peace , as European Americans entered the area in greater numbers . In 1801 the United States Army began the trail blazing along the Trace , performing major work to prepare it as a thoroughfare . The work was first done by soldiers reassigned from Tennessee and later by civilian contractors . To emphasize American sovereignty in the area , he called it the `` Columbian Highway . '' The people who used it , however , dubbed the road `` The Devil 's Backbone '' due to its remoteness , rough conditions , and the often encountered highwaymen found along the new road .", "By 1809 , the trail was fully navigable by wagon , with the northward journey taking two to three weeks . Critical to the success of the Trace as a trade route was the development of inns and trading posts , referred to at the time as `` stands . ''", "Many early United States settlements in Mississippi and Tennessee developed along the Natchez Trace . Some of the most prominent were Washington , Mississippi ( the old capital of Mississippi ) ; `` Old '' Greenville , Mississippi ( where Andrew Jackson conducted slave trades ) ; and Port Gibson , Mississippi . The Natchez Trace was utilized during the War of 1812 and the ensuing Creek War , as soldiers under Major General Andrew Jackson 's command traveled southward to subdue the Red Sticks and to defend the country against invasion by the British .", "By 1817 , the continued development of Memphis ( with its access to the Mississippi River ) , and Jackson 's Military Road ( heading south out of Nashville ) created quicker , more direct routes to New Orleans . This began a shifting of trade to the east and west , away from the Trace . As author William C. Davis wrote in his book A Way Through the Wilderness ( 1995 ) , it was `` a victim of its own success '' by encouraging development in the frontier area .", "With the rise of steamboat culture on the Mississippi River , the Trace lost its importance as a national road , as goods could be moved more quickly , more cheaply , and in greater quantity on the river . Before the invention of steam power , the Mississippi River 's south - flowing current was so strong that northbound return journeys generally had to be made over land .", "Although many authors have written that the Trace disappeared back into the woods , much of it continued to be used by people living in its vicinity . With large sections of the Trace in Tennessee converted to county roads for operation , sections of it continue to be used today .", "Though the Natchez Trace was only used as a major United States Route for a brief span , it served an essential function for years . The Trace was the only reliable land link between the eastern states and the trading ports of Mississippi and Louisiana . This brought all sorts of people down the Trace : itinerant preachers , highwaymen , traders , and peddlers among them .", "As part of the `` Great Awakening '' movement that swept the country in the late 18th and early 19th centuries , the `` spiritual development '' along the Trace started from the Natchez end and moved northward . Several Methodist preachers began working a circuit along the Trace as early as 1800 . By 1812 they claimed a membership of 1,067 Caucasians and 267 African Americans . The Methodists were soon joined in Natchez by other Protestant denominations , including Baptist missionaries and Presbyterians . The latter accompanied the migration of Scots - Irish and Scots into the frontier areas . Presbyterians and their frontier offshoot , the Cumberland Presbyterians , were the most active of the three denominations in this country area . They claimed converts among Native Americans . The Presbyterians started working from the south ; the Cumberland Presbyterians worked from the north , as they had migrated into Tennessee from Kentucky .", "As with much of the unsettled frontier , banditry regularly occurred along the Trace . Much of it centered around the river landing Natchez Under - The - Hill , ( as compared with the rest of the town ) atop the river bluff . Under - the - Hill , where barges and keelboats put in with goods from northern ports , was a hotbed of gamblers , prostitutes , and drunkards . Many of the rowdies , referred to as `` Kaintucks , '' were rough Kentucky frontiersmen who operated flatboats down the river . They delivered goods to Natchez in exchange for cash , turning Natchez Under - the - Hill into a gambling town . They walked or rode horseback the 450 miles back up the Trace to Nashville . In 1810 an estimated 10,000 `` Kaintucks '' used the Trace to go north and begin another river journey .", "Other dangers lurked on the Trace in the areas outside city boundaries . Highwaymen ( such as John Murrell and Samuel Mason ) terrorized travelers along the road . They operated large gangs of organized brigands in one of the first examples of land - based organized crime in the United States .", "Meriwether Lewis , of the Lewis and Clark Expedition fame , met his death while traveling on the Trace . Then governor of the Louisiana Territory , he was on his way to Washington , D.C. , from his base in St. Louis , Missouri . Lewis stopped at Grinder 's Stand ( near current - day Hohenwald , Tennessee ) , for overnight shelter in October 1809 . He was distraught over many issues , possibly affected by his use of opium , and was believed by many to have committed suicide there with a gun . Some uncertainty persists as to if it was suicide . His mother believed he had been murdered , and rumors circulated about possible killers . Thomas Jefferson and Lewis 's former partner , William Clark , accepted the report of suicide . Lewis was buried near the inn along the Trace . In 1858 , a Tennessee state commission erected a monument at the site . On the bicentennial of Lewis ' death ( 2009 ) , the first national public memorial service honoring his life was held as the last event of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Bicentennial . A bronze bust has been installed at his grave site ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of number - one songs in the United States during the year 1953 according to Billboard magazine . Prior to the creation of the Billboard Hot 100 , Billboard published multiple singles charts each week . In 1953 , the following three charts were produced :", "Best Sellers in Stores -- ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores , as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country . Most Played by Jockeys -- ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations , as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations . Most Played in Jukeboxes -- ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States .", "Best Sellers in Stores -- ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores , as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country .", "Most Played by Jockeys -- ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations , as reported by radio disc jockeys and radio stations .", "Most Played in Jukeboxes -- ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States .", "Issue date Best Sellers in Stores Most Played by Jockeys Most Played in Jukeboxes January 3 `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? '' `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? '' January 10 `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' January 17 `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' January 24 `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' January 31 February 7 February 14 `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' February 21 February 28 March 7 March 14 March 21 `` The Doggie in the Window '' March 28 `` The Doggie in the Window '' `` The Doggie in the Window '' April 4 `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' April 11 `` The Doggie in the Window '' April 18 April 25 May 2 May 9 May 16 `` The Song from Moulin Rouge ( Where Is Your Heart ) '' `` The Song from Moulin Rouge ( Where Is Your Heart ) '' May 23 `` The Song from Moulin Rouge ( Where Is Your Heart ) '' May 30 June 6 June 13 June 20 June 27 July 4 `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' July 11 July 18 `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' July 25 `` I 'm Walking Behind You '' August 1 August 8 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) '' `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) '' August 15 `` No Other Love '' August 22 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) '' August 29 September 5 September 12 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) '' September 19 September 26 `` You , You , You '' October 3 October 10 `` St. George and the Dragonet '' October 17 October 24 `` St. George and the Dragonet '' `` You , You , You '' October 31 `` You , You , You '' November 7 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) '' November 14 November 21 `` Rags to Riches '' November 28 `` Rags to Riches '' December 5 `` Rags to Riches '' December 12 December 19 December 26", "Issue date Best Sellers in Stores Most Played by Jockeys Most Played in Jukeboxes", "January 3 `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? '' `` Why Do n't You Believe Me ? ''", "January 10 `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes ''", "January 17 `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes ''", "January 24 `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes ''", "January 31", "February 7", "February 14 `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' `` Till I Waltz Again with You '' `` Till I Waltz Again with You ''", "February 21", "February 28", "March 7", "March 14", "March 21 `` The Doggie in the Window ''", "March 28 `` The Doggie in the Window '' `` The Doggie in the Window ''", "April 4 `` Till I Waltz Again with You ''", "April 11 `` The Doggie in the Window ''", "April 18", "April 25", "May 2", "May 9", "May 16 `` The Song from Moulin Rouge ( Where Is Your Heart ) '' `` The Song from Moulin Rouge ( Where Is Your Heart ) ''", "May 23 `` The Song from Moulin Rouge ( Where Is Your Heart ) ''", "May 30", "June 6", "June 13", "June 20", "June 27", "July 4 `` I 'm Walking Behind You ''", "July 11", "July 18 `` I 'm Walking Behind You ''", "July 25 `` I 'm Walking Behind You ''", "August 1", "August 8 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) '' `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) ''", "August 15 `` No Other Love ''", "August 22 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) ''", "August 29", "September 5", "September 12 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) ''", "September 19", "September 26 `` You , You , You ''", "October 3", "October 10 `` St. George and the Dragonet ''", "October 17", "October 24 `` St. George and the Dragonet '' `` You , You , You ''", "October 31 `` You , You , You ''", "November 7 `` Vaya con Dios ( May God Be with You ) ''", "November 14", "November 21 `` Rags to Riches ''", "November 28 `` Rags to Riches ''", "December 5 `` Rags to Riches ''", "December 12", "December 19", "December 26" ]

[ [ "the 1980s" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "History of computing Hardware Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present Software Software Unix Free software and open - source software Computer science Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering Modern concepts General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web By country Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia Timeline of computing before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ... Glossary of computer science Category", "History of computing", "Hardware", "Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present", "Hardware before 1960 Hardware 1960s to present", "Hardware before 1960", "Hardware 1960s to present", "Software", "Software Unix Free software and open - source software", "Software Unix Free software and open - source software", "Free software and open - source software", "Computer science", "Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering", "Artificial intelligence Compiler construction Computer science Operating systems Programming languages Prominent pioneers Software engineering", "Modern concepts", "General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web", "General - purpose CPUs Graphical user interface Internet Laptops Personal computers Video games World Wide Web", "General - purpose CPUs", "Graphical user interface", "World Wide Web", "By country", "Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia", "Bulgaria Poland Romania Soviet Bloc Soviet Union Yugoslavia", "Timeline of computing", "before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ...", "before 1950 1950 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 more timelines ...", "1950 -- 1979", "1980 -- 1989", "1990 -- 1999", "2000 -- 2009", "2010 -- 2019", "more timelines ...", "Glossary of computer science", "Category", "Category", "", "", "Internet An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline Internet portal", "Internet", "An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet", "General ( hide ) Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage", "Access Censorship Democracy Digital divide Digital rights Freedom of information History of the Internet Internet phenomena Net neutrality Oldest domain names Pioneers Privacy Sociology Usage", "Freedom of information", "History of the Internet", "Oldest domain names", "Governance ( show ) ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society", "ICANN Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Governance Forum Internet Society", "Internet Engineering Task Force", "Internet Governance Forum", "Information infrastructure ( show ) Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "Domain Name System Hypertext Transfer Protocol Internet exchange point Internet Protocol Internet protocol suite Internet service provider IP address Internet Message Access Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "Domain Name System", "Hypertext Transfer Protocol", "Internet exchange point", "Internet protocol suite", "Internet service provider", "Internet Message Access Protocol", "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", "Services ( show ) Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search", "Blogs Microblogging Email Fax File sharing File transfer Games Instant messaging Podcasts Shopping Television Voice over IP World Wide Web search", "Blogs Microblogging", "Microblogging", "Voice over IP", "World Wide Web search", "search", "Guides ( show ) Book Index Outline", "Book Index Outline", "Internet portal", "", "", "The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s . Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States , United Kingdom , and France . The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s , including for the development of the ARPANET project , directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts . The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's laboratory at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) .", "Packet switching networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , Merit Network , CYCLADES , and Telenet , were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols . Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory ( NPL ) in the UK , which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks .", "The Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET , incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) began to emerge in the very late 1980s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 , and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995 , removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic .", "In the 1980s , research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners - Lee resulted in the World Wide Web , linking hypertext documents into an information system , accessible from any node on the network . Since the mid-1990s , the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture , commerce , and technology , including the rise of near - instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging , voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) telephone calls , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . The Internet 's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms : it only communicated 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunications networks in the year 1993 , already 51 % by 2000 , and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007 . Today the Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information , commerce , entertainment , and social networking .", "Internet history timeline Early research and development : 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet : 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services : 1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses", "Internet history timeline", "Early research and development : 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet : 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services : 1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses", "Early research and development :", "1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established", "1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts", "1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded", "1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts", "1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment", "1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets", "1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC )", "1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network", "1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational", "1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established", "1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated", "1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network", "1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved", "1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced", "1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB )", "1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP", "1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced", "1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established", "Merging the networks and creating the Internet :", "1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established", "1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET )", "1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized", "1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP )", "1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS )", "1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET", "1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered", "1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links", "1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF )", "1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded", "1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 )", "1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released", "1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm", "1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP )", "1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic", "1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes )", "1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP )", "1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned", "1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS )", "1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic", "1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine", "1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS )", "1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher", "1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX )", "1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic", "1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW )", "1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 )", "1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established", "1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR )", "1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established", "1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access", "1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released", "1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines", "1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established", "Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet :", "1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I", "1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs", "1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned", "1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP", "1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS )", "1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed", "1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly", "1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN )", "1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking", "1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network", "1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access", "2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts", "2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated", "2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms", "2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I", "2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered 2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names 2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st", "2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded", "2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG )", "2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II", "2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum", "2010 ( 2010 ) : First internationalized country code top - level domains registered", "2012 ( 2012 ) : ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top - level domain names", "2013 ( 2013 ) : Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation", "2014 ( 2014 ) : NetMundial international Internet governance proposal", "2016 ( 2016 ) : ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends , IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st", "Examples of Internet services :", "1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser 1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database 1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer 1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping 1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements 1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail 1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation 1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search 1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups ) 1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system 1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing 2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia 2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking 2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site 2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls 2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store 2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board 2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host 2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site 2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series 2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting 2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing 2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting 2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe 2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging 2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View 2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 ) 2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting 2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine 2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service 2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system 2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency 2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking 2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing 2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses", "1989 ( 1989 ) : AOL dial - up service provider , email , instant messaging , and web browser", "1990 ( 1990 ) : IMDb Internet movie database", "1995 ( 1995 ) : Amazon.com online retailer", "1995 ( 1995 ) : eBay online auction and shopping", "1995 ( 1995 ) : Craigslist classified advertisements", "1996 ( 1996 ) : Hotmail free web - based e-mail", "1997 ( 1997 ) : Babel Fish automatic translation", "1998 ( 1998 ) : Google Search", "1998 ( 1998 ) : Yahoo ! Clubs ( now Yahoo ! Groups )", "1998 ( 1998 ) : PayPal Internet payment system", "1999 ( 1999 ) : Napster peer - to - peer file sharing", "2001 ( 2001 ) : BitTorrent peer - to - peer file sharing", "2001 ( 2001 ) : Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia", "2003 ( 2003 ) : LinkedIn business networking", "2003 ( 2003 ) : Myspace social networking site", "2003 ( 2003 ) : Skype Internet voice calls", "2003 ( 2003 ) : iTunes Store", "2003 ( 2003 ) : 4Chan Anonymous image - based bulletin board", "2003 ( 2003 ) : The Pirate Bay , torrent file host", "2004 ( 2004 ) : Facebook social networking site", "2004 ( 2004 ) : Podcast media file series", "2004 ( 2004 ) : Flickr image hosting", "2005 ( 2005 ) : YouTube video sharing", "2005 ( 2005 ) : Reddit link voting", "2005 ( 2005 ) : Google Earth virtual globe", "2006 ( 2006 ) : Twitter microblogging", "2007 ( 2007 ) : WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks", "2007 ( 2007 ) : Google Street View", "2007 ( 2007 ) : Kindle , e-reader and virtual bookshop", "2008 ( 2008 ) : Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ( EC2 )", "2008 ( 2008 ) : Dropbox cloud - based file hosting", "2008 ( 2008 ) : Encyclopedia of Life , a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species", "2008 ( 2008 ) : Spotify , a DRM - based music streaming service", "2009 ( 2009 ) : Bing search engine", "2009 ( 2009 ) : Google Docs , Web - based word processor , spreadsheet , presentation , form , and data storage service", "2009 ( 2009 ) : Kickstarter , a threshold pledge system", "2009 ( 2009 ) : Bitcoin , a digital currency", "2010 ( 2010 ) : Instagram , photo sharing and social networking", "2011 ( 2011 ) : Google+ , social networking", "2011 ( 2011 ) : Snapchat , photo sharing", "2012 ( 2012 ) : Coursera , massive open online courses", "The concept of data communication -- transmitting data between two different places through an electromagnetic medium such as radio or an electric wire -- pre-dates the introduction of the first computers . Such communication systems were typically limited to point to point communication between two end devices . Telegraph systems and telex machines can be considered early precursors of this kind of communication . The Telegraph in the late 19th century was the first fully digital communication system .", "Fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory was developed by Claude Shannon , Harry Nyquist , and Ralph Hartley in the early 20th century .", "Early computers had a central processing unit and remote terminals . As the technology evolved , new systems were devised to allow communication over longer distances ( for terminals ) or with higher speed ( for interconnection of local devices ) that were necessary for the mainframe computer model . These technologies made it possible to exchange data ( such as files ) between remote computers . However , the point - to - point communication model was limited , as it did not allow for direct communication between any two arbitrary systems ; a physical link was necessary . The technology was also considered unsafe for strategic and military use because there were no alternative paths for the communication in case of an enemy attack .", "With limited exceptions , the earliest computers were connected directly to terminals used by individual users , typically in the same building or site . Such networks became known as local area networks ( LANs ) . Networking beyond this scope , known as wide area networks ( WANs ) , emerged during the 1950s and became established during the 1960s .", "J.C.R. Licklider , Vice President at Bolt Beranek and Newman , Inc. , proposed a global network in his January 1960 paper Man - Computer Symbiosis :", "A network of such centers , connected to one another by wide - band communication lines ( ... ) the functions of present - day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper", "In August 1962 , Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper `` On - Line Man - Computer Communication '' which was one of the first descriptions of a networked future .", "In October 1962 , Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office ( IPTO ) within DARPA , with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense 's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain , the Pentagon , and SAC HQ . There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research . He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff , whom he called `` Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network '' . As part of the information processing office 's role , three network terminals had been installed : one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica , one for Project Genie at University of California , Berkeley , and one for the Compatible Time - Sharing System project at Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) . Licklider 's identified need for inter-networking would become obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused .", "For each of these three terminals , I had three different sets of user commands . So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this , I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal , go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them ... I said , oh man , it 's obvious what to do : If you have these three terminals , there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing . That idea is the ARPAnet .", "Although he left the IPTO in 1964 , five years before the ARPANET went live , it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus for one of his successors , Robert Taylor , to initiate the ARPANET development . Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years .", "The issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network was the first of many problems . Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure . In the 1960s , Paul Baran of the RAND Corporation produced a study of survivable networks for the U.S. military in the event of nuclear war . Information transmitted across Baran 's network would be divided into what he called `` message blocks '' . Independently , Donald Davies ( National Physical Laboratory , UK ) , proposed and was the first to put into practice a local area network based on what he called packet switching , the term that would ultimately be adopted . Larry Roberts applied Davies ' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET wide area network , and sought input from Paul Baran and Leonard Kleinrock . Kleinrock subsequently developed the mathematical theory behind the performance of this technology building on his earlier work on queueing theory .", "Packet switching is a rapid store and forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets , with routing decisions made per - packet . It provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit - switching technology used for telephony , particularly on resource - limited interconnection links .", "Following discussions with J.C.R. Licklider , Donald Davies became interested in data communications for computer networks . At the National Physical Laboratory ( United Kingdom ) in 1965 , Davies designed and proposed a national data network based on packet switching . The following year , he described the use of an `` Interface computer '' to act as a router . The proposal was not taken up nationally but by 1967 , a pilot experiment had demonstrated the feasibility of packet switched networks .", "By 1969 he had begun building the Mark I packet - switched network to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions . In 1976 , 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached , and more were added until the network was replaced in 1986 . NPL , followed by ARPANET , were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching , and were interconnected in the early 1970s .", "Robert Taylor was promoted to the head of the information processing office at Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) in June 1966 . He intended to realize Licklider 's ideas of an interconnected networking system . Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT , he initiated a project to build such a network . The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) and the Stanford Research Institute at 22 : 30 hours on October 29 , 1969 .", "`` We set up a telephone connection between us and the guys at SRI ... '' , Kleinrock ... said in an interview : `` We typed the L and we asked on the phone ,", "`` Do you see the L ? '' `` Yes , we see the L , '' came the response . We typed the O , and we asked , `` Do you see the O . '' `` Yes , we see the O . '' Then we typed the G , and the system crashed ...", "`` Do you see the L ? ''", "`` Yes , we see the L , '' came the response .", "We typed the O , and we asked , `` Do you see the O . ''", "`` Yes , we see the O . ''", "Then we typed the G , and the system crashed ...", "Yet a revolution had begun '' ...", "By December 5 , 1969 , a 4 - node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California , Santa Barbara . Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet , the ARPANET grew rapidly . By 1981 , the number of hosts had grown to 213 , with a new host being added approximately every twenty days .", "ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments ( RFC ) process , still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems . RFC 1 , entitled `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California , Los Angeles , and published on April 7 , 1969 . These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks : The Heralds of Resource Sharing .", "ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet , and a primary tool in developing the technologies used . The early ARPANET used the Network Control Program ( NCP , sometimes Network Control Protocol ) rather than TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , NCP on the ARPANET was replaced by the more flexible and powerful family of TCP / IP protocols , marking the start of the modern Internet .", "International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse . For various political reasons , European developers were concerned with developing the X. 25 networks . Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array ( NORSAR ) in 1972 , followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein 's research group in the UK , initially at the Institute of Computer Science , London University and later at University College London .", "The Merit Network was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . With initial support from the State of Michigan and the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , the packet - switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State University in Detroit . In October 1972 connections to the CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing completed the triad . Over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the Tymnet and Telenet public data networks , X. 25 host attachments , gateways to X. 25 data networks , Ethernet attached hosts , and eventually TCP / IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network . All of this set the stage for Merit 's role in the NSFNET project starting in the mid-1980s .", "The CYCLADES packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by Louis Pouzin . First demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally . It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end - to - end protocol mechanisms . Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture .", "Based on ARPA 's research , packet switching network standards were developed by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) in the form of X. 25 and related standards . While using packet switching , X. 25 is built on the concept of virtual circuits emulating traditional telephone connections . In 1974 , X. 25 formed the basis for the SERCnet network between British academic and research sites , which later became JANET . The initial ITU Standard on X. 25 was approved in March 1976 .", "The British Post Office , Western Union International and Tymnet collaborated to create the first international packet switched network , referred to as the International Packet Switched Service ( IPSS ) , in 1978 . This network grew from Europe and the US to cover Canada , Hong Kong , and Australia by 1981 . By the 1990s it provided a worldwide networking infrastructure .", "Unlike ARPANET , X. 25 was commonly available for business use . Telenet offered its Telemail electronic mail service , which was also targeted to enterprise use rather than the general email system of the ARPANET .", "The first public dial - in networks used asynchronous TTY terminal protocols to reach a concentrator operated in the public network . Some networks , such as CompuServe , used X. 25 to multiplex the terminal sessions into their packet - switched backbones , while others , such as Tymnet , used proprietary protocols . In 1979 , CompuServe became the first service to offer electronic mail capabilities and technical support to personal computer users . The company broke new ground again in 1980 as the first to offer real - time chat with its CB Simulator . Other major dial - in networks were America Online ( AOL ) and Prodigy that also provided communications , content , and entertainment features . Many bulletin board system ( BBS ) networks also provided on - line access , such as FidoNet which was popular amongst hobbyist computer users , many of them hackers and amateur radio operators .", "In 1979 , two students at Duke University , Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis , originated the idea of using Bourne shell scripts to transfer news and messages on a serial line UUCP connection with nearby University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Following public release of the software in 1980 , the mesh of UUCP hosts forwarding on the Usenet news rapidly expanded . UUCPnet , as it would later be named , also created gateways and links between FidoNet and dial - up BBS hosts . UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved , ability to use existing leased lines , X. 25 links or even ARPANET connections , and the lack of strict use policies compared to later networks like CSNET and Bitnet . All connects were local . By 1981 the number of UUCP hosts had grown to 550 , nearly doubling to 940 in 1984 . -- Sublink Network , operating since 1987 and officially founded in Italy in 1989 , based its interconnectivity upon UUCP to redistribute mail and news groups messages throughout its Italian nodes ( about 100 at the time ) owned both by private individuals and small companies . Sublink Network represented possibly one of the first examples of the Internet technology becoming progress through popular diffusion .", "With so many different network methods , something was needed to unify them . Robert E. Kahn of DARPA and ARPANET recruited Vinton Cerf of Stanford University to work with him on the problem . By 1973 , they had worked out a fundamental reformulation , where the differences between network protocols were hidden by using a common internetwork protocol , and instead of the network being responsible for reliability , as in the ARPANET , the hosts became responsible . Cerf credits Hubert Zimmermann , Gerard LeLann and Louis Pouzin ( designer of the CYCLADES network ) with important work on this design .", "The specification of the resulting protocol , RFC 675 -- Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program , by Vinton Cerf , Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine , Network Working Group , December 1974 , contains the first attested use of the term internet , as a shorthand for internetworking ; later RFCs repeat this use , so the word started out as an adjective rather than the noun it is today .", "With the role of the network reduced to the bare minimum , it became possible to join almost any networks together , no matter what their characteristics were , thereby solving Kahn 's initial problem . DARPA agreed to fund development of prototype software , and after several years of work , the first demonstration of a gateway between the Packet Radio network in the SF Bay area and the ARPANET was conducted by the Stanford Research Institute . On November 22 , 1977 a three network demonstration was conducted including the ARPANET , the SRI 's Packet Radio Van on the Packet Radio Network and the Atlantic Packet Satellite network .", "Stemming from the first specifications of TCP in 1974 , TCP / IP emerged in mid-late 1978 in nearly its final form , as used for the first decades of the Internet , known as `` IPv4 '' . which is described in IETF publication RFC 791 ( September 1981 ) .", "IPv4 uses 32 - bit addresses which limits the address space to 2 addresses , i.e. 4294967296 addresses . The last availble IPv4 address was assigned in January 2011 . IPv4 is being replaced by its successor , called `` IPv6 '' , which uses 128 bit addresses , providing 2 addresses , i.e. 340 282 366 920 938 463 463 374 607 431 768 211 456 . This is a vastly increased address space . The shift to IPv6 is expected to take many years , decades , or perhaps longer , to complete , since there were four billion machines with IPv4 when the shift began .", "The associated standards for IPv4 were published by 1981 as RFCs 791 , 792 and 793 , and adopted for use . DARPA sponsored or encouraged the development of TCP / IP implementations for many operating systems and then scheduled a migration of all hosts on all of its packet networks to TCP / IP . On January 1 , 1983 , known as flag day , TCP / IP protocols became the only approved protocol on the ARPANET , replacing the earlier NCP protocol .", "After the ARPANET had been up and running for several years , ARPA looked for another agency to hand off the network to ; ARPA 's primary mission was funding cutting edge research and development , not running a communications utility . Eventually , in July 1975 , the network had been turned over to the Defense Communications Agency , also part of the Department of Defense . In 1983 , the U.S. military portion of the ARPANET was broken off as a separate network , the MILNET . MILNET subsequently became the unclassified but military - only NIPRNET , in parallel with the SECRET - level SIPRNET and JWICS for TOP SECRET and above . NIPRNET does have controlled security gateways to the public Internet .", "The networks based on the ARPANET were government funded and therefore restricted to noncommercial uses such as research ; unrelated commercial use was strictly forbidden . This initially restricted connections to military sites and universities . During the 1980s , the connections expanded to more educational institutions , and even to a growing number of companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and Hewlett - Packard , which were participating in research projects or providing services to those who were .", "Several other branches of the U.S. government , the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) , and the Department of Energy ( DOE ) became heavily involved in Internet research and started development of a successor to ARPANET . In the mid-1980s , all three of these branches developed the first Wide Area Networks based on TCP / IP . NASA developed the NASA Science Network , NSF developed CSNET and DOE evolved the Energy Sciences Network or ESNet .", "NASA developed the TCP / IP based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) in the mid-1980s , connecting space scientists to data and information stored anywhere in the world . In 1989 , the DECnet - based Space Physics Analysis Network ( SPAN ) and the TCP / IP - based NASA Science Network ( NSN ) were brought together at NASA Ames Research Center creating the first multiprotocol wide area network called the NASA Science Internet , or NSI . NSI was established to provide a totally integrated communications infrastructure to the NASA scientific community for the advancement of earth , space and life sciences . As a high - speed , multiprotocol , international network , NSI provided connectivity to over 20,000 scientists across all seven continents .", "In 1981 NSF supported the development of the Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) . CSNET connected with ARPANET using TCP / IP , and ran TCP / IP over X. 25 , but it also supported departments without sophisticated network connections , using automated dial - up mail exchange .", "In 1986 , the NSF created NSFNET , a 56 kbit / s backbone to support the NSF - sponsored supercomputing centers . The NSFNET also provided support for the creation of regional research and education networks in the United States , and for the connection of university and college campus networks to the regional networks . The use of NSFNET and the regional networks was not limited to supercomputer users and the 56 kbit / s network quickly became overloaded . NSFNET was upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s in 1988 under a cooperative agreement with the Merit Network in partnership with IBM , MCI , and the State of Michigan . The existence of NSFNET and the creation of Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) allowed the ARPANET to be decommissioned in 1990 . NSFNET was expanded and upgraded to 45 Mbit / s in 1991 , and was decommissioned in 1995 when it was replaced by backbones operated by several commercial Internet Service Providers .", "The term `` internet '' was adopted in the first RFC published on the TCP protocol ( RFC 675 : Internet Transmission Control Program , December 1974 ) as an abbreviation of the term internetworking and the two terms were used interchangeably . In general , an internet was any network using TCP / IP . It was around the time when ARPANET was interlinked with NSFNET in the late 1980s , that the term was used as the name of the network , Internet , being the large and global TCP / IP network .", "As interest in networking grew and new applications for it were developed , the Internet 's technologies spread throughout the rest of the world . The network - agnostic approach in TCP / IP meant that it was easy to use any existing network infrastructure , such as the IPSS X. 25 network , to carry Internet traffic . In 1982 , one year earlier than ARPANET , University College London replaced its transatlantic satellite links with TCP / IP over IPSS .", "Many sites unable to link directly to the Internet created simple gateways for the transfer of electronic mail , the most important application of the time . Sites with only intermittent connections used UUCP or FidoNet and relied on the gateways between these networks and the Internet . Some gateway services went beyond simple mail peering , such as allowing access to File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) sites via UUCP or mail .", "Finally , routing technologies were developed for the Internet to remove the remaining centralized routing aspects . The Exterior Gateway Protocol ( EGP ) was replaced by a new protocol , the Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) . This provided a meshed topology for the Internet and reduced the centric architecture which ARPANET had emphasized . In 1994 , Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) was introduced to support better conservation of address space which allowed use of route aggregation to decrease the size of routing tables .", "Between 1984 and 1988 CERN began installation and operation of TCP / IP to interconnect its major internal computer systems , workstations , PCs and an accelerator control system . CERN continued to operate a limited self - developed system ( CERNET ) internally and several incompatible ( typically proprietary ) network protocols externally . There was considerable resistance in Europe towards more widespread use of TCP / IP , and the CERN TCP / IP intranets remained isolated from the Internet until 1989 .", "In 1988 , Daniel Karrenberg , from Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica ( CWI ) in Amsterdam , visited Ben Segal , CERN 's TCP / IP Coordinator , looking for advice about the transition of the European side of the UUCP Usenet network ( much of which ran over X. 25 links ) over to TCP / IP . In 1987 , Ben Segal had met with Len Bosack from the then still small company Cisco about purchasing some TCP / IP routers for CERN , and was able to give Karrenberg advice and forward him on to Cisco for the appropriate hardware . This expanded the European portion of the Internet across the existing UUCP networks , and in 1989 CERN opened its first external TCP / IP connections . This coincided with the creation of Réseaux IP Européens ( RIPE ) , initially a group of IP network administrators who met regularly to carry out coordination work together . Later , in 1992 , RIPE was formally registered as a cooperative in Amsterdam .", "At the same time as the rise of internetworking in Europe , ad hoc networking to ARPA and in - between Australian universities formed , based on various technologies such as X. 25 and UUCP Net . These were limited in their connection to the global networks , due to the cost of making individual international UUCP dial - up or X. 25 connections . In 1989 , Australian universities joined the push towards using IP protocols to unify their networking infrastructures . AARNet was formed in 1989 by the Australian Vice-Chancellors ' Committee and provided a dedicated IP based network for Australia .", "The Internet began to penetrate Asia in the 1980s . In May 1982 South Korea became the second country to successfully set up TCP / IP IPv4 network . Japan , which had built the UUCP - based network JUNET in 1984 , connected to NSFNET in 1989 . It hosted the annual meeting of the Internet Society , INET'92 , in Kobe . Singapore developed TECHNET in 1990 , and Thailand gained a global Internet connection between Chulalongkorn University and UUNET in 1992 .", "While developed countries with technological infrastructures were joining the Internet , developing countries began to experience a digital divide separating them from the Internet . On an essentially continental basis , they are building organizations for Internet resource administration and sharing operational experience , as more and more transmission facilities go into place .", "At the beginning of the 1990s , African countries relied upon X. 25 IPSS and 2400 baud modem UUCP links for international and internetwork computer communications .", "In August 1995 , InfoMail Uganda , Ltd. , a privately held firm in Kampala now known as InfoCom , and NSN Network Services of Avon , Colorado , sold in 1997 and now known as Clear Channel Satellite , established Africa 's first native TCP / IP high - speed satellite Internet services . The data connection was originally carried by a C - Band RSCC Russian satellite which connected InfoMail 's Kampala offices directly to NSN 's MAE - West point of presence using a private network from NSN 's leased ground station in New Jersey . InfoCom 's first satellite connection was just 64 kbit / s , serving a Sun host computer and twelve US Robotics dial - up modems .", "In 1996 , a USAID funded project , the Leland Initiative , started work on developing full Internet connectivity for the continent . Guinea , Mozambique , Madagascar and Rwanda gained satellite earth stations in 1997 , followed by Ivory Coast and Benin in 1998 .", "Africa is building an Internet infrastructure . AfriNIC , headquartered in Mauritius , manages IP address allocation for the continent . As do the other Internet regions , there is an operational forum , the Internet Community of Operational Networking Specialists .", "There are many programs to provide high - performance transmission plant , and the western and southern coasts have undersea optical cable . High - speed cables join North Africa and the Horn of Africa to intercontinental cable systems . Undersea cable development is slower for East Africa ; the original joint effort between New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) and the East Africa Submarine System ( Eassy ) has broken off and may become two efforts .", "The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , headquartered in Australia , manages IP address allocation for the continent . APNIC sponsors an operational forum , the Asia - Pacific Regional Internet Conference on Operational Technologies ( APRICOT ) .", "South Korea 's first Internet system , the System Development Network ( SDN ) began operation on 15 May 1982 . SDN was connected to the rest of the world in August 1983 using UUCP ( Unixto - Unix - Copy ) ; connected to CSNET in December 1984 ; and formally connected to the U.S. Internet in 1990 .", "In 1991 , the People 's Republic of China saw its first TCP / IP college network , Tsinghua University 's TUNET . The PRC went on to make its first global Internet connection in 1994 , between the Beijing Electro - Spectrometer Collaboration and Stanford University 's Linear Accelerator Center . However , China went on to implement its own digital divide by implementing a country - wide content filter .", "As with the other regions , the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry ( LACNIC ) manages the IP address space and other resources for its area . LACNIC , headquartered in Uruguay , operates DNS root , reverse DNS , and other key services .", "Initially , as with its predecessor networks , the system that would evolve into the Internet was primarily for government and government body use .", "However , interest in commercial use of the Internet quickly became a commonly debated topic . Although commercial use was forbidden , the exact definition of commercial use was unclear and subjective . UUCP Net and the X. 25 IPSS had no such restrictions , which would eventually see the official barring of UUCPNet use of ARPANET and NSFNET connections . ( Some UUCP links still remained connecting to these networks however , as administrators cast a blind eye to their operation . )", "As a result , during the late 1980s , the first Internet service provider ( ISP ) companies were formed . Companies like PSINet , UUNET , Netcom , and Portal Software were formed to provide service to the regional research networks and provide alternate network access , UUCP - based email and Usenet News to the public . The first commercial dialup ISP in the United States was The World , which opened in 1989 .", "In 1992 , the U.S. Congress passed the Scientific and Advanced - Technology Act , 42 U.S.C. § 1862 ( g ) , which allowed NSF to support access by the research and education communities to computer networks which were not used exclusively for research and education purposes , thus permitting NSFNET to interconnect with commercial networks . This caused controversy within the research and education community , who were concerned commercial use of the network might lead to an Internet that was less responsive to their needs , and within the community of commercial network providers , who felt that government subsidies were giving an unfair advantage to some organizations .", "By 1990 , ARPANET 's goals had been fulfilled and new networking technologies exceeded the original scope and the project came to a close . New network service providers including PSINet , Alternet , CERFNet , ANS CO + RE , and many others were offering network access to commercial customers . NSFNET was no longer the de facto backbone and exchange point of the Internet . The Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) , Metropolitan Area Exchanges ( MAEs ) , and later Network Access Points ( NAPs ) were becoming the primary interconnections between many networks . The final restrictions on carrying commercial traffic ended on April 30 , 1995 when the National Science Foundation ended its sponsorship of the NSFNET Backbone Service and the service ended . NSF provided initial support for the NAPs and interim support to help the regional research and education networks transition to commercial ISPs . NSF also sponsored the very high speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) which continued to provide support for the supercomputing centers and research and education in the United States .", "The World Wide Web ( sometimes abbreviated `` www '' or `` W3 '' ) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by URIs , interlinked by hypertext links , and can be accessed via the Internet using a web browser and ( more recently ) web - based applications . It has become known simply as `` the Web '' . As of the 2010s , the World Wide Web is the primary tool billions use to interact on the Internet , and it has changed people 's lives immeasurably .", "Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s ( the bare concept of hyperlinking had by then existed for some decades ) . Following these , Tim Berners - Lee is credited with inventing the World Wide Web in 1989 and developing in 1990 both the first web server , and the first web browser , called WorldWideWeb ( no spaces ) and later renamed Nexus . Many others were soon developed , with Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic ( later Netscape ) , being particularly easy to use and install , and often credited with sparking the internet boom of the 1990s . Today , the major web browsers are Firefox , Internet Explorer , Google Chrome , Opera and Safari .", "A boost in web users was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic , a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers . This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users , and therefore included images and text on the same page , unlike previous browser designs ; its founder , Marc Andreessen , also established the company that in 1994 , released Netscape Navigator , which resulted in one of the early browser wars , when it ended up in a competition for dominance ( which it lost ) with Microsoft Windows ' Internet Explorer . Commercial use restrictions were lifted in 1995 . The online service America Online ( AOL ) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser .", "During the first decade or so of the public internet , the immense changes it would eventually enable in the 2000s were still nascent . In terms of providing context for this period , mobile cellular devices ( `` smartphones '' and other cellular devices ) which today provide near - universal access , were used for business and not a routine household item owned by parents and children worldwide . Social media in the modern sense had yet to come into existence , laptops were bulky and most households did not have computers . Data rates were slow and most people lacked means to video or digitize video so websites such as YouTube did not yet exist , media storage was transitioning slowly from analog tape to digital optical discs ( DVD and to an extent still , floppy disc to CD ) . Enabling technologies used from the early 2000s such as PHP , modern Javascript and Java , technologies such as AJAX , HTML 4 ( and its emphasis on CSS ) , and various software frameworks , which enabled and simplified speed of web development , largely awaited invention and their eventual widespread adoption .", "The Internet was widely used for mailing lists , emails , e-commerce and early popular online shopping ( Amazon and eBay for example ) , online forums and bulletin boards , and personal websites and blogs , and use was growing rapidly , but by more modern standards the systems used were static and lacked widespread social engagement . It awaited a number of events in the early 2000s to change from a communications technology to gradually develop into a key part of global society 's infrastructure .", "Typical design elements of these `` Web 1.0 '' era websites included : Static pages instead of dynamic HTML ; content served from filesystems instead of relational databases ; pages built using Server Side Includes or CGI instead of a web application written in a dynamic programming language ; HTML 3.2 - era structures such as frames and tables to create page layouts ; online guestbooks ; overuse of GIF buttons and similar small graphics promoting particular items ; and HTML forms sent via email . ( Support for server side scripting was rare on shared servers so the usual feedback mechanism was via email , using mailto forms and their email program .", "During the period 1997 to 2001 , the first speculative investment bubble related to the Internet took place , in which `` dot - com '' companies ( referring to the ``. com '' top level domain used by businesses ) were propelled to exceedingly high valuations as investors rapidly stoked stock values , followed by a market crash ; the first dot - com bubble . However this only temporarily slowed enthusiasm and growth , which quickly recovered and continued to grow .", "The changes that would propel the Internet into its place as a social system took place during a relatively short period of no more than five years , starting from around 2004 . They included :", "The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) ,", "The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) ,", "The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) , Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) . Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second . High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations , The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) ,", "The call to `` Web 2.0 '' in 2004 ( first suggested in 1999 ) ,", "Accelerating adoption and commoditization among households of , and familiarity with , the necessary hardware ( such as computers ) .", "Accelerating storage technology and data access speeds -- hard drives emerged , took over from far smaller , slower floppy discs , and grew from megabytes to gigabytes ( and by around 2010 , terabytes ) , RAM from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes as typical amounts on a system , and Ethernet , the enabling technology for TCP / IP , moved from common speeds of kilobits to tens of megabits per second , to gigabits per second .", "High speed Internet and wider coverage of data connections , at lower prices , allowing larger traffic rates , more reliable simpler traffic , and traffic from more locations ,", "The gradually accelerating perception of the ability of computers to create new means and approaches to communication , the emergence of social media and websites such as Twitter and Facebook to their later prominence , and global collaborations such as Wikipedia ( which existed before but gained prominence as a result ) ,", "and shortly after ( approximately 2007 -- 2008 onward ) :", "The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices .", "The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices .", "The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond . Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) . An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices .", "The mobile revolution , which provided access to the Internet to much of human society of all ages , in their daily lives , and allowed them to share , discuss , and continually update , inquire , and respond .", "Non-volatile RAM rapidly grew in size and reliability , and decreased in price , becoming a commodity capable of enabling high levels of computing activity on these small handheld devices as well as solid - state drives ( SSD ) .", "An emphasis on power efficient processor and device design , rather than purely high processing power ; one of the beneficiaries of this was ARM , a British company which had focused since the 1980s on powerful but low cost simple microprocessors . ARM architecture rapidly gained dominance in the market for mobile and embedded devices .", "With the call to Web 2.0 , the period up to around 2004 -- 2005 was retrospectively named and described by some as Web 1.0 .", "The term `` Web 2.0 '' describes websites that emphasize user - generated content ( including user - to - user interaction ) , usability , and interoperability . It first appeared in a January 1999 article called `` Fragmented Future '' written by Darcy DiNucci , a consultant on electronic information design , where she wrote :", "`` The Web we know now , which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls , is only an embryo of the Web to come . The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear , and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop . The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism , the ether through which interactivity happens . It will ( ... ) appear on your computer screen , ( ... ) on your TV set ( ... ) your car dashboard ( ... ) your cell phone ( ... ) hand - held game machines ( ... ) maybe even your microwave oven . ''", "`` The Web we know now , which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls , is only an embryo of the Web to come . The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear , and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop . The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism , the ether through which interactivity happens . It will ( ... ) appear on your computer screen , ( ... ) on your TV set ( ... ) your car dashboard ( ... ) your cell phone ( ... ) hand - held game machines ( ... ) maybe even your microwave oven . ''", "The term resurfaced during 2002 -- 2004 , and gained prominence in late 2004 following presentations by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the first Web 2.0 Conference . In their opening remarks , John Battelle and Tim O'Reilly outlined their definition of the `` Web as Platform '' , where software applications are built upon the Web as opposed to upon the desktop . The unique aspect of this migration , they argued , is that `` customers are building your business for you '' . They argued that the activities of users generating content ( in the form of ideas , text , videos , or pictures ) could be `` harnessed '' to create value .", "Web 2.0 does not refer to an update to any technical specification , but rather to cumulative changes in the way Web pages are made and used . Web 2.0 describes an approach , in which sites focus substantially upon allowing users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue as creators of user - generated content in a virtual community , in contrast to Web sites where people are limited to the passive viewing of content . Examples of Web 2.0 include social networking sites , blogs , wikis , folksonomies , video sharing sites , hosted services , Web applications , and mashups . Terry Flew , in his 3rd Edition of New Media described what he believed to characterize the differences between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 :", "`` ( The ) move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation , from publishing to participation , from web content as the outcome of large up - front investment to an ongoing and interactive process , and from content management systems to links based on tagging ( folksonomy ) '' .", "`` ( The ) move from personal websites to blogs and blog site aggregation , from publishing to participation , from web content as the outcome of large up - front investment to an ongoing and interactive process , and from content management systems to links based on tagging ( folksonomy ) '' .", "This era saw several household names gain prominence through their community - oriented operation -- YouTube , Twitter , Facebook , Reddit and Wikipedia being some examples .", "The process of change generally described as `` Web 2.0 '' was itself greatly accelerated and transformed only a short time later by the increasing growth in mobile devices . This mobile revolution meant that computers in the form of smartphones became something many people used , took with them everywhere , communicated with , used for photographs and videos they instantly shared or to shop or seek information `` on the move '' -- and used socially , as opposed to items on a desk at home or just used for work .", "Location - based services , services using location and other sensor information , and crowdsourcing ( frequently but not always location based ) , became common , with posts tagged by location , or websites and services becoming location aware . Mobile - targeted websites ( such as `` m.website.com '' ) became common , designed especially for the new devices used . Netbooks , ultrabooks , widespread 4G and Wi - Fi , and mobile chips capable or running at nearly the power of desktops from not many years before on far lower power usage , became enablers of this stage of Internet development , and the term `` App '' emerged ( short for `` Application program '' or `` Program '' ) as did the `` App store '' .", "The first Internet link into low earth orbit was established on January 22 , 2010 when astronaut T.J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station , marking the extension of the Internet into space . ( Astronauts at the ISS had used email and Twitter before , but these messages had been relayed to the ground through a NASA data link before being posted by a human proxy . ) This personal Web access , which NASA calls the Crew Support LAN , uses the space station 's high - speed Ku band microwave link . To surf the Web , astronauts can use a station laptop computer to control a desktop computer on Earth , and they can talk to their families and friends on Earth using Voice over IP equipment .", "Communication with spacecraft beyond earth orbit has traditionally been over point - to - point links through the Deep Space Network . Each such data link must be manually scheduled and configured . In the late 1990s NASA and Google began working on a new network protocol , Delay - tolerant networking ( DTN ) which automates this process , allows networking of spaceborne transmission nodes , and takes the fact into account that spacecraft can temporarily lose contact because they move behind the Moon or planets , or because space weather disrupts the connection . Under such conditions , DTN retransmits data packages instead of dropping them , as the standard TCP / IP Internet Protocol does . NASA conducted the first field test of what it calls the `` deep space internet '' in November 2008 . Testing of DTN - based communications between the International Space Station and Earth ( now termed Disruption - Tolerant Networking ) has been ongoing since March 2009 , and is scheduled to continue until March 2014 .", "This network technology is supposed to ultimately enable missions that involve multiple spacecraft where reliable inter-vessel communication might take precedence over vessel - to - earth downlinks . According to a February 2011 statement by Google 's Vint Cerf , the so - called `` Bundle protocols '' have been uploaded to NASA 's EPOXI mission spacecraft ( which is in orbit around the Sun ) and communication with Earth has been tested at a distance of approximately 80 light seconds .", "As a globally distributed network of voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks , the Internet operates without a central governing body . It has no centralized governance for either technology or policies , and each constituent network chooses what technologies and protocols it will deploy from the voluntary technical standards that are developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) . However , throughout its entire history , the Internet system has had an `` Internet Assigned Numbers Authority '' ( IANA ) for the allocation and assignment of various technical identifiers needed for the operation of the Internet . The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) provides oversight and coordination for two principal name spaces in the Internet , the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System .", "The IANA function was originally performed by USC Information Sciences Institute ( ISI ) , and it delegated portions of this responsibility with respect to numeric network and autonomous system identifiers to the Network Information Center ( NIC ) at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI International ) in Menlo Park , California . ISI 's Jonathan Postel managed the IANA , served as RFC Editor and performed other key roles until his premature death in 1998 .", "As the early ARPANET grew , hosts were referred to by names , and a HOSTS. TXT file would be distributed from SRI International to each host on the network . As the network grew , this became cumbersome . A technical solution came in the form of the Domain Name System , created by ISI 's Paul Mockapetris in 1983 . The Defense Data Network -- Network Information Center ( DDN - NIC ) at SRI handled all registration services , including the top - level domains ( TLDs ) of . mil , . gov , . edu , . org , . net , . com and . us , root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract . In 1991 , the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN - NIC ( managed by SRI up until this point ) to Government Systems , Inc. , who subcontracted it to the small private - sector Network Solutions , Inc .", "The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses . In October 1992 , the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) published RFC 1366 , which described the `` growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization '' and set out the basis for an evolution of the IP registry process , based on a regionally distributed registry model . This document stressed the need for a single Internet number registry to exist in each geographical region of the world ( which would be of `` continental dimensions '' ) . Registries would be `` unbiased and widely recognized by network providers and subscribers '' within their region . The RIPE Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) was established as the first RIR in May 1992 . The second RIR , the Asia Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) , was established in Tokyo in 1993 , as a pilot project of the Asia Pacific Networking Group .", "Since at this point in history most of the growth on the Internet was coming from non-military sources , it was decided that the Department of Defense would no longer fund registration services outside of the . mil TLD . In 1993 the U.S. National Science Foundation , after a competitive bidding process in 1992 , created the InterNIC to manage the allocations of addresses and management of the address databases , and awarded the contract to three organizations . Registration Services would be provided by Network Solutions ; Directory and Database Services would be provided by AT&T ; and Information Services would be provided by General Atomics .", "Over time , after consultation with the IANA , the IETF , RIPE NCC , APNIC , and the Federal Networking Council ( FNC ) , the decision was made to separate the management of domain names from the management of IP numbers . Following the examples of RIPE NCC and APNIC , it was recommended that management of IP address space then administered by the InterNIC should be under the control of those that use it , specifically the ISPs , end - user organizations , corporate entities , universities , and individuals . As a result , the American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) was established as in December 1997 , as an independent , not - for - profit corporation by direction of the National Science Foundation and became the third Regional Internet Registry .", "In 1998 , both the IANA and remaining DNS - related InterNIC functions were reorganized under the control of ICANN , a California non-profit corporation contracted by the United States Department of Commerce to manage a number of Internet - related tasks . As these tasks involved technical coordination for two principal Internet name spaces ( DNS names and IP addresses ) created by the IETF , ICANN also signed a memorandum of understanding with the IAB to define the technical work to be carried out by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority . The management of Internet address space remained with the regional Internet registries , which collectively were defined as a supporting organization within the ICANN structure . ICANN provides central coordination for the DNS system , including policy coordination for the split registry / registrar system , with competition among registry service providers to serve each top - level - domain and multiple competing registrars offering DNS services to end - users .", "The Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) is the largest and most visible of several loosely related ad - hoc groups that provide technical direction for the Internet , including the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) .", "The IETF is a loosely self - organized group of international volunteers who contribute to the engineering and evolution of Internet technologies . It is the principal body engaged in the development of new Internet standard specifications . Much of the work of the IETF is organized into Working Groups . Standardization efforts of the Working Groups are often adopted by the Internet community , but the IETF does not control or patrol the Internet .", "The IETF grew out of quarterly meeting of U.S. government - funded researchers , starting in January 1986 . Non-government representatives were invited by the fourth IETF meeting in October 1986 . The concept of Working Groups was introduced at the fifth meeting in February 1987 . The seventh meeting in July 1987 was the first meeting with more than one hundred attendees . In 1992 , the Internet Society , a professional membership society , was formed and IETF began to operate under it as an independent international standards body . The first IETF meeting outside of the United States was held in Amsterdam , The Netherlands , in July 1993 . Today , the IETF meets three times per year and attendance has been as high as ca . 2,000 participants . Typically one in three IETF meetings are held in Europe or Asia . The number of non-US attendees is typically ca . 50 % , even at meetings held in the United States .", "The IETF is not a legal entity , has no governing board , no members , and no dues . The closest status resembling membership is being on an IETF or Working Group mailing list . IETF volunteers come from all over the world and from many different parts of the Internet community . The IETF works closely with and under the supervision of the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) and the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) . The Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) and the Internet Research Steering Group ( IRSG ) , peer activities to the IETF and IESG under the general supervision of the IAB , focus on longer term research issues .", "Request for Comments ( RFCs ) are the main documentation for the work of the IAB , IESG , IETF , and IRTF . RFC 1 , `` Host Software '' , was written by Steve Crocker at UCLA in April 1969 , well before the IETF was created . Originally they were technical memos documenting aspects of ARPANET development and were edited by Jon Postel , the first RFC Editor .", "RFCs cover a wide range of information from proposed standards , draft standards , full standards , best practices , experimental protocols , history , and other informational topics . RFCs can be written by individuals or informal groups of individuals , but many are the product of a more formal Working Group . Drafts are submitted to the IESG either by individuals or by the Working Group Chair . An RFC Editor , appointed by the IAB , separate from IANA , and working in conjunction with the IESG , receives drafts from the IESG and edits , formats , and publishes them . Once an RFC is published , it is never revised . If the standard it describes changes or its information becomes obsolete , the revised standard or updated information will be re-published as a new RFC that `` obsoletes '' the original .", "The Internet Society ( ISOC ) is an international , nonprofit organization founded during 1992 `` to assure the open development , evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world '' . With offices near Washington , DC , USA , and in Geneva , Switzerland , ISOC has a membership base comprising more than 80 organizational and more than 50,000 individual members . Members also form `` chapters '' based on either common geographical location or special interests . There are currently more than 90 chapters around the world .", "ISOC provides financial and organizational support to and promotes the work of the standards settings bodies for which it is the organizational home : the Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) , the Internet Architecture Board ( IAB ) , the Internet Engineering Steering Group ( IESG ) , and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ) . ISOC also promotes understanding and appreciation of the Internet model of open , transparent processes and consensus - based decision - making .", "Since the 1990s , the Internet 's governance and organization has been of global importance to governments , commerce , civil society , and individuals . The organizations which held control of certain technical aspects of the Internet were the successors of the old ARPANET oversight and the current decision - makers in the day - to - day technical aspects of the network . While recognized as the administrators of certain aspects of the Internet , their roles and their decision - making authority are limited and subject to increasing international scrutiny and increasing objections . These objections have led to the ICANN removing themselves from relationships with first the University of Southern California in 2000 , and in September 2009 , gaining autonomy from the US government by the ending of its longstanding agreements , although some contractual obligations with the U.S. Department of Commerce continued . Finally , on October 1 , 2016 ICANN ended its contract with the United States Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , allowing oversight to pass to the global Internet community .", "The IETF , with financial and organizational support from the Internet Society , continues to serve as the Internet 's ad - hoc standards body and issues Request for Comments .", "In November 2005 , the World Summit on the Information Society , held in Tunis , called for an Internet Governance Forum ( IGF ) to be convened by United Nations Secretary General . The IGF opened an ongoing , non-binding conversation among stakeholders representing governments , the private sector , civil society , and the technical and academic communities about the future of Internet governance . The first IGF meeting was held in October / November 2006 with follow up meetings annually thereafter . Since WSIS , the term `` Internet governance '' has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet - related policy issues .", "Due to its prominence and immediacy as an effective means of mass communication , the Internet has also become more politicized as it has grown . This has led in turn , to discourses and activities that would once have taken place in other ways , migrating to being mediated by internet .", "Examples include political activities such as public protest and canvassing of support and votes , but also --", "The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) .", "The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) .", "The spreading of ideas and opinions ; Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ; Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ; Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) .", "The spreading of ideas and opinions ;", "Recruitment of followers , and `` coming together '' of members of the public , for ideas , products , and causes ;", "Providing and widely distributing and sharing information that might be deemed sensitive or relates to whistleblowing ( and efforts by specific countries to prevent this by censorship ) ;", "Criminal activity and terrorism ( and resulting law enforcement use , together with its facilitation by mass surveillance ) .", "The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "On April 23 , 2014 , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) was reported to be considering a new rule that would permit Internet service providers to offer content providers a faster track to send content , thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position . A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband , according to Professor Susan Crawford , a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School . On May 15 , 2014 , the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services : first , permit fast and slow broadband lanes , thereby compromising net neutrality ; and second , reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service , thereby preserving net neutrality . On November 10 , 2014 , President Obama recommended the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality . On January 16 , 2015 , Republicans presented legislation , in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill , that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers ( ISPs ) . On January 31 , 2015 , AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ( `` with some caveats '' ) Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on February 26 , 2015 . Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of telecommunications and , according to Tom Wheeler , chairman of the FCC , ensure net neutrality . The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote , according to the New York Times .", "On February 26 , 2015 , the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by applying Title II ( common carrier ) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 of the Telecommunications act of 1996 to the Internet . The FCC Chairman , Tom Wheeler , commented , `` This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech . They both stand for the same concept . ''", "On March 12 , 2015 , the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules . On April 13 , 2015 , the FCC published the final rule on its new `` Net Neutrality '' regulations .", "On December 14 , 2017 , the F.C.C Repealed their March 12 , 2015 decision by a 3 - 2 vote regarding net neutrality rules .", "E-mail has often been called the killer application of the Internet . It predates the Internet , and was a crucial tool in creating it . Email started in 1965 as a way for multiple users of a time - sharing mainframe computer to communicate . Although the history is undocumented , among the first systems to have such a facility were the System Development Corporation ( SDC ) Q32 and the Compatible Time - Sharing System ( CTSS ) at MIT .", "The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the evolution of electronic mail . An experimental inter-system transferred mail on the ARPANET shortly after its creation . In 1971 Ray Tomlinson created what was to become the standard Internet electronic mail addressing format , using the @ sign to separate mailbox names from host names .", "A number of protocols were developed to deliver messages among groups of time - sharing computers over alternative transmission systems , such as UUCP and IBM 's VNET email system . Email could be passed this way between a number of networks , including ARPANET , BITNET and NSFNET , as well as to hosts connected directly to other sites via UUCP . See the history of SMTP protocol .", "In addition , UUCP allowed the publication of text files that could be read by many others . The News software developed by Steve Daniel and Tom Truscott in 1979 was used to distribute news and bulletin board - like messages . This quickly grew into discussion groups , known as newsgroups , on a wide range of topics . On ARPANET and NSFNET similar discussion groups would form via mailing lists , discussing both technical issues and more culturally focused topics ( such as science fiction , discussed on the sflovers mailing list ) .", "During the early years of the Internet , email and similar mechanisms were also fundamental to allow people to access resources that were not available due to the absence of online connectivity . UUCP was often used to distribute files using the ' alt. binary ' groups . Also , FTP e-mail gateways allowed people that lived outside the US and Europe to download files using ftp commands written inside email messages . The file was encoded , broken in pieces and sent by email ; the receiver had to reassemble and decode it later , and it was the only way for people living overseas to download items such as the earlier Linux versions using the slow dial - up connections available at the time . After the popularization of the Web and the HTTP protocol such tools were slowly abandoned .", "As the Internet grew through the 1980s and early 1990s , many people realized the increasing need to be able to find and organize files and information . Projects such as Archie , Gopher , WAIS , and the FTP Archive list attempted to create ways to organize distributed data . In the early 1990s , Gopher , invented by Mark P. McCahill offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web . However , in 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines , which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace . As popularity increased through ease of use , investment incentives also grew until in the middle of 1994 the WWW 's popularity gained the upper hand . Then it became clear that Gopher and the other projects were doomed fall short .", "One of the most promising user interface paradigms during this period was hypertext . The technology had been inspired by Vannevar Bush 's `` Memex '' and developed through Ted Nelson 's research on Project Xanadu and Douglas Engelbart 's research on NLS . Many small self - contained hypertext systems had been created before , such as Apple Computer 's HyperCard ( 1987 ) . Gopher became the first commonly used hypertext interface to the Internet . While Gopher menu items were examples of hypertext , they were not commonly perceived in that way .", "In 1989 , while working at CERN , Tim Berners - Lee invented a network - based implementation of the hypertext concept . By releasing his invention to public use , he ensured the technology would become widespread . For his work in developing the World Wide Web , Berners - Lee received the Millennium technology prize in 2004 . One early popular web browser , modeled after HyperCard , was ViolaWWW .", "A turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993 , a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign ( NCSA - UIUC ) , led by Marc Andreessen . Funding for Mosaic came from the High - Performance Computing and Communications Initiative , a funding program initiated by the High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991 also known as the Gore Bill . Mosaic 's graphical interface soon became more popular than Gopher , which at the time was primarily text - based , and the WWW became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet . ( Gore 's reference to his role in `` creating the Internet '' , however , was ridiculed in his presidential election campaign . See the full article Al Gore and information technology ) .", "Mosaic was superseded in 1994 by Andreessen 's Netscape Navigator , which replaced Mosaic as the world 's most popular browser . While it held this title for some time , eventually competition from Internet Explorer and a variety of other browsers almost completely displaced it . Another important event held on January 11 , 1994 , was The Superhighway Summit at UCLA 's Royce Hall . This was the `` first public conference bringing together all of the major industry , government and academic leaders in the field ( and ) also began the national dialogue about the Information Superhighway and its implications . ''", "24 Hours in Cyberspace , `` the largest one - day online event '' ( February 8 , 1996 ) up to that date , took place on the then - active website , cyber24.com . It was headed by photographer Rick Smolan . A photographic exhibition was unveiled at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History on January 23 , 1997 , featuring 70 photos from the project .", "Even before the World Wide Web , there were search engines that attempted to organize the Internet . The first of these was the Archie search engine from McGill University in 1990 , followed in 1991 by WAIS and Gopher . All three of those systems predated the invention of the World Wide Web but all continued to index the Web and the rest of the Internet for several years after the Web appeared . There are still Gopher servers as of 2006 , although there are a great many more web servers .", "As the Web grew , search engines and Web directories were created to track pages on the Web and allow people to find things . The first full - text Web search engine was WebCrawler in 1994 . Before WebCrawler , only Web page titles were searched . Another early search engine , Lycos , was created in 1993 as a university project , and was the first to achieve commercial success . During the late 1990s , both Web directories and Web search engines were popular -- Yahoo ! ( founded 1994 ) and Altavista ( founded 1995 ) were the respective industry leaders . By August 2001 , the directory model had begun to give way to search engines , tracking the rise of Google ( founded 1998 ) , which had developed new approaches to relevancy ranking . Directory features , while still commonly available , became after - thoughts to search engines .", "Database size , which had been a significant marketing feature through the early 2000s , was similarly displaced by emphasis on relevancy ranking , the methods by which search engines attempt to sort the best results first . Relevancy ranking first became a major issue circa 1996 , when it became apparent that it was impractical to review full lists of results . Consequently , algorithms for relevancy ranking have continuously improved . Google 's PageRank method for ordering the results has received the most press , but all major search engines continually refine their ranking methodologies with a view toward improving the ordering of results . As of 2006 , search engine rankings are more important than ever , so much so that an industry has developed ( `` search engine optimizers '' , or `` SEO '' ) to help web - developers improve their search ranking , and an entire body of case law has developed around matters that affect search engine rankings , such as use of trademarks in metatags . The sale of search rankings by some search engines has also created controversy among librarians and consumer advocates .", "On June 3 , 2009 , Microsoft launched its new search engine , Bing . The following month Microsoft and Yahoo ! announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo ! Search .", "Resource or file sharing has been an important activity on computer networks from well before the Internet was established and was supported in a variety of ways including bulletin board systems ( 1978 ) , Usenet ( 1980 ) , Kermit ( 1981 ) , and many others . The File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) for use on the Internet was standardized in 1985 and is still in use today . A variety of tools were developed to aid the use of FTP by helping users discover files they might want to transfer , including the Wide Area Information Server ( WAIS ) in 1991 , Gopher in 1991 , Archie in 1991 , Veronica in 1992 , Jughead in 1993 , Internet Relay Chat ( IRC ) in 1988 , and eventually the World Wide Web ( WWW ) in 1991 with Web directories and Web search engines .", "In 1999 , Napster became the first peer - to - peer file sharing system . Napster used a central server for indexing and peer discovery , but the storage and transfer of files was decentralized . A variety of peer - to - peer file sharing programs and services with different levels of decentralization and anonymity followed , including : Gnutella , eDonkey2000 , and Freenet in 2000 , FastTrack , Kazaa , Limewire , and BitTorrent in 2001 , and Poisoned in 2003 .", "All of these tools are general purpose and can be used to share a wide variety of content , but sharing of music files , software , and later movies and videos are major uses . And while some of this sharing is legal , large portions are not . Lawsuits and other legal actions caused Napster in 2001 , eDonkey2000 in 2005 , Kazaa in 2006 , and Limewire in 2010 to shut down or refocus their efforts . The Pirate Bay , founded in Sweden in 2003 , continues despite a trial and appeal in 2009 and 2010 that resulted in jail terms and large fines for several of its founders . File sharing remains contentious and controversial with charges of theft of intellectual property on the one hand and charges of censorship on the other .", "Suddenly the low price of reaching millions worldwide , and the possibility of selling to or hearing from those people at the same moment when they were reached , promised to overturn established business dogma in advertising , mail - order sales , customer relationship management , and many more areas . The web was a new killer app -- it could bring together unrelated buyers and sellers in seamless and low - cost ways . Entrepreneurs around the world developed new business models , and ran to their nearest venture capitalist . While some of the new entrepreneurs had experience in business and economics , the majority were simply people with ideas , and did not manage the capital influx prudently . Additionally , many dot - com business plans were predicated on the assumption that by using the Internet , they would bypass the distribution channels of existing businesses and therefore not have to compete with them ; when the established businesses with strong existing brands developed their own Internet presence , these hopes were shattered , and the newcomers were left attempting to break into markets dominated by larger , more established businesses . Many did not have the ability to do so .", "The dot - com bubble burst in March 2000 , with the technology heavy NASDAQ Composite index peaking at 5,048.62 on March 10 ( 5,132.52 intraday ) , more than double its value just a year before . By 2001 , the bubble 's deflation was running full speed . A majority of the dot - coms had ceased trading , after having burnt through their venture capital and IPO capital , often without ever making a profit . But despite this , the Internet continues to grow , driven by commerce , ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge and social networking .", "The first mobile phone with Internet connectivity was the Nokia 9000 Communicator , launched in Finland in 1996 . The viability of Internet services access on mobile phones was limited until prices came down from that model , and network providers started to develop systems and services conveniently accessible on phones . NTT DoCoMo in Japan launched the first mobile Internet service , i - mode , in 1999 and this is considered the birth of the mobile phone Internet services . In 2001 , the mobile phone email system by Research in Motion ( now BlackBerry Limited ) for their BlackBerry product was launched in America . To make efficient use of the small screen and tiny keypad and one - handed operation typical of mobile phones , a specific document and networking model was created for mobile devices , the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) . Most mobile device Internet services operate using WAP . The growth of mobile phone services was initially a primarily Asian phenomenon with Japan , South Korea and Taiwan all soon finding the majority of their Internet users accessing resources by phone rather than by PC . Developing countries followed , with India , South Africa , Kenya , the Philippines , and Pakistan all reporting that the majority of their domestic users accessed the Internet from a mobile phone rather than a PC . The European and North American use of the Internet was influenced by a large installed base of personal computers , and the growth of mobile phone Internet access was more gradual , but had reached national penetration levels of 20 -- 30 % in most Western countries . The cross-over occurred in 2008 , when more Internet access devices were mobile phones than personal computers . In many parts of the developing world , the ratio is as much as 10 mobile phone users to one PC user .", "Web pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML ) which can allow access to images , video , and other content . Hyperlinks in the page permit users to navigate to other pages . In the earliest browsers , images opened in a separate `` helper '' application . Marc Andreessen 's 1993 Mosaic and 1994 Netscape introduced mixed text and images for non-technical users . HTML evolved during the 1990s , leading to HTML 4 which introduced large elements of CSS styling and , later , extensions to allow browser code to make calls and ask for content from servers in a structured way ( AJAX ) .", "There are nearly insurmountable problems in supplying a historiography of the Internet 's development . The process of digitization represents a twofold challenge both for historiography in general and , in particular , for historical communication research . A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote :", "`` The Arpanet period is somewhat well documented because the corporation in charge -- BBN -- left a physical record . Moving into the NSFNET era , it became an extraordinarily decentralized process . The record exists in people 's basements , in closets ... So much of what happened was done verbally and on the basis of individual trust . ''" ]

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[ "Samuel Johnson Samuel Johnson c. 1772 , painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds ( 1709 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1709 ( OS 7 September ) Lichfield , Staffordshire , England , United Kingdom 13 December 1784 ( 1784 - 12 - 13 ) ( aged 75 ) London , England , United Kingdom Occupation Essayist , lexicographer , biographer , poet Language English Alma mater Pembroke College , Oxford ( no degree ) Spouse Elizabeth Porter ( née Jervis )", "Samuel Johnson", "Samuel Johnson c. 1772 , painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds", "( 1709 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1709 ( OS 7 September ) Lichfield , Staffordshire , England , United Kingdom", "13 December 1784 ( 1784 - 12 - 13 ) ( aged 75 ) London , England , United Kingdom", "Occupation Essayist , lexicographer , biographer , poet", "Language English", "Alma mater Pembroke College , Oxford ( no degree )", "Spouse Elizabeth Porter ( née Jervis )", "Samuel Johnson ( 18 September 1709 ( OS 7 September ) -- 13 December 1784 ) , often referred to as Dr. Johnson , was an English writer who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet , essayist , moralist , literary critic , biographer , editor and lexicographer . Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory , and is described by the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography as `` arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history '' . He is also the subject of the biography , The Life of Samuel Johnson by James Boswell .", "Born in Lichfield , Staffordshire , Johnson attended Pembroke College , Oxford , for just over a year , but a lack of funds forced him to leave . After working as a teacher , he moved to London , where he began to write for The Gentleman 's Magazine . His early works include the biography Life of Mr Richard Savage , the poems London and The Vanity of Human Wishes , and the play Irene .", "After nine years of work , Johnson 's A Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1755 . It had a far - reaching effect on Modern English and has been acclaimed as `` one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship '' . This work brought Johnson popularity and success . Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 150 years later , Johnson 's was the pre-eminent British dictionary . His later works included essays , an influential annotated edition of The Plays of William Shakespeare , and the widely read tale The History of Rasselas , Prince of Abissinia . In 1763 , he befriended James Boswell , with whom he later travelled to Scotland ; Johnson described their travels in A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland . Towards the end of his life , he produced the massive and influential Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets , a collection of biographies and evaluations of 17th - and 18th - century poets .", "Johnson was a tall and robust man . His odd gestures and tics were disconcerting to some on first meeting him . Boswell 's Life , along with other biographies , documented Johnson 's behaviour and mannerisms in such detail that they have informed the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome , a condition not defined or diagnosed in the 18th century . After a series of illnesses , he died on the evening of 13 December 1784 , and was buried in Westminster Abbey . In the years following his death , Johnson began to be recognised as having had a lasting effect on literary criticism , and he was claimed by some to be the only truly great critic of English literature .", "Samuel Johnson was born on 18 September 1709 , to Michael Johnson , a bookseller , and his wife , Sarah Ford . He was born in the family home above his father 's bookshop in Lichfield , Staffordshire . His mother Sarah was 40 when she gave birth to Samuel . This was considered an unusually late pregnancy , so precautions were taken , and a `` man - midwife '' and surgeon of `` great reputation '' named George Hector was brought in to assist . The infant Samuel did not cry , and there were concerns for the baby 's health . His aunt exclaimed that , `` she would not have picked such a poor creature up in the street . '' The family feared that the baby would not survive , and in this extremity , the vicar of St Mary 's was summoned to perform a baptism . Two godfathers were chosen , Samuel Swynfen , a physician and graduate of Pembroke College , Oxford , and Richard Wakefield , a lawyer , coroner , and Lichfield town clerk .", "Johnson 's health soon improved and he was put to wet - nurse with Joan Marklew . Some time later , he contracted scrofula , known at the time as the `` King 's Evil '' because it was thought royalty could cure it . Sir John Floyer , former physician to King Charles II , recommended that the young Johnson should receive the `` royal touch '' , which he received from Queen Anne on 30 March 1712 . However , the ritual was ineffective , and an operation was performed that left him with permanent scars across his face and body . With the birth of Johnson 's brother , Nathaniel , a few months later , Michael became unable to pay the debts he had accrued over the years , and his family was no longer able to maintain its standard of living .", "Samuel Johnson displayed signs of great intelligence as a child , and his parents , to his later disgust , would show off his `` newly acquired accomplishments '' . His education began at the age of three , and was provided by his mother , who had him memorise and recite passages from the Book of Common Prayer . When Samuel turned four , he was sent to a nearby school , and , at the age of six he was sent to a retired shoemaker to continue his education . A year later , Johnson went to Lichfield Grammar School , where he excelled in Latin . During this time , Johnson started to exhibit the tics that would influence how people viewed him in his later years , and which formed the basis for the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome . He excelled at his studies and was promoted to the upper school at the age of nine . During this time , he befriended Edmund Hector , nephew of his `` man - midwife '' George Hector , and John Taylor , with whom he remained in contact for the rest of his life .", "At the age of 16 , Johnson was given the opportunity to stay with his cousins , the Fords , at Pedmore , Worcestershire . There he became a close friend of Cornelius Ford , who employed his knowledge of the classics to tutor Johnson while he was not attending school . Ford was a successful , well - connected academic , but he was also a notorious alcoholic whose excesses contributed to his death six years later . After spending six months with his cousins , Johnson returned to Lichfield , but Mr. Hunter , the headmaster , `` angered by the impertinence of this long absence , '' refused to allow Samuel to continue at the grammar school . Unable to return to Lichfield Grammar School , Johnson was enrolled into the King Edward VI grammar school at Stourbridge . Because the school was located near Pedmore , Johnson was able to spend more time with the Fords , and he began to write poems and verse translations . However , he spent only six months at Stourbridge before returning once again to his parents ' home in Lichfield .", "During this time , Johnson 's future was uncertain because his father was deeply in debt . To earn money , Johnson began to stitch books for his father , and it is likely that Johnson spent much time in his father 's bookshop reading and building his literary knowledge . The family remained in poverty until Sarah Johnson 's cousin , Elizabeth Harriotts , died in February 1728 and left enough money to send Johnson to university . On 31 October 1728 , a few weeks after he turned 19 , Johnson entered Pembroke College , Oxford . The inheritance did not cover all of his expenses at Pembroke , but Andrew Corbet , a friend and fellow student at Pembroke , offered to make up the deficit .", "Johnson made friends at Pembroke and read much . In later life , he told stories of his idleness . He was later asked by his tutor to produce a Latin translation of Alexander Pope 's Messiah as a Christmas exercise . Johnson completed half of the translation in one afternoon and the rest the following morning . Although the poem brought him praise , it did not bring the material benefit he had hoped for . The poem later appeared in Miscellany of Poems ( 1731 ) , edited by John Husbands , a Pembroke tutor , and is the earliest surviving publication of any of Johnson 's writings . Johnson spent the rest of his time studying , even during the Christmas holiday . He drafted a `` plan of study '' called `` Adversaria '' , which was left unfinished , and used his time to learn French while working on his Greek .", "After thirteen months , a shortage of funds forced Johnson to leave Oxford without a degree , and he returned to Lichfield . Towards the end of Johnson 's stay at Oxford , his tutor , Jorden , left Pembroke and was replaced by William Adams . He enjoyed Adams as a tutor , but by December , Johnson was already a quarter behind in his student fees , and he was forced to return home . He left behind many books that he had borrowed from his father because he could not afford to transport them , and also because he hoped to return to Oxford soon .", "He eventually did receive a degree . Just before the publication of his Dictionary in 1755 , Oxford University awarded Johnson the degree of Master of Arts . He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1765 by Trinity College Dublin and in 1775 by Oxford University . In 1776 , he returned to Pembroke with Boswell and toured the college with his former tutor Adams , who was now a Master . During that visit he recalled his time at the college , his early career , and expressed his later fondness for Jorden .", "Little is known about Johnson 's life between the end of 1729 and 1731 . It is likely that he lived with his parents . He experienced bouts of mental anguish and physical pain during years of illness ; his tics and gesticulations associated with Tourette syndrome became more noticeable and were often commented upon . By 1731 Johnson 's father was deeply in debt and had lost much of his standing in Lichfield . Johnson hoped to get an usher 's position , which became available at Stourbridge Grammar School , but since he did not have a degree , his application was passed over on 6 September 1731 . At about this time , Johnson 's father became ill and developed an `` inflammatory fever '' which led to his death in December 1731 . Johnson eventually found employment as undermaster at a school in Market Bosworth , run by Sir Wolstan Dixie , 4th Baronet who allowed Johnson to teach without a degree . Although Johnson was treated as a servant , he found pleasure in teaching even though he considered it boring . After an argument with Dixie he quit the school , and by June 1732 he had returned home .", "Johnson continued to look for a position at a Lichfield school . After being turned down for a job at Ashbourne , he spent time with his friend Edmund Hector , who was living in the home of the publisher Thomas Warren . At the time , Warren was starting his Birmingham Journal , and he enlisted Johnson 's help . This connection with Warren grew , and Johnson proposed a translation of Jerónimo Lobo 's account of the Abyssinians . Johnson read Abbé Joachim Le Grand 's French translations , and thought that a shorter version might be `` useful and profitable '' . Instead of writing the work himself , he dictated to Hector , who then took the copy to the printer and made any corrections . Johnson 's A Voyage to Abyssinia was published a year later . He returned to Lichfield in February 1734 , and began an annotated edition of Poliziano 's Latin poems , along with a history of Latin poetry from Petrarch to Poliziano ; a Proposal was soon printed , but a lack of funds halted the project .", "Johnson remained with his close friend Harry Porter during a terminal illness , which ended in Porter 's death on 3 September 1734 . Porter 's wife Elizabeth ( née Jervis ) ( otherwise known as `` Tetty '' ) was now a widow at the age of 45 , with three children . Some months later , Johnson began to court her . The Reverend William Shaw claims that `` the first advances probably proceeded from her , as her attachment to Johnson was in opposition to the advice and desire of all her relations , '' Johnson was inexperienced in such relationships , but the well - to - do widow encouraged him and promised to provide for him with her substantial savings . They married on 9 July 1735 , at St Werburgh 's Church in Derby . The Porter family did not approve of the match , partly because of the difference in their ages . ( Johnson was 25 and Elizabeth was 46 . ) Elizabeth 's marriage to Johnson so disgusted her son Jervis that he severed all relations with her . However , her daughter Lucy accepted Johnson from the start , and her other son , Joseph , later came to accept the marriage .", "In June 1735 , while working as a tutor for the children of Thomas Whitby , a local Staffordshire gentleman , Johnson had applied for the position of headmaster at Solihull School . Although Johnson 's friend Gilbert Walmisley gave his support , Johnson was passed over because the school 's directors thought he was `` a very haughty , ill - natured gent , and that he has such a way of distorting his face ( which though he ca n't help ) the gents think it may affect some lads '' . With Walmisley 's encouragement , Johnson decided that he could be a successful teacher if he ran his own school . In the autumn of 1735 , Johnson opened Edial Hall School as a private academy at Edial , near Lichfield . He had only three pupils : Lawrence Offley , George Garrick , and the 18 - year - old David Garrick , who later became one of the most famous actors of his day . The venture was unsuccessful and cost Tetty a substantial portion of her fortune . Instead of trying to keep the failing school going , Johnson began to write his first major work , the historical tragedy Irene . Biographer Robert DeMaria believed that Tourette syndrome likely made public occupations like schoolmaster or tutor almost impossible for Johnson . This may have led Johnson to `` the invisible occupation of authorship '' .", "Johnson left for London with his former pupil David Garrick on 2 March 1737 , the day Johnson 's brother died . He was penniless and pessimistic about their travel , but fortunately for them , Garrick had connections in London , and the two were able to stay with his distant relative , Richard Norris . Johnson soon moved to Greenwich near the Golden Hart Tavern to finish Irene . On 12 July 1737 he wrote to Edward Cave with a proposal for a translation of Paolo Sarpi 's The History of the Council of Trent ( 1619 ) , which Cave did not accept until months later . In October 1737 Johnson brought his wife to London , and he found employment with Cave as a writer for The Gentleman 's Magazine . His assignments for the magazine and other publishers during this time were `` almost unparalleled in range and variety , '' and `` so numerous , so varied and scattered '' that `` Johnson himself could not make a complete list '' . The name Columbia , a poetic name for America coined by Johnson , first appears in a 1738 weekly publication of the debates of the British Parliament in The Gentlemen 's Magazine .", "In May 1738 his first major work , the poem London , was published anonymously . Based on Juvenal 's Satire III , it describes the character Thales leaving for Wales to escape the problems of London , which is portrayed as a place of crime , corruption , and poverty . Johnson could not bring himself to regard the poem as earning him any merit as a poet . Alexander Pope said that the author `` will soon be déterré '' ( unearthed , dug up ) , but this would not happen until 15 years later .", "In August , Johnson 's lack of an MA degree from Oxford or Cambridge led to his being denied a position as master of the Appleby Grammar School . In an effort to end such rejections , Pope asked Lord Gower to use his influence to have a degree awarded to Johnson . Gower petitioned Oxford for an honorary degree to be awarded to Johnson , but was told that it was `` too much to be asked '' . Gower then asked a friend of Jonathan Swift to plead with Swift to use his influence at the University of Dublin to have a master 's degree awarded to Johnson , in the hope that this could then be used to justify an MA from Oxford , but Swift refused to act on Johnson 's behalf .", "Between 1737 and 1739 , Johnson befriended poet Richard Savage . Feeling guilty about living on Tetty 's money , Johnson stopped living with her and spent his time with Savage . They were poor and would stay in taverns or sleep in `` night - cellars '' . Some nights they would roam the streets until dawn because they had no money at all . Savage 's friends tried to help him by attempting to persuade him to move to Wales , but Savage ended up in Bristol and again fell into debt . He was committed to debtors ' prison and died in 1743 . A year later , Johnson wrote Life of Mr Richard Savage ( 1744 ) , a `` moving '' work which , in the words of the biographer and critic Walter Jackson Bate , `` remains one of the innovative works in the history of biography '' .", "In 1746 , a group of publishers approached Johnson with an idea about creating an authoritative dictionary of the English language . A contract with William Strahan and associates , worth 1,500 guineas , was signed on the morning of 18 June 1746 . Johnson claimed that he could finish the project in three years . In comparison , the Académie Française had forty scholars spending forty years to complete their dictionary , which prompted Johnson to claim , `` This is the proportion . Let me see ; forty times forty is sixteen hundred . As three to sixteen hundred , so is the proportion of an Englishman to a Frenchman . '' Although he did not succeed in completing the work in three years , he did manage to finish it in eight . Some criticised the dictionary , including Thomas Babington Macaulay , who described Johnson as `` a wretched etymologist , '' but according to Bate , the Dictionary `` easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship , and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who laboured under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time . ''", "Johnson 's dictionary was not the first , nor was it unique . It was , however , the most commonly used and imitated for the 150 years between its first publication and the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary in 1928 . Other dictionaries , such as Nathan Bailey 's Dictionarium Britannicum , included more words , and in the 150 years preceding Johnson 's dictionary about twenty other general - purpose monolingual `` English '' dictionaries had been produced . However , there was open dissatisfaction with the dictionaries of the period . In 1741 , David Hume claimed : `` The Elegance and Propriety of Stile have been very much neglected among us . We have no Dictionary of our Language , and scarce a tolerable Grammar . '' Johnson 's Dictionary offers insights into the 18th century and `` a faithful record of the language people used '' . It is more than a reference book ; it is a work of literature .", "For a decade , Johnson 's constant work on the Dictionary disrupted his and Tetty 's living conditions . He had to employ a number of assistants for the copying and mechanical work , which filled the house with incessant noise and clutter . He was always busy , and kept hundreds of books around . John Hawkins described the scene : `` The books he used for this purpose were what he had in his own collection , a copious but a miserably ragged one , and all such as he could borrow ; which latter , if ever they came back to those that lent them , were so defaced as to be scarce worth owning . '' Johnson was also distracted by Tetty 's poor health as she began to show signs of a terminal illness . To accommodate both his wife and his work , he moved to 17 Gough Square near his printer , William Strahan .", "In preparation , Johnson wrote a Plan for the Dictionary . Philip Stanhope , 4th Earl of Chesterfield , was the patron of the Plan , to Johnson 's displeasure . Seven years after first meeting Johnson to go over the work , Chesterfield wrote two anonymous essays in The World recommending the Dictionary . He complained that the English language lacked structure and argued in support of the dictionary . Johnson did not like the tone of the essays , and he felt that Chesterfield had not fulfilled his obligations as the work 's patron . In a letter to Chesterfield , Johnson expressed this view and harshly criticised Chesterfield , saying `` Is not a patron , my lord , one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water , and when he has reached ground , encumbers him with help ? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours , had it been early , had been kind : but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and can not enjoy it ; till I am solitary and can not impart it ; till I am known and do not want it . '' Chesterfield , impressed by the language , kept the letter displayed on a table for anyone to read .", "The Dictionary was finally published in April 1755 , with the title page acknowledging that Oxford had awarded Johnson a Master of Arts degree in anticipation of the work . The dictionary as published was a huge book . Its pages were nearly 18 inches ( 46 cm ) tall , and the book was 20 inches ( 51 cm ) wide when opened ; it contained 42,773 entries , to which only a few more were added in subsequent editions , and it sold for the extravagant price of £ 4 10s , perhaps the rough equivalent of £ 350 today . An important innovation in English lexicography was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation , of which there were approximately 114,000 . The authors most frequently cited include William Shakespeare , John Milton and John Dryden . It was years before Johnson 's Dictionary , as it came to be known , turned a profit . Authors ' royalties were unknown at the time , and Johnson , once his contract to deliver the book was fulfilled , received no further money from its sale . Years later , many of its quotations would be repeated by various editions of the Webster 's Dictionary and the New English Dictionary .", "Besides working on the Dictionary , Johnson also wrote numerous essays , sermons , and poems during these nine years . In 1750 , he decided to produce a series of essays under the title The Rambler that were to be published every Tuesday and Saturday and sell for twopence each . Explaining the title years later , he told his friend , the painter Joshua Reynolds : `` I was at a loss how to name it . I sat down at night upon my bedside , and resolved that I would not go to sleep till I had fixed its title . The Rambler seemed the best that occurred , and I took it . '' These essays , often on moral and religious topics , tended to be more grave than the title of the series would suggest ; his first comments in The Rambler were to ask `` that in this undertaking thy Holy Spirit may not be withheld from me , but that I may promote thy glory , and the salvation of myself and others . '' The popularity of The Rambler took off once the issues were collected in a volume ; they were reprinted nine times during Johnson 's life . Writer and printer Samuel Richardson , enjoying the essays greatly , questioned the publisher as to who wrote the works ; only he and a few of Johnson 's friends were told of Johnson 's authorship . One friend , the novelist Charlotte Lennox , includes a defence of The Rambler in her novel The Female Quixote ( 1752 ) . In particular , the character Mr. Glanville says , `` you may sit in Judgment upon the Productions of a Young , a Richardson , or a Johnson . Rail with premeditated Malice at the Rambler ; and for the want of Faults , turn even its inimitable Beauties into Ridicule . '' ( Book VI , Chapter XI ) Later , she claims Johnson as `` the greatest Genius in the present Age . ''", "However , not all of his work was confined to The Rambler . His most highly regarded poem , The Vanity of Human Wishes , was written with such `` extraordinary speed '' that Boswell claimed Johnson `` might have been perpetually a poet '' . The poem is an imitation of Juvenal 's Satire X and claims that `` the antidote to vain human wishes is non-vain spiritual wishes '' . In particular , Johnson emphasises `` the helpless vulnerability of the individual before the social context '' and the `` inevitable self - deception by which human beings are led astray '' . The poem was critically celebrated but it failed to become popular , and sold fewer copies than London . In 1749 , Garrick made good on his promise that he would produce Irene , but its title was altered to Mahomet and Irene to make it `` fit for the stage . '' The show eventually ran for nine nights .", "Tetty Johnson was ill during most of her time in London , and in 1752 she decided to return to the countryside while Johnson was busy working on his Dictionary . She died on 17 March 1752 , and , at word of her death , Johnson wrote a letter to his old friend Taylor , which according to Taylor `` expressed grief in the strongest manner he had ever read '' . He wrote a sermon in her honour , to be read at her funeral , but Taylor refused to read it , for reasons which are unknown . This only exacerbated Johnson 's feelings of loss and despair after the death of his wife . Consequently , John Hawkesworth had to organise the funeral . Johnson felt guilty about the poverty in which he believed he had forced Tetty to live , and blamed himself for neglecting her . He became outwardly discontent , and his diary was filled with prayers and laments over her death which continued until his own . She was his primary motivation , and her death hindered his ability to complete his work .", "On 16 March 1756 , Johnson was arrested for an outstanding debt of £ 5 18 s . Unable to contact anyone else , he wrote to the writer and publisher Samuel Richardson . Richardson , who had previously lent Johnson money , sent him six guineas to show his good will , and the two became friends . Soon after , Johnson met and befriended the painter Joshua Reynolds , who so impressed Johnson that he declared him `` almost the only man whom I call a friend '' . Reynolds ' younger sister Frances observed during their time together `` that men , women and children gathered around him ( Johnson ) '' , laughing at his gestures and gesticulations . In addition to Reynolds , Johnson was close to Bennet Langton and Arthur Murphy . Langton was a scholar and an admirer of Johnson who persuaded his way into a meeting with Johnson which led to a long friendship . Johnson met Murphy during the summer of 1754 after Murphy came to Johnson about the accidental republishing of the Rambler No. 190 , and the two became friends . Around this time , Anna Williams began boarding with Johnson . She was a minor poet who was poor and becoming blind , two conditions that Johnson attempted to change by providing room for her and paying for a failed cataract surgery . Williams , in turn , became Johnson 's housekeeper .", "To occupy himself , Johnson began to work on The Literary Magazine , or Universal Review , the first issue of which was printed on 19 March 1756 . Philosophical disagreements erupted over the purpose of the publication when the Seven Years ' War began and Johnson started to write polemical essays attacking the war . After the war began , the Magazine included many reviews , at least 34 of which were written by Johnson . When not working on the Magazine , Johnson wrote a series of prefaces for other writers , such as Giuseppe Baretti , William Payne and Charlotte Lennox . Johnson 's relationship with Lennox and her works was particularly close during these years , and she in turn relied so heavily upon Johnson that he was `` the most important single fact in Mrs Lennox 's literary life '' . He later attempted to produce a new edition of her works , but even with his support they were unable to find enough interest to follow through with its publication . To help with domestic duties while Johnson was busy with his various projects , Richard Bathurst , a physician and a member of Johnson 's Club , pressured him to take on a freed slave , Francis Barber , as his servant .", "Johnson 's work on The Plays of William Shakespeare took up most of his time . On 8 June 1756 , Johnson published his Proposals for Printing , by Subscription , the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare , which argued that previous editions of Shakespeare were edited incorrectly and needed to be corrected . Johnson 's progress on the work slowed as the months passed , and he told music historian Charles Burney in December 1757 that it would take him until the following March to complete it . Before that could happen , he was arrested again , for a debt of £ 40 , in February 1758 . The debt was soon repaid by Jacob Tonson , who had contracted Johnson to publish Shakespeare , and this encouraged Johnson to finish his edition to repay the favour . Although it took him another seven years to finish , Johnson completed a few volumes of his Shakespeare to prove his commitment to the project .", "In 1758 , Johnson began to write a weekly series , The Idler , which ran from 15 April 1758 to 5 April 1760 , as a way to avoid finishing his Shakespeare . This series was shorter and lacked many features of The Rambler . Unlike his independent publication of The Rambler , The Idler was published in a weekly news journal The Universal Chronicle , a publication supported by John Payne , John Newbery , Robert Stevens and William Faden .", "Since The Idler did not occupy all Johnson 's time , he was able to publish his philosophical novella Rasselas on 19 April 1759 . The `` little story book '' , as Johnson described it , describes the life of Prince Rasselas and Nekayah , his sister , who are kept in a place called the Happy Valley in the land of Abyssinia . The Valley is a place free of problems , where any desire is quickly satisfied . The constant pleasure does not , however , lead to satisfaction ; and , with the help of a philosopher named Imlac , Rasselas escapes and explores the world to witness how all aspects of society and life in the outside world are filled with suffering . They return to Abyssinia , but do not wish to return to the state of constantly fulfilled pleasures found in the Happy Valley . Rasselas was written in one week to pay for his mother 's funeral and settle her debts ; it became so popular that there was a new English edition of the work almost every year . References to it appear in many later works of fiction , including Jane Eyre , Cranford and The House of the Seven Gables . Its fame was not limited to English - speaking nations : Rasselas was immediately translated into five languages ( French , Dutch , German , Russian and Italian ) , and later into nine others .", "By 1762 , however , Johnson had gained notoriety for his dilatoriness in writing ; the contemporary poet Churchill teased Johnson for the delay in producing his long - promised edition of Shakespeare : `` He for subscribers baits his hook / and takes your cash , but where 's the book ? '' The comments soon motivated Johnson to finish his Shakespeare , and , after receiving the first payment from a government pension on 20 July 1762 , he was able to dedicate most of his time towards this goal . Earlier that July , the 24 - year - old King George III granted Johnson an annual pension of £ 300 in appreciation for the Dictionary . While the pension did not make Johnson wealthy , it did allow him a modest yet comfortable independence for the remaining 22 years of his life . The award came largely through the efforts of Sheridan and the Earl of Bute . When Johnson questioned if the pension would force him to promote a political agenda or support various officials , he was told by Bute that the pension `` is not given you for anything you are to do , but for what you have done '' .", "On 16 May 1763 , Johnson first met 22 - year - old James Boswell -- who would later become Johnson 's first major biographer -- in the bookshop of Johnson 's friend , Tom Davies . They quickly became friends , although Boswell would return to his home in Scotland or travel abroad for months at a time . Around the spring of 1763 , Johnson formed `` The Club '' , a social group that included his friends Reynolds , Burke , Garrick , Goldsmith and others ( the membership later expanded to include Adam Smith and Edward Gibbon ) . They decided to meet every Monday at 7 : 00 pm at the Turk 's Head in Gerrard Street , Soho , and these meetings continued until long after the deaths of the original members .", "On 9 January 1765 , Murphy introduced Johnson to Henry Thrale , a wealthy brewer and MP , and his wife Hester . They struck up an instant friendship ; Johnson was treated as a member of the family , and was once more motivated to continue working on his Shakespeare . Afterwards , Johnson stayed with the Thrales for 17 years until Henry 's death in 1781 , sometimes staying in rooms at Thrale 's Anchor Brewery in Southwark . Hester Thrale 's documentation of Johnson 's life during this time , in her correspondence and her diary ( Thraliana ) , became an important source of biographical information on Johnson after his death . Oliver Goldsmith told her of one illness that Johnson had `` he owed his recovery to her attention '' . Johnson said of her , `` If she was not the wisest woman in the world , she was undoubtedly one of the wittiest . ''", "Johnson 's edition of Shakespeare was finally published on 10 October 1765 as The Plays of William Shakespeare , in Eight Volumes ... To which are added Notes by Sam . Johnson in a printing of one thousand copies . The first edition quickly sold out , and a second was soon printed . The plays themselves were in a version that Johnson felt was closest to the original , based on his analysis of the manuscript editions . Johnson 's revolutionary innovation was to create a set of corresponding notes that allowed readers to clarify the meaning behind many of Shakespeare 's more complicated passages , and to examine those which had been transcribed incorrectly in previous editions . Included within the notes are occasional attacks upon rival editors of Shakespeare 's works . Years later , Edmond Malone , an important Shakespearean scholar and friend of Johnson 's , stated that Johnson 's `` vigorous and comprehensive understanding threw more light on his authour than all his predecessors had done '' .", "In February 1767 , Johnson was granted a special audience with King George III . This took place at the library of the Queen 's house , and it was organised by Barnard , the King 's librarian . The King , upon hearing that Johnson would visit the library , commanded that Barnard introduce him to Johnson . After a short meeting , Johnson was impressed both with the King himself and with their conversation .", "On 6 August 1773 , eleven years after first meeting Boswell , Johnson set out to visit his friend in Scotland , and to begin `` a journey to the western islands of Scotland '' , as Johnson 's 1775 account of their travels would put it . The work was intended to discuss the social problems and struggles that affected the Scottish people , but it also praised many of the unique facets of Scottish society , such as a school in Edinburgh for the deaf and mute . Also , Johnson used the work to enter into the dispute over the authenticity of James Macpherson 's Ossian poems , claiming they could not have been translations of ancient Scottish literature on the grounds that `` in those times nothing had been written in the Earse ( i.e. Gaelic ) language '' . There were heated exchanges between the two , and according to one of Johnson 's letters , MacPherson threatened physical violence . Boswell 's account of their journey , The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides ( 1786 ) , was a preliminary step toward his later biography , Life of Johnson . Included were various quotations and descriptions of events , including anecdotes such as Johnson swinging a broadsword while wearing Scottish garb , or dancing a Highland jig .", "In the 1770s , Johnson , who had tended to be an opponent of the government early in life , published a series of pamphlets in favour of various government policies . In 1770 he produced The False Alarm , a political pamphlet attacking John Wilkes . In 1771 , his Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland 's Islands cautioned against war with Spain . In 1774 he printed The Patriot , a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism . On the evening of 7 April 1775 , he made the famous statement , `` Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel . '' This line was not , as widely believed , about patriotism in general , but the false use of the term `` patriotism '' by John Stuart , 3rd Earl of Bute ( the patriot - minister ) and his supporters -- and the enemies of Bute , who played upon his non-English descent . Johnson opposed `` self - professed Patriots '' in general , but valued what he considered `` true '' patriotism .", "The last of these pamphlets , Taxation No Tyranny ( 1775 ) , was a defence of the Coercive Acts and a response to the Declaration of Rights of the First Continental Congress of America , which protested against taxation without representation . Johnson argued that in emigrating to America , colonists had `` voluntarily resigned the power of voting '' , but they still had `` virtual representation '' in Parliament . In a parody of the Declaration of Rights , Johnson suggested that the Americans had no more right to govern themselves than the Cornish people , and asked `` How is it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes ? '' If the Americans wanted to participate in Parliament , said Johnson , they could move to England and purchase an estate . Johnson denounced English supporters of American separatists as `` traitors to this country '' , and hoped that the matter would be settled without bloodshed , but he felt confident that it would end with `` English superiority and American obedience '' . Years before , Johnson had stated that the English and the French were just `` two robbers '' who were stealing land from the natives , and that neither deserved to live there . After the signing of the 1783 Peace of Paris treaty , marking the colonists ' defeat of the British , Johnson was `` deeply disturbed '' with the `` state of this kingdom '' .", "On 3 May 1777 , while Johnson was trying to save Reverend William Dodd from execution , he wrote to Boswell that he was busy preparing a `` little Lives '' and `` little Prefaces , to a little edition of the English Poets '' . Tom Davies , William Strahan and Thomas Cadell had asked Johnson to create this final major work , the Lives of the English Poets , for which he asked 200 guineas , an amount significantly less than the price he could have demanded . The Lives , which were critical as well as biographical studies , appeared as prefaces to selections of each poet 's work , and they were longer and more detailed than originally expected . The work was finished in March 1781 and the whole collection was published in six volumes . As Johnson justified in the advertisement for the work , `` my purpose was only to have allotted to every Poet an Advertisement , like those which we find in the French Miscellanies , containing a few dates and a general character . ''", "Johnson was unable to enjoy this success because Henry Thrale , the dear friend with whom he lived , died on 4 April 1781 . Life changed quickly for Johnson when Hester Thrale became romantically involved with the Italian singing teacher Gabriel Mario Piozzi , which forced Johnson to change his previous lifestyle . After returning home and then travelling for a short period , Johnson received word that his friend and tenant Robert Levet , had died on 17 January 1782 . Johnson was shocked by the death of Levet , who had resided at Johnson 's London home since 1762 . Shortly afterwards Johnson caught a cold that developed into bronchitis and lasted for several months . His health was further complicated by `` feeling forlorn and lonely '' over Levet 's death , and by the deaths of his friend Thomas Lawrence and his housekeeper Williams .", "Although he had recovered his health by August , he experienced emotional trauma when he was given word that Hester Thrale would sell the residence that Johnson shared with the family . What hurt Johnson most was the possibility that he would be left without her constant company . Months later , on 6 October 1782 , Johnson attended church for the final time in his life , to say goodbye to his former residence and life . The walk to the church strained him , but he managed the journey unaccompanied . While there , he wrote a prayer for the Thrale family :", "To thy fatherly protection , O Lord , I commend this family . Bless , guide , and defend them , that they may pass through this world , as finally to enjoy in thy presence everlasting happiness , for Jesus Christ 's sake . Amen .", "Hester Thrale did not completely abandon Johnson , and asked him to accompany the family on a trip to Brighton . He agreed , and was with them from 7 October until 20 November 1782 . On his return , his health began to fail , and he was left alone after Boswell 's visit on 29 May 1783 .", "Dr. Johnson `` established an evening club at the Essex Head in 1783 '' according to an English Heritage blue plaque in Essex Street , Westminster . The Rev. John Bowle and William Seward , both man of letters , were members of this club .", "On 17 June 1783 , Johnson 's poor circulation resulted in a stroke and he wrote to his neighbour , Edmund Allen , that he had lost the ability to speak . Two doctors were brought in to aid Johnson ; he regained his ability to speak two days later . Johnson feared that he was dying , and wrote :", "The black dog I hope always to resist , and in time to drive , though I am deprived of almost all those that used to help me . The neighbourhood is impoverished . I had once Richardson and Lawrence in my reach . Mrs. Allen is dead . My house has lost Levet , a man who took interest in everything , and therefore ready at conversation . Mrs. Williams is so weak that she can be a companion no longer . When I rise my breakfast is solitary , the black dog waits to share it , from breakfast to dinner he continues barking , except that Dr. Brocklesby for a little keeps him at a distance . Dinner with a sick woman you may venture to suppose not much better than solitary . After dinner , what remains but to count the clock , and hope for that sleep which I can scarce expect . Night comes at last , and some hours of restlessness and confusion bring me again to a day of solitude . What shall exclude the black dog from an habitation like this ?", "By this time he was sick and gout - ridden . He had surgery for gout , and his remaining friends , including novelist Fanny Burney ( the daughter of Charles Burney ) , came to keep him company . He was confined to his room from 14 December 1783 to 21 April 1784 .", "His health began to improve by May 1784 , and he travelled to Oxford with Boswell on 5 May 1784 . By July , many of Johnson 's friends were either dead or gone ; Boswell had left for Scotland and Hester Thrale had become engaged to Piozzi . With no one to visit , Johnson expressed a desire to die in London and arrived there on 16 November 1784 . On 25 November 1784 , he allowed Burney to visit him and expressed an interest to her that he should leave London ; he soon left for Islington , to George Strahan 's home . His final moments were filled with mental anguish and delusions ; when his physician , Thomas Warren , visited and asked him if he were feeling better , Johnson burst out with : `` No , Sir ; you can not conceive with what acceleration I advance towards death . ''", "Many visitors came to see Johnson as he lay sick in bed , but he preferred only Langton 's company . Burney waited for word of Johnson 's condition , along with Windham , Strahan , Hoole , Cruikshank , Des Moulins and Barber . On 13 December 1784 , Johnson met with two others : a young woman , Miss Morris , whom Johnson blessed , and Francesco Sastres , an Italian teacher , who was given some of Johnson 's final words : `` Iam Moriturus '' ( `` I who am about to die '' ) . Shortly afterwards he fell into a coma , and died at 7 : 00 pm .", "Langton waited until 11 : 00 pm to tell the others , which led to John Hawkins ' becoming pale and overcome with `` an agony of mind '' , along with Seward and Hoole describing Johnson 's death as `` the most awful sight '' . Boswell remarked , `` My feeling was just one large expanse of Stupor ... I could not believe it . My imagination was not convinced . '' William Gerard Hamilton joined in and stated , `` He has made a chasm , which not only nothing can fill up , but which nothing has a tendency to fill up . - Johnson is dead. - Let us go to the next best : There is nobody ; - no man can be said to put you in mind of Johnson . ''", "He was buried on 20 December 1784 at Westminster Abbey with an inscription that reads :", "Samuel Johnson , LL. D . Obiit XIII die Decembris , Anno Domini M. DCC. LXXXIV . Ætatis suœ LXXV .", "Samuel Johnson , LL. D .", "Obiit XIII die Decembris ,", "M. DCC. LXXXIV .", "Ætatis suœ LXXV .", "Johnson 's works , especially his Lives of the Poets series , describe various features of excellent writing . He believed that the best poetry relied on contemporary language , and he disliked the use of decorative or purposefully archaic language . He was suspicious of the poetic language used by Milton , whose blank verse he believed would inspire many bad imitations . Also , Johnson opposed the poetic language of his contemporary Thomas Gray . His greatest complaint was that obscure allusions found in works like Milton 's Lycidas were overused ; he preferred poetry that could be easily read and understood . In addition to his views on language , Johnson believed that a good poem incorporated new and unique imagery .", "In his smaller poetic works , Johnson relied on short lines and filled his work with a feeling of empathy , which possibly influenced Housman 's poetic style . In London , his first imitation of Juvenal , Johnson uses the poetic form to express his political opinion and , as befits a young writer , approaches the topic in a playful and almost joyous manner . However , his second imitation , The Vanity of Human Wishes , is completely different ; the language remains simple , but the poem is more complicated and difficult to read because Johnson is trying to describe complex Christian ethics . These Christian values are not unique to the poem , but contain views expressed in most of Johnson 's works . In particular , Johnson emphasises God 's infinite love and shows that happiness can be attained through virtuous action .", "When it came to biography , Johnson disagreed with Plutarch 's use of biography to praise and to teach morality . Instead , Johnson believed in portraying the biographical subjects accurately and including any negative aspects of their lives . Because his insistence on accuracy in biography was little short of revolutionary , Johnson had to struggle against a society that was unwilling to accept biographical details that could be viewed as tarnishing a reputation ; this became the subject of Rambler 60 . Furthermore , Johnson believed that biography should not be limited to the most famous and that the lives of lesser individuals , too , were significant ; thus in his Lives of the Poets he chose both great and lesser poets . In all his biographies he insisted on including what others would have considered trivial details to fully describe the lives of his subjects . Johnson considered the genre of autobiography and diaries , including his own , as one having the most significance ; in Idler 84 he explains how a writer of an autobiography would be the least likely to distort his own life .", "Johnson 's thoughts on biography and on poetry coalesced in his understanding of what would make a good critic . His works were dominated with his intent to use them for literary criticism . This was especially true of his Dictionary of which he wrote : `` I lately published a Dictionary like those compiled by the academies of Italy and France , for the use of such as aspire to exactness of criticism , or elegance of style '' . Although a smaller edition of his Dictionary became the standard household dictionary , Johnson 's original Dictionary was an academic tool that examined how words were used , especially in literary works . To achieve this purpose , Johnson included quotations from Bacon , Hooker , Milton , Shakespeare , Spenser , and many others from what he considered to be the most important literary fields : natural science , philosophy , poetry , and theology . These quotations and usages were all compared and carefully studied in the Dictionary so that a reader could understand what words in literary works meant in context .", "Johnson did not attempt to create schools of theories to analyse the aesthetics of literature . Instead , he used his criticism for the practical purpose of helping others to better read and understand literature . When it came to Shakespeare 's plays , Johnson emphasised the role of the reader in understanding language : `` If Shakespeare has difficulties above other writers , it is to be imputed to the nature of his work , which required the use of common colloquial language , and consequently admitted many phrases allusive , elliptical , and proverbial , such as we speak and hear every hour without observing them '' .", "His works on Shakespeare were devoted not merely to Shakespeare , but to understanding literature as a whole ; in his Preface to Shakespeare , Johnson rejects the previous dogma of the classical unities and argues that drama should be faithful to life . However , Johnson did not only defend Shakespeare ; he discussed Shakespeare 's faults , including his lack of morality , his vulgarity , his carelessness in crafting plots , and his occasional inattentiveness when choosing words or word order . As well as direct literary criticism , Johnson emphasised the need to establish a text that accurately reflects what an author wrote . Shakespeare 's plays , in particular , had multiple editions , each of which contained errors caused by the printing process . This problem was compounded by careless editors who deemed difficult words incorrect , and changed them in later editions . Johnson believed that an editor should not alter the text in such a way .", "Johnson 's tall and robust figure combined with his odd gestures were confusing to some ; when William Hogarth first saw Johnson standing near a window in Samuel Richardson 's house , `` shaking his head and rolling himself about in a strange ridiculous manner '' , Hogarth thought Johnson an `` ideot , whom his relations had put under the care of Mr. Richardson '' . Hogarth was quite surprised when `` this figure stalked forwards to where he and Mr. Richardson were sitting and all at once took up the argument ... ( with ) such a power of eloquence , that Hogarth looked at him with astonishment , and actually imagined that this ideot had been at the moment inspired '' . Beyond appearance , Adam Smith claimed that `` Johnson knew more books than any man alive '' , while Edmund Burke thought that if Johnson were to join Parliament , he `` certainly would have been the greatest speaker that ever was there '' . Johnson relied on a unique form of rhetoric , and he is well known for his `` refutation '' of Bishop Berkeley 's immaterialism , his claim that matter did not actually exist but only seemed to exist : during a conversation with Boswell , Johnson powerfully stomped a nearby stone and proclaimed of Berkeley 's theory , `` I refute it thus ! ''", "Johnson was a devout , conservative Anglican and a compassionate man who supported a number of poor friends under his own roof , even when unable to fully provide for himself . Johnson 's Christian morality permeated his works , and he would write on moral topics with such authority and in such a trusting manner that , Walter Jackson Bate claims , `` no other moralist in history excels or even begins to rival him '' . However , Johnson 's moral writings do not contain , as Donald Greene points out , `` a predetermined and authorized pattern of ' good behavior ' '' , even though Johnson does emphasise certain kinds of conduct . He did not let his own faith prejudice him against others , and had respect for those of other denominations who demonstrated a commitment to Christ 's teachings . Although Johnson respected John Milton 's poetry , he could not tolerate Milton 's Puritan and Republican beliefs , feeling that they were contrary to England and Christianity . He was an opponent of slavery on moral grounds , and once proposed a toast to the `` next rebellion of the negroes in the West Indies '' . Beside his beliefs concerning humanity , Johnson is also known for his love of cats , especially his own two cats , Hodge and Lily . Boswell wrote , `` I never shall forget the indulgence with which he treated Hodge , his cat : for whom he himself used to go out and buy oysters , lest the servants having that trouble should take a dislike to the poor creature . '' It is a common error to think that these oysters were expensive , since they are so in modern Britain . However , in Johnson 's time they were very cheap and eaten by the poor . He thought that his servant , Frank , might resent Hodge if he had to go buy the oysters for him .", "Johnson was also known as a staunch Tory ; he admitted to sympathies for the Jacobite cause during his younger years but , by the reign of George III , he came to accept the Hanoverian Succession . It was Boswell who gave people the impression that Johnson was an `` arch - conservative '' , and it was Boswell , more than anyone else , who determined how Johnson would be seen by people years later . However , Boswell was not around for two of Johnson 's most politically active periods : during Walpole 's control over British Parliament and during the Seven Years ' War . Although Boswell was present with Johnson during the 1770s and describes four major pamphlets written by Johnson , he neglects to discuss them because he is more interested in their travels to Scotland . This is compounded by the fact that Boswell held an opinion contradictory to two of these pamphlets , The False Alarm and Taxation No Tyranny , and so attacks Johnson 's views in his biography .", "In his Life of Samuel Johnson Boswell referred to Johnson as ' Dr. Johnson ' so often that he would always be known as such , even though he hated being called such . Boswell 's emphasis on Johnson 's later years shows him too often as merely an old man discoursing in a tavern to a circle of admirers . Although Boswell , a Scotsman , was a close companion and friend to Johnson during many important times of his life , like many of his fellow Englishmen Johnson had a reputation for despising Scotland and its people . Even during their journey together through Scotland , Johnson `` exhibited prejudice and a narrow nationalism '' . Hester Thrale , in summarising Johnson 's nationalistic views and his anti-Scottish prejudice , said : `` We all know how well he loved to abuse the Scotch , & indeed to be abused by them in return . ''", "Johnson had several health problems , including childhood tuberculous scrofula resulting in deep facial scarring , deafness in one ear and blindness in one eye , gout , testicular cancer , and a stroke in his final year that left him unable to speak ; his autopsy indicated that he had pulmonary fibrosis along with cardiac failure probably due to hypertension , a condition then unknown . Johnson displayed signs consistent with several diagnoses , including depression and Tourette syndrome ( TS ) .", "There are many accounts of Johnson suffering from bouts of depression and what Johnson thought might be madness . As Walter Jackson Bate puts it , `` one of the ironies of literary history is that its most compelling and authoritative symbol of common sense -- of the strong , imaginative grasp of concrete reality -- should have begun his adult life , at the age of twenty , in a state of such intense anxiety and bewildered despair that , at least from his own point of view , it seemed the onset of actual insanity '' . To overcome these feelings , Johnson tried to constantly involve himself with various activities , but this did not seem to help . Taylor said that Johnson `` at one time strongly entertained thoughts of Suicide '' . Boswell claimed that Johnson `` felt himself overwhelmed with an horrible melancholia , with perpetual irritation , fretfulness , and impatience ; and with a dejection , gloom , and despair , which made existence misery '' .", "Early on , when Johnson was unable to pay off his debts , he began to work with professional writers and identified his own situation with theirs . During this time , Johnson witnessed Christopher Smart 's decline into `` penury and the madhouse '' , and feared that he might share the same fate . Hester Thrale Piozzi claimed , in a discussion on Smart 's mental state , that Johnson was her `` friend who feared an apple should intoxicate him '' . To her , what separated Johnson from others who were placed in asylums for madness -- like Christopher Smart -- was his ability to keep his concerns and emotions to himself .", "Two hundred years after Johnson 's death , the posthumous diagnosis of Tourette syndrome became widely accepted . The condition was unknown during Johnson 's lifetime , but Boswell describes Johnson displaying signs of Tourette syndrome , including tics and other involuntary movements . According to Boswell `` he commonly held his head to one side ... moving his body backwards and forwards , and rubbing his left knee in the same direction , with the palm of his hand ... ( H ) e made various sounds '' like `` a half whistle '' or `` as if clucking like a hen '' , and `` ... all this accompanied sometimes with a thoughtful look , but more frequently with a smile . Generally when he had concluded a period , in the course of a dispute , by which time he was a good deal exhausted by violence and vociferation , he used to blow out his breath like a Whale . '' There are many similar accounts ; in particular , Johnson was said to `` perform his gesticulations '' at the threshold of a house or in doorways . When asked by a little girl why he made such noises and acted in that way , Johnson responded : `` From bad habit . '' The diagnosis of the syndrome was first made in a 1967 report , and TS researcher Arthur K. Shapiro described Johnson as `` the most notable example of a successful adaptation to life despite the liability of Tourette syndrome '' . Details provided by the writings of Boswell , Hester Thrale , and others reinforce the diagnosis , with one paper concluding :", "( Johnson ) also displayed many of the obsessional - compulsive traits and rituals which are associated with this syndrome ... It may be thought that without this illness Dr Johnson 's remarkable literary achievements , the great dictionary , his philosophical deliberations and his conversations may never have happened ; and Boswell , the author of the greatest of biographies would have been unknown .", "From early childhood , Johnson suffered from poor eyesight , especially in his left eye , which interfered with his education . There were somewhat contradictory reports about his eyesight from his contemporaries . He appeared to have been near - sighted , yet he did not use eyeglasses . His eyesight became worse with age ; still , his handwriting remained quite legible .", "Johnson was , in the words of Steven Lynn , `` more than a well - known writer and scholar '' ; for it is said of his poetry , ' small in amount , its quality excellent ' , and regrets were expressed that he had not written much more ' . He was a celebrity for the activities and the state of his health in his later years were constantly reported in various journals and newspapers , and when there was nothing to report , something was invented . According to Bate , `` Johnson loved biography , '' and he `` changed the whole course of biography for the modern world . One by - product was the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature , Boswell 's Life of Johnson , and there were many other memoirs and biographies of a similar kind written on Johnson after his death . '' These accounts of his life include Thomas Tyers 's A Biographical Sketch of Dr Samuel Johnson ( 1784 ) ; Boswell 's The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides ( 1785 ) ; Hester Thrale 's Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson , which drew on entries from her diary and other notes ; John Hawkins 's Life of Samuel Johnson , the first full - length biography of Johnson ; and , in 1792 , Arthur Murphy 's An Essay on the Life and Genius of Samuel Johnson , which replaced Hawkins 's biography as the introduction to a collection of Johnson 's Works . Another important source was Fanny Burney , who described Johnson as `` the acknowledged Head of Literature in this kingdom '' and kept a diary containing details missing from other biographies . Above all , Boswell 's portrayal of Johnson is the work best known to general readers . Although critics like Donald Greene argue about its status as a true biography , the work became successful as Boswell and his friends promoted it at the expense of the many other works on Johnson 's life .", "In criticism , Johnson had a lasting influence , although not everyone viewed him favourably . Some , like Macaulay , regarded Johnson as an idiot savant who produced some respectable works , and others , like the Romantic poets , were completely opposed to Johnson 's views on poetry and literature , especially with regard to Milton . However , some of their contemporaries disagreed : Stendhal 's Racine et Shakespeare is based in part on Johnson 's views of Shakespeare , and Johnson influenced Jane Austen 's writing style and philosophy . Later , Johnson 's works came into favour , and Matthew Arnold , in his Six Chief Lives from Johnson 's `` Lives of the Poets '' , considered the Lives of Milton , Dryden , Pope , Addison , Swift , and Gray as `` points which stand as so many natural centres , and by returning to which we can always find our way again '' .", "More than a century after his death , literary critics such as G. Birkbeck Hill and T.S. Eliot came to regard Johnson as a serious critic . They began to study Johnson 's works with an increasing focus on the critical analysis found in his edition of Shakespeare and Lives of the Poets . Yvor Winters claimed that `` A great critic is the rarest of all literary geniuses ; perhaps the only critic in English who deserves that epithet is Samuel Johnson '' . F.R. Leavis agreed and , on Johnson 's criticism , said , `` When we read him we know , beyond question , that we have here a powerful and distinguished mind operating at first hand upon literature . This , we can say with emphatic conviction , really is criticism '' . Edmund Wilson claimed that `` The Lives of the Poets and the prefaces and commentary on Shakespeare are among the most brilliant and the most acute documents in the whole range of English criticism '' . The critic Harold Bloom placed Johnson 's work firmly within the Western canon , describing him as `` unmatched by any critic in any nation before or after him ... Bate in the finest insight on Johnson I know , emphasised that no other writer is so obsessed by the realisation that the mind is an activity , one that will turn to destructiveness of the self or of others unless it is directed to labour . '' It is no wonder that his philosophical insistence that the language within literature must be examined became a prevailing mode of literary theory during the mid-20th century .", "There are many societies formed around and dedicated to the study and enjoyment of Samuel Johnson 's life and works . On the bicentennial of Johnson 's death in 1984 , Oxford University held a week - long conference featuring 50 papers , and the Arts Council of Great Britain held an exhibit of `` Johnsonian portraits and other memorabilia '' . The London Times and Punch produced parodies of Johnson 's style for the occasion . In 1999 , the BBC Four television channel started the Samuel Johnson Prize , an award for non-fiction .", "Half of Johnson 's surviving correspondence , together with some of his manuscripts , editions of his books , paintings and other items associated with him are in the Donald and Mary Hyde Collection of Dr. Samuel Johnson , housed at Houghton Library at Harvard University since 2003 . Materials in the collection may be accessed through the Houghton Reading Room . The collection includes drafts of his Plan for a Dictionary , documents associated with Hester Thrale Piozzi and James Boswell ( including corrected proofs of his Life of Johnson ) and a teapot owned by Johnson .", "A Royal Society of Arts blue plaque , unveiled in 1876 , commemorates his Gough Square house .", "On 18 September 2017 Google commemorated Johnson 's 308th birthday with a Google Doodle .", "Essays , pamphlets , periodicals , sermons 1732 -- 33 Birmingham Journal 1747 Plan for a Dictionary of the English Language 1750 -- 52 The Rambler 1753 -- 54 The Adventurer 1756 Universal Visiter 1756 - The Literary Magazine , or Universal Review 1758 -- 60 The Idler 1770 The False Alarm 1771 Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland 's Islands 1774 The Patriot 1775 A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland Taxation No Tyranny 1781 The Beauties of Johnson Poetry 1728 Messiah , a translation into Latin of Alexander Pope 's Messiah 1738 London 1747 Prologue at the Opening of the Theatre in Drury Lane 1749 The Vanity of Human Wishes Irene , a Tragedy Biographies , criticism 1735 A Voyage to Abyssinia , by Jerome Lobo , translated from the French 1744 Life of Mr Richard Savage 1745 Miscellaneous Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth 1756 `` Life of Browne '' in Thomas Browne 's Christian Morals Proposals for Printing , by Subscription , the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare 1765 Preface to the Plays of William Shakespeare The Plays of William Shakespeare 1779 -- 81 Lives of the Poets Dictionary 1755 Preface to a Dictionary of the English Language A Dictionary of the English Language Novellas 1759 The History of Rasselas , Prince of Abissinia", "Essays , pamphlets , periodicals , sermons", "1732 -- 33 Birmingham Journal", "1747 Plan for a Dictionary of the English Language", "1750 -- 52 The Rambler", "1753 -- 54 The Adventurer", "1756 Universal Visiter", "1756 - The Literary Magazine , or Universal Review", "1758 -- 60 The Idler", "1770 The False Alarm", "1771 Thoughts on the Late Transactions Respecting Falkland 's Islands", "1774 The Patriot", "1775 A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland", "Taxation No Tyranny", "1781 The Beauties of Johnson", "Poetry", "1728 Messiah , a translation into Latin of Alexander Pope 's Messiah", "1738 London", "1747 Prologue at the Opening of the Theatre in Drury Lane", "1749 The Vanity of Human Wishes", "Irene , a Tragedy", "Biographies , criticism", "1735 A Voyage to Abyssinia , by Jerome Lobo , translated from the French", "1744 Life of Mr Richard Savage", "1745 Miscellaneous Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth", "1756 `` Life of Browne '' in Thomas Browne 's Christian Morals", "Proposals for Printing , by Subscription , the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare", "1765 Preface to the Plays of William Shakespeare", "The Plays of William Shakespeare", "1779 -- 81 Lives of the Poets", "Dictionary", "1755 Preface to a Dictionary of the English Language", "A Dictionary of the English Language", "Novellas", "1759 The History of Rasselas , Prince of Abissinia" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "All Eyez on Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Benny Boom Produced by David Robinson L.T. Hutton James G. Robinson Written by Jeremy Haft Eddie Gonzalez Steven Bagatourian Starring Demetrius Shipp Jr . Kat Graham Lauren Cohan Hill Harper Danai Gurira Music by John Paesano Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr . Edited by Joel Cox Production companies Morgan Creek Productions Program Pictures Codeblack Films Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( Fox Bruin Theater ) June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $54.9 million", "All Eyez on Me", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Benny Boom", "Produced by David Robinson L.T. Hutton James G. Robinson", "David Robinson L.T. Hutton James G. Robinson", "James G. Robinson", "Written by Jeremy Haft Eddie Gonzalez Steven Bagatourian", "Jeremy Haft Eddie Gonzalez Steven Bagatourian", "Starring Demetrius Shipp Jr . Kat Graham Lauren Cohan Hill Harper Danai Gurira", "Demetrius Shipp Jr . Kat Graham Lauren Cohan Hill Harper Danai Gurira", "Demetrius Shipp Jr .", "Music by John Paesano", "Cinematography Peter Menzies Jr .", "Edited by Joel Cox", "Production companies Morgan Creek Productions Program Pictures Codeblack Films", "Morgan Creek Productions Program Pictures Codeblack Films", "Morgan Creek Productions", "Distributed by Summit Entertainment", "Release date June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( Fox Bruin Theater ) June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States )", "June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( Fox Bruin Theater ) June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States )", "June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( Fox Bruin Theater )", "June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States )", "Running time 140 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $40 million", "Box office $54.9 million", "All Eyez on Me is a 2017 American biographical drama film about hip - hop artist Tupac Shakur , directed by Benny Boom and written by Jeremy Haft , Eddie Gonzalez and Steven Bagatourian . Titled after Shakur 's 1996 fourth studio album of the same name , the film stars Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Shakur with Kat Graham , Lauren Cohan , Hill Harper and Danai Gurira in supporting roles .", "Principal photography began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . All Eyez on Me premiered on June 14 , 2017 , in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on June 16 , 2017 , on what would have been Shakur 's 46th birthday . The film received negative reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences , and grossed $54 million worldwide .", "At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995 , a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur .", "In 1971 , Tupac 's mother , Afeni Shakur , is released from prison along with her fellow Black Panther Party following her acquittal of several charges . She is pregnant with Tupac and voices her complaints to a reporter over the unfair treatment of black individuals in the country from not only society , but the system sworn to protect its citizens .", "From an early age , Tupac is taught about black pride , and is witness to multiple injustices in his neighborhood . His stepfather , Mutulu , is a revolutionary who has influenced Afeni , who in turn influences her son and Tupac 's sister Set . Mutulu is wanted by the FBI for a robbery of an armored truck , and the murder of two officers and a guard . FBI agents follow Afeni and her children . Mutulu is eventually caught during a raid when cops burst into the Shakurs ' apartment , with cops violently pinning Tupac and his sister to the ground .", "As Tupac gets older , he distances himself more and more from his mother 's ideals and behavior . He attends the Baltimore School for the Arts , where he becomes close friends with Jada Pinkett .", "Tupac 's music career begins when he joins Digital Underground for their hit `` Same Song '' . Under his manager , Leila Steinberg , he begins to have hip - hop albums produced . Although his music becomes popular , he gets into hot water with record producers for songs like `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' , which is about a young girl who is raped by her cousin , has a baby on the bathroom floor , turns to prostitution and selling drugs for money , and how she is ultimately murdered on the streets . Tupac argues that the song comes from real stories in the streets of the impoverished and how nobody is willing to help people like the subject of the song .", "Tupac also begins acting in movies such as Juice , as well as collaborating with other artists like Biggie Smalls , both performing to excited crowds at venues . He generates as much praise as he does controversy in what he does outside of music , such as donating money to poor black citizens .", "Outside of his performances , Tupac has run - ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking , and is beaten by two officers . On another occasion , he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man . When they try to intervene , one man pulls a gun on Tupac . He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun . It soon reveals that the two men were off - duty cops , and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them .", "Tupac becomes involved with a dealer named Nigel , and they do business together in music . When things go awry , Tupac and Nigel have a quarrel . Nigel 's guys want to retaliate against Tupac , but Nigel says that nobody touches Tupac unless he says so . The other guys appear to go against Nigel 's orders .", "In 1993 , Tupac meets a young woman named Briana , and she is with Tupac along with other men in a hotel room one night . Briana barges into his room hours later crying and screaming , indicating that the other men raped her . Tupac is later on trial for rape and harassment charges .", "On November 30 , 1994 , Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios . Tupac is shot five times before the men flee . Biggie and other guys in Tupac 's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital . When Biggie tries to visit Tupac , he is turned down for not being a family member . Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors ' orders .", "The following day , Tupac 's sentence is declared in his trial . He is found not guilty of rape , but is found guilty of illegal touching , and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison .", "While in prison , Tupac hears Biggie 's song `` Who Shot Ya ? '' , and interprets it as a diss track bragging about Biggie 's alleged involvement in his shooting . Tupac encounters Mutulu in there , who encourages him to work after he gets out . Mutulu later murders another inmate by stabbing him to death . Tupac is also assaulted by two guards while in prison .", "Following his release , Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight , who also collaborates with other artists , like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg . Tupac and Dre work on the hit song `` California Love '' . He releases the track `` Hit Em Up '' as a response to `` Who Shot Ya ? '' in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie 's wife Faith Evans .", "In Tupac 's final months , he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music , movies , and TV shows . Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings . Later , however , Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners , with Suge taking over the west coast part of Death Row , and Tupac taking over the east coast . Tupac agrees to it .", "On September 7 , 1996 , Tupac , Suge , and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon match at the MGM Grand . One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain . Tupac and company confront the gang member , and Tupac attacks him , knocking him to the ground . Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him . Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes . He tells Kidada about the situation . She tries to go with him , but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour .", "Tupac and Suge drive from the hotel with the rest of his guys following them . On the road , a car pulls alongside the car and Tupac is shot multiple times before the car flees the scene .", "The ending text states that six days later , Tupac was pronounced dead . To this day , his murder remains unsolved . By the age of 25 , he released 15 albums , seven posthumous albums , 713 songs , and seven movies .", "Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur , Tupac 's mother , a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party . Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg , Tupac 's mentor . Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death . Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival . Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight , a record producer . Grace Gibson as Faith Evans , Biggie Smalls 's wife and singer . Lian Amado as Angie Martinez , radio personality , rapper , and actress . Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy Chris Clarke as Shock G the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground . Money - B as himself , member of Digital Underground . Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility . Johnell Young as Ray Luv , Tupac 's friend . Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder . Rayan Lawrence as Treach James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal E.D.I. Mean as himself Young Noble as himself DeRay Davis as Legs Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre Hill Harper as Journalist Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack Phil Armijo as Johnny `` J ''", "Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Tupac Shakur", "Danai Gurira as Afeni Shakur , Tupac 's mother , a political activist and member of the Black Panther Party .", "Lauren Cohan as Leila Steinberg , Tupac 's mentor .", "Jamie Hector as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather .", "Annie Ilonzeh as Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death .", "Jamal Woolard as The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival .", "Kat Graham as Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts .", "Dominic L. Santana as Suge Knight , a record producer .", "Grace Gibson as Faith Evans , Biggie Smalls 's wife and singer .", "Lian Amado as Angie Martinez , radio personality , rapper , and actress .", "Stefon Washington as Puff Daddy", "Chris Clarke as Shock G the lead vocalist for the hip hop group Digital Underground .", "Money - B as himself , member of Digital Underground .", "Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility .", "Johnell Young as Ray Luv , Tupac 's friend .", "Jermel Howard as Mopreme Shakur", "Azad Arnaud as Daz Dillinger", "Jarrett Ellis as Snoop Dogg", "Keith Robinson as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder .", "Rayan Lawrence as Treach", "James Hatter III as Yaki Kadafi", "Jermaine Carter as Hussein Fatal", "E.D.I. Mean as himself", "Young Noble as himself", "DeRay Davis as Legs", "Harold House Moore as Dr. Dre", "Hill Harper as Journalist", "Cory Hardrict as Nigel aka Haitian Jack", "Phil Armijo as Johnny `` J ''", "On February 10 , 2011 , it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur 's biopic titled Tupac , which would follow his life from growing up to his death . Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film , and the script was from Steven Bagatourian , Stephen J. Rivele , and Christopher Wilkinson . James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures ' L.T. Hutton , and Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer , with production scheduled to begin that summer . On September 19 , 2013 , Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek . Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film . On February 12 , 2014 , John Singleton again signed on to rewrite , direct and produce the film . On April 16 , 2014 , Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film . Gonzalez , Haft , and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film , about Tupac 's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip - hop artist , to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25 . On April 7 , 2015 , it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences , while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties . On October 28 , 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett / Furla / Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013 . In the agreement , terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million , mutual approval for the lead actor 's selection , filming schedule , and distribution and sales agreements . Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road , which Morgan Creek rejected , and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval .", "On November 30 , 2015 , it was reported that music director Benny Boom would be directing the film now replacing Franklin . Early - December 2015 , the film 's title was confirmed to be All Eyez On Me On December 24 , 2015 , newcomer Demetrius Shipp , Jr. was cast in the film to play the role of Tupac . Jamal Woolard also joined the film to play the role of The Notorious B.I.G. , Tupac 's former friend turned rival , reprising the role Woolard portrayed in the 2009 film Notorious . On January 11 , 2016 , Danai Gurira was added to the film 's cast to play Tupac 's mother Afeni Shakur , a political activist and member of the Black Panthers . Following Gurira 's casting , Variety reported on the next day that Kat Graham had signed on to play Jada Pinkett , a friend of Tupac from the Baltimore School for the Arts . It was revealed later that Dominic L. Santana had been cast as record producer Suge Knight .", "On January 13 , Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur , Tupac 's stepfather . On January 15 , Lauren Cohan joined the film 's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg , a key figure in Tupac 's life as his mentor . Money B would appear in the film as himself , Tupac 's coworker at Digital Underground , Clifton Powell as Floyd , inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility , and Johnell Young as a Tupac 's close friend , Ray Luv . On January 19 , TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls ' wife , Faith Evans , who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur . On January 22 , 2016 , Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory , TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist . Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones , engaged to Tupac at the time of his death .", "Principal photography on the film began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming wrapped on April 12 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , Nevada .", "On June 16 , 2016 , on what would have been Shakur 's 45th birthday , a teaser trailer for the film was released . On September 13 , 2016 , the 20th anniversary of Shakur 's death , a second teaser trailer was released . It was announced that the film will be released on June 16 , 2017 . On February 10 , 2017 , a third teaser trailer was released , confirming Summit , Morgan Creek , Program Pictures , and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors . On April 6 , 2017 , a fourth trailer was released .", "No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie 's release .", "All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million , against a production budget of $40 million .", "In North America , All Eyez on Me was released on June 16 , 2017 , alongside Rough Night , 47 Meters Down and Cars 3 , and was originally projected to gross $17 -- 20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $12.8 million on Friday ( including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews ) , increasing weekend estimates to $31 million . It ended up debuting to $26.4 million , finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ( $53.7 million ) and Wonder Woman ( $41.3 million ) . Deadline.com attributed the film 's success to the release corresponding with Tupac 's birthday , as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015 .", "Despite its surprising opening weekend success , the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend , dropping 78 % to $5.8 million , the 16th largest such decline in history . In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6 % to $1.8 million , finishing 11th at the box office .", "On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 68 reviews , with an average rating of 4.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Despite Demetrius Shipp Jr. 's fine lead performance , All Eyez on Me is mostly a surface - skimming , by - the - numbers biopic of a larger - than - life icon . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 38 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale .", "Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , saying : `` Almost all the dialogue is that flat - footed . It 's a stark contrast to the almost always vivid power of Shakur 's own words , which could be profoundly empathetic and pettily profane . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote : `` Comprehensive but sketchy , richly atmospheric but often under - dramatized , it is not , in the end , a very good movie ( there are a few scenes , like Tupac 's initial meeting with Ted Field of Interscope Records , that are embarrassingly bad ) . Yet it 's highly worth seeing because in its volatility and hunger , and the desperation of its violence , it captures something about the space in which Tupac Shakur lived : a place that wanted to be all about pride and power , but was really about flying over the abyss . ''", "On her Twitter account , Jada Pinkett Smith stated that the film contained many inaccuracies about her relationship with Tupac and why he left for Los Angeles . Smith claimed that Tupac never read the poem he read to her character in the film and that she had no knowledge that it even existed until it was published in his book . She also stated that she never attended one of Tupac 's shows at his request and that there was no backstage argument . She did , however , praise the performances of Shipp and Graham . Both Sean Combs and Suge Knight gave blessings to the film , praising their respective portrayals ." ]

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[ "The 30 largest trade partners of the United States represent 87.9 % of U.S. exports , and 87.4 % of U.S. imports as of 2017 . These figures do not include services or foreign direct investment .", "The largest US partners with their total trade in goods ( sum of imports and exports ) in millions of US dollars for calendar year 2017 are as follows :", "Rank Country / District Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Balance - World 1,546,273 2,341,963 3,888,236 - 795,690 - European Union 283,269 434,633 717,902 - 151,363 China 129,894 505,470 635,364 - 375,576 Canada 282,265 299,319 581,584 - 17,054 Mexico 243,314 314,267 557,581 - 70,953 Japan 67,605 136,481 204,086 - 68,876 Germany 53,897 117,575 171,472 - 63,678 6 South Korea 48,326 71,444 119,770 - 23,118 7 United Kingdom 56,258 53,060 109,318 + 3,198 8 France 33,596 48,899 82,495 - 15,303 9 India 25,689 48,603 74,292 - 22,914 10 Italy 18,405 49,918 68,323 - 31,513 11 Taiwan 25,730 42,462 68,192 - 16,732 12 Brazil 37,222 29,452 66,674 + 7,770 13 Netherlands 41,510 17,785 59,295 + 23,725 14 Switzerland 21,685 35,997 57,682 - 14,312 15 Ireland 10,708 48,797 59,505 - 38,089 16 Vietnam 8,133 46,488 54,621 - 38,355 17 Malaysia 12,964 37,396 50,360 - 24,432 18 Singapore 29,806 19,367 49,173 + 10,439 19 Hong Kong 39,939 7,376 47,315 + 32,563 20 Belgium 29,924 14,997 44,921 + 14,927 21 Thailand 10,992 31,152 42,144 - 20,160 22 Saudi Arabia 18,881 16,348 35,229 + 2,533 23 Australia 24,527 10,045 34,572 + 14,482 24 Israel 12,550 21,945 34,495 - 9,395 25 Colombia 13,312 13,557 26,869 - 245 26 Spain 11,064 15,645 26,709 - 4,581 27 Indonesia 6,864 20,209 25,240 - 13,345 28 United Arab Emirates 20,020 4,269 24,289 + 15,751 29 Chile 13,605 10,551 24,156 + 3,054 30 Russia 6,998 17,021 24,019 - 10,023 - Top 30 1,359,143 2,046,186 3,405,329 - 687,043", "Rank Country / District Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Balance", "- World 1,546,273 2,341,963 3,888,236 - 795,690", "- European Union 283,269 434,633 717,902 - 151,363", "China 129,894 505,470 635,364 - 375,576", "Canada 282,265 299,319 581,584 - 17,054", "Mexico 243,314 314,267 557,581 - 70,953", "Japan 67,605 136,481 204,086 - 68,876", "Germany 53,897 117,575 171,472 - 63,678", "6 South Korea 48,326 71,444 119,770 - 23,118", "7 United Kingdom 56,258 53,060 109,318 + 3,198", "8 France 33,596 48,899 82,495 - 15,303", "9 India 25,689 48,603 74,292 - 22,914", "10 Italy 18,405 49,918 68,323 - 31,513", "11 Taiwan 25,730 42,462 68,192 - 16,732", "12 Brazil 37,222 29,452 66,674 + 7,770", "13 Netherlands 41,510 17,785 59,295 + 23,725", "14 Switzerland 21,685 35,997 57,682 - 14,312", "15 Ireland 10,708 48,797 59,505 - 38,089", "16 Vietnam 8,133 46,488 54,621 - 38,355", "17 Malaysia 12,964 37,396 50,360 - 24,432", "18 Singapore 29,806 19,367 49,173 + 10,439", "19 Hong Kong 39,939 7,376 47,315 + 32,563", "20 Belgium 29,924 14,997 44,921 + 14,927", "21 Thailand 10,992 31,152 42,144 - 20,160", "22 Saudi Arabia 18,881 16,348 35,229 + 2,533", "23 Australia 24,527 10,045 34,572 + 14,482", "24 Israel 12,550 21,945 34,495 - 9,395", "25 Colombia 13,312 13,557 26,869 - 245", "26 Spain 11,064 15,645 26,709 - 4,581", "27 Indonesia 6,864 20,209 25,240 - 13,345", "28 United Arab Emirates 20,020 4,269 24,289 + 15,751", "29 Chile 13,605 10,551 24,156 + 3,054", "30 Russia 6,998 17,021 24,019 - 10,023", "- Top 30 1,359,143 2,046,186 3,405,329 - 687,043", "Imports / Exports / Trade Deficits of the United States in 2014 ( $ Millions ) Country Exports Imports Trade Deficit China 123,676 446,754 343,078 European Union 276,142 418,754 142,059 Germany 49,363 123,260 73,897 Japan 66,827 134,004 67,117 Mexico 240,249 294,074 53,825 Canada 312,421 347,798 35,377 Saudi Arabia 18,705 47,041 28,336 Ireland 7,806 33,956 26,150 Italy 16,968 42,115 25,147 South Korea 44,471 69,518 25,047 India 21,608 45,244 23,636 Malaysia 13,068 30,420 17,352 France 31,301 46,874 15,573 Thailand 11,810 27,123 15,313 Taiwan 26,670 40,581 13,911 Switzerland 22,176 31,191 9,015 Israel 15,083 22,962 7,879 United Kingdom 53,823 54,392 569", "Country Exports Imports Trade Deficit", "China 123,676 446,754 343,078", "European Union 276,142 418,754 142,059", "Germany 49,363 123,260 73,897", "Japan 66,827 134,004 67,117", "Mexico 240,249 294,074 53,825", "Canada 312,421 347,798 35,377", "Saudi Arabia 18,705 47,041 28,336", "Ireland 7,806 33,956 26,150", "Italy 16,968 42,115 25,147", "South Korea 44,471 69,518 25,047", "India 21,608 45,244 23,636", "Malaysia 13,068 30,420 17,352", "France 31,301 46,874 15,573", "Thailand 11,810 27,123 15,313", "Taiwan 26,670 40,581 13,911", "Switzerland 22,176 31,191 9,015", "Israel 15,083 22,962 7,879", "United Kingdom 53,823 54,392 569", "Balance of Trade 2014 China Euro Area Japan Mexico Pacific Canada Middle East Lat . America Total by Product Computer - 151.9 3.4 - 8.0 - 11.0 - 26.1 20.9 5.8 12.1 - 155.0 Oil , Gas , Minerals 1.9 6.4 2.4 - 20.8 1.1 - 79.8 - 45.1 - 15.9 - 149.7 Transportation 10.9 - 30.9 - 46.2 - 59.5 - 0.5 - 6.1 17.1 8.8 - 106.3 Apparel - 56.3 - 4.9 0.6 - 4.2 - 6.3 2.5 - 0.3 - 1.1 - 69.9 Electrical Equipment - 35.9 - 2.4 - 4.0 - 8.5 - 3.3 10.0 1.8 2.0 - 40.4 Misc . Manufacturing - 35.3 4.9 2.7 - 2.8 - 1.4 5.8 - 1.5 1.8 - 25.8 Furniture - 18.3 - 1.2 0.0 - 1.6 - 2.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 - 22.6 Machinery - 19.9 - 27.0 - 18.8 3.9 7.6 18.1 4.5 9.1 - 22.4 Primary Metals - 3.1 3.1 - 1.8 1.0 1.9 - 8.9 - 0.9 - 10.4 - 19.1 Fabricated Metals - 17.9 - 5.9 - 3.5 2.8 - 4.3 7.3 1.2 1.9 - 18.5 Plastics - 15.7 - 1.9 - 2.0 5.7 - 4.1 2.6 - 0.1 0.5 - 15.0 Textile - 12.3 - 1.1 - 0.3 2.8 - 4.6 1.5 - 0.9 0.2 - 14.7 Beverages , Tobacco 1.3 - 9.9 0.6 - 3.3 0.0 1.0 0.2 - 0.6 - 10.6 Nonmetallic Minerals - 6.1 - 1.9 - 0.4 - 1.2 0.1 1.9 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 8.9 Paper - 2.7 1.2 1.1 4.3 1.2 - 9.8 0.9 - 1.9 - 5.8 Chemical - 3.9 - 39.5 - 1.5 19.1 3.2 4.6 - 2.4 15.8 - 4.7 Food 0.7 - 3.6 6.1 4.9 0.9 0.1 1.4 - 1.1 9.5 Agriculture 17.8 6.2 7.3 - 3.0 5.7 - 0.8 2.8 - 6.5 29.5 Petroleum 0.6 - 1.2 0.1 16.6 - 2.0 - 0.1 0.6 18.3 32.9 Total by Country / Area - 346.1 - 106.1 - 65.6 - 54.9 - 33.0 - 29.0 - 15.1 32.3", "Balance of Trade 2014", "China Euro Area Japan Mexico Pacific Canada Middle East Lat . America Total by Product", "Computer - 151.9 3.4 - 8.0 - 11.0 - 26.1 20.9 5.8 12.1 - 155.0", "Oil , Gas , Minerals 1.9 6.4 2.4 - 20.8 1.1 - 79.8 - 45.1 - 15.9 - 149.7", "Transportation 10.9 - 30.9 - 46.2 - 59.5 - 0.5 - 6.1 17.1 8.8 - 106.3", "Apparel - 56.3 - 4.9 0.6 - 4.2 - 6.3 2.5 - 0.3 - 1.1 - 69.9", "Electrical Equipment - 35.9 - 2.4 - 4.0 - 8.5 - 3.3 10.0 1.8 2.0 - 40.4", "Misc . Manufacturing - 35.3 4.9 2.7 - 2.8 - 1.4 5.8 - 1.5 1.8 - 25.8", "Furniture - 18.3 - 1.2 0.0 - 1.6 - 2.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 - 22.6", "Machinery - 19.9 - 27.0 - 18.8 3.9 7.6 18.1 4.5 9.1 - 22.4", "Primary Metals - 3.1 3.1 - 1.8 1.0 1.9 - 8.9 - 0.9 - 10.4 - 19.1", "Fabricated Metals - 17.9 - 5.9 - 3.5 2.8 - 4.3 7.3 1.2 1.9 - 18.5", "Plastics - 15.7 - 1.9 - 2.0 5.7 - 4.1 2.6 - 0.1 0.5 - 15.0", "Textile - 12.3 - 1.1 - 0.3 2.8 - 4.6 1.5 - 0.9 0.2 - 14.7", "Beverages , Tobacco 1.3 - 9.9 0.6 - 3.3 0.0 1.0 0.2 - 0.6 - 10.6", "Nonmetallic Minerals - 6.1 - 1.9 - 0.4 - 1.2 0.1 1.9 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 8.9", "Paper - 2.7 1.2 1.1 4.3 1.2 - 9.8 0.9 - 1.9 - 5.8", "Chemical - 3.9 - 39.5 - 1.5 19.1 3.2 4.6 - 2.4 15.8 - 4.7", "Food 0.7 - 3.6 6.1 4.9 0.9 0.1 1.4 - 1.1 9.5", "Agriculture 17.8 6.2 7.3 - 3.0 5.7 - 0.8 2.8 - 6.5 29.5", "Petroleum 0.6 - 1.2 0.1 16.6 - 2.0 - 0.1 0.6 18.3 32.9", "Total by Country / Area - 346.1 - 106.1 - 65.6 - 54.9 - 33.0 - 29.0 - 15.1 32.3", "The United States is also the primary export or import partner of several countries . The percentages on these tables are based on 2016 data as shown on the CIA World Factbook .", "Exports Region Percentage Mexico 81.0 % Haiti 80.8 % Canada 76.4 % Chad 57.0 % Bahamas 53.4 % Nicaragua 51.5 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 49.6 % Saint Lucia 48.8 % El Salvador 48.3 % Dominican Republic 47.3 % Gabon 45.7 % Costa Rica 41.0 % Jamaica 40.8 % Barbados 39.6 % Trinidad and Tobago 39.2 % Honduras 36.7 % Venezuela 35.1 % Guatemala 34.0 % Colombia 33.5 % Ecuador 32.3 % Israel 29.3 % Grenada 28.4 % Malta 27.3 % Sri Lanka 27.3 % Ireland 26.0 % Jordan 25.2 % Fiji 21.8 % Panama 21.4 % Cambodia 21.3 % Japan 20.2 % Vietnam 20.2 % China 18.2 % Pakistan 16.3 % India 16.0 % United Kingdom 14.8 % Bangladesh 13.1 % Thailand 11.4 % Ethiopia 9.7 % Germany 8.9 % Imports Region Percentage Bahamas 81.8 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 56.8 % Aruba 55.4 % Bermuda 54.2 % Canada 52.2 % Mexico 46.6 % Antigua and Barbuda 44.3 % Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 44.0 % Dominican Republic 40.4 % Saint Lucia 39.8 % Barbados 39.0 % Jamaica 39.0 % Guatemala 38.1 % El Salvador 37.9 % Belize 37.2 % Costa Rica 37.1 % Trinidad and Tobago 33.4 % Honduras 32.8 % Grenada 32.7 % Brunei 28.4 % Colombia 26.4 % Panama 25.7 % Palau 24.6 % Dominica 23.4 % Equatorial Guinea 23.3 % Ecuador 23.0 % Gibraltar 22.3 % Venezuela 22.1 % Suriname 21.2 % Nicaragua 19.7 % Haiti 19.3 % Brazil 17.6 % Qatar 13.7 % Mauritania 13.4 % Israel 12.2 %", "", "Exports Region Percentage Mexico 81.0 % Haiti 80.8 % Canada 76.4 % Chad 57.0 % Bahamas 53.4 % Nicaragua 51.5 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 49.6 % Saint Lucia 48.8 % El Salvador 48.3 % Dominican Republic 47.3 % Gabon 45.7 % Costa Rica 41.0 % Jamaica 40.8 % Barbados 39.6 % Trinidad and Tobago 39.2 % Honduras 36.7 % Venezuela 35.1 % Guatemala 34.0 % Colombia 33.5 % Ecuador 32.3 % Israel 29.3 % Grenada 28.4 % Malta 27.3 % Sri Lanka 27.3 % Ireland 26.0 % Jordan 25.2 % Fiji 21.8 % Panama 21.4 % Cambodia 21.3 % Japan 20.2 % Vietnam 20.2 % China 18.2 % Pakistan 16.3 % India 16.0 % United Kingdom 14.8 % Bangladesh 13.1 % Thailand 11.4 % Ethiopia 9.7 % Germany 8.9 % Imports Region Percentage Bahamas 81.8 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 56.8 % Aruba 55.4 % Bermuda 54.2 % Canada 52.2 % Mexico 46.6 % Antigua and Barbuda 44.3 % Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 44.0 % Dominican Republic 40.4 % Saint Lucia 39.8 % Barbados 39.0 % Jamaica 39.0 % Guatemala 38.1 % El Salvador 37.9 % Belize 37.2 % Costa Rica 37.1 % Trinidad and Tobago 33.4 % Honduras 32.8 % Grenada 32.7 % Brunei 28.4 % Colombia 26.4 % Panama 25.7 % Palau 24.6 % Dominica 23.4 % Equatorial Guinea 23.3 % Ecuador 23.0 % Gibraltar 22.3 % Venezuela 22.1 % Suriname 21.2 % Nicaragua 19.7 % Haiti 19.3 % Brazil 17.6 % Qatar 13.7 % Mauritania 13.4 % Israel 12.2 %", "Exports Region Percentage Mexico 81.0 % Haiti 80.8 % Canada 76.4 % Chad 57.0 % Bahamas 53.4 % Nicaragua 51.5 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 49.6 % Saint Lucia 48.8 % El Salvador 48.3 % Dominican Republic 47.3 % Gabon 45.7 % Costa Rica 41.0 % Jamaica 40.8 % Barbados 39.6 % Trinidad and Tobago 39.2 % Honduras 36.7 % Venezuela 35.1 % Guatemala 34.0 % Colombia 33.5 % Ecuador 32.3 % Israel 29.3 % Grenada 28.4 % Malta 27.3 % Sri Lanka 27.3 % Ireland 26.0 % Jordan 25.2 % Fiji 21.8 % Panama 21.4 % Cambodia 21.3 % Japan 20.2 % Vietnam 20.2 % China 18.2 % Pakistan 16.3 % India 16.0 % United Kingdom 14.8 % Bangladesh 13.1 % Thailand 11.4 % Ethiopia 9.7 % Germany 8.9 %", "Region Percentage", "Mexico 81.0 %", "Haiti 80.8 %", "Canada 76.4 %", "Chad 57.0 %", "Bahamas 53.4 %", "Nicaragua 51.5 %", "Saint Kitts and Nevis 49.6 %", "Saint Lucia 48.8 %", "El Salvador 48.3 %", "Dominican Republic 47.3 %", "Gabon 45.7 %", "Costa Rica 41.0 %", "Jamaica 40.8 %", "Barbados 39.6 %", "Trinidad and Tobago 39.2 %", "Honduras 36.7 %", "Venezuela 35.1 %", "Guatemala 34.0 %", "Colombia 33.5 %", "Ecuador 32.3 %", "Israel 29.3 %", "Grenada 28.4 %", "Malta 27.3 %", "Sri Lanka 27.3 %", "Ireland 26.0 %", "Jordan 25.2 %", "Fiji 21.8 %", "Panama 21.4 %", "Cambodia 21.3 %", "Japan 20.2 %", "Vietnam 20.2 %", "China 18.2 %", "Pakistan 16.3 %", "India 16.0 %", "United Kingdom 14.8 %", "Bangladesh 13.1 %", "Thailand 11.4 %", "Ethiopia 9.7 %", "Germany 8.9 %", "Imports Region Percentage Bahamas 81.8 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 56.8 % Aruba 55.4 % Bermuda 54.2 % Canada 52.2 % Mexico 46.6 % Antigua and Barbuda 44.3 % Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 44.0 % Dominican Republic 40.4 % Saint Lucia 39.8 % Barbados 39.0 % Jamaica 39.0 % Guatemala 38.1 % El Salvador 37.9 % Belize 37.2 % Costa Rica 37.1 % Trinidad and Tobago 33.4 % Honduras 32.8 % Grenada 32.7 % Brunei 28.4 % Colombia 26.4 % Panama 25.7 % Palau 24.6 % Dominica 23.4 % Equatorial Guinea 23.3 % Ecuador 23.0 % Gibraltar 22.3 % Venezuela 22.1 % Suriname 21.2 % Nicaragua 19.7 % Haiti 19.3 % Brazil 17.6 % Qatar 13.7 % Mauritania 13.4 % Israel 12.2 %", "Region Percentage", "Bahamas 81.8 %", "Saint Kitts and Nevis 56.8 %", "Aruba 55.4 %", "Bermuda 54.2 %", "Canada 52.2 %", "Mexico 46.6 %", "Antigua and Barbuda 44.3 %", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 44.0 %", "Dominican Republic 40.4 %", "Saint Lucia 39.8 %", "Barbados 39.0 %", "Jamaica 39.0 %", "Guatemala 38.1 %", "El Salvador 37.9 %", "Belize 37.2 %", "Costa Rica 37.1 %", "Trinidad and Tobago 33.4 %", "Honduras 32.8 %", "Grenada 32.7 %", "Brunei 28.4 %", "Colombia 26.4 %", "Panama 25.7 %", "Palau 24.6 %", "Dominica 23.4 %", "Equatorial Guinea 23.3 %", "Ecuador 23.0 %", "Gibraltar 22.3 %", "Venezuela 22.1 %", "Suriname 21.2 %", "Nicaragua 19.7 %", "Haiti 19.3 %", "Brazil 17.6 %", "Qatar 13.7 %", "Mauritania 13.4 %", "Israel 12.2 %" ]

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[ "Loretta Lynn Lynn in 2005 Background information Birth name Loretta Webb Also known as The Coal Miner 's Daughter The Queen of Country Music The Honky Tonk Girl The Decca Doll The Blue Kentucky Girl The Hillbilly Feminist ( 1932 - 04 - 14 ) April 14 , 1932 ( age 86 ) Butcher Hollow , Kentucky , U.S. Genres Country honky - tonk Americana gospel Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter author commercial spokesperson actress Instruments Vocals guitar Years active 1960 -- present Labels Zero Decca MCA Columbia Audium Interscope Legacy Associated acts Patsy Cline Crystal Gayle The Lynns Willie Nelson Dolly Parton Peggy Sue Ernest Tubb Conway Twitty Jack White The Wilburn Brothers Tammy Wynette Tayla Lynn Website www.lorettalynn.com", "Loretta Lynn", "Lynn in 2005", "Background information", "Birth name Loretta Webb", "Also known as The Coal Miner 's Daughter The Queen of Country Music The Honky Tonk Girl The Decca Doll The Blue Kentucky Girl The Hillbilly Feminist", "( 1932 - 04 - 14 ) April 14 , 1932 ( age 86 ) Butcher Hollow , Kentucky , U.S.", "Genres Country honky - tonk Americana gospel", "Country honky - tonk Americana gospel", "honky - tonk", "Occupation ( s ) Singer - songwriter author commercial spokesperson actress", "Singer - songwriter author commercial spokesperson actress", "Singer - songwriter", "Instruments Vocals guitar", "Vocals guitar", "Years active 1960 -- present", "Labels Zero Decca MCA Columbia Audium Interscope Legacy", "Zero Decca MCA Columbia Audium Interscope Legacy", "Associated acts Patsy Cline Crystal Gayle The Lynns Willie Nelson Dolly Parton Peggy Sue Ernest Tubb Conway Twitty Jack White The Wilburn Brothers Tammy Wynette Tayla Lynn", "Patsy Cline Crystal Gayle The Lynns Willie Nelson Dolly Parton Peggy Sue Ernest Tubb Conway Twitty Jack White The Wilburn Brothers Tammy Wynette Tayla Lynn", "The Wilburn Brothers", "Website www.lorettalynn.com", "Loretta Lynn ( née Webb ; born April 14 , 1932 ) is an American country music singer - songwriter with multiple gold albums in a career spanning almost 60 years . She is famous for hits such as `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' , `` Do n't Come Home A ' Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' , `` One 's on the Way '' , `` Fist City '' , and `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' along with the 1980 biographical film of the same name .", "Lynn has received numerous awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music , including awards from both the Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music as a duet partner and an individual artist . She is the most awarded female country recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade ( 1970s ) . Lynn , has sold more than 45 million albums worldwide , scored 24 number one hit singles , and 11 number one albums . Lynn continues to tour , appear at the Grand Old Opry and release new albums . She is recognized by the strength and quality of her voice still today , as well as her down to earth , quick wit and humor .", "Lynn was born Loretta Webb on April 14 , 1932 in Butcher Hollow , Kentucky . She is the eldest daughter and second child born to Clara Marie `` Clary '' ( née Ramey ; 1912 -- 1981 ) and Melvin Theodore `` Ted '' Webb ( 1906 -- 1959 ) . Ted was a coal miner and subsistence farmer . The other Webb children :", "Melvin Webb , Jr . ( Junior ) ( December 4 , 1929 -- July 1 , 1993 ) Herman Webb ( September 3 , 1934 -- July 28 , 2018 ) Willie `` Jay '' Lee Webb ( February 12 , 1937 -- July 31 , 1996 ) Donald Ray Webb ( April 2 , 1941 -- October 13 , 2017 ) Peggy Sue Wright ( née Webb ; born March 25 , 1943 ) Betty Ruth Hopkins ( Webb ) ( born 1946 ) Crystal Gayle ( born Brenda Gail Webb ; January 9 , 1951 )", "Melvin Webb , Jr . ( Junior ) ( December 4 , 1929 -- July 1 , 1993 )", "Herman Webb ( September 3 , 1934 -- July 28 , 2018 )", "Willie `` Jay '' Lee Webb ( February 12 , 1937 -- July 31 , 1996 )", "Donald Ray Webb ( April 2 , 1941 -- October 13 , 2017 )", "Peggy Sue Wright ( née Webb ; born March 25 , 1943 )", "Betty Ruth Hopkins ( Webb ) ( born 1946 )", "Crystal Gayle ( born Brenda Gail Webb ; January 9 , 1951 )", "Loretta 's father died at age of 52 of black lung disease a few years after he relocated to Wabash , Indiana with wife Clary and his younger children .", "On January 10 , 1948 , 15 - year - old Loretta Webb married Oliver `` Doolittle '' a.k.a. `` Mooney '' Lynn ( August 27 , 1926 -- August 22 , 1996 ) , and the two shortly after relocated to northern Washington state where the happiness and heartache of their early marriage inspired her music . In 1953 , Doolittle bought her a $17 Harmony guitar . She taught herself to play the instrument , and over the following three years , she worked to improve her guitar playing . With Doolittle 's encouragement , she started her own band , Loretta and the Trailblazers , with her brother Jay Lee playing lead guitar . She often appeared at Bill 's Tavern in Blaine , Washington , and the Delta Grange Hall in Custer , Washington , with the Pen Brothers ' band and the Westerneers . She cut her first record , `` I 'm a Honky Tonk Girl '' , in February 1960 .", "She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s . In 1967 she had the first of 16 number - one hits ( out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner ) . Her later hits include `` Do n't Come Home A ' Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' , `` You Ai n't Woman Enough '' , `` Fist City '' , and `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' .", "Lynn focused on blue - collar women 's issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses ; her music was inspired by issues that she faced in her marriage . She pushed boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control ( `` The Pill '' ) , repeated childbirth ( `` One 's on the Way '' ) , double standards for men and women ( `` Rated ' X ' '' ) , and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War ( `` Dear Uncle Sam '' ) .", "Country music radio stations often refused to play her music , banning nine of her songs , but Lynn pushed on to become one of country music 's legendary artists . She and contemporaries like Tammy Wynette provided a template for female artists in country music to follow .", "Her best - selling 1976 autobiography , Coal Miner 's Daughter , was made into an Academy Award -- winning film of the same title in 1980 , starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones , with Spacek winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Lynn . Her album Van Lear Rose , released in 2004 , was produced by the alternative rock musician Jack White ; Lynn and White were nominated for five Grammys and won two .", "Lynn has received numerous awards in country and American music . She was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1983 , the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 , and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008 , and she was honored in 2010 at the Country Music Awards . She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013 ( it was also presented to Bill Clinton , Oprah Winfrey , and Bob Dylan ) . Lynn has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since joining on September 25 , 1962 ; her debut appearance on the Grand Ole Opry was on October 15 , 1960 . Lynn has recorded 70 albums , including 54 studio albums , 15 compilation albums , and one tribute album , and over 48 million of her albums have been sold worldwide in her career .", "Lynn was born in 1932 and raised in the mining community of Butcher Hollow , Van Lear , Kentucky . Loretta was the second of eight children . She was named after the film star Loretta Young . Ted Webb never got to see his daughter become famous , because he died in 1959 of black lung disease before Loretta 's first single , `` I 'm A Honky Tonk Girl '' , was released the following year .", "In addition to her famous siblings and children who perform , Lynn is cousins with country singer Patty Loveless ( born Patricia Ramey ) thru her mother 's side . She is also related , on her mother 's side , to Venus Ramey , Miss America of 1944 .", "Webb was 15 when she married 21 - year - old Oliver Lynn , known variously as `` Doolittle '' , `` Doo '' , or `` Mooney '' , on January 10 , 1948 ; the couple had met only a month earlier . A year later , they left Kentucky and moved to the logging community of Custer , Washington , when Loretta was seven months pregnant with the first of their six children .", "The Lynns had six children together :", "Betty Sue Lynn ( November 26 , 1948 -- July 29 , 2013 ) Jack Benny Lynn , ( December 7 , 1949 -- July 24 , 1984 ) Clara Marie `` Cissie '' Lynn ( born 1952 ) Ernest Ray `` Ernie '' Lynn ( born 1954 ) Peggy Jean and Patsy Eileen Lynn ( born 1964 ; twin daughters named for Lynn 's sister Peggy Sue Wright and her close friend Patsy Cline )", "Betty Sue Lynn ( November 26 , 1948 -- July 29 , 2013 )", "Jack Benny Lynn , ( December 7 , 1949 -- July 24 , 1984 )", "Clara Marie `` Cissie '' Lynn ( born 1952 )", "Ernest Ray `` Ernie '' Lynn ( born 1954 )", "Peggy Jean and Patsy Eileen Lynn ( born 1964 ; twin daughters named for Lynn 's sister Peggy Sue Wright and her close friend Patsy Cline )", "Lynn has outlived two of her six children . Her second child and eldest son , Jack Benny , died at age 34 on July 22 , 1984 , while trying to ford the Duck River at the family 's ranch in Hurricane Mills , Tennessee . Loretta 's eldest child , daughter Betty Sue , died at age 64 from emphysema in 2013 , near Loretta 's ranch in Hurricane Mills . Lynn became a grandmother at age 34 in 1966 , two years after her twins were born . She has 27 grandchildren and 16 great - grandchildren as of August 2017 . Before her marriage , she regularly sang at churches and in local concerts in Butcher Hollow and sang continually to her younger siblings . After marrying , she temporarily stopped singing in public and focused on family life . She passed her love of music on to her children , often singing to them around the house , singing the hymns her mother taught her such as `` The Great Titanic '' and `` In The Pines '' .", "The Lynns were married for almost 50 years until Doolittle died at age 69 in 1996 . The couple had six children , and the marriage was reportedly rocky . In her 2002 autobiography Still Woman Enough and in an interview with CBS News the same year , she recounted how her husband cheated on her regularly and once left her while she was giving birth . She and her husband fought frequently , but she said that `` he never hit me one time that I did n't hit him back twice '' . Loretta has said that her marriage was `` one of the hardest love stories '' . In one of her autobiographies , she recalled :", "I married Doo when I was n't but a child , and he was my life from that day on . But as important as my youth and upbringing was , there 's something else that made me stick to Doo . He thought I was something special , more special than anyone else in the world , and never let me forget it . That belief would be hard to shove out the door . Doo was my security , my safety net . And just remember , I 'm explainin ' , not excusin ' ... Doo was a good man and a hard worker . But he was an alcoholic , and it affected our marriage all the way through .", "Lynn owns a ranch in Hurricane Mills , Tennessee , billed as `` the 7th Largest Attraction in Tennessee '' , featuring a recording studio , museums , lodging , restaurants , western stores , and other attractions . She normally holds three holiday concerts annually at her ranch : Memorial Day Weekend , Fourth of July Weekend , and Labor Day Weekend .", "The ranch where Lynn and her husband raised their children is open for tourists to visit . Since 1982 , the ranch has hosted Loretta Lynn 's Amateur Motocross National Championship , the world 's largest amateur motocross race , in addition to GNCC Racing events . The centerpiece of the ranch is her large plantation home ; it also features a replica of her parents ' cabin in Butcher Hollow . She no longer lives in the plantation home , but lives nearby in a purpose built house behind the plantation Home . Lynn regularly greets fans who are touring the plantation house . The ranch also hosts the annual Loretta Lynn 's Amateur Championship motocross race .", "In the 1970s , Lynn purchased a home in Mexico . When she was not touring , she spent time there with her twin daughters , Patsy and Peggy , and her husband .", "Lynn and her husband also bought a cabin up in Canada and spent a lot of time there during the 1980s after buying the property in the early 1970s as a hunting lodge for Mooney ( Lynn 's husband . )", "In May of 2017 , Lynn had a stroke at her home in Hurricane Mills , Tennessee . She was taken to a Nashville hospital and was forced to cancel all of her upcoming tour dates . Lynn also delayed the release of her new album Would n't It Be Great until 2018 when she would be well enough to promote it . According to her website , she is expected to make a full recovery . On January 1 , 2018 , Loretta fell and broke her hip .", "Lynn began singing in local clubs in the late 1950s with the help , insistence , and support of her husband . She later formed her own band , the Trailblazers , which included her brother Jay Lee Webb . Lynn won a televised talent contest in Tacoma , Washington , hosted by Buck Owens , for which the prize was a wristwatch that broke 24 hours later . ( Lynn later laughed about it with Owens . ) Lynn 's performance was seen by Canadian Norm Burley of Zero Records , who co-founded the record company after hearing Loretta sing .", "Zero Records president , Canadian Don Grashey , arranged a recording session in Hollywood , where four of Lynn 's own compositions were recorded : `` I 'm A Honky Tonk Girl '' , `` Whispering Sea '' , `` Heartache Meet Mister Blues '' , and `` New Rainbow '' . Her first release featured `` Whispering Sea '' and `` I 'm a Honky Tonk Girl '' . She signed her first contract on February 2 , 1960 , with Zero ; the material was recorded at United Western Recorders in Hollywood , engineered by Don Blake and produced by Grashey . Musicians backing on the songs were `` the great '' steel guitar player Speedy West , Harold Hensely on fiddle , Roy Lanham on guitar , Al Williams on bass , and Muddy Berry on drums . She commented on the different sound of her first record : `` Well , there is a West Coast sound that is definitely not the same as the Nashville sound ... It was a shuffle with a West Coast beat '' .", "The Lynns then toured the country to promote the release to country stations , while Grashey and Del Roy took the music to KFOX in Long Beach , California . When the Lynns reached Nashville , the song was a hit , climbing to No. 14 on Billboard 's C & W Chart , and Lynn began cutting demo records for the Wilburn Brothers Publishing Company . Through the Wilburns , she secured a contract with Decca Records . From the onset of her career , fans took notice and rallied behind her all the way , with the first Loretta Lynn Fan Club formed in November 1960 . By the end of the year , Billboard magazine listed Lynn as the No. 4 Most Promising Country Female Artist .", "Lynn 's relationship with the Wilburn Brothers and her appearances on the Grand Ole Opry , beginning in 1960 , helped Lynn become the number one female recording artist in country music . Her contract with the Wilburn Brothers gave them the publishing rights to her material . She was still fighting to regain these rights 30 years after ending her business relationship with them but was ultimately denied the publishing rights . Lynn stopped writing music in the 1970s because of these contracts . Although Kitty Wells had become the first major female country vocalist during the 1950s , by the time Lynn recorded her first record , only three other women -- Patsy Cline , Skeeter Davis , and Jean Shepard -- had become top stars . Lynn joined The Grand Ole Opry on September 25 , 1962 .", "By the end of 1962 it was clear that she was on her way to becoming the fourth star . Lynn has credited Cline as her mentor and best friend during those early years . In 2010 , when interviewed for Jimmy Mcdonough 's biography of Tammy Wynette , Tammy Wynette : Tragic Country Queen , Loretta mentioned having best friends in Patsy and Tammy during different times : `` Best friends are like husbands . You only need one at a time . ''", "Lynn released her first Decca single , `` Success , '' in 1962 , and it went straight to # 6 , beginning a string of Top 10 singles that would run through the rest of the decade and throughout the next . She was a hard honky - tonk singer for the first half of the 1960s and rarely strayed from the genre . During this time , Lynn soon began to regularly hit the Top 10 after 1964 with songs such as `` Before I 'm Over You '' , which peaked at No. 4 , followed by `` Wine , Women and Song , '' which peaked at No. 3 . In late 1964 , she recorded a duet album with Ernest Tubb . Their lead single , `` Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be '' , peaked within the Top 15 . Together , the pair recorded two more albums , `` Singin ' Again '' ( 1967 ) and `` If we Put Our Heads Together '' ( 1969 ) . In 1965 , her solo career continued with three major hits , `` Happy Birthday '' , `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' ( later recorded and made a Top 10 hit in the 1970s by Emmylou Harris ) , and `` The Home You 're Tearing Down '' . Lynn 's label issued two albums that year , `` Songs from My Heart '' and `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' . While most were Top 10 Country hits , none reached # 1 .", "Lynn 's first self - penned song to crack the Top Ten , 1966 's `` Dear Uncle Sam '' , was among the very first recordings to recount the human costs of the Vietnam War . In the latter half of the decade , although she still worked within the confines of honky tonk , her sound became more personal , varied , and ambitious , particularly lyrically . Beginning with 1966 's Number 1 hit in Cash Box , `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' , Lynn began writing songs with a feminist viewpoint , which was unheard of in country music . This song made Lynn the first country female recording artist to pen a No. 1 hit .", "In 1967 Lynn reached No. 1 with `` Do n't Come Home A-Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' . `` Do n't Come Home A-Drinkin '' went to No. 1 and became one of the first albums by a female country artist to reach sales of 500,000 copies .", "Lynn 's next album , Fist City , was released in 1968 . The title track became Lynn 's second No. 1 hit , as a single earlier that year , and the other single from the album , `` What Kind of a Girl ( Do You Think I Am ) '' , peaked within the Top 10 . In 1968 , her next studio album , Your Squaw Is on the Warpath , spawned two Top 5 Country hits : the title track and `` You 've Just Stepped In ( From Stepping Out on Me ) '' . In 1969 , her next single , `` Woman of the World ( Leave My World Alone ) '' , was Lynn 's third chart - topper , followed by a subsequent Top 10 , `` To Make a Man ( Feel Like a Man ) '' . She was reportedly once inspired to write a song about a real woman she suspected was flirting with her husband . The song , `` You Ai n't Woman Enough ( To Take My Man ) '' , was an instant hit and became one of Lynn 's all - time most popular . Her career continued to be successful into the 1970s , especially following the success of her hit `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' , which peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart in 1970 , and the album has sold over 5 million copies worldwide . `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' tells the story of Lynn 's life growing up in rural Butcher Hollow , Kentucky . The song became her first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 83 . She had a series of singles that charted low on the Hot 100 between 1970 and 1975 . The song `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' later served as the impetus for the best - selling autobiography ( 1976 ) and the Oscar - winning biopic , both of which share the song 's title .", "In 1973 Rated `` X '' peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and was considered one of Lynn 's most controversial hits . The following year , her next single , `` Love Is the Foundation '' , also became a No. 1 country hit from her album of the same name . The second and last single from that album , `` Hey Loretta '' , became a Top 5 hit . Lynn continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade , including 1975 's `` The Pill '' , considered to be the first song to discuss birth control , other than the 1967 French - language song in French , Pilule d'Or , sung by Luc Dominique . As a songwriter , Lynn felt no topic was off limits , as long as it spoke to other women , and many of her songs were autobiographical . In 1976 , she released her autobiography , Coal Miner 's Daughter , with the help of writer George Vecsey . It became a # 1 bestseller , making Lynn the first country music artist to make The New York Times Best Seller list . This opened a flood gate of country artists who followed with books . By the early 1980s Lynn became the first American female recording artist to chart over fifty top ten hits .", "In 1971 Lynn began a professional partnership with Conway Twitty . As a duo , Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive Number 1 hits between 1971 and 1975 : their first release `` After the Fire Is Gone '' ( 1971 ) , which won them a Grammy award ; `` Lead Me On '' ( 1971 ) ; `` Louisiana Woman , Mississippi Man '' ( 1973 ) ; `` As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone '' ( 1974 ) ; and `` Feelins ' '' ( 1974 ) . The hit - streak kick - started what became one of the most successful duos of country history . For four consecutive years ( 1972 -- 1975 ) , Lynn and Twitty were named the `` Vocal Duo of the Year '' by the Country Music Association . The Academy of Country Music named them the `` Best Vocal Duet '' in 1971 , 1974 , 1975 , and 1976 . The American Music awards selected them as the `` Favorite Country Duo '' in 1975 , 1976 and 1977 . The fan - voted Music City News readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981 , inclusive . In addition to their five Number 1 singles , they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981 . Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty are the most successful and most awarded male / female duet teams in country music history . Conway and Loretta , their duo name , released an album in 1977 titled `` Dynamic Duo '' , and they were considered that by their many fans .", "As a solo artist , Lynn continued to be very successful into 1971 , achieving her fifth No. 1 solo hit , `` One 's on the Way '' , written by poet and songwriter Shel Silverstein . The songs that did n't reach the top spot peaked within the Top 10 during this time : `` I Wanna Be Free '' , `` You 're Lookin ' at Country '' , and 1972 's `` Here I Am Again '' , all released on separate albums . The next year , she became the first country star on the cover of Newsweek . In 1972 , Lynn was the first woman nominated and the first woman to win the prestigious Entertainer Of The Year award at The CMA awards . She won the Female Vocalist Of The Year and Duo Of The Year with Conway Twitty , beating out George Jones and Tammy Wynette and Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton .", "In 1977 Lynn recorded I Remember Patsy , an album dedicated to her friend and country pop singer Patsy Cline , who had died in a plane crash in 1963 . The album covered some of Cline 's biggest hits . The two singles Lynn released from the album , `` She 's Got You '' and `` Why Ca n't He Be You '' , became major hits . `` She 's Got You '' , which went to # 1 by Cline in 1962 , went to # 1 again that year by Lynn . `` Why Ca n't He Be You '' peaked at # 7 shortly afterward . Lynn enjoyed enormous success on country radio until the early 1980s , when a more pop - flavored type of country music began to dominate the market . She stayed within the country Top 10 until the mid 1980s ; however , most of her music by the late 1970s had a slick pop sound to it . Lynn had her last No. 1 hit in 1978 with `` Out of My Head and Back in My Bed '' .", "In 1979 she had two Top 5 hits , `` I Ca n't Feel You Anymore '' and `` I 've Got a Picture of Us on My Mind '' , from separate albums . Lynn would often sit for an hour or more onstage signing autographs to her fans after a performance . Once in Salisbury , Maryland , the town 's newspaper editor interviewed her while she was signing autographs . Editor Mel Toadvine asked her why she took so much time to sign autographs while more than 100 people stood in line all the way to the front of the Wicomico Youth and Civic Center . `` These people are my fans ... I 'll stay here until the very last one wants my autograph . Without these people , I am nobody . I love these people '' , she told Toadvine . In 1979 , she became the spokesperson for Procter & Gamble 's Crisco oil and did TV commercials and print ads for them for a decade , ending in 1989 . Because of her dominant hold on the 1970s , Lynn was named the `` Artist of the Decade '' by the Academy of Country Music . She is the only woman to win this honor .", "On March 5 , 1980 , the film Coal Miner 's Daughter debuted in Nashville and soon became the No. 1 box office hit in the United States . Lynn crossed over from country music superstar to American legend . The film starred Sissy Spacek as Loretta and Tommy Lee Jones as Mooney Lynn . The film received seven Academy Award nominations , winning the Best Actress Oscar for Spacek and a slew of other top honors , including a gold album for the soundtrack album , a Grammy nomination for Spacek 's singing as Lynn , Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music awards , plus several Golden Globe awards . The 1980s featured more hits : ( `` Pregnant Again '' , `` Naked in the Rain '' , and `` Somebody Led Me Away '' ) . Her 1980 and 1981 albums Loretta and Lookin ' Good spawned these hits . Lynn was the first woman in country music to have 50 Top 10 hits . Her last Top 10 record as a soloist was `` I Lie '' in 1982 , but her releases continued to chart until the end of the decade . Lynn continued to have Top 20 hits throughout the 1980s .", "One of her last solo releases was `` Heart Do n't Do This to Me '' ( 1985 ) , which reached No. 19 -- her last Top 20 hit . In 1993 , Lynn stopped releasing singles and focused more on touring than promoting . As a concert artist , she remained a top draw throughout her career , but by the early 1990s she drastically cut down the number of personal appearances owing to the fragile health of her husband , who died in 1996 . Her 1985 album Just a Woman spawned a Top 40 hit . In 1987 , Lynn lent her voice to a song on k.d. lang 's album Shadowland with country stars Kitty Wells and Brenda Lee , `` Honky Tonk Angels Medley '' . They released a video for this medley ; the album went gold and was Grammy nominated for the four women . Lynn 's 1988 album Who Was That Stranger would be her last solo album for a major record company as a solo artist . She was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 .", "Lynn returned to the public eye in 1993 with a hit CD , the trio album Honky Tonk Angels , recorded with Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette . The CD peaked at # 6 on the Billboard Country charts and # 42 on the Billboard Pop charts and charted a single with `` Silver Threads and Golden Needles '' . They released a popular video of this song . The album sold over 800,000 copies and was certified gold in the United States and Canada . The trio was nominated for Grammy and Country Music Association awards . Lynn 's former singing partner , Conway Twitty , died in 1993 . Tammy Wynette died five years later on April 6 , 1998 . She released a three - CD boxed set chronicling her career on MCA Records . In 1995 she taped a seven - week series on the Nashville Network ( TNN ) , Loretta Lynn & Friends , and performed some 50 dates that year .", "In 1995 Loretta was presented with the Pioneer Award at the 30th Academy of Country Music Awards . She only did a few performances that year because of her husband 's failing health . In 1996 she became widowed , Lynn 's husband Oliver Vanetta `` Doolittle '' Lynn died five days short of his 70th birthday . In 2000 she released her first album in several years , Still Country , in which she included `` I Ca n't Hear the Music '' , a tribute song to her late husband . She released her first new single in over 10 years from the album , `` Country in My Genes '' , when the single charted on the Billboard Country singles chart it made Lynn the first woman in Country Music to chart singles in five decades . While the album gained positive critical notices , sales were low in comparison with her previous releases . In 2002 Lynn published her second autobiography , Still Woman Enough , and became her second New York Times Best Seller peaking in the top ten . In 2004 she published a cookbook , You 're Cookin ' It Country .", "In 2004 , Lynn made a comeback with the highly successful album Van Lear Rose , the second album on which Lynn either wrote or co-wrote every song . The album was produced by her `` friend forever '' Jack White of The White Stripes , and featured guitar work and backup vocals by White . Her collaboration with White allowed Lynn to reach new audiences and generations , even garnering high praise in magazines that specialize in mainstream and alternative rock music , such as Spin and Blender . Rolling Stone voted the album the second best of 2004 . It won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album of the Year .", "Late in 2010 , Sony Music released a new album , titled Coal Miner 's Daughter : A Tribute to Loretta Lynn , featuring stars like Reba McEntire , Faith Hill , Paramore , and Carrie Underwood performing Loretta 's classic hits over the past 50 years . The CD produced a Top 10 music video hit on GAC with the lead single , `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' , that Lynn recorded with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow . The single cracked the Billboard singles chart making Lynn the only female Country artist to chart in six decades . In May 2010 Lynn performed at the Nelsonville Music Festival in Nelsonville , Ohio . In 2012 Lynn published her third autobiography , Honky Tonk Girl : My Life in Lyrics . She contributed her take on the Civil War era song `` Take Your Gun and Go , John '' to Divided & United : Songs of the Civil War , which was released on November 5 , 2013 .", "In November 2015 , Lynn announced a March 2016 release : Full Circle , featuring Willie Nelson and Elvis Costello . The recording became Lynn 's 40th album to make the top ten on Billboard 's best selling Country LPS list and her album career peak on the pop Billboard Hot 200 , debuting at # 19 . The recording is combination of new songs and re-recorded old classics and includes duets with Elvis Costello and Willie Nelson .", "In September 2016 , Lynn announced that she would be releasing her first Christmas album in 50 years . White Christmas Blue was released on October 7 , 2016 . In December of the same year , Full Circle was nominated for `` Country Album of the Year '' for the 59th Annual Grammy Awards held on February 12 , 2017 .", "On April 13 , 2017 , Lynn announced she would release a new album entitled Would n't It Be Great , which will be the third album of her five - album deal with Legacy Recordings . It was set to be released Friday , August 18 , 2017 , but was delayed until sometime in 2018 due to current health issues , as well as canceling all 2017 scheduled tour dates .", "Lynn has written over 160 songs and released 60 albums , and has sold 45 million records worldwide . She has had ten Number 1 albums and sixteen Number 1 singles on the country charts . Lynn has won dozens of awards from many different institutions , including three Grammy Awards , seven American Music Awards , eight Broadcast Music Incorporated awards , thirteen Academy of Country Music , eight Country Music Association , and twenty - six fan - voted Music City News awards . Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music . She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified gold album for 1967 's `` Do n't Come Home A ' Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) '' .", "In 1972 , Lynn was the first woman named `` Entertainer of the Year '' by the Country Music Association , and is one of six women to have received CMA 's highest award . In 1980 , she was the only woman to be named `` Artist of the Decade '' for the 1970s by the Academy of Country Music . Lynn was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999 . She was also the recipient of Kennedy Center Honors an award given by the President in 2003 . Lynn is also ranked 65th on VH1 's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll and was the first female country artist to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977 . In 1994 , she received the country music pioneer award by the Academy of Country Music .", "In 2001 , `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' was named among NPR 's `` 100 Most Significant Songs of the 20th Century '' . In 2002 , Lynn had the highest ranking ( No. 3 ) for any living female CMT television 's special of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music .", "On November 4 , 2004 , Lynn , who has been a BMI affiliate for over 45 years , was honored as a BMI Icon at the BMI Country Awards .", "In March 2007 , Loretta Lynn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during her performance at the Grand Ole Opry .", "In 2008 , Loretta Lynn was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City . To date Lynn had been inducted into more music Halls Of Fame than any other female recording artist . In 2010 , Lynn received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for her 50 years in country music .", "Loretta Lynn appeared at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10 , 2010 and was honored for fifty years in country music . That same year , Lynn was presented with a rose named in her honor .", "In November 2010 , Sony Music released a tribute CD to Loretta Lynn titled Coal Miner 's Daughter : A Tribute to Loretta Lynn . The CD featured Kid Rock , Reba McEntire , Sheryl Crow , Miranda Lambert , Alan Jackson , Gretchen Wilson , The White Stripes , Martina McBride , Paramore , Steve Earle and Faith Hill . In 2011 , Lynn was nominated for an Academy of Country Music , CMT Video and Country Music Association award for `` Vocal Event of the Year '' with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow for `` Coal Miner 's Daughter '' released as a video and single off the CD .", "On September 25 , 2012 , Loretta Lynn marked her 50th anniversary as a Grand Ole Opry member . The only other women to reach this milestone have been Jean Shepard , Minnie Pearl and Wilma Lee Cooper . Lynn was honored with a tribute show that was broadcast on GAC - TV .", "On August 8 , 2013 , President Barack Obama announced that Loretta Lynn would be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . The press release read as follows : `` Loretta Lynn is a country music legend . Raised in rural Kentucky , she emerged as one of the first successful female country music vocalists in the early 1960s , courageously breaking barriers in an industry long dominated by men . Ms. Lynn 's numerous accolades include the Kennedy Center Honors in 2003 and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010 . '' Lynn received two additional career - acknowledging awards in 2015 . Miranda Lambert presented the Crystal Milestone Award to her from the Academy of Country Music . She also received the 2015 Billboard Legacy Award for Women in Music .", "At the height of her popularity , some of Lynn 's songs were banned from radio airplay , including Rated ' X ' , '' about the double standards divorced women face ; `` Wings Upon Your Horns '' , about the loss of teenage virginity ; and `` The Pill '' , with lyrics by T.D. Bayless , about a wife and mother becoming liberated by the birth - control pill . Her song `` Dear Uncle Sam '' , released in 1966 , during the Vietnam War , describes a wife 's anguish at the loss of a husband to war . It was included in live performances during the Iraq War . In 1971 Lynn was the first solo female country artist to perform at the White House , at the invitation of President Richard Nixon . She returned there to perform during the administrations of Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush . Lynn stated early in 2016 that she supported Donald Trump in his run for the presidency .", "Though Lynn has been outspoken about her views on often controversial social and political subjects , she stated , `` I do n't like to talk about things where you 're going to get one side or the other unhappy . My music has no politics . '' She has visited the White House six times since 1976 , under both Republican and Democratic presidents , and in her autobiography , she said her father was a Republican and her mother a Democrat . When asked about same - sex marriage by USA Today in November 2010 , she replied , `` I 'm still an old Bible girl . God said you need to be a woman and man , but everybody to their own . '' She endorsed and , along with Peggy Sue and Crystal Gayle , campaigned for George H.W. Bush in the presidential election in 1988 .", "In 2002 's Still Woman Enough , she discusses her longtime friendship and support for Jimmy Carter , yet during the same time period she made her only recorded political donations ( $4,300 ) to Republican candidates and Republican - aligned PACs . In 2013 , she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama . At other times , she has questioned both political parties : `` Dear Uncle Sam '' was written in 1966 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration to `` recount the human costs of the Vietnam War '' , and she made a return to her live sets during the Iraq War under George W. Bush 's presidency .", "While a recognized `` advocate for ordinary women '' , Lynn has often criticized upper - middle - class feminism for ignoring the needs and concerns of working - class women . She once stated , `` I 'm not a big fan of Women 's Liberation , but maybe it will help women stand up for the respect they 're due '' . Along these lines , her music has ranged from `` The Pill '' and `` Rated X '' to more culturally conservative gospel albums . She allowed PETA to use her song `` I Wanna Be Free '' in a public service campaign to discourage the chaining of dogs outside .", "Loretta Lynn Sings ( 1963 ) Before I 'm Over You ( 1964 ) Songs from My Heart ... ( 1965 ) Blue Kentucky Girl ( 1965 ) Hymns ( 1965 ) I Like ' Em Country ( 1966 ) You Ai n't Woman Enough ( 1966 ) Country Christmas ( 1966 ) Do n't Come Home a Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) ( 1967 ) Singin ' with Feelin ' ( 1967 ) Who Says God Is Dead ! ( 1968 ) Fist City ( 1968 ) Your Squaw Is on the Warpath ( 1969 ) Woman of the World / To Make a Man ( 1969 ) Wings Upon Your Horns ( 1970 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1970 ) I Wanna Be Free ( 1971 ) You 're Lookin ' at Country ( 1971 ) One 's on the Way ( 1972 ) God Bless America Again ( 1972 ) Here I Am Again ( 1972 ) Entertainer of the Year ( 1973 ) Love Is the Foundation ( 1973 ) They Do n't Make ' Em Like My Daddy ( 1974 ) Back to the Country ( 1975 ) Home ( 1975 ) When the Tingle Becomes a Chill ( 1976 ) Somebody Somewhere ( 1976 ) I Remember Patsy ( 1977 ) Out of My Head and Back in My Bed ( 1978 ) We 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1979 ) Loretta ( 1980 ) Lookin ' Good ( 1980 ) I Lie ( 1981 ) Making Love from Memory ( 1982 ) Lyin ' , Cheatin ' , Woman Chasin ' , Honky Tonkin ' , Whiskey Drinkin ' You ( 1983 ) Just a Woman ( 1985 ) Who Was That Stranger ( 1988 ) Still Country ( 2000 ) Van Lear Rose ( 2004 ) Full Circle ( 2016 ) Would n't It Be Great ( 2018 )", "Loretta Lynn Sings ( 1963 )", "Before I 'm Over You ( 1964 )", "Songs from My Heart ... ( 1965 )", "Blue Kentucky Girl ( 1965 )", "Hymns ( 1965 )", "I Like ' Em Country ( 1966 )", "You Ai n't Woman Enough ( 1966 )", "Country Christmas ( 1966 )", "Do n't Come Home a Drinkin ' ( With Lovin ' on Your Mind ) ( 1967 )", "Singin ' with Feelin ' ( 1967 )", "Who Says God Is Dead ! ( 1968 )", "Fist City ( 1968 )", "Your Squaw Is on the Warpath ( 1969 )", "Woman of the World / To Make a Man ( 1969 )", "Wings Upon Your Horns ( 1970 )", "Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1970 )", "I Wanna Be Free ( 1971 )", "You 're Lookin ' at Country ( 1971 )", "One 's on the Way ( 1972 )", "God Bless America Again ( 1972 )", "Here I Am Again ( 1972 )", "Entertainer of the Year ( 1973 )", "Love Is the Foundation ( 1973 )", "They Do n't Make ' Em Like My Daddy ( 1974 )", "Back to the Country ( 1975 )", "Home ( 1975 )", "When the Tingle Becomes a Chill ( 1976 )", "Somebody Somewhere ( 1976 )", "I Remember Patsy ( 1977 )", "Out of My Head and Back in My Bed ( 1978 )", "We 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1979 )", "Loretta ( 1980 )", "Lookin ' Good ( 1980 )", "I Lie ( 1981 )", "Making Love from Memory ( 1982 )", "Lyin ' , Cheatin ' , Woman Chasin ' , Honky Tonkin ' , Whiskey Drinkin ' You ( 1983 )", "Just a Woman ( 1985 )", "Who Was That Stranger ( 1988 )", "Still Country ( 2000 )", "Van Lear Rose ( 2004 )", "Full Circle ( 2016 )", "Would n't It Be Great ( 2018 )" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Athenian Anticipatory Cellular Consensus Conservative Cosmopolitan Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Illiberal Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal Media New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Sectarian Semi Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Theodemocracy Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Democratic capitalism Democratic Confederalism Democratic socialism Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Ochlocracy Polyarchy Sortition Tyranny of the majority Politics portal", "Part of the Politics series", "Democracy", "History", "History", "Types", "Athenian Anticipatory Cellular Consensus Conservative Cosmopolitan Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Illiberal Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal Media New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Sectarian Semi Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Theodemocracy Totalitarian Workplace", "Athenian Anticipatory Cellular Consensus Conservative Cosmopolitan Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Illiberal Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal Media New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Sectarian Semi Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Theodemocracy Totalitarian Workplace", "Religious Christian Islamic Jewish", "Christian Islamic Jewish", "Related topics", "Anarchism Democratic capitalism Democratic Confederalism Democratic socialism Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Ochlocracy Polyarchy Sortition Tyranny of the majority", "Anarchism Democratic capitalism Democratic Confederalism Democratic socialism Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Ochlocracy Polyarchy Sortition Tyranny of the majority", "Tyranny of the majority", "Politics portal", "", "", "Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city - state ( known as a polis ) of Athens , comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica , and is the first known democracy in the world . Other Greek cities set up democracies , most following the Athenian model , but none are as well documented as Athens ' .", "It was a system of direct democracy , in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills . Participation was not open to all residents : to vote one had to be an adult , male citizen i.e. neither a resident alien nor a slave , and the number of these `` varied between 30,000 and 50,000 out of a total population of around 250,000 to 300,000 '' or `` no more than 30 percent of the total adult population . ''", "The longest - lasting democratic leader was Pericles . After his death , Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the Peloponnesian War . It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides ; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth - century modification rather than the Periclean system . Democracy was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC . The Athenian institutions were later revived , but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable . Solon ( 594 BC ) , Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , and Ephialtes ( 462 BC ) contributed to the development of Athenian democracy . Cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth .", "The word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία ) combines the elements dêmos ( δῆμος , which means `` people '' , `` neighbourhood '' , `` district '' ) and krátos ( κράτος , which means `` force '' or `` power '' ) , and thus means literally `` people power '' . In the words `` monarchy '' and `` oligarchy '' , the second element comes from archē ( ἀρχή ) , meaning `` beginning ( that which comes first ) '' , and hence also `` first place or power '' , `` sovereignty '' . One might expect the term `` demarchy '' to have been adopted , by analogy , for the new form of government introduced by Athenian democrats . However , the word `` demarchy '' ( δημαρχία ) had already been taken and meant `` mayoralty '' , the office or rank of a high municipal magistrate . ( In present - day use , the term `` demarchy '' has acquired a new meaning . )", "We are not certain that the word `` democracy '' was in existence when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted . The word is attested in Herodotus ( Histories 6.43 ) , who wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose , but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC . Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of ' Democrates ' , a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty ; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus .", "Athens was not the only polis in Ancient Greece that instituted a democratic regime . Aristotle cites many other cities as well . `` Yet , it is only with reference to Athens that we can attempt to trace some of specific sixth century events that led to the institution of democracy at the end of the century . ''", "Before the first attempt at democratic government , Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates , and the Areopagus , made up of ex-archons . The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats , who ruled the polis for their own advantage . In 621 BC Draco codified a set of `` notoriously harsh '' laws that were `` a clear expression of the power of the aristocracy over everybody else . '' This did not stop the aristocratic families feuding amongst themselves to obtain as much power as possible .", "Therefore , by the 6th century BC , the majority of Athenians `` had been ' enslaved ' to the rich '' , and they called upon Plato 's ancestor Solon , premier archon at the time , to liberate them and halt the feuding of the aristocracy . However , the `` enfranchisement of the local laboring classes was succeeded by the development of chattel slavery , the enslavement of , in large part , foreigners . ''", "Solon , the mediator , reshaped the city `` by absorbing the traditional aristocracy in a definition of citizenship which allotted a political function to every free resident of Attica . Athenians were not slaves but citizens , with the right , at the very least , to participate in the meetings of the assembly . '' Under these reforms , the position of archon `` was opened to all with certain property qualifications , and a Boule , a rival council of 400 , was set up . The Areopagus , nevertheless , retained ' guardianship of the laws ' '' . A major contribution to democracy was Solon 's setting up of an Ecclesia or Assembly , which was open to all male citizens . However , `` one must bear in mind that its agenda was apparently set entirely by the Council of 400 '' , `` consisting of 100 members from each of the four tribes '' , that had taken `` over many of the powers which the Areopagos had previously exercised . ''", "Not long afterwards , the nascent democracy was overthrown by the tyrant Peisistratos , but was reinstated after the expulsion of his son , Hippias , in 510 . This sort of aristocratic takeover `` was ended by the appeal by one contender , Cleisthenes , for the support of the populace . '' The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 / 7 undermined the domination of the aristocratic families and connected every Athenian to the city 's rule . `` Cleisthenes fixed the boundaries of the polis as a political rather than a geographical entity -- boundaries which Solon had left permeable -- by formally identifying the free inhabitants of Attica at that time as Athenian citizens . '' He did this by making the traditional tribes politically irrelevant and instituting ten new tribes , each made up of about three trytties , each consisting of several demes . `` Every male citizen on reaching the age of 18 was now to be registered in his deme . It was this registration which confirmed his citizenship . ''", "A third set of reforms was instigated by Ephialtes in 462 / 1 . While his opponents were away attempting to assist the Spartans , Ephialtes persuaded the Assembly to reduce the powers of the Areopagus : `` in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers and leaving it only as a court for cases of homicide and certain offences of sacrilege . '' At the same time or soon afterwards , the membership of the Areopagus was extended to the lower level of the propertied citizenship .", "In the wake of Athens ' disastrous defeat in the Sicilian campaign in 413 BCE , a group of citizens took steps to limit the radical democracy they thought was leading the city to ruin . Their efforts , initially conducted through constitutional channels , culminated in the establishment of an oligarchy , the Council of 400 , in the Athenian coup of 411 BCE . The oligarchy endured for only four months before it was replaced by a more democratic government . Democratic regimes governed until Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BCE , when government was placed in the hands of the so - called Thirty Tyrants , pro-Spartan oligarchs . After a year pro-democracy elements regained control , and democratic forms persisted until the Macedonian army of Phillip II conquered Athens in 338 BC .", "Alexander the Great had led a coalition of the Greek states to war with Persia in 336 BC , but his Greek soldiers were hostages for the behavior of their states as much as allies . His relations with Athens were already strained when he returned to Babylon in 324 BC ; after his death , Athens and Sparta led several Greek states to war with Macedon and lost .", "This led to the Hellenistic control of Athens , when the Macedonian king appointed a local agent as political governor in Athens . However , the governors , like Demetrius of Phalerum , appointed by Cassander , kept some of the traditional institutions in formal existence , although the Athenian public would consider them to be nothing more than Macedonian puppet dictators . Once Demetrius Poliorcetes ended Cassander 's rule over Athens , Demetrius of Phalerum went into exile and the democracy was restored in 307 BC . However , by now Athens had become `` politically impotent '' . An example of this was that , in 307 , in order to curry favour with Macedonia and Egypt , three new tribes were created , two in honour of the Macedonian king and his son , and the other in honour of the Egyptian king .", "However , when Rome fought Macedonia in 200 , the Athenians abolished the first two new tribes and created a twelfth tribe in honour of the Pergamene king . The Athenians declared for Rome , and in 146 BC Athens became an autonomous civitas foederata . `` Her independence was however little more than municipal , and , though the forms of the democracy survived , Rome ... strengthened the aristocratic elements in the constitution . ''", "Under Roman rule , the archons ranked as the highest officials . They were elected , and even foreigners such as Domitian and Hadrian held the office as a mark of honour . Four presided over the judicial administration . The Council ( whose numbers varied at different times from three hundred to seven hundred and fifty ) was appointed by lot . It was superseded in importance by the Areopagus , which , recruited from the elected archons , had an aristocratic character and was entrusted with wide powers . From the time of Hadrian an imperial curator superintended the finances . The shadow of the old constitution lingered on and Archons and Areopagus survived the fall of the Roman Empire .", "In 88 BC , there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion , who , as tyrant , forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office . Athenion allied with Mithridates of Pontus , and went to war with Rome ; he was killed during the war , and was replaced by Aristion . The victorious Roman general , Publius Cornelius Sulla , left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government , in 86 BC .", "After Rome became an Empire under Augustus , the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality , with a Senate of decuriones .", "Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary . During the 4th century BC , there might well have been some 250,000 -- 300,000 people in Attica . Citizen families could have amounted to 100,000 people and out of these some 30,000 would have been the adult male citizens entitled to vote in the assembly . In the mid-5th century the number of adult male citizens was perhaps as high as 60,000 , but this number fell precipitously during the Peloponnesian War . This slump was permanent , due to the introduction of a stricter definition of citizen described below . From a modern perspective these figures may seem small , but among Greek city - states Athens was huge : most of the thousand or so Greek cities could only muster 1000 -- 1500 adult male citizens each ; and Corinth , a major power , had at most 15,000 .", "The non-citizen component of the population was made up of resident foreigners ( metics ) and slaves , with the latter perhaps somewhat more numerous . Around 338 BC the orator Hyperides ( fragment 13 ) claimed that there were 150,000 slaves in Attica , but this figure is probably no more than an impression : slaves outnumbered those of citizen stock but did not swamp them .", "Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens . The percentage of the population that actually participated in the government was 10 % to 20 % of the total number of inhabitants , but this varied from the fifth to the fourth century BC . This excluded a majority of the population : slaves , freed slaves , children , women and metics ( foreigners resident in Athens ) . The women had limited rights and privileges , had restricted movement in public , and were very segregated from the men .", "Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension ( typically for failure to pay a debt to the city : see atimia ) ; for some Athenians this amounted to permanent ( and in fact inheritable ) disqualification . Given the exclusive and ancestral concept of citizenship held by Greek city - states , a relatively large portion of the population took part in the government of Athens and of other radical democracies like it , compared to oligarchies and aristocracies .", "At Athens some citizens were far more active than others , but the vast numbers required for the system to work testify to a breadth of direct participation among those eligible that greatly surpassed any present - day democracy . Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens -- after the reforms of Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC , they `` would be confined to those whose parents were both Athenian '' . Although the legislation was not retrospective , five years later , when a free gift of grain had arrived from the Egyptian king , to be distributed among all citizens , `` many ' illegitimates ' were discovered '' and removed from the registers .", "Citizenship , `` commonly applied not only to the individuals themselves but to their descendants as well '' , could be granted by the assembly , and was sometimes given to large groups ( e.g. Plateans in 427 BC and Samians in 405 BC ) but , by the 4th century , only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000 . This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state . In the course of a century , the number of citizenships so granted was in the hundreds rather than thousands .", "There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands . These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) , the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people , but running at least on some occasions up to 6000 ) . Of these three bodies it is the assembly and the courts that were the true sites of power -- although courts , unlike the assembly , were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body , those over thirty . But crucially citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution as were council members and all other officeholders .", "In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials . By the mid-4th century however the assembly 's judicial functions were largely curtailed , though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial .", "The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklêsia ) . Unlike a parliament , the assembly 's members were not elected , but attended by right when they chose . Greek democracy created at Athens was direct , rather than representative : any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part , and it was a duty to do so . The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lottery in a process called sortition .", "The assembly had four main functions : it made executive pronouncements ( decrees , such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner ) ; it elected some officials ; it legislated ; and it tried political crimes . As the system evolved , the last function was shifted to the law courts . The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote ( usually by show of hands ) of yes or no .", "Though there might be blocs of opinion , sometimes enduring , on important matters , there were no political parties and likewise no government or opposition ( as in the Westminster system ) . Voting was by simple majority . In the 5th century at least there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly . If the assembly broke the law , the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had made the proposal that it had agreed to . If a mistake had been made , from the assembly 's viewpoint it could only be because it had been misled .", "As usual in ancient democracies , one had to physically attend a gathering in order to vote . Military service or simple distance prevented the exercise of citizenship . Voting was usually by show of hands ( χειροτονία , kheirotonia , `` arm stretching '' ) with officials judging the outcome by sight . This could cause problems when it became too dark to see properly . However , `` any member of the Assembly could demand a recount '' . For a small category of votes a quorum of 6000 was required , principally grants of citizenship , and here small coloured stones were used , white for yes and black for no . At the end of the session , each voter tossed one of these into a large clay jar which was afterwards cracked open for the counting of the ballots . Ostracism required the voters to scratch names onto pieces of broken pottery ( ὄστρακα , ostraka ) , though this did not occur within the assembly as such .", "In the 5th century BC , there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year , one in each of the ten state months , with other meetings called as needed . In the following century the meetings were set to forty a year , with four in each state month . One of these was now called the main meeting , kyria ekklesia . Additional meetings might still be called , especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly rather than in court . The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals , as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar . There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month .", "Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary . In the 5th century public slaves forming a cordon with a red - stained rope herded citizens from the agora into the assembly meeting place ( Pnyx ) , with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes . After the restoration of the democracy in 403 BC , pay for assembly attendance was introduced . This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings . Only the first 6000 to arrive were admitted and paid , with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay .", "In 594 BC Solon is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly . After the reforms of Cleisthenes , the Athenian Boule was expanded to 500 , and was elected by lot every year . Each of Cleisthenes 's 10 tribes provided 50 councillors who were at least 30 years old .", "The most important task of the Athenian Boule was to draft the deliberations ( probouleumata ) for discussion and approval in the Ecclesia . The Boule also directed finances , controlled the maintenance of the fleet and of the cavalry , judged the fitness of the magistrates - elect , received foreign ambassadors , advised the stratēgoi ( generals ) in military matters , and could be given special powers by the Ecclesia in an emergency .", "According to John Thorley , its membership was very carefully vetted . Cleisthenes restricted its membership , `` to those of zeugitai status and above , probably arguing that these classes had a financial interest in good government '' . A member had to be approved by his deme , `` and one can well imagine that demes were careful to select only those of known good sense who also had experience of local politics , and who were actually available to do the time - consuming job which demanded frequent attendance in Athens ; and they probably favoured those who were well past 30 '' .", "The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee ( the prytaneis ) of the Boule for a period of thirty - six days . All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the Prytaneion , a building adjacent to the bouleuterion , where the boule met . `` Each day one of their number was chosen by lot as chairman , and he was required to stay in the tholos for the twenty - four - hour period of his office . The chairman for the day presided over any meeting of the Boule held that day , and if there was a meeting of the Assembly that day ... he also presided over that '' .", "The boule also served as an executive committee for the assembly , and oversaw the activities of certain other magistrates . The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances . Altogether , the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state , but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative ; the boule 's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic , rather than its executive function ; in the former , it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly , in the latter , it merely executed the wishes of the assembly .", "Athens had an elaborate legal system centered on full citizen rights ( see atimia ) . The age limit of 30 or older , the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly , gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly . Jurors were required to be under oath , which was not required for attendance at the assembly . The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly : both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people . Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) , who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct , the jurors could not be censured , for they , in effect , were the people and no authority could be higher than that . A corollary of this was that , at least acclaimed by defendants , if a court had made an unjust decision , it must have been because it had been misled by a litigant .", "Essentially there were two grades of suit , a smaller kind known as dike ( δίκη ) or private suit , and a larger kind known as graphe or public suit . For private suits the minimum jury size was 200 ( increased to 401 if a sum of over 1000 drachmas was at issue ) , for public suits 501 . Under Cleisthenes ' reforms , juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors , there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens , making a jury pool of 6000 in total . For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500 . 1000 and 1500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion , the first time a new kind of case was brought to court ( see graphē paranómōn ) , all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case .", "The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by a water clock or clepsydra , first prosecutor then defendant . In a public suit the litigants each had three hours to speak , much less in private suits ( though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake ) . Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation . Jurors did talk informally amongst themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be rowdy , shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by the litigants . This may have had some role in building a consensus . The jury could only cast a ' yes ' or ' no ' vote as to the guilt and sentence of the defendant . For private suits only the victims or their families could prosecute , while for public suits anyone ( ho boulomenos , ' whoever wants to ' i.e. any citizen with full citizen rights ) could bring a case since the issues in these major suits were regarded as affecting the community as a whole .", "Justice was rapid : a case could last no longer than one day and `` completed by sunset '' . Some convictions triggered an automatic penalty , but where this was not the case the two litigants each proposed a penalty for the convicted defendant and the jury chose between them in a further vote . No appeal was possible . There was however a mechanism for prosecuting the witnesses of a successful prosecutor , which it appears could lead to the undoing of the earlier verdict .", "Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles , a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ) . Pay was raised from 2 to 3 obols by Cleon early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed ; the original amount is not known . Notably , this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings . Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial crisis in the 4th century when the courts , at least for private suits , had to be suspended .", "The system showed a marked anti-professionalism . No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen . Most of the annual magistracies at Athens could only be held once in a lifetime . There were no lawyers as such ; litigants acted solely in their capacity as citizens . Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself ; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter or logographer ( logographos ) , but this may not have been advertised in court . Probably jurors would be more impressed if it seemed as though the litigant were speaking for themselves .", "As the system evolved , the courts ( that is , citizens under another guise ) intruded upon the power of the assembly . From 355 BC political trials were no longer held in the assembly , but only in a court . In 416 BC the graphē paranómōn ( `` indictment against measures contrary to the laws '' ) was introduced . Under this , anything passed by the assembly or even proposed but not yet voted on , could be put on hold for review before a jury -- which might annul it and perhaps punish the proposer as well .", "Remarkably , it seems that a measure blocked before the assembly voted on it did not need to go back to the assembly if it survived the court challenge : the court was enough to validate it . Once again it is important to bear in mind the lack of ' neutral ' state intervention . To give a schematic scenario by way of illustration : two men have clashed in the assembly about a proposal put by one of them ; it passed , and now the two of them go to court with the loser in the assembly prosecuting both the law and its proposer . The quantity of these suits was enormous : in effect the courts became a kind of upper house .", "In the 5th century there was in effect no procedural difference between an executive decree and a law : they were both simply passed by the assembly . But from 403 BC they were set sharply apart . Henceforth laws were made not in the assembly , but by special panels of citizens drawn from the annual jury pool of 6000 . They were known as the nomothetai ( νομοθέται ) , the lawmakers .", "The institutions sketched above -- assembly , officeholders , council , courts -- are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system , Ho boulomenos , he who wishes , or anyone who wishes . This expression encapsulated the right of citizens to take the initiative : to stand to speak in the assembly , to initiate a public lawsuit ( that is , one held to affect the political community as a whole ) , to propose a law before the lawmakers or to approach the council with suggestions . Unlike officeholders , the citizen initiator was not voted before taking up office or automatically reviewed after stepping down -- it had after all no set tenure and might be an action lasting only a moment . But any stepping forward into the democratic limelight was risky and if someone chose ( another citizen initiator ) they could be called to account for their actions and punished . There were also other terms used for `` the persons who pleaded in public actions and those who had initiated private suits . Although the expression ho diokon ( literally ' the one who pursues ' ) was applied to the initiators of both public and private actions , the designations kategoros ( ' accuser ' ) ... were used only of prosecutors in public actions and in the actions for homicide heard by the Areiopagos and other homicide courts . ''", "Just before the reforms of Solon in the 7th century BC , Athens was governed by a few archons ( three rising to nine ) and the council of the Areopagus `` ( appointed by the powerful noble families from their own members ) '' . There also seems to have been a type of citizen assembly , presumably of the hoplite class . However , `` There seems little doubt that it was the arkhons , with the advice of the Areopagos , who really ran the state . '' The mass of people had no say in government at all .", "Solon 's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families . Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons , this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well . However , even with Solon 's creation of the citizen 's assembly , the Archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power .", "The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly , but were still selected from the upper classes . The Areopagus kept its power as ' Guardian of the Laws ' , `` which probably gave the Areopagos the power to intervene and to apply a veto if the Council of 500 or the Assembly or any magistrate acted or proposed to act ' unconstitutionally ' '' , however this worked in practice .", "Ephialtes , and later Pericles , reduced the power of the Areopagus dramatically . The Assembly `` passed a measure to limit the powers of the Areopagos , in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers . '' In the play The Eumenides , performed in 458 , Aeschylus , himself a noble , portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself . It appears that Aeschylus `` is trying to preserve the dignity of a severely battered institution . ''", "Approximately 1100 citizens ( including the members of the council of 500 ) held office each year . They were mostly chosen by lot , with a much smaller ( and more prestigious ) group of about 100 elected . Neither was compulsory ; individuals had to nominate themselves for both selection methods . In particular , those chosen by lot were citizens acting without particular expertise . This was almost inevitable since , with the notable exception of the generals ( strategoi ) , each office could be held by the same person only once . For example , `` The same person could not be a member of the Boule in two consecutive years , and could only be a member twice in a lifetime . ''", "Part of the ethos of democracy , however , was the building of general competence by ongoing involvement . In the 5th century version of the democracy , the ten annually elected generals were often very prominent , but for those who had power , it lay primarily in their frequent speeches and in the respect accorded them in the assembly , rather than their vested powers .", "While citizens voting in the assembly were the people and so were free of review or punishment , those same citizens when holding an office served the people and could be punished very severely . All of them were subject to a review beforehand that might disqualify them for office and an examination after stepping down . Officeholders were the agents of the people , not their representatives . Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors .", "The assembly and the courts were regarded as the instantiation of the people of Athens : they were the people , no power was above them and they could not be reviewed , impeached or punished . However , when an Athenian took up an office , he was regarded as ' serving ' the people . As such , he could be regarded as failing in his duty and be punished for it .", "There were in fact some limitations on who could hold office . Age restrictions were in place with thirty years as a minimum , rendering about a third of the adult citizen body ineligible at any one time . An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( atimia ) , excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily ( depending on the type ) . Furthermore , all citizens selected were reviewed before taking up office ( dokimasia ) at which they might be disqualified .", "Competence does not seem to have been the main issue , but rather , at least in the 4th century BC , whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies . However , magistrates , after leaving office were subject to a scrutiny ( euthunai , literally ' straightenings ' or ' submission of accounts ' ) to review their performance . Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic , but they opened up in the possibility , if some citizen wanted to take some matter up , of a contest before a jury court .", "In the case of a scrutiny going to trial , there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties . Finally , even during his period of office , any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly . In each of the ten `` main meetings '' ( kuriai ekklesiai ) a year , the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda : were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly ?", "By and large the power exercised by these officials was routine administration and quite limited . The powers of officials were precisely defined and their capacity for initiative limited . They administered rather than governed . When it came to penal sanctions , no officeholder could impose a fine over fifty drachmas . Anything higher had to go before a court .", "The use of a lottery to select officeholders was regarded as the most democratic means : elections would favour those who were rich , noble , eloquent and well - known , while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body , engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of , to use Aristotle 's words , `` ruling and being ruled in turn '' ( Politics 1317b28 -- 30 ) . The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought . Allotment therefore was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens a unique form of political equality as all had an equal chance of obtaining government office . Samons writes that `` the system of selection by lottery for members of the Council of 500 and other officials ( like the treasurers of the sacred funds ) provided a potentially significant check on the dangers of demagoguery . '' However , this may not have been completely successful , as some `` increasingly pandered to the electorate and ... often told the people only what they wanted to hear . ''", "The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks , but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems . Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards , panels ) . In a group someone will know the right way to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do . During the period of holding a particular office everyone on the team is observing everybody else . There were however officials such as the nine archons , who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other .", "No office appointed by lot could be held twice by the same individual . The only exception was the boule or council of 500 . In this case , simply by demographic necessity , an individual could serve twice in a lifetime . This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as assistants to magistrates such as the archons . To the Athenians it seems what had to be guarded against was not incompetence but any tendency to use office as a way of accumulating ongoing power .", "During an Athenian election , approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot . There were two main categories in this group : those required to handle large sums of money , and the 10 generals , the strategoi . One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money embezzled could be recovered from their estates ; election in general strongly favoured the rich , but in this case wealth was virtually a prerequisite .", "Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought . In the 5th century BC , principally as seen through the figure of Pericles , the generals could be among the most powerful people in the polis . Yet in the case of Pericles , it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships ( each year along with nine others ) . His office holding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded . That influence was based on his relation with the assembly , a relation that in the first instance lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people . Under the 4th century version of democracy the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons . In part this was a consequence of the increasingly specialised forms of warfare practiced in the later period .", "Elected officials too were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office . And they too could be removed from office at any time that the assembly met . There was also a death penalty for `` inadequate performance '' while in office .", "A good example of the contempt the first democrats felt for those who did not participate in politics can be found in the modern word ' idiot ' , which finds its origins in the ancient Greek word ἰδιώτης , idiōtēs , meaning a private person , a person who is not actively interested in politics ; such characters were talked about with contempt , and the word eventually acquired its modern meaning . According to Thucydides , Pericles may have declared in a funeral oration :", "We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business ; we say that he has no business here at all .", "Athenian democracy has had many critics , both ancient and modern . Ancient Greek critics of the democracy include Thucydides the general and historian , Aristophanes the playwright , Plato the pupil of Socrates , Aristotle the pupil of Plato , and a writer known as the Old Oligarch . Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body , but in the ancient world the complaint , if anything , went in the opposite direction . For them , the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and had made huge mistakes . According to Samons :", "The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought , government , or society must confront this strange paradox : the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime ( on a philosophical or theoretical level ) . And what is more , the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures , mistakes , and misdeeds -- most infamously , the execution of Socrates -- that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government .", "Thucydides , from his Aristocratic and historical viewpoint , reasoned that the common people were often much too credulous about even contemporary facts to rule justly . Josiah Ober notes that `` Thucydides cites examples of two errors regarding Sparta : the beliefs that the two Spartan kings each had two votes in council and that there was a Spartan battalion called the ' Pitanate lochos . ' Thucydides sums up : ' Such is the degree of carelessness among the many ( hoi polloi ) in the search for truth ( aletheia ) and their preference for ready - made accounts ' . '' He contrasted his own critical - historical approach to history with the way the demos decided upon the truth . So `` Thucydides has established for his reader the existence of a potentially fatal structural flaw in the edifice of democratic ways of knowing and doing . The identification of this `` flaw '' is a key to his criticism of Athenian popular rule . ''", "Also , Donald Kagan writes that `` In the fourth century , Plato and Aristotle must have been repeating old complaints when they pointed out the unfairness of democracy : ' it distributes a sort of equality to equal and unequal alike ' . '' Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which ' everyone ' has equal rights , the critics saw it as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich . They regarded this as manifestly unjust . In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i.e. proportional ) equality .", "To its ancient detractors rule by the demos was also reckless and arbitrary . Two examples demonstrate this :", "In 406 BC , after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily , the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans . After the battle a storm arose and the generals in command failed to collect survivors : the Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death . Technically , it was illegal , as the generals were tried and sentenced together , rather than one by one as Athenian law required . Socrates happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate ( though to little effect ) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted . Later , `` the demos is reported to have regretted what had happened ... They decided that those who had misled the demos should be charged and put on trial , including ( the ) author of the motion by which the generals were tried and condemned en masse in the Assembly . This passage is often interpreted as a confession of collective regret and guilt on the part of the demos , once their anger gave way to second thoughts . '' In 399 BC Socrates was put on trial and executed for ' corrupting the young and believing in strange gods ' . His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded , but guaranteed the democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy Plato . From Socrates ' arguments at his trial , Loren Samons writes , `` It follows , of course , that any majority -- including the majority of jurors -- is unlikely to choose rightly . '' However , `` some might argue , Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates . Surely , some might continue , we may simply write off events such as Socrates ' execution as examples of the Athenians ' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy . ''", "In 406 BC , after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily , the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans . After the battle a storm arose and the generals in command failed to collect survivors : the Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death . Technically , it was illegal , as the generals were tried and sentenced together , rather than one by one as Athenian law required . Socrates happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate ( though to little effect ) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted . Later , `` the demos is reported to have regretted what had happened ... They decided that those who had misled the demos should be charged and put on trial , including ( the ) author of the motion by which the generals were tried and condemned en masse in the Assembly . This passage is often interpreted as a confession of collective regret and guilt on the part of the demos , once their anger gave way to second thoughts . ''", "In 399 BC Socrates was put on trial and executed for ' corrupting the young and believing in strange gods ' . His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded , but guaranteed the democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy Plato . From Socrates ' arguments at his trial , Loren Samons writes , `` It follows , of course , that any majority -- including the majority of jurors -- is unlikely to choose rightly . '' However , `` some might argue , Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates . Surely , some might continue , we may simply write off events such as Socrates ' execution as examples of the Athenians ' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy . ''", "While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates , his criticisms of the rule of the demos were much more extensive . Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy . His The Republic , The Statesman and Laws contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government : `` The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge , who alone can enable their fellow - citizens to attain virtue , and therefore excellence , by means of education . ''", "Whether the democratic failures should be seen as systemic , or as a product of the extreme conditions of the Peloponnesian war , there does seem to have been a move toward correction . A new version of democracy was established from 403 BC , but it can be linked with both earlier and subsequent reforms ( graphē paranómōn 416 BC ; end of assembly trials 355 BC ) . For instance , the system of nomothesia was introduced . In this :", "A new law might be proposed by any citizen . Any proposal to modify an existing law had to be accompanied by a proposed replacement law . The citizen making the proposal had to publish it ( in ) advance : publication consisted of writing the proposal on a whitened board located next to the statues of the Eponymous Heroes in the agora . The proposal would be considered by the Council , and would be placed on the agenda of the Assembly in the form of a motion . If the Assembly voted in favor of the proposed change , the proposal would be referred for further consideration by a group of citizens called nomothetai ( literally `` establishers of the law '' ) .", "Increasingly , responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts , with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts . That is to say , the mass meeting of all citizens lost some ground to gatherings of a thousand or so which were under oath , and with more time to focus on just one matter ( though never more than a day ) . One downside was that the new democracy was less capable of rapid response .", "Another tack of criticism is to notice the disquieting links between democracy and a number of less than appealing features of Athenian life . Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years , they are sometimes associated with each other . For much of the 5th century at least democracy fed off an empire of subject states . Thucydides the son of Milesias ( not the historian ) , an aristocrat , stood in opposition to these policies , for which he was ostracised in 443 BC .", "At times the imperialist democracy acted with extreme brutality , as in the decision to execute the entire male population of Melos and sell off its women and children simply for refusing to become subjects of Athens . The common people were numerically dominant in the navy , which they used to pursue their own interests in the form of work as rowers and in the hundreds of overseas administrative positions . Further they used the income from empire to fund payment for officeholding . This is the position set out by the anti-democratic pamphlet known whose anonymous author is often called the Old Oligarch . This writer ( also called pseudo-Xenophon ) produced several comments critical of democracy , such as :", "1 . Democracy is not the rule of the demos qua citizenship in the interest of the entire polis , but the self - interested rule of a sociological faction. 2 . The collectivization of political responsibility for decisions and agreements in a democracy leads to dishonesty and the tendency to scapegoat individual speakers or magistrates. 3 . Because it is an integrated system , democracy seems incapable of internal amelioration , yet because of its inclusivist tendencies , especially in regard to citizenship , it coopts its natural enemies and so generates few active opponents . 4 . There is a strong relationship between a democracy 's domestic and foreign policies ; a rational imperial democracy will be likely to foment democracy among its subjects . 5 . Democracy depends on naval power ; naval power in turn depends on the control of capital resources ; ergo a democracy will tend to be aggressively acquisitive. 6 . Democracy 's core values of freedom and equality are not exclusive to the citizen population ; noncitizens are also treated more equitably than is seemly. 7 . Democracy tends to blur the distinction between nature and political culture , thereby blinding elites to their own best interests and luring them into immorality .", "Aristotle also wrote about what he considered to be a better form of government than democracy . Rather than any citizen partaking with equal share in the rule , he thought that `` Virtue understood as embracing courage and temperance and prudence as well as justice turns out to be the chief determinant for shares in rule . Those who are superior in virtue should receive greater shares in rule . ''", "A case can be made that discriminatory lines came to be drawn more sharply under Athenian democracy than before or elsewhere , in particular in relation to women and slaves , as well as in the line between citizens and non-citizens . By so strongly validating one role , that of the male citizen , it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it .", "Originally , a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen , Under Pericles , in 450 BC , restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother . So Metroxenoi , those with foreign mothers , were now to be excluded . Also , `` at least by Demosthenes ' time , mixed marriages were actually heavily penalized . '' Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship , had this law applied to them : Cleisthenes , the founder of democracy , had a non-Athenian mother , and the mothers of Cimon and Themistocles were not Greek at all , but Thracian . Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities . At Sparta women competed in public exercise -- so in Aristophanes ' Lysistrata the Athenian women admire the tanned , muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts -- and women could own property in their own right , as they could not at Athens . Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention , but it has been claimed that in regard to the position of women , it `` was worse in Athens than in other states '' . Yet democracy may well have been impossible without the contribution of women 's labour ( Hansen 1987 : 318 ) . Slavery was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities . Indeed , the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ( `` barbarians '' ) as chattel slaves seems to have been an Athenian development . This triggers the paradoxical question : Was democracy `` based on '' slavery ? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians -- owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth -- to devote more of their time to political life . But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say . The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich ( the small minority who were actually free of the need to work ) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well - off fellow citizens . Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another , but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens ( under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC ) . By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy , which in turn called for a new means , chattel slavery , to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor . In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative . However , as Cornelius Castoriadis pointed out , other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy . Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC might have had effect : it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring conceived with slave women .", "Originally , a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen , Under Pericles , in 450 BC , restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother . So Metroxenoi , those with foreign mothers , were now to be excluded . Also , `` at least by Demosthenes ' time , mixed marriages were actually heavily penalized . '' Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship , had this law applied to them : Cleisthenes , the founder of democracy , had a non-Athenian mother , and the mothers of Cimon and Themistocles were not Greek at all , but Thracian .", "Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities . At Sparta women competed in public exercise -- so in Aristophanes ' Lysistrata the Athenian women admire the tanned , muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts -- and women could own property in their own right , as they could not at Athens . Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention , but it has been claimed that in regard to the position of women , it `` was worse in Athens than in other states '' . Yet democracy may well have been impossible without the contribution of women 's labour ( Hansen 1987 : 318 ) .", "Slavery was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities . Indeed , the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ( `` barbarians '' ) as chattel slaves seems to have been an Athenian development . This triggers the paradoxical question : Was democracy `` based on '' slavery ? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians -- owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth -- to devote more of their time to political life . But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say . The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich ( the small minority who were actually free of the need to work ) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well - off fellow citizens . Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another , but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens ( under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC ) . By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy , which in turn called for a new means , chattel slavery , to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor . In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative . However , as Cornelius Castoriadis pointed out , other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy . Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC might have had effect : it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring conceived with slave women .", "Since the 19th century , the Athenian version of democracy has been seen by one group as a goal yet to be achieved by modern societies . They want representative democracy to be added to or even replaced by direct democracy in the Athenian way , perhaps by utilizing electronic democracy . Another group , on the other hand , considers that , since many Athenians were not allowed to participate in its government , Athenian democracy was not a democracy at all . `` ( C ) omparisons with Athens will continue to be made as long as societies keep striving to realize democracy under modern conditions and their successes and failures are discussed . ''", "Since the middle of the 20th century , most countries have claimed to be a democracy , regardless of the actual makeup of its government . Yet , after the demise of Athenian democracy , few looked upon it as a good form of government . This was because no legitimation of that rule was formulated to counter the negative accounts of Plato and Aristotle . They saw it as the rule of the poor that plundered the rich , and so democracy was viewed as a sort of `` collective tyranny '' . `` Well into the 18th century democracy was consistently condemned . '' Sometimes , mixed constitutions evolved with a democratic element , but `` it definitely did not mean self - rule by citizens . ''", "In the age of Cicero and Caesar , Rome was a republic , but not a democracy . Furthermore , it would be misleading to say that the tradition of Athenian democracy was an important part of the 18th - century revolutionaries ' intellectual background . The classical example that inspired the American and French revolutionaries as well as the English radicals was Rome rather than Greece . Thus , the Founding Fathers who met in Philadelphia in 1787 , did not set up a Council of the Areopagos , but a Senate , that , eventually , met on the Capitol . Following Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , `` democracy came to be associated with popular sovereignty instead of popular participation in the exercise of power . ''", "Several German philosophers and poets took delight in the fullness of life in Athens , and not long afterwards `` the English liberals put forward a new argument in favor of the Athenians '' . In opposition , thinkers such as Samuel Johnson were worried about the ignorance of a democratic decision - making body . However , `` Macaulay and John Stuart Mill and George Grote saw the great strength of the Athenian democracy in the high level of cultivation that citizens enjoyed and called for improvements in the educational system of Britain that would make possible a shared civic consciousness parallel to that achieved by the ancient Athenians . ''", "Therefore , it was George Grote , in his History of Greece ( 1846 -- 1856 ) , who would claim that `` Athenian democracy was neither the tyranny of the poor , nor the rule of the mob . '' He argued that only by giving every citizen the vote would people ensure that the state would be run in the general interest . Later , to the end of World War Il , democracy became dissociated from its ancient frame of reference . It was not anymore only one of the many possible ways in which political rule could be organised in a polity : it became the only possible political system in an egalitarian society .", "References", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2007 ) : The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth - Century Athens , p. 112 , in : Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert , eds. ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley : University of California Press . 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Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/48.html Jump up ^ Habicht , C. , Athens from Alexander to Antony , Harvard University Press , 1997 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Green , P. , Alexander to Actium : The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age , University of California Press , 1993 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : A Companion to Greek Studies , CUP Archive , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , P , Garnsey , P. and Gruen , ES. , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays in Culture , History , and Historiography , University of California Press , 1997 , Ch. 5 . Jump up ^ Habicht , passim ^ Jump up to : Rothchild , JA. , Introduction to Athenian Democracy of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE . Jump up ^ Dixon , MD. , Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Corinth : 338 -- 196 BC , Routledge , 2014 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Kamen , D. , Status in Classical Athens , Princeton University Press , 2013 p. 9 . Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised II -- Slaves and Resident Aliens Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised I -- Women Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Manville , PB. , The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens , Princeton University Press , 2014 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Aristophanes Acharnians 17 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Aristoph . Ekklesiazousai 378 - 9 Jump up ^ Terry Buckley , Aspects of Greek History : A Source - Based Approach , Routledge , 2006 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : boule . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 238 Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 241 Jump up ^ Dover , KJ. , Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle , Hackett Publishing , 1994 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Bertoch , MJ. , The Greeks had a jury for it , ABA Journal , October , 1971 , Vol. 57 , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ Arnason , JP. , Raaflaub , KA. and Wagner , P. , The Greek Polis and the Invention of Democracy : A Politico - cultural Transformation and Its Interpretations , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 ' p. 167 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , PJ. , A History of the Classical Greek World : 478 -- 323 BC , John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : archon Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. , Ober , Josiah and Wallace Robert W. , Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece , University of California Press , 2007 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , Paul ( July 2006 ) . `` Ostracism : selection and de-selection in ancient Greece '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldhill , S. , 2004 , The Good Citizen , in Love , Sex & Tragedy : Why Classics Matters . John Murray , London , 179 - 94 . Jump up ^ Thucydides II. 40 , trans . Rex Warner ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , pp. 54 & 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Kagan , D. , The Fall of the Athenian Empire , Cornell University Press , 2013 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hobden , F. and Tuplin , C. , Xenophon : Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry , BRILL , 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 12 & 195 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , MH. , The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes : Structure , Principles , and Ideology , University of Oklahoma Press , 1991 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Just , R. , Women in Athenian Law and Life , Routledge , 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , JP. , The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery , Volume 7 , ABC - CLIO , 1997 , pp. 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Hansen , MH. , The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Modern Democracy , Kgl . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , J. , in Euben , JP et al. , Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy ' , Cornell University Press , 1994 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Vlassopoulos , K. , Politics Λntiqvity and Its Legacy , Oxford University Press , 2009 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 74 .", "Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2007 ) : The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth - Century Athens , p. 112 , in : Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert , eds. ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley : University of California Press .", "Jump up ^ Xenophon , Anabasis 4.4. 15 .", "Jump up ^ Clarke , PB. and Foweraker , Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought . Routledge , 2003 , p. 196 .", "^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 10 .", "Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 7 .", "Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Areopagus .", "Jump up ^ Farrar , C. , The Origins of Democratic Thinking : The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens , CUP Archive , 25 Aug 1989 , p. 21 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 25 .", "^ Jump up to : Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 55 -- 56", "Jump up ^ Blackwell , Christopher . `` The Development of Athenian Democracy '' . Dēmos : Classical Athenian Democracy . Stoa . Retrieved 4 May 2016 .", "Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/48.html", "Jump up ^ Habicht , C. , Athens from Alexander to Antony , Harvard University Press , 1997 , p. 42 .", "Jump up ^ Green , P. , Alexander to Actium : The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age , University of California Press , 1993 , p. 29 .", "^ Jump up to : A Companion to Greek Studies , CUP Archive , p. 447 .", "Jump up ^ Cartledge , P , Garnsey , P. and Gruen , ES. , Hellenistic Constructs : Essays in Culture , History , and Historiography , University of California Press , 1997 , Ch. 5 .", "Jump up ^ Habicht , passim", "^ Jump up to : Rothchild , JA. , Introduction to Athenian Democracy of the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE .", "Jump up ^ Dixon , MD. , Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Corinth : 338 -- 196 BC , Routledge , 2014 , p. 44 .", "Jump up ^ Kamen , D. , Status in Classical Athens , Princeton University Press , 2013 p. 9 .", "Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised II -- Slaves and Resident Aliens", "Jump up ^ agathe.gr : The Unenfranchised I -- Women", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 59 .", "Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 278 .", "Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 25 -- 26 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 32 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 57 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p 33 -- 34 .", "Jump up ^ Manville , PB. , The Origins of Citizenship in Ancient Athens , Princeton University Press , 2014 p. 182 .", "Jump up ^ Aristophanes Acharnians 17 -- 22 .", "Jump up ^ Aristoph . Ekklesiazousai 378 - 9", "Jump up ^ Terry Buckley , Aspects of Greek History : A Source - Based Approach , Routledge , 2006 , p. 98 .", "Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : boule .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 31 -- 32", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 30 -- 31 .", "Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 238", "Jump up ^ Hignett , History of the Athenian Constitution , 241", "Jump up ^ Dover , KJ. , Greek Popular Morality in the Time of Plato and Aristotle , Hackett Publishing , 1994 , p. 23 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 36 -- 38 .", "Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 36 .", "Jump up ^ Bertoch , MJ. , The Greeks had a jury for it , ABA Journal , October , 1971 , Vol. 57 , p. 1013 .", "Jump up ^ Arnason , JP. , Raaflaub , KA. and Wagner , P. , The Greek Polis and the Invention of Democracy : A Politico - cultural Transformation and Its Interpretations , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 ' p. 167 .", "Jump up ^ Rhodes , PJ. , A History of the Classical Greek World : 478 -- 323 BC , John Wiley & Sons , 2011 , p. 235 .", "Jump up ^ MacDowell , DM. , The Law in Classical Athens , Cornell University Press , 1978 , p. 250 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 60 .", "Jump up ^ Cohen D. and Gagarin , M. , The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 130 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 8 -- 9 .", "Jump up ^ Sinclair , RK. , Democracy and Participation in Athens , Cambridge University Press , 30 Aug 1991 , pp. 1 -- 2 .", "Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica : archon", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 55 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 29 .", "Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , pp. 42 -- 43 .", "Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 .", "Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. , Ober , Josiah and Wallace Robert W. , Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece , University of California Press , 2007 p. 182 .", "Jump up ^ Cartledge , Paul ( July 2006 ) . `` Ostracism : selection and de-selection in ancient Greece '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 .", "Jump up ^ Goldhill , S. , 2004 , The Good Citizen , in Love , Sex & Tragedy : Why Classics Matters . John Murray , London , 179 - 94 .", "Jump up ^ Thucydides II. 40 , trans . Rex Warner ( 1954 ) .", "Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 6 .", "Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , pp. 54 & 78 -- 79 .", "Jump up ^ Kagan , D. , The Fall of the Athenian Empire , Cornell University Press , 2013 , p. 108 .", "Jump up ^ Hobden , F. and Tuplin , C. , Xenophon : Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry , BRILL , 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 .", "Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 12 & 195 .", "Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 103 .", "Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 43 .", "Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 107 .", "^ Jump up to : Hansen , MH. , The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes : Structure , Principles , and Ideology , University of Oklahoma Press , 1991 , p. 53 .", "Jump up ^ Just , R. , Women in Athenian Law and Life , Routledge , 2008 , p. 15 .", "Jump up ^ Rodriguez , JP. , The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery , Volume 7 , ABC - CLIO , 1997 , pp. 312 -- 314 .", "Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , p. 259 .", "Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , pp. 256 -- 259 .", "Jump up ^ Hansen , MH. , The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Modern Democracy , Kgl . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab , 2005 , p. 10 .", "Jump up ^ Roberts , J. , in Euben , JP et al. , Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy ' , Cornell University Press , 1994 , p. 96 .", "Jump up ^ Vlassopoulos , K. , Politics Λntiqvity and Its Legacy , Oxford University Press , 2009 .", "Sources", "Habicht , Christian ( 1997 ) . Athens from Alexander to Antony . Harvard . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05111 - 4 . Hansen , M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 6 . Hignett , Charles ( 1962 ) . A History of the Athenian Constitution . Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814213 - 7 . Manville , B. ; Ober , Josiah ( 2003 ) . A company of citizens : what the world 's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations . Boston . Meier C. 1998 , Athens : a portrait of the city in its Golden Age ( translated by R. and R. Kimber ) . New York Ober , Josiah ( 1989 ) . Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens : Rhetoric , Ideology and the Power of the People . Princeton . Ober , Josiah ; Hendrick , C. ( 1996 ) . Demokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton . Rhodes , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Athenian democracy . Edinburgh . Sinclair , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Democracy and Participation in Athens . Cambridge University Press .", "Habicht , Christian ( 1997 ) . Athens from Alexander to Antony . Harvard . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05111 - 4 .", "Hansen , M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 6 .", "Hignett , Charles ( 1962 ) . A History of the Athenian Constitution . Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814213 - 7 .", "Manville , B. ; Ober , Josiah ( 2003 ) . A company of citizens : what the world 's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations . Boston .", "Meier C. 1998 , Athens : a portrait of the city in its Golden Age ( translated by R. and R. Kimber ) . New York", "Ober , Josiah ( 1989 ) . Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens : Rhetoric , Ideology and the Power of the People . Princeton .", "Ober , Josiah ; Hendrick , C. ( 1996 ) . Demokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton .", "Rhodes , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Athenian democracy . Edinburgh .", "Sinclair , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Democracy and Participation in Athens . Cambridge University Press ." ]

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[ "The Ritz - Carlton Type Subsidiary Industry Hospitality Founded 1983 ( 1983 ) Headquarters Chevy Chase , Maryland , United States Number of locations 130 hotels worldwide Key people Bill Marriott , ( Chairman ) Arne Sorenson , ( Chief Executive Officer ) Herve Humler , ( President & Chief Operating Officer ) Kathleen Oberg , ( Chief Financial Officer ) Bob Kharazmi , ( Global Officer , Worldwide Operations ) Ed French , ( Global Officer , Sales & Marketing Revenue US $ 3 billion ( 2012 ) Number of employees 40,000 ( in 2017 ) Parent Marriott International Website www.ritzcarlton.com", "Type Subsidiary", "Industry Hospitality", "Founded 1983 ( 1983 )", "Headquarters Chevy Chase , Maryland , United States", "Number of locations 130 hotels worldwide", "Key people Bill Marriott , ( Chairman ) Arne Sorenson , ( Chief Executive Officer ) Herve Humler , ( President & Chief Operating Officer ) Kathleen Oberg , ( Chief Financial Officer ) Bob Kharazmi , ( Global Officer , Worldwide Operations ) Ed French , ( Global Officer , Sales & Marketing", "Revenue US $ 3 billion ( 2012 )", "Number of employees 40,000 ( in 2017 )", "Parent Marriott International", "Website www.ritzcarlton.com", "The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , LLC is an American company that operates the luxury hotel chain known as The Ritz - Carlton . The company has 91 luxury hotels and resorts in 30 countries and territories .", "The current company was founded in 1983 , when the previous owners sold the Ritz - Carlton brand name and the Ritz - Carlton hotel in Boston , Massachusetts . The brand was subsequently expanded to other locations . The company is today a subsidiary of Marriott International .", "The story of The Ritz - Carlton begins with Swiss hotelier César Ritz , who was well known in the hotel industry as the `` king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings '' redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris and the Carlton Hotel in London , among others . He and the renowned chef from his hotels , Auguste Escoffier , opened a la carte restaurants known as Ritz - Carlton on board the Hamburg - Amerika Line ocean liners SS Amerika in 1905 and SS Imperator in 1913 . The restaurants on those ships ceased operating in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I . Although Ritz died in 1918 , his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name .", "The Ritz - Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller , who bought and franchised the name in the United States . The first Ritz - Carlton Hotel in the U.S. opened in New York City in 1911 . It was located at 46th Street and Madison Avenue . Louis Diat ran the kitchens and invented Vichyssoise there . In 1911 , the Ritz company announced its intention to expand to Philadelphia and Atlantic City . The Ritz - Carlton Philadelphia followed in 1913 at Broad & Walnut streets , designed by Horace Trumbauer and Warren & Wetmore . The Ritz - Carlton Montreal opened in 1912 , not owned by Keller as it was located in Canada . Keller 's Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City opened in 1921 .", "In the early 1920s , the Ritz - Carlton chain consisted of 15 hotels :", "Plaza Hotel Buenos Aires", "Plaza Hotel Buenos Aires", "Ritz Hotel , Paris Imperial Hotel , Menton Royal Hotel , Évian - les - Bains Splendide Hotel , Évian - les - Bains", "Ritz Hotel , Paris", "Imperial Hotel , Menton", "Royal Hotel , Évian - les - Bains", "Splendide Hotel , Évian - les - Bains", "Grand Hotel Excelsior , Rome Grand Hotel , Rome ( today The St. Regis Rome ) Grand Hotel and New Casino , Rapallo Grand Hotel et des Iles Borromees , Lake Maggiore Excelsior Hotel , Naples", "Grand Hotel Excelsior , Rome", "Grand Hotel , Rome ( today The St. Regis Rome )", "Grand Hotel and New Casino , Rapallo", "Grand Hotel et des Iles Borromees , Lake Maggiore", "Excelsior Hotel , Naples", "Grand Hotel National , Lucerne", "Grand Hotel National , Lucerne", "Carlton Hotel , London Ritz Hotel , London", "Carlton Hotel , London", "Ritz Hotel , London", "Ritz - Carlton Hotel , New York City Ritz - Carlton Hotel , Atlantic City", "Ritz - Carlton Hotel , New York City", "Ritz - Carlton Hotel , Atlantic City", "In October 1926 , 29 - year - old Edward N. Wyner bought a third - acre parcel at the corner of Arlington and Newbury streets and formed a partnership called The Ritz - Arlington Trust with his father , George , and business associate , John S. Slater .", "The trust sold $5.8 million of bonds to finance the construction of an apartment building to be called the Mayflower . The 18 - story , 201 - foot ( 61 m ) brick building , designed by Strickland , Blodget & Law Architects , was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time . Construction had started on the second floor when Wyner was persuaded by then - Mayor James Michael Curley to make the Mayflower a world - class , 300 - room Ritz - Carlton Hotel , which opened May 19 , 1927 . Room rates were $5 to $15 per night ; $40 per night for suites .", "After a hugely successful opening , the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties . The Wyner family funded the hotel 's operating losses during the early 1930s , although the interest on the bonds went unpaid . Still in 1933 , when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel , Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance that the hotel was full .", "The Philadelphia location was converted to an office building after only a few years in operation . The Atlantic City hotel was sold to Schine Hotels in the late 1940s , and later Sheraton Hotels in 1959 . The New York hotel was demolished in 1951 , leaving only the Boston location .", "Edward Wyner died of a heart attack on December 5 , 1961 . His six sons tried to continue operation of the Boston hotel , but were unable to overcome difficulties , and decided to sell .", "The unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel . But Cabot , Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested . After more than a year of legal work , Hale and Dorr succeeded at clearing the bond obligations , and in October 1964 Blakeley and associates Paul Hellmuth and Charles Spaulding acquired the Ritz - Carlton Boston for $5.8 million .", "`` Out of the 20 years I owned it , it made money three years . The other years it broke even , but from a public relations standpoint for CC&F , it was a tremendous asset , '' said Blakeley , who completed a 19 - story Ritz - Carlton luxury condominium complex on land adjacent to the hotel in 1981 .", "In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz - Carlton name in North America ( with the exception of Montreal and New York ) . In June 1978 , Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz - Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration .", "In the 1970s , the Ritz - Carlton name was licensed to the builders of a new hotel in Chicago . The Ritz - Carlton Chicago opened in 1975 in a tower atop Water Tower Place . It joined the Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts chain in 1977 , as there was no Ritz - Carlton chain at the time . Confusingly , it remained part of Four Seasons for decades , marketed as `` The Ritz - Carlton Chicago ( A Four Seasons Hotel ) '' . It had no association with the modern Ritz - Carlton chain , though it used the name and the iconic logo . The property was sold in 2013 and left Four Seasons , joining the modern Ritz - Carlton chain as a franchise on August 1 , 2015 .", "In 1982 , Blakely licensed the name to hotelier John B. Coleman for two hotels he was renovating , The Fairfax in Washington , D.C. and the Navarro in New York City . Coleman renamed them The Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. and The Ritz - Carlton New York in April 1982 . Coleman paid Blakely a fee of 1.5 percent of each hotel 's annual gross revenue for use of the name . The two hotels eventually joined the modern chain that would be founded a few years later .", "In August 1983 , Blakeley sold The Ritz - Carlton Boston and the US trademark for $75.5 million to developer William B. Johnson , who assembled a four - person development team in Atlanta , headed by hotelier Horst Schulze , to create The Ritz - Carlton concept and established The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Co .", "In 1988 , Johnson subsequently obtained the exclusive rights to The Ritz - Carlton name throughout the world except for the 210 - room Hotel - Ritz Paris , The Ritz - Carlton at Water Tower Place in Chicago , and The Ritz - Carlton in Montreal .", "From 1951 to 1975 , The Ritz - Carlton Boston had been one of only two Ritz - Carlton hotels in the US . The other was the independently owned Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City which had since been converted to condominiums . Johnson 's company paid the Atlantic City establishment to abandon its name and rename itself The Ritz Condominiums .", "Johnson would later enlarge the company from just the Boston property to 30 hotels worldwide in just 10 years . He obtained financing to do so from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York in 1983 in the amount of $85 million secured by The Ritz - Carlton Boston . This loan was refinanced in 1989 by Manhattan Tops USA of New York for $136.5 million and again in 1994 by Sumitomo Bank of Japan . By 1996 , this mortgage was in default and the interest and penalties brought the total debt to $214.8 million . By splitting this mortgage note into three parts , Sumitomo Bank was able to unbundle The Ritz - Carlton Boston from the trademark rights to The Ritz - Carlton brand worldwide .", "Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions of New York bought The Ritz - Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998 . A month later , Marriott International of Bethesda , Maryland , acquired the hotel from Blackstone for $100 million . Marriott , which franchises and manages Marriott 's 325,000 rooms , then bought The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to The Ritz - Carlton name worldwide from W.B. Johnson for $290 million in a two - part transaction completed in 1998 .", "In 1998 , Christopher Jeffries , founding partner of Millennium Partners , obtained The Ritz - Carlton franchises from Marriott for four hotel properties under construction : two in Washington , one in New York City , and one in Atlanta , Georgia . In addition , Jeffries was searching for a brand affiliation for the new 155 - room hotel and 270 - luxury condominiums he was constructing as part of Boston 's 1,800,000 - square - foot ( 170,000 m ) Millennium Place , a mixed - use complex on lower Washington Street . Due to noncompetition clauses , the only way he could obtain a second Ritz - Carlton flag in Boston was to own the existing Ritz - Carlton .", "Millennium Partners acquired the original Ritz - Carlton Boston for $122 million ( though it had sold for just $75 million less than two years prior ) and spent $50 million for renovations . Marriott agreed to allow The Ritz - Carlton affiliation for the condominium complex , known as The Residences at The Ritz - Carlton , sharing all of the services of the hotel .", "From 2001 to 2007 , Boston was home to two Ritz - Carlton hotels that faced each other across Boston Common . The Ritz - Carlton , Boston Common opened in 2001 .", "In November 2006 , Taj Hotels , a subsidiary of the India - based Tata Group , purchased The Ritz - Carlton Boston from its owners , Millennium Partners for $170 million . The Ritz - Carlton Boston became the Taj Boston on January 11 , 2007 .", "The company grew under the leadership of President and COO Horst Schulze . Schulze instituted a company - wide concentration on both the personal and the data - driven sides of service : He coined the company 's well - known customer / employee - centered motto , `` We are Ladies and Gentlemen Serving Ladies and Gentlemen '' and the set of specific service values ( standards ) on which The Ritz - Carlton employees base service through the present day . Under his leadership the hotels earned an unprecedented two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards and grew from four to forty U.S. locations .", "During this time , The Ritz - Carlton also became known for its influence on service in a wide range of industries , through the creation of The Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center , created by then - Ritz executive Leonardo Inghilleri , who was an architect of the Ritz 's second Baldrige award , where executives from other companies worldwide in many disciplines come to learn The Ritz - Carlton principles of service .", "In 1995 , Marriott International purchased a 49 % stake in The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , and in 1998 , they purchased an additional 50 % stake in the company , giving it 99 % ownership of the company . Schulze and other executives ( including Leonardo Inghilleri , Robert A. Warman and Peter Schoch ) left to form the West Paces Hotel Group , which took the name of its primary brand , Capella Hotels , in December 2011 . In 2007 , the partners also formed Solís Hotels .", "The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company is now headquartered in Chevy Chase , Maryland , located in the Washington , D.C. MSA .", "The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company partnered with Bulgari in 2001 to operate a chain of hotels owned by and operated under the BVLGARI brand . The company currently has marketing agreements with Bulgari Hotels & Resorts , the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas , the privately owned Ritz - Carlton Montreal , The Ritz Hotel London and the Hotel Ritz Madrid .", "In 2011 , The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong was opened . It is currently the highest hotel in the world .", "Simon Cooper joined Ritz - Carlton in 2001 as President and Chief Operating Officer , taking the helm from Horst Schulze . Cooper 's mandate was to grow the chain through hotel expansion and product diversification . Under Cooper 's watch the company has aggressively expanded its hotels and added The Ritz - Carlton Residences , private residential units , and The Ritz - Carlton Destination Club , fractional ownership residences , to the company 's development program .", "August 12 , 2010 , Ritz - Carlton announced its new President and Chief Operations Officer would be Herve Humler , one of the founders of the 1983 company , who will be responsible for leading brand operations and global growth strategy . In 2015 , The Ritz - Carlton , Macau was opened . It is located at the Galaxy Macau . The Ritz - Carlton , Macau is designed as a gold palace .", "The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company has been featured on Zagat Survey Top Lists for dining , hotels and service . The Dallas , USA and Wolfsburg , Germany locations both received top honors from Zagat in 2009 , including Top Large Hotel for the Dallas location . The Ritz - Carlton is the only company to date to win two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards ( 1992 and 1999 ) . Ritz - Carlton 's President and COO Horst Schulze was recognized for Ritz - Carlton 's contributions during his tenure with Corporate Hotelier of the World Ishikawa Medal for contributions to the Quality movement .", "The Ritz - Carlton is notable for attempting to share its knowledge of quality as it applies to service . Initially this was done at the request of the Baldrige committee , but The Ritz - Carlton ultimately adopted this as a central mission through the creation of The Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center .", "In October , 2011 , Angella Reid , the General Manager of The Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Pentagon City , Virginia was appointed as White House Chief Usher , becoming the first woman to serve in that post .", "It also has major service training operations in its Ritz - Carlton Learning Institute and Ritz - Carlton Leadership Center , created by Ritz - Carlton executive ( emeritus ) Leonardo Inghilleri , where nearly 50,000 executives from other companies worldwide have been trained in The Ritz - Carlton principles of service .", "In 1999 Ritz - Carlton acquired the former Hotel St. Moritz in New York City , reestablishing a presence in New York for the first time since the 1951 demolition of their previous building .", "Actually , a Ritz - Carlton opened in Manhattan , New York City , in 1982 or 1983 . See `` NEW RITZ - CARLTON OFFERS LUXURY ON SMALLER SCALE , '' New York Times , April 25 , 1982 . https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/25/nyregion/new-ritz-carlton-offers-luxury-on-smaller-scale.html", "The first Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Russia , The Moscow Ritz - Carlton ( ru ) , opened 1 July 2007 on Tverskaya Street . The Ritz - Carlton Suite , billed at US $ 13,715 per night , is listed at number 13 on World 's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN in 2012 .", "In 2014 , Oberoi Realty and Ritz - Carlton announced they would construct a hotel in Mumbai with an expected opening in 2016 . Ritz - Carlton opened its first Indian property in Bangalore in 2013 .", "On 29 March 2011 , The Ritz - Carlton opened the highest hotel in the world , The Ritz - Carlton , Hong Kong on floors 102 - 118 of the International Commerce Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui on Kowloon Peninsula , Hong Kong . The lobby is 425 m ( 1,394 ft ) above the ground . Asian Headquarters of Morgan Stanley , Credit Suisse , and Deutsche Bank are also located in the same 118 - storey building .", "The Ritz - Carlton , Charlotte which opened in October 2009 is the first Ritz - Carlton property to earn LEED Gold Certification and the youngest Ritz - Carlton property to earn five - diamonds , and is the only five diamond property in Charlotte ( and one of only three in the state of North Carolina ) .", "The Ritz - Carlton , Fort Lauderdale ( AAA Five Diamond Award ) which opened in August 2008 opened as a St. Regis just one year prior .", "The Ritz - Carlton and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live opened February 2010 and share the first skyscraper built since the early 1990s in Downtown Los Angeles . The Ritz - Carlton , Los Angeles was awarded a LEED silver certification .", "The readers of Condé Nast Traveler elected The Ritz - Carlton Shanghai , Pudong as `` The Best Hotel in Asia '' from 2012 through 2014 .", "The Ritz - Carlton operates fractional residences at several locations in the United States under the name Ritz - Carlton Destination Club . Properties include Aspen Highlands and Vail in Colorado , St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands , San Francisco and Jupiter , Florida .", "On Tuesday , 17 July 2009 , at 7 : 47 a.m. Jakarta time , a bomb exploded in The Ritz - Carlton Mega Kuningan , Jakarta , Indonesia destroying the first floor of the hotel . The explosion occurred 2 minutes after the explosion at the nearby JW Marriott Jakarta . The hotel was scheduled to host the Manchester United football club the following Monday during the Indonesia leg of its Asia tour , but the visit was canceled due to the bombing . Nine people including 2 suicide bombers were killed .", "On 26 August 2013 , members of the Filipino diaspora protested at The Ritz - Carlton , Los Angeles and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live against the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam . It is believed that the family of the alleged mastermind of the scam Janet Lim - Napoles owned a condominium unit in the building said to be worth $2 million .", "On 31 October 2013 , The Ritz - Carlton Bangalore opened as the group 's first property in India .", "On 4 November 2013 , the Ritz - Carlton Kazakhstan opened in Almaty . The 145 - room hotel sits on the top floors of the Esentai Tower , the tallest building in Central Asia . The upper floors also include the Ritz - Carlton Residences as well . The hotel includes a steakhouse , a sky bar , a business center , spa and 9,000 square metres ( 97,000 sq ft ) of meeting space . The rooms include in - room safes , power outlets for laptops , iPod docking stations and marble bathrooms .", "In January 2014 , Ritz - Carlton opened a hotel in Herzliya , Israel featuring a spa and the brand 's first kosher restaurant .", "The Ritz - Carlton Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia 's capital city , opened in 1997 , is the only ' all butler hotel ' operating in the city , offering butler service to all of its 300 + rooms and suites and has since been ranked among the `` Gold List '' of hotels by Condé Nast , ranked as `` one of the top five butler hotels '' by The Independent and regarded by Travel and Leisure as one of `` The World 's Greatest Hotels '' .", "Jimbaran , Bali , Indonesia , India : Management terminated in 2009", "Jimbaran , Bali , Indonesia , India : Management terminated in 2009", "Enniskerry , Ireland : Ritz - Carlton Powerscourt : Management terminated 1 October 2013", "Enniskerry , Ireland : Ritz - Carlton Powerscourt : Management terminated 1 October 2013", "Atlanta , Georgia : Buckhead Ritz - Carlton - reopened as The Whitley December 2017 Montego Bay , Jamaica : Ritz - Carlton Rose Hall -- Management terminated July 2013 Aspen , Colorado : Ritz - Carlton Aspen -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Dearborn Michigan : Ritz - Carlton Dearborn -- Management terminated 2 June 2010 Houston , Texas : Ritz - Carlton Houston -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997 Kansas City , Missouri : Ritz - Carlton Kansas City Lake Las Vegas Ritz - Carlton : Opened 2003 ; closed 2 May 2010 Palm Beach , Florida : Ritz - Carlton Palm Beach -- Management terminated 1 July 2013 Pasadena , California : Ritz - Carlton Huntington -- Opened 1991 ; management terminated January 2008 Phoenix , Arizona : Ritz - Carlton Phoenix -- Opened 1988 ; management contract ended 24 July 2015 Washington , District of Columbia : Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997", "Atlanta , Georgia : Buckhead Ritz - Carlton - reopened as The Whitley December 2017", "Montego Bay , Jamaica : Ritz - Carlton Rose Hall -- Management terminated July 2013", "Aspen , Colorado : Ritz - Carlton Aspen -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997", "Dearborn Michigan : Ritz - Carlton Dearborn -- Management terminated 2 June 2010", "Houston , Texas : Ritz - Carlton Houston -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997", "Kansas City , Missouri : Ritz - Carlton Kansas City", "Lake Las Vegas Ritz - Carlton : Opened 2003 ; closed 2 May 2010", "Palm Beach , Florida : Ritz - Carlton Palm Beach -- Management terminated 1 July 2013", "Pasadena , California : Ritz - Carlton Huntington -- Opened 1991 ; management terminated January 2008", "Phoenix , Arizona : Ritz - Carlton Phoenix -- Opened 1988 ; management contract ended 24 July 2015", "Washington , District of Columbia : Ritz - Carlton Washington D.C. -- Management terminated 2 Aug 1997", "Sydney Ritz - Carlton Double Bay : management terminated 2001", "Sydney Ritz - Carlton Double Bay : management terminated 2001", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In E.B. White 's children 's novel The Trumpet of the Swan , the main character Louis ( a trumpeter swan ) stays at the Ritz - Carlton Boston , where he eats watercress sandwiches and sleeps in the bathtub .", "On the HBO original series Boardwalk Empire , the character of Enoch `` Nucky '' Thompson ( portrayed by Steve Buscemi ) , the treasurer of Atlantic County , occupies the entire 9th floor of a fictionalized version of the hotel in Atlantic City , New Jersey . The real Enoch `` Nucky '' Johnson on which Nucky Thompson was based did in fact occupy an entire floor of suites at the Ritz - Carlton Atlantic City until his arrest in 1941 on charges of tax evasion .", "A 1922 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald is titled , `` The Diamond as Big as the Ritz . ''", "The 2003 movie , American Wedding used the Ritz - Carlton in Half Moon Bay , California , as the filming location for the wedding venue .", "The Ritz also features in the Irving Berlin song `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' in which the hotel chain served as an inspiration for the titular expression , meaning to live opulently", "In 2015 , the rapper Plies released the song `` Ritz Carlton '' . In the song , he raps about his affinity for routinely spending time at the lavish hotel . He also boasts about a prior situation where he `` ran off on the plug twice '' .", "The Ritz Paris was also referenced in Kenneth Oppel 's novel Skybreaker . The main character visits for a meeting with a man who wants the coordinates of the mythical airship Hyperion . The man he meets mentions that he enjoyed `` putting on the Ritz '' , but would be foolish to pay for it .", "Michael Hutchence of INXS aged 37 was found dead at the Ritz - Carlton hotel in Double Bay , Sydney on 22 November 1997 in Room 524", "American telenovela and drama Jane the Virgin , aired on The CW , uses the Ritz - Carlton Marina Del Rey 's property as the setting for the show , while the storyline is based in Miami ( whereas that Ritz - Carlton Marina Del Rey is in Los Angeles , California ) ." ]

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[ "This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Part of a series of articles about Electromagnetism Electricity Magnetism Electrostatics ( hide ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density Magnetostatics ( show ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism Electrodynamics ( show ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Electrical network ( show ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted", "Part of a series of articles about", "Electromagnetism", "Electricity Magnetism", "Electricity Magnetism", "Electrostatics ( hide ) Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density", "Electric charge Static electricity Electric field Conductor Insulator Triboelectricity Electrostatic discharge Induction Coulomb 's law Gauss 's law Electric flux / potential energy Electric dipole moment Polarization density", "Coulomb 's law", "Gauss 's law", "Electric flux / potential energy", "Electric dipole moment", "Magnetostatics ( show ) Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism", "Ampère 's law Magnetic field Magnetization Magnetic flux Biot -- Savart law Magnetic dipole moment Gauss 's law for magnetism", "Ampère 's law", "Biot -- Savart law", "Magnetic dipole moment", "Gauss 's law for magnetism", "Electrodynamics ( show ) Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Lorentz force law Electromagnetic induction Faraday 's law Lenz 's law Displacement current Magnetic potential Maxwell 's equations Electromagnetic field Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic radiation Maxwell tensor Poynting vector Liénard -- Wiechert potential Jefimenko 's equations Eddy current London equations", "Lorentz force law", "Faraday 's law", "Lenz 's law", "Maxwell 's equations", "Liénard -- Wiechert potential", "Jefimenko 's equations", "Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field", "Electrical network ( show ) Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides", "Electric current Electric potential Voltage Resistance Ohm 's law Series circuit Parallel circuit Direct current Alternating current Electromotive force Capacitance Inductance Impedance Resonant cavities Waveguides", "Ohm 's law", "Covariant formulation ( show ) Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor ) Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential", "Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor )", "Electromagnetic tensor ( stress -- energy tensor )", "Four - current Electromagnetic four - potential", "Four - current", "Electromagnetic four - potential", "Scientists ( show ) Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted", "Ampère Coulomb Faraday Gauss Heaviside Henry Hertz Lorentz Maxwell Tesla Volta Weber Ørsted", "", "", "Coulomb 's law , or Coulomb 's inverse - square law , is a law of physics for quantifying the amount of force with which stationary electrically charged particles repel or attract each other . In its scalar form , the law is :", "F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle F = k_ ( e ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ,", "F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle F = k_ ( e ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ,", "where k is Coulomb 's constant ( k = 7009900000000000000 ♠ 9.0 × 10 N m C ) , q and q are the signed magnitudes of the charges , and the scalar r is the distance between the charges . The force of the interaction between the charges is attractive if the charges have opposite signs ( i.e. , F is negative ) and repulsive if like - signed ( i.e. , F is positive ) .", "The law was first published in 1784 by French physicist Charles - Augustin de Coulomb and was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism . Being an inverse - square law , it is analogous to Isaac Newton 's inverse - square law of universal gravitation . Coulomb 's law can be used to derive Gauss 's law , and vice versa . The law has been tested extensively , and all observations have upheld the law 's principle .", "Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects , such as rods of amber , could be rubbed with cat 's fur to attract light objects like feathers . Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC , from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic , in contrast to minerals such as magnetite , which needed no rubbing . Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect , but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity . Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600 , when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism , distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber . He coined the New Latin word electricus ( `` of amber '' or `` like amber '' , from ἤλεκτρον ( elektron ) , the Greek word for `` amber '' ) to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed . This association gave rise to the English words `` electric '' and `` electricity '' , which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne 's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646 .", "Early investigators of the 18th century who suspected that the electrical force diminished with distance as the force of gravity did ( i.e. , as the inverse square of the distance ) included Daniel Bernoulli and Alessandro Volta , both of whom measured the force between plates of a capacitor , and Franz Aepinus who supposed the inverse - square law in 1758 .", "Based on experiments with electrically charged spheres , Joseph Priestley of England was among the first to propose that electrical force followed an inverse - square law , similar to Newton 's law of universal gravitation . However , he did not generalize or elaborate on this . In 1767 , he conjectured that the force between charges varied as the inverse square of the distance .", "In 1769 , Scottish physicist John Robison announced that , according to his measurements , the force of repulsion between two spheres with charges of the same sign varied as x .", "In the early 1770s , the dependence of the force between charged bodies upon both distance and charge had already been discovered , but not published , by Henry Cavendish of England .", "Finally , in 1785 , the French physicist Charles - Augustin de Coulomb published his first three reports of electricity and magnetism where he stated his law . This publication was essential to the development of the theory of electromagnetism . He used a torsion balance to study the repulsion and attraction forces of charged particles , and determined that the magnitude of the electric force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them .", "The torsion balance consists of a bar suspended from its middle by a thin fiber . The fiber acts as a very weak torsion spring . In Coulomb 's experiment , the torsion balance was an insulating rod with a metal - coated ball attached to one end , suspended by a silk thread . The ball was charged with a known charge of static electricity , and a second charged ball of the same polarity was brought near it . The two charged balls repelled one another , twisting the fiber through a certain angle , which could be read from a scale on the instrument . By knowing how much force it took to twist the fiber through a given angle , Coulomb was able to calculate the force between the balls and derive his inverse - square proportionality law .", "Coulomb 's law states that :", "The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them .", "The force is along the straight line joining them . If the two charges have the same sign , the electrostatic force between them is repulsive ; if they have different signs , the force between them is attractive .", "Coulomb 's law can also be stated as a simple mathematical expression . The scalar and vector forms of the mathematical equation are", "F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = k_ ( e ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ qquad ) and F 1 = k e q 1 q 2 r 21 2 r ^ 21 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ qquad \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 1 ) = k_ ( e ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( ( \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 21 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( r ) ) _ ( 21 ) , \\ qquad ) respectively ,", "F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = k_ ( e ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ qquad ) and F 1 = k e q 1 q 2 r 21 2 r ^ 21 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ qquad \\ mathbf ( F ) _ ( 1 ) = k_ ( e ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( ( \\ mathbf ( r ) _ ( 21 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( r ) ) _ ( 21 ) , \\ qquad ) respectively ,", "where k is Coulomb 's constant ( k = 7009898755178736817 ♠ 8.987 551 787 368 1764 × 10 N m C ) , q and q are the signed magnitudes of the charges , the scalar r is the distance between the charges , the vector r = r − r is the vectorial distance between the charges , and r̂ = r / r ( a unit vector pointing from q to q ) . The vector form of the equation calculates the force F applied on q by q . If r is used instead , then the effect on q can be found . It can be also calculated using Newton 's third law : F = − F .", "When the electromagnetic theory is expressed using the International System of Units , force is measured in newtons , charge in coulombs , and distance in metres . Coulomb 's constant is given by k = ​ ⁄ . The constant ε is the electric constant ( also known as `` the absolute permittivity of free space '' ) in C m N. It should not be confused with ε , which is the dimensionless relative permittivity of the material in which the charges are immersed , or with their product ε = ε ε , which is called `` absolute permittivity of the material '' and is still used in electrical engineering .", "The SI derived units for the electric field are volts per meter , newtons per coulomb , or tesla meters per second .", "Coulomb 's law and Coulomb 's constant can also be interpreted in various terms :", "Atomic units . In atomic units the force is expressed in hartrees per Bohr radius , the charge in terms of the elementary charge , and the distances in terms of the Bohr radius . Electrostatic units or Gaussian units . In electrostatic units and Gaussian units , the unit charge ( esu or statcoulomb ) is defined in such a way that the Coulomb constant k disappears because it has the value of one and becomes dimensionless . Lorentz -- Heaviside units ( also called rationalized ) . In Lorentz -- Heaviside units the Coulomb constant is k = 1 / 4π and becomes dimensionless .", "Atomic units . In atomic units the force is expressed in hartrees per Bohr radius , the charge in terms of the elementary charge , and the distances in terms of the Bohr radius .", "Electrostatic units or Gaussian units . In electrostatic units and Gaussian units , the unit charge ( esu or statcoulomb ) is defined in such a way that the Coulomb constant k disappears because it has the value of one and becomes dimensionless .", "Lorentz -- Heaviside units ( also called rationalized ) . In Lorentz -- Heaviside units the Coulomb constant is k = 1 / 4π and becomes dimensionless .", "Gaussian units and Lorentz -- Heaviside units , both of which are CGS unit systems , are often preferred in the treatment of electromagnetism as they greatly simplify formulas .", "An electric field is a vector field that associates to each point in space the Coulomb force experienced by a test charge . In the simplest case , the field is considered to be generated solely by a single source point charge . The strength and direction of the Coulomb force F on a test charge q depends on the electric field E that it finds itself in , such that F = q E. If the field is generated by a positive source point charge q , the direction of the electric field points along lines directed radially outwards from it , i.e. in the direction that a positive point test charge q would move if placed in the field . For a negative point source charge , the direction is radially inwards .", "The magnitude of the electric field E can be derived from Coulomb 's law . By choosing one of the point charges to be the source , and the other to be the test charge , it follows from Coulomb 's law that the magnitude of the electric field E created by a single source point charge q at a certain distance from it r in vacuum is given by :", "E = 1 4 π ε 0 q r 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( E ) ) = ( 1 \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( q \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) )", "E = 1 4 π ε 0 q r 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( E ) ) = ( 1 \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( q \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) )", "Coulomb 's constant is a proportionality factor that appears in Coulomb 's law as well as in other electric - related formulas . Denoted k , it is also called the electric force constant or electrostatic constant , hence the subscript e .", "The exact value of Coulomb 's constant is :", "k e = 1 4 π ε 0 = c 0 2 μ 0 4 π = c 0 2 × 10 − 7 H ⋅ m − 1 = 8.987 551 787 368 176 4 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 ⋅ C − 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) k_ ( e ) & = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( c_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) = c_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ times 10 ^ ( - 7 ) \\ \\ mathrm ( H \\ cdot m ) ^ ( - 1 ) \\ \\ & = 8.987 \\ , 551 \\ , 787 \\ , 368 \\ , 176 \\ , 4 \\ times 10 ^ ( 9 ) \\ \\ mathrm ( N \\ cdot m ^ ( 2 ) \\ cdot C ) ^ ( - 2 ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "k e = 1 4 π ε 0 = c 0 2 μ 0 4 π = c 0 2 × 10 − 7 H ⋅ m − 1 = 8.987 551 787 368 176 4 × 10 9 N ⋅ m 2 ⋅ C − 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) k_ ( e ) & = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( c_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) = c_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ times 10 ^ ( - 7 ) \\ \\ mathrm ( H \\ cdot m ) ^ ( - 1 ) \\ \\ & = 8.987 \\ , 551 \\ , 787 \\ , 368 \\ , 176 \\ , 4 \\ times 10 ^ ( 9 ) \\ \\ mathrm ( N \\ cdot m ^ ( 2 ) \\ cdot C ) ^ ( - 2 ) \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "There are three conditions to be fulfilled for the validity of Coulomb 's law :", "The charges must have a spherically symmetric distribution ( e.g. be point charges , or a charged metal sphere ) . The charges must not overlap ( e.g. they must be distinct point charges ) . The charges must be stationary with respect to each other .", "The charges must have a spherically symmetric distribution ( e.g. be point charges , or a charged metal sphere ) .", "The charges must not overlap ( e.g. they must be distinct point charges ) .", "The charges must be stationary with respect to each other .", "The last of these is the most important - it is known as the electrostatic approximation . When movement takes place , Einstein 's theory of relativity must be taken into consideration , and a result , an extra factor is introduced , which alters the force produced on the two objects . This extra part of the force is called the magnetic force , and is described by magnetic fields . For slow movement , the magnetic force is minimal and Coulomb 's law can still be considered approximately correct , but when the charges are moving more quickly in relation to each other , the full electrodynamic rules ( incorporating the magnetic force ) must be considered .", "This subsection does not cite any sources . Please help improve this subsection by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This subsection does not cite any sources . Please help improve this subsection by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In simple terms , the Coulomb potential derives from the QED Lagrangian as follows . The Lagrangian of quantum electrodynamics is normally written in natural units , but in SI units , it is :", "L Q E D = ψ ̄ ( i ħ c γ μ D μ − m c 2 ) ψ − 1 4 ħ c F μ ν F μ ν ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) _ ( \\ mathrm ( QED ) ) = ( \\ bar ( \\ psi ) ) ( i \\ hbar c \\ gamma ^ ( \\ mu ) D_ ( \\ mu ) - mc ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ psi - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \\ hbar c ) ) F_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) F ^ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) )", "L Q E D = ψ ̄ ( i ħ c γ μ D μ − m c 2 ) ψ − 1 4 ħ c F μ ν F μ ν ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) _ ( \\ mathrm ( QED ) ) = ( \\ bar ( \\ psi ) ) ( i \\ hbar c \\ gamma ^ ( \\ mu ) D_ ( \\ mu ) - mc ^ ( 2 ) ) \\ psi - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \\ hbar c ) ) F_ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) F ^ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) )", "where the covariant derivative ( in SI units ) is :", "D μ = ∂ μ + i g ħ c A μ ( \\ displaystyle ( D ) _ ( \\ mu ) = \\ partial _ ( \\ mu ) + ( \\ frac ( ig ) ( \\ hbar c ) ) A_ ( \\ mu ) )", "D μ = ∂ μ + i g ħ c A μ ( \\ displaystyle ( D ) _ ( \\ mu ) = \\ partial _ ( \\ mu ) + ( \\ frac ( ig ) ( \\ hbar c ) ) A_ ( \\ mu ) )", "where g ( \\ displaystyle g ) is the gauge coupling parameter . By putting the covariant derivative into the lagrangian explicitly , the interaction term ( the term involving both A ( \\ displaystyle A ) and ψ ( \\ displaystyle \\ psi ) ) is seen to be :", "L i n t = i g ψ ̄ γ μ A μ ψ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) _ ( \\ mathrm ( int ) ) = ig ( \\ bar ( \\ psi ) ) \\ gamma ^ ( \\ mu ) A_ ( \\ mu ) \\ psi )", "L i n t = i g ψ ̄ γ μ A μ ψ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) _ ( \\ mathrm ( int ) ) = ig ( \\ bar ( \\ psi ) ) \\ gamma ^ ( \\ mu ) A_ ( \\ mu ) \\ psi )", "The most basic Feynman diagram for a QED interaction between two fermions is the exchange of a single photon , with no loops . Following the Feynman rules , this therefore contributes two QED vertex factors ( i g Q γ μ ( \\ displaystyle igQ \\ gamma _ ( \\ mu ) ) ) to the potential , where Q is the QED - charge operator ( Q gives the charge in terms of the electron charge , and hence is exactly - 1 for electrons , etc . ) . For the photon in the diagramme , the Feynman rules demand the contribution of one bosonic massless propagator ( ħ c k 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ hbar c ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) . Ignoring the momentum on the external legs ( the fermions ) , the potential is therefore :", "V ( r ) = 1 ( 2 π ) 3 ∫ e ( i k ⋅ r ħ ) ( i Q 1 g 2 γ μ ) ( i Q 2 g 2 γ ν ) ( ħ c k 2 ) d 3 k ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 2 \\ pi ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ int e ^ ( ( ( \\ frac ( i \\ mathbf ( k \\ cdot r ) ) ( \\ hbar ) ) ) ) ( iQ_ ( 1 ) g ^ ( 2 ) \\ gamma _ ( \\ mu ) ) ( iQ_ ( 2 ) g ^ ( 2 ) \\ gamma _ ( \\ nu ) ) ( ( \\ frac ( \\ hbar c ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \\ ; d ^ ( 3 ) k )", "V ( r ) = 1 ( 2 π ) 3 ∫ e ( i k ⋅ r ħ ) ( i Q 1 g 2 γ μ ) ( i Q 2 g 2 γ ν ) ( ħ c k 2 ) d 3 k ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 2 \\ pi ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ int e ^ ( ( ( \\ frac ( i \\ mathbf ( k \\ cdot r ) ) ( \\ hbar ) ) ) ) ( iQ_ ( 1 ) g ^ ( 2 ) \\ gamma _ ( \\ mu ) ) ( iQ_ ( 2 ) g ^ ( 2 ) \\ gamma _ ( \\ nu ) ) ( ( \\ frac ( \\ hbar c ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \\ ; d ^ ( 3 ) k )", "which can be more usefully written as", "V ( r ) = − g 2 ħ c Q 1 Q 2 4 π 1 ( 2 π ) 3 ∫ e ( i k ⋅ r ħ ) 4 π η μ ν k 2 d 3 k ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - g ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar cQ_ ( 1 ) Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 2 \\ pi ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ int e ^ ( ( ( \\ frac ( i \\ mathbf ( k \\ cdot r ) ) ( \\ hbar ) ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( 4 \\ pi \\ eta _ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ ; d ^ ( 3 ) k )", "V ( r ) = − g 2 ħ c Q 1 Q 2 4 π 1 ( 2 π ) 3 ∫ e ( i k ⋅ r ħ ) 4 π η μ ν k 2 d 3 k ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - g ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar cQ_ ( 1 ) Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 2 \\ pi ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \\ int e ^ ( ( ( \\ frac ( i \\ mathbf ( k \\ cdot r ) ) ( \\ hbar ) ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( 4 \\ pi \\ eta _ ( \\ mu \\ nu ) ) ( k ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ ; d ^ ( 3 ) k )", "Where Q i ( \\ displaystyle Q_ ( i ) ) is the QED - charge on the ith particle . Recognising the integral as just being a Fourier transform enables the equation to be simplified :", "V ( r ) = − g 2 ħ c Q 1 Q 2 4 π 1 r ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - g ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar cQ_ ( 1 ) Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( r ) ) )", "V ( r ) = − g 2 ħ c Q 1 Q 2 4 π 1 r ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - g ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar cQ_ ( 1 ) Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( r ) ) )", "For various reasons , it is more convenient to define the fine - structure constant α = g 2 4 π ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha = ( \\ frac ( g ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi ) ) ) , and then define e = 4 π α ε 0 ħ c ( \\ displaystyle e = ( \\ sqrt ( 4 \\ pi \\ alpha \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) \\ hbar c ) ) ) . Re-arranging these definitions gives :", "g 2 ħ c = e 2 ε 0 ( \\ displaystyle g ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar c = ( \\ frac ( e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) )", "g 2 ħ c = e 2 ε 0 ( \\ displaystyle g ^ ( 2 ) \\ hbar c = ( \\ frac ( e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) )", "It is worth noting that g = e ( \\ displaystyle g = e ) in natural units ( since , in those units , ħ = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ hbar = 1 ) , c = 1 ( \\ displaystyle c = 1 ) , and ε 0 = 1 ( \\ displaystyle \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) = 1 ) ) . Continuing in SI units , the potential is therefore", "V ( r ) = − e 2 4 π ε 0 Q 1 Q 2 r ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( Q_ ( 1 ) Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) )", "V ( r ) = − e 2 4 π ε 0 Q 1 Q 2 r ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - e ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( Q_ ( 1 ) Q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) )", "Defining q i = e Q i ( \\ displaystyle q_ ( i ) = eQ_ ( i ) ) , as the macroscopic ' electric charge ' , makes e the macroscopic ' electric charge ' for an electron , and enables the formula to be put into the familiar form of the coulomb potential :", "V ( r ) = − 1 4 π ε 0 q 1 q 2 r ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - 1 ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) )", "V ( r ) = − 1 4 π ε 0 q 1 q 2 r ( \\ displaystyle V ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( - 1 ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) )", "The force ( d V ( r ) d r ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dV ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ( dr ) ) ) ) is therefore :", "F ( r ) = 1 4 π ε 0 q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle F ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "F ( r ) = 1 4 π ε 0 q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle F ( \\ mathbf ( r ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \\ frac ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "The derivation makes clear that the force law is only an approximation -- it ignores the momentum of the input and output fermion lines , and ignores all quantum corrections ( ie . the myriad possible diagrams with internal loops ) .", "The Coulomb potential , and its derivation , can be seen as a special case of the Yukawa potential ( specifically , the case where the exchanged boson - the photon - has no rest mass ) .", "When it is of interest to know the magnitude of the electrostatic force ( and not its direction ) , it may be easiest to consider a scalar version of the law . The scalar form of Coulomb 's Law relates the magnitude and sign of the electrostatic force F acting simultaneously on two point charges q and q as follows :", "F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F ) ) = k_ ( e ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) )", "F = k e q 1 q 2 r 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F ) ) = k_ ( e ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over r ^ ( 2 ) ) )", "where r is the separation distance and k is Coulomb 's constant . If the product q q is positive , the force between the two charges is repulsive ; if the product is negative , the force between them is attractive .", "Coulomb 's law states that the electrostatic force F experienced by a charge , q at position r , in the vicinity of another charge , q at position r , in a vacuum is equal to :", "F 1 = q 1 q 2 4 π ε 0 ( r 1 − r 2 ) r 1 − r 2 3 = q 1 q 2 4 π ε 0 r ^ 21 r 21 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r_ ( 1 ) - r_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r_ ( 1 ) - r_ ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) = ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( ( \\ hat ( r ) ) _ ( 21 ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r_ ( 21 ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "F 1 = q 1 q 2 4 π ε 0 ( r 1 − r 2 ) r 1 − r 2 3 = q 1 q 2 4 π ε 0 r ^ 21 r 21 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r_ ( 1 ) - r_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r_ ( 1 ) - r_ ( 2 ) ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) = ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( ( \\ hat ( r ) ) _ ( 21 ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r_ ( 21 ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "where r = r − r , the unit vector r̂ = r / r , and ε is the electric constant .", "The vector form of Coulomb 's law is simply the scalar definition of the law with the direction given by the unit vector , r̂ , parallel with the line from charge q to charge q . If both charges have the same sign ( like charges ) then the product q q is positive and the direction of the force on q is given by r̂ ; the charges repel each other . If the charges have opposite signs then the product q q is negative and the direction of the force on q is given by − r̂ = r̂ ; the charges attract each other .", "The electrostatic force F experienced by q , according to Newton 's third law , is F = − F .", "The law of superposition allows Coulomb 's law to be extended to include any number of point charges . The force acting on a point charge due to a system of point charges is simply the vector addition of the individual forces acting alone on that point charge due to each one of the charges . The resulting force vector is parallel to the electric field vector at that point , with that point charge removed .", "The force F on a small charge q at position r , due to a system of N discrete charges in vacuum is :", "F ( r ) = q 4 π ε 0 ∑ i = 1 N q i r − r i r − r i 3 = q 4 π ε 0 ∑ i = 1 N q i R i ^ R i 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F ( r ) ) ) = ( q \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) q_ ( i ) ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r - r_ ( i ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r - r_ ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) = ( q \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) q_ ( i ) ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ widehat ( R_ ( i ) ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( R_ ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "F ( r ) = q 4 π ε 0 ∑ i = 1 N q i r − r i r − r i 3 = q 4 π ε 0 ∑ i = 1 N q i R i ^ R i 2 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F ( r ) ) ) = ( q \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) q_ ( i ) ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r - r_ ( i ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r - r_ ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) = ( q \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) \\ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) q_ ( i ) ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ widehat ( R_ ( i ) ) ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( R_ ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , )", "where q and r are the magnitude and position respectively of the ith charge , R̂ is a unit vector in the direction of R = r − r ( a vector pointing from charges q to q ) .", "In this case , the principle of linear superposition is also used . For a continuous charge distribution , an integral over the region containing the charge is equivalent to an infinite summation , treating each infinitesimal element of space as a point charge dq . The distribution of charge is usually linear , surface or volumetric .", "For a linear charge distribution ( a good approximation for charge in a wire ) where λ ( r ′ ) gives the charge per unit length at position r ′ , and dl ′ is an infinitesimal element of length ,", "d q = λ ( r ′ ) d l ′ ( \\ displaystyle dq = \\ lambda ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ) dl ' ) .", "d q = λ ( r ′ ) d l ′ ( \\ displaystyle dq = \\ lambda ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ) dl ' ) .", "For a surface charge distribution ( a good approximation for charge on a plate in a parallel plate capacitor ) where σ ( r ′ ) gives the charge per unit area at position r ′ , and dA ′ is an infinitesimal element of area ,", "d q = σ ( r ′ ) d A ′ . ( \\ displaystyle dq = \\ sigma ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ) \\ , dA ' . )", "d q = σ ( r ′ ) d A ′ . ( \\ displaystyle dq = \\ sigma ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ) \\ , dA ' . )", "For a volume charge distribution ( such as charge within a bulk metal ) where ρ ( r ′ ) gives the charge per unit volume at position r ′ , and dV ′ is an infinitesimal element of volume ,", "d q = ρ ( r ′ ) d V ′ . ( \\ displaystyle dq = \\ rho ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ) \\ , dV ' . )", "d q = ρ ( r ′ ) d V ′ . ( \\ displaystyle dq = \\ rho ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ) \\ , dV ' . )", "The force on a small test charge q ′ at position r in vacuum is given by the integral over the distribution of charge :", "F = q ′ 4 π ε 0 ∫ d q r − r ′ r − r ′ 3 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F ) ) = ( q ' \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) \\ int dq ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ) ) - ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ) ) - ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) . )", "F = q ′ 4 π ε 0 ∫ d q r − r ′ r − r ′ 3 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ boldsymbol ( F ) ) = ( q ' \\ over 4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) \\ int dq ( ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ) ) - ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) \\ over ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ) ) - ( \\ boldsymbol ( r ' ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) . )", "It is possible to verify Coulomb 's law with a simple experiment . Consider two small spheres of mass m and same - sign charge q , hanging from two ropes of negligible mass of length l . The forces acting on each sphere are three : the weight mg , the rope tension T and the electric force F .", "In the equilibrium state :", "T sin ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = F_ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 1 )", "T sin ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = F_ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 1 )", "T sin ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = F_ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! )", "T sin ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = F_ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! )", "", "", "", "( 1 )", "T cos ⁡ θ 1 = m g ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = mg \\ , \\ ! ) ( 2 )", "T cos ⁡ θ 1 = m g ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = mg \\ , \\ ! ) ( 2 )", "T cos ⁡ θ 1 = m g ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = mg \\ , \\ ! )", "T cos ⁡ θ 1 = m g ( \\ displaystyle T \\ \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) = mg \\ , \\ ! )", "", "", "", "( 2 )", "Dividing ( 1 ) by ( 2 ) :", "sin ⁡ θ 1 cos ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 m g ⇒ F 1 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ( mg ) ) \\ Rightarrow F_ ( 1 ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( 3 )", "sin ⁡ θ 1 cos ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 m g ⇒ F 1 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ( mg ) ) \\ Rightarrow F_ ( 1 ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( 3 )", "sin ⁡ θ 1 cos ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 m g ⇒ F 1 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ( mg ) ) \\ Rightarrow F_ ( 1 ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) )", "sin ⁡ θ 1 cos ⁡ θ 1 = F 1 m g ⇒ F 1 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ sin \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ cos \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ( mg ) ) \\ Rightarrow F_ ( 1 ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) )", "", "", "", "( 3 )", "Let L be the distance between the charged spheres ; the repulsion force between them F , assuming Coulomb 's law is correct , is equal to", "F 1 = q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( Coulomb 's law )", "F 1 = q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( Coulomb 's law )", "F 1 = q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 1 ) = ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "", "", "", "( Coulomb 's law )", "q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 4 )", "q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 4 )", "q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) \\ , \\ ! )", "", "", "", "( 4 )", "If we now discharge one of the spheres , and we put it in contact with the charged sphere , each one of them acquires a charge q / 2 . In the equilibrium state , the distance between the charges will be L < L and the repulsion force between them will be :", "F 2 = ( q 2 ) 2 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( ( ( ( \\ frac ( q ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 5 )", "F 2 = ( q 2 ) 2 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( ( ( ( \\ frac ( q ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 5 )", "F 2 = ( q 2 ) 2 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( ( ( ( \\ frac ( q ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , \\ ! )", "F 2 = ( q 2 ) 2 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ( \\ displaystyle F_ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( ( ( ( \\ frac ( q ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , \\ ! )", "", "", "", "( 5 )", "We know that F = mg tan θ . And :", "q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) )", "q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 = m g tan ⁡ θ 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) )", "Dividing ( 4 ) by ( 5 ) , we get :", "( q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ) ( q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ) = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 m g tan ⁡ θ 2 ⇒ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 = tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ Rightarrow 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 6 )", "( q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ) ( q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ) = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 m g tan ⁡ θ 2 ⇒ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 = tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ Rightarrow 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 6 )", "( q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ) ( q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ) = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 m g tan ⁡ θ 2 ⇒ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 = tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ Rightarrow 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "( q 2 4 π ε 0 L 1 2 ) ( q 2 4 4 π ε 0 L 2 2 ) = m g tan ⁡ θ 1 m g tan ⁡ θ 2 ⇒ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 = tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ( \\ left ( ( \\ cfrac ( \\ frac ( q ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ( 4 \\ pi \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) L_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) = ( \\ frac ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( mg \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ Rightarrow 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) )", "", "", "", "( 6 )", "Measuring the angles θ and θ and the distance between the charges L and L is sufficient to verify that the equality is true taking into account the experimental error . In practice , angles can be difficult to measure , so if the length of the ropes is sufficiently great , the angles will be small enough to make the following approximation :", "tan ⁡ θ ≈ sin ⁡ θ = L 2 l = L 2 l ⇒ tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ≈ L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ( \\ displaystyle \\ tan \\ theta \\ approx \\ sin \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2 ) ) ( l ) ) = ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2l ) ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) ) ( 7 )", "tan ⁡ θ ≈ sin ⁡ θ = L 2 l = L 2 l ⇒ tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ≈ L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ( \\ displaystyle \\ tan \\ theta \\ approx \\ sin \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2 ) ) ( l ) ) = ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2l ) ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) ) ( 7 )", "tan ⁡ θ ≈ sin ⁡ θ = L 2 l = L 2 l ⇒ tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ≈ L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ( \\ displaystyle \\ tan \\ theta \\ approx \\ sin \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2 ) ) ( l ) ) = ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2l ) ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) )", "tan ⁡ θ ≈ sin ⁡ θ = L 2 l = L 2 l ⇒ tan ⁡ θ 1 tan ⁡ θ 2 ≈ L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ( \\ displaystyle \\ tan \\ theta \\ approx \\ sin \\ theta = ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2 ) ) ( l ) ) = ( \\ frac ( L ) ( 2l ) ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 1 ) ) ( \\ tan \\ theta _ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) )", "", "", "", "( 7 )", "Using this approximation , the relationship ( 6 ) becomes the much simpler expression :", "L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow \\ , \\ ! ) L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 8 )", "L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow \\ , \\ ! ) L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \\ , \\ ! ) ( 8 )", "L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow \\ , \\ ! ) L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \\ , \\ ! )", "L 1 2 l L 2 2 l ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( 2l ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow \\ , \\ ! ) L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 ( L 2 L 1 ) 2 ⇒ L 1 L 2 ≈ 4 3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx 4 ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ Rightarrow ( \\ frac ( L_ ( 1 ) ) ( L_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ approx ( \\ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \\ , \\ ! )", "", "", "", "( 8 )", "In this way , the verification is limited to measuring the distance between the charges and check that the division approximates the theoretical value .", "Coulomb 's law holds even within atoms , correctly describing the force between the positively charged atomic nucleus and each of the negatively charged electrons . This simple law also correctly accounts for the forces that bind atoms together to form molecules and for the forces that bind atoms and molecules together to form solids and liquids . Generally , as the distance between ions increases , the force of attraction , and binding energy , approach zero and ionic bonding is less favorable . As the magnitude of opposing charges increases , energy increases and ionic bonding is more favorable ." ]

[ [ "two four-year terms" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Term limits in the United States apply to many offices at both the federal and state level , and date back to the American Revolution .", "Term limits , also referred to as rotation in office , restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold . For example , according to the 22nd Amendment , the President of the United States can serve two four - year terms and serve no more than 10 years .", "This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas", "This article is part of a series on the", "Politics of the United States of America", "Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation", "Constitution of the United States", "Constitution of the United States", "Law Taxation", "Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D )", "United States Congress", "United States Congress", "House of Representatives", "House of Representatives", "Speaker Paul Ryan ( R )", "Speaker Paul Ryan ( R )", "Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R )", "Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R )", "Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D )", "Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D )", "Congressional districts", "Senate", "President Mike Pence ( R )", "President Mike Pence ( R )", "President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R )", "President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R )", "President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D )", "President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D )", "Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R )", "Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R )", "Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D )", "Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D )", "Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office", "President of the United States", "President of the United States", "Donald Trump ( R )", "Donald Trump ( R )", "Vice President of the United States", "Vice President of the United States", "Mike Pence ( R )", "Mike Pence ( R )", "Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office", "Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals", "Supreme Court of the United States", "Supreme Court of the United States", "Chief Justice John Roberts", "Chief Justice John Roberts", "Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh", "Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list )", "Courts of Appeals", "District Courts ( list )", "Other tribunals", "Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections", "Presidential elections Midterm elections", "Off - year elections", "Off - year elections", "Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties", "Democratic Republican", "Third parties", "Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government", "State Government", "Governors", "Legislatures ( List )", "Legislatures ( List )", "State courts", "Local government", "Local government", "Local government", "United States portal Other countries Atlas", "Other countries Atlas", "", "", "Term limits date back to the American Revolution , and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity . The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually , as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta . The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates -- tribunes of the plebs , aediles , quaestors , praetors , and consuls -- who served a single term of one year , with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years ( see cursus honorum ) . According to historian Garrett Fagan , office holding in the Roman Republic was based on `` limited tenure of office '' which ensured that `` authority circulated frequently '' , helping to prevent corruption . An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the `` most experienced '' politicians to the upper echelons of power - holding in the ancient republic . Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics , and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity . The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy .", "Prior to independence , several colonies had already experimented with term limits . The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639 , for example , prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms , setting terms at one year 's length , and holding `` that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years . '' Shortly after independence , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at `` four years in seven '' . Benjamin Franklin 's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution , but also because it included , virtually unchanged , Franklin 's earlier proposals on executive rotation . Pennsylvania 's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years , followed by a mandatory vacation of four years .", "The Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress , mandating in Article V that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years . ''", "On October 2 , 1789 , the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states . Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia , written by Thomas Jefferson , urging a limitation of tenure , `` to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress '' . The committee made recommendations , which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation ( 1781 -- 89 ) . The fifth Article stated that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate ( to the continental congress ) for more than three years in any term of six years '' .", "In contrast to the Articles of Confederation , the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789 . At the convention , some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such as Rufus King , who said `` that he who has proved himself to be most fit for an Office , ought not to be excluded by the constitution from holding it . '' The Electoral College , it was believed by some delegates at the convention , could have a role to play in limiting unfit officers from continuing .", "When the states ratified the Constitution ( 1787 -- 88 ) , several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect , especially , they thought , as regards the presidency and the Senate . Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure , together with certain other features of the Constitution , as `` most highly and dangerously oligarchic '' . Both Jefferson and George Mason advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency , because said Mason , `` nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation '' . The historian Mercy Otis Warren , warned that `` there is no provision for a rotation , nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life ; which by a little well - timed bribery , will probably be done '' .", "Michael Korzi says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two - term limit for the Presidency . He only meant he was too worn out to personally continue in office . It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808 . He made many statements calling for term limits in one form or another .", "The tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880 , and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 . Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it . The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two - term limit -- although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry Truman .", "The fact that `` perpetuity in office '' was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th - century concept . `` Ideas are , in truth , forces '' , and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support , especially at the local level , that it altered political reality . For a detailed study of the 19th - century concepts of rotation , consult Political Science Quarterly , vol. 94 , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation '' , by Robert Struble , Jr . See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , `` Rotation in History '' . Consult also , James Young 's The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 .", "According to Young , the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light . James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that `` contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed '' . An article in the Richmond Enquirer ( 1822 ) noted that the `` long cherished '' principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind `` by a kind of intuitive impulse , unassailable to argument or authority '' .", "Beginning about the 1830s , Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms . Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes . Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives -- the prizes -- became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful . The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as `` salary '' for political services rendered . A new code of political ethics evolved , based on the proposition that `` turnabout is fair play '' . In short , rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system .", "In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves . Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain , and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because , he wrote , `` to enter myself as a competitor of another , or to authorize anyone so to enter me , is what my word and honor forbid '' .", "During the Civil War , the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six - year term .", "The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War . It took a generation or so before the direct primary system , civil service reforms , and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice . By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing .", "A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second . After World War II , however , an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court , where tenure is for life .", "`` Homesteading , '' or securing a lifelong career in Congress , was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100 % by the end of the 20th century . The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the `` term - limits movement '' . The elections of 1990 -- 94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative . In addition , 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress . As they pertain to Congress , these laws are no longer enforceable , however , as in 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , ruling that state governments can not limit the terms of members of the national government .", "Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges , term limits continue to garner popular support . As of 2002 , the advocacy group `` U.S. Term Limits '' found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation , public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent .", "Office Term limits President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four - year terms . A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President 's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once , and 2 more four - year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less . Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times , for example , if he or she is Vice President and the President dies , resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction . Vice President Unlimited four - year terms House of Representatives Unlimited two - year terms Senate Unlimited six - year terms Supreme Court No term limits , appointed to serve `` during good behavior '' ( but can be impeached and removed from office for `` high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ) ; in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down ( by retirement or resignation )", "Office Term limits", "President Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four - year terms . A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President 's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once , and 2 more four - year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less . Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times , for example , if he or she is Vice President and the President dies , resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction .", "Vice President Unlimited four - year terms", "House of Representatives Unlimited two - year terms", "Senate Unlimited six - year terms", "Supreme Court No term limits , appointed to serve `` during good behavior '' ( but can be impeached and removed from office for `` high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ) ; in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down ( by retirement or resignation )", "As of 2013 , term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies . Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life , and are not subject to election or to term limits . The U.S. Congress remains ( since the Thornton decision of 1995 ) without electoral limits .", "The third president , Thomas Jefferson , started the tradition of presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term in 1808 . Everything the first president did obviously set a precedent , but did not necessarily set a new policy . However George Washington 's decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has sometimes been given credit as the start of a `` tradition '' of the strong policy that no president should ever run for a third term . Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792 but all his advisors begged him to stand for reelection . By 1796 he insisted on retiring , for he felt worn out , and was disgusted with the virulent personal attacks on his integrity . His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a third term , and goes on to give a great deal of political advice . But he does not mention of term limits . After his death his refusal to run was explained in terms of a `` no - third - tradition '' . Historian David Crocket argues , `` The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree . Contrary to popular belief , however , that pedigree does not begin with George Washington . ''", "Politically Washington felt the stability of the republic required a contested presidential election with a choice of candidates , which would not happen if he ran again . If he won and then died a vice president would take over who was not elected and his goal would fail . ( He in fact did die in 1799 two years into the new term ) . The election went forward and he was absolutely neutral between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson . He personally did not feel bound by a two - term limit . In the 1780s , about half the states provided term limits for governors . The Constitutional convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to do so . `` The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention , '' Washington wrote in 1788 , `` and to my full convictions ... I can see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of any man , who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally , most capable of serving the Public '' even after serving two terms . The Constitution , Washington explained , retained sufficient checks against political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision . Jefferson , however , strongly endorsed a policy of term limits . He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a third term in 1808 , telling several state legislatures in 1807 - 1808 that he needed to support `` the sound precedent set by ( his ) illustrious predecessor . ''", "Thomas Jefferson mentioned that Washington retired after serving only two terms , without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing . Crockett argues that Washington , `` did not intentionally establish the so - called two - term tradition ; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon . He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms , and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point . '' The `` two term tradition '' was created in 1807 - 1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy .", "In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six - year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election . That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the Civil War , most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address . Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876 , but he refused . He did try for the 1880 nomination but was defeated in part because of anti-third - term sentiment . Theodore Roosevelt had already served over 7 years and in 1912 , after a four - year hiatus , ran for a third term . He was violently criticized -- indeed almost killed by John Flammang Schrank , who was obsessed with stopping a third term .", "Franklin D. Roosevelt ( president , 1933 -- 1945 ) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition , winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944 . This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two - term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution . As ratified in 1951 , the Twenty - Second Amendment provides that `` no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice '' . The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent , President Harry S. Truman . However all his close advisors , pointing to his age , his failing abilities , and his poor showing in the polls , talked him out of it .", "Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states . Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one . It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits . In May 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) , that states can not impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators .", "In the 1994 elections , part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress . After winning the majority , a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six - year terms and members of the House to six two - year terms . However , this rate of rotation was so slow ( the life - tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years ) that the congressional version of term - limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits , including U.S. Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits . The bill got only a bare majority ( 227 -- 204 ) , falling short of the two - thirds majority ( 290 ) needed for constitutional amendments . Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes .", "Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court , the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt . The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures ( as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations ) remain in force , however , in fifteen states .", "In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well . He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment , since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power .", "Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits . It is confirmed that in the following five states -- and there may be others -- state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve :", "This section has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "South Dakota Legislature ( designated as POM - 42 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1989 , South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 ( see Congressional Record of April 4 , 1989 , at pages 5395 and 5396 , with verbatim text provided ) ; Hawaii Senate ( designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1990 , Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41 -- unicameral only ( see Congressional Record of September 28 , 1998 , at page 22655 ) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary -- and even then , its text was not provided in the Congressional Record ) ; back in 1990 , Hawaii 's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives , and was designated as Memorial 416 , ( Congressional Record of June 6 , 1990 , at pages 13262 and 13263 ) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce -- and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record ; Utah Legislature ( designated as POM - 644 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1990 , Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 ( see Congressional Record of September 27 , 1994 , at page 26033 , with verbatim text provided ) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record ; Idaho Legislature ( designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1992 , Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 ( see Congressional Record of April 29 , 1992 , at page 9804 -- text NOT provided in the Congressional Record ) ; and Florida Legislature ( designated as POM - 122 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 2012 , Florida House Memorial No. 83 ( see Congressional Record of July 25 , 2012 , at page S5378 , with verbatim text provided ) . Taking matters a bit further , on February 10 , 2016 , Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress , pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution , to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress .", "South Dakota Legislature ( designated as POM - 42 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1989 , South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 ( see Congressional Record of April 4 , 1989 , at pages 5395 and 5396 , with verbatim text provided ) ;", "Hawaii Senate ( designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1990 , Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41 -- unicameral only ( see Congressional Record of September 28 , 1998 , at page 22655 ) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary -- and even then , its text was not provided in the Congressional Record ) ; back in 1990 , Hawaii 's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives , and was designated as Memorial 416 , ( Congressional Record of June 6 , 1990 , at pages 13262 and 13263 ) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce -- and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record ;", "Utah Legislature ( designated as POM - 644 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1990 , Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 ( see Congressional Record of September 27 , 1994 , at page 26033 , with verbatim text provided ) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record ;", "Idaho Legislature ( designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1992 , Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 ( see Congressional Record of April 29 , 1992 , at page 9804 -- text NOT provided in the Congressional Record ) ; and", "Florida Legislature ( designated as POM - 122 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 2012 , Florida House Memorial No. 83 ( see Congressional Record of July 25 , 2012 , at page S5378 , with verbatim text provided ) . Taking matters a bit further , on February 10 , 2016 , Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress , pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution , to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress .", "Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States . Currently , Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life `` during good behavior '' . A sentiment has developed , among certain scholars , that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances . Equally , scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context . Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before . Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren , professors of law at Northwestern University , argued that , because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average , between 1971 and 2006 , for 26.1 years , the `` efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court 's membership '' is reduced . There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation 's highest court , including Professor of Law at Duke University , Paul Carrington 's 2005 `` The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005 '' .", "Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years ( Larry Sabato , Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia , suggested between 15 and 18 years ) . The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would , according to Calebresi , Lindgren ( 2006 ) , and Carrington ( 2005 ) , allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years , which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments . Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the `` Constitution does n't even mention life tenure ; it merely requires that justices serve during ' good behaviour ' `` . The idea was not without support among Judges , as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice . Calebresi , Lingren , and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18 - year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement , death , or removal .", "Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll measured American voters ' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms , including implementing term limits . The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years , as 82 % reported they had heard little or nothing at all . Notwithstanding a lack of awareness , 52 % of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years , while 35 % disapproved . When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy , 48 % said `` no limit as long as he or she is healthy '' , while 31 % agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old .", "Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level . While there might be others , below are three known examples :", "In 1957 , the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject ( appearing in the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3 , 1957 , at page 10863 , with full text provided ) ; In 1978 , the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject ( designated as POM - 612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25 , 1978 , at page 11437 ) ; and In 1998 , the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject ( designated as POM - 511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17 , 1998 , at page 16076 ) .", "In 1957 , the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject ( appearing in the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3 , 1957 , at page 10863 , with full text provided ) ;", "In 1978 , the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject ( designated as POM - 612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25 , 1978 , at page 11437 ) ; and", "In 1998 , the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject ( designated as POM - 511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17 , 1998 , at page 16076 ) .", "Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times . The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682 , and the colonial frame of government of the same year , both authored by William Penn , provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council -- the upper house of the colonial legislature . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three - year term ; currently , the governor of Delaware can serve two four - year terms .", "At present , 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors . To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen , in the 1966 Democratic primary , which was , in those days , the real contest in Alabama . It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power . She won the election , but only served 16 months before dying in 1968 .", "As indicated above , in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation , i.e. , under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s . In another six states , however , state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional . In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits , enacted by a public vote in 1994 , ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature .", "No limit No limit , two - year terms One ; reeligible after four years Two ; reeligible after four years Two ; eligible 8 out of 12 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 16 years Two , absolute", "No limit No limit , two - year terms One ; reeligible after four years Two ; reeligible after four years Two ; eligible 8 out of 12 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 16 years Two , absolute", "Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits , while the governors of 14 states , Puerto Rico , and the Mayor of Washington , D.C. , may serve an unlimited number of terms . Each state 's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes . Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands , the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa .", "Unique in its restriction , Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves for a second term , although former governors are reeligible after four years out of office . Many other states formerly had this prohibition , but all had eliminated it by 2000 .", "The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms , but are reeligible after four years out of office : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , West Virginia , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Equivalently , the Governors of Indiana and Oregon are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years . Conversely , the Governors of Montana and Wyoming are restricted to two terms , limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years . Finally , the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited ( for life ) to two terms : Arkansas , California , Delaware , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Oklahoma . The current Governor of California ( Jerry Brown ) is , however , serving a fourth ( non-consecutive ) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California , and the limits did not apply to individuals ' prior terms .", "The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two - year terms . The governors ( or equivalent ) in the following states , district , and territory may serve unlimited four - year terms : Connecticut , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , North Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington , Wisconsin , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms , but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature .", "The following 15 legislatures have term limits :", "Arizona Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms . Arkansas General Assembly : sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate . ( Prior to the 2014 election , the previous limits of three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) applied ) . California State Legislature : twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate . ( For legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 , the previous limits ( enacted in 1990 ) of either three two - year terms for Assembly members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) apply ) . Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms in the House ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms in the Senate ( eight years ) . Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house . No limit on total number of terms . Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four - year terms for both houses ( twelve years ) . Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election . Maine Legislature : four two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms Michigan Legislature : three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Missouri General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two four - year consecutive terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Members may be elected again to the other house , but not serve more than 16 years . Montana State Legislature : four two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period . Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature ; members limited to two consecutive four - year terms ( eight years ) , after which they must wait four years before running again . Nevada Legislature : six two - year terms for Assembly members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Oklahoma Legislature : six two - year terms for House members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Once term - limited in one house , a legislator can not be elected to the other . South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) .", "Arizona Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms .", "Arkansas General Assembly : sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate . ( Prior to the 2014 election , the previous limits of three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) applied ) .", "California State Legislature : twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate . ( For legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 , the previous limits ( enacted in 1990 ) of either three two - year terms for Assembly members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) apply ) .", "Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms in the House ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms in the Senate ( eight years ) .", "Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house . No limit on total number of terms .", "Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four - year terms for both houses ( twelve years ) . Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election .", "Maine Legislature : four two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms", "Michigan Legislature : three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) .", "Missouri General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two four - year consecutive terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Members may be elected again to the other house , but not serve more than 16 years .", "Montana State Legislature : four two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period .", "Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature ; members limited to two consecutive four - year terms ( eight years ) , after which they must wait four years before running again .", "Nevada Legislature : six two - year terms for Assembly members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) .", "Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) .", "Oklahoma Legislature : six two - year terms for House members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Once term - limited in one house , a legislator can not be elected to the other .", "South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) .", "The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified :", "Idaho Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002 . Massachusetts General Court : the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997 . Oregon Legislative Assembly : the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002 . See term limits in Oregon . Utah State Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003 . Washington State Legislature : the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998 . Wyoming Legislature : the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004 . See term limits in Wyoming .", "Idaho Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002 .", "Massachusetts General Court : the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997 .", "Oregon Legislative Assembly : the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002 . See term limits in Oregon .", "Utah State Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003 .", "Washington State Legislature : the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998 .", "Wyoming Legislature : the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004 . See term limits in Wyoming .", "Some local governments have term limits . In Philadelphia , the mayor can not be elected three consecutive times , but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor . Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975 ; he attempted to repeal the term limit , but failed and could not run in 1979 . He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode . In 1986 , he switched to the Republican Party , and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991 .", "Limits vary from city to city even within the same state . For example , Houston , Texas , has a limit of 2 four - year terms ( prior to November 3 , 2015 , 3 two - year terms dating back to 1991 ) , while San Antonio , Texas , has a limit of 4 two - year terms . Both Houston and San Antonio 's term limits are absolute ; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common .", "A two - term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials ( except for district attorneys ) in New York City after a 1993 referendum ( see the Charter of the City of New York , § 1138 ) . On November 3 , 2008 , however , when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two - term limit to a three - term limit ; one year later , he was elected to a third term . The two - term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010 .", "In Los Angeles the mayor serves up to two four - year terms since 1993 , while the City Council serve up to three four - year terms .", "In Cincinnati , Ohio , the term limit for mayor is two successive four - year terms . Council members are limited to two successive four - year terms . There is no limit to total terms that may be served , just a limit on successive terms .", "In New Orleans , City Council members are limited to two four - year terms . However , a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at - large seats on the council once they reach the two - term limit , and vice versa . There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime . Since 1954 , the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four - year elected terms , but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four - year term . When the new city plan of government was adopted , the mayor at the time , DeLesseps Story Morrison , was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause .", "Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962 , the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four - year terms , which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four - year terms in 1991 . Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at - large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body , which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members , and ( more frequently ) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors ." ]

[ [ "between July 12, 2017 and September 13, 2017" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "My First Girlfriend Is a Gal Cover of the first volume featuring Yukana and Junichi . はじめて の ギャル ( Hajimete no Gyaru ) Genre Romantic comedy , Harem Manga Written by Meguru Ueno Published by Kadokawa Shoten Demographic Shōnen Magazine Monthly Shōnen Ace Original run November 2015 -- present Volumes Anime television series Directed by Hiroyuki Furukawa Produced by Joutarou Ishigami Ichigo Yamada Written by Yūichirō Momose Music by Yashikin Studio NAZ Licensed by Funimation Original network AT - X , Tokyo MX , SUN , Mie TV , BS11 , KBS , CBC Original run July 12 , 2017 -- September 13 , 2017 Episodes 10 + OVA Anime and Manga portal", "My First Girlfriend Is a Gal", "Cover of the first volume featuring Yukana and Junichi .", "はじめて の ギャル ( Hajimete no Gyaru )", "Genre Romantic comedy , Harem", "Manga", "Written by Meguru Ueno", "Published by Kadokawa Shoten", "Demographic Shōnen", "Magazine Monthly Shōnen Ace", "Original run November 2015 -- present", "Volumes", "Anime television series", "Directed by Hiroyuki Furukawa", "Produced by Joutarou Ishigami Ichigo Yamada", "Written by Yūichirō Momose", "Music by Yashikin", "Studio NAZ", "Licensed by Funimation", "Original network AT - X , Tokyo MX , SUN , Mie TV , BS11 , KBS , CBC", "Original run July 12 , 2017 -- September 13 , 2017", "Episodes 10 + OVA", "Anime and Manga portal", "My First Girlfriend Is a Gal ( Japanese : はじめて の ギャル , Hepburn : Hajimete no Gyaru ) , also known as Hajimete no Gal , is a Japanese manga series by Meguru Ueno . It has been serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Shōnen Ace since November 2015 , and has been collected in four tankōbon volumes . A 10 - episode anime television series adaptation by NAZ aired between July 12 , 2017 and September 13 , 2017 .", "High school boy Junichi Hashiba laments not having a girlfriend as his classmates have seemed to be pairing up everywhere . His single unattached friends force him into boldly confessing his love to Yukana Yame , a beautiful `` gal '' at the school . Although Yukana easily determines that Junichi really just wants to lose his virginity , she agrees to be his girlfriend . Junichi soon attracts the affections of other girls who have known Junichi or Yukana for a while , including his childhood friend and neighbor Nene , Yukana 's gal friend Ranko , and the school 's madonna Yui .", "Junichi Hashiba ( 羽柴 ジュンイチ , Hashiba Jun'ichi ) Voiced by : Shintarō Asanuma ( Japanese ) ; Alejandro Saab ( English ) Junichi is a second - year high school boy who wishes to have a girlfriend . At the start of the series , he is set up by his friends to confess his love to Yukana Yame . While he is internally thrilled to see Yukana 's sexy body , he easily gets embarrassed when Yukana calls him out on such perverted actions . He regularly has sexual fantasies of losing his virginity and is depicted as having internal debates in his head over what to do in situations . His friends also pressure him to hook them up with girls . As he learns that Yukana does indeed like him , he tries to remain loyal to her , turning down the other girls that make advances on him .", "Junichi Hashiba ( 羽柴 ジュンイチ , Hashiba Jun'ichi )", "Voiced by : Shintarō Asanuma ( Japanese ) ; Alejandro Saab ( English )", "Junichi is a second - year high school boy who wishes to have a girlfriend . At the start of the series , he is set up by his friends to confess his love to Yukana Yame . While he is internally thrilled to see Yukana 's sexy body , he easily gets embarrassed when Yukana calls him out on such perverted actions . He regularly has sexual fantasies of losing his virginity and is depicted as having internal debates in his head over what to do in situations . His friends also pressure him to hook them up with girls . As he learns that Yukana does indeed like him , he tries to remain loyal to her , turning down the other girls that make advances on him .", "Yukana Yame ( 八女 ゆかな , Yame Yukana ) Voiced by : Yuki Nagaku ( Japanese ) ; Jamie Marchi ( English ) The title character is a fashionable high school `` gal '' with strawberry blonde hair , green eyes , a busty chest , loose socks , and a carefree attitude . She is very guarded about perverted stuff , calling it gross , but agrees to be Junichi 's girlfriend . She finds Jun to be transparent with his emotions and reactions , and often calls Jun out for being a perverted virgin who is interested in her body , but teases and flirts with him too . Underneath she is very caring , and seeks her friends ' advice often on how to relate to Jun better , being a little naive sometimes on applying the advice . On occasion , she lowers her guard and lets him touch her if it helps affirm how serious she is about the relationship . She gets jealous when the other girls interact with Junichi , but thinks that Nene 's little sister act is too cute to be taken as a serious threat to her relationship .", "Yukana Yame ( 八女 ゆかな , Yame Yukana )", "Voiced by : Yuki Nagaku ( Japanese ) ; Jamie Marchi ( English )", "The title character is a fashionable high school `` gal '' with strawberry blonde hair , green eyes , a busty chest , loose socks , and a carefree attitude . She is very guarded about perverted stuff , calling it gross , but agrees to be Junichi 's girlfriend . She finds Jun to be transparent with his emotions and reactions , and often calls Jun out for being a perverted virgin who is interested in her body , but teases and flirts with him too . Underneath she is very caring , and seeks her friends ' advice often on how to relate to Jun better , being a little naive sometimes on applying the advice . On occasion , she lowers her guard and lets him touch her if it helps affirm how serious she is about the relationship . She gets jealous when the other girls interact with Junichi , but thinks that Nene 's little sister act is too cute to be taken as a serious threat to her relationship .", "Shinpei Sakamoto ( 坂本 慎平 , Sakamoto Shinpei ) Voiced by : Toshiyuki Toyonaga ( Japanese ) ; Brad Smeaton ( English ) A glasses - wearing classmate with short bluish hair who is part of Junichi 's group of perverted friends . He , Jun , and Yui Kashii were classmates before in middle school . He is the one who usually initiates the plans and recommendations for Jun , including planning the confession , giving movie tickets to Jun , and others . He is also the first to make the connection between Yui Kashii and online idol named BoA . In the manga serialization 's magazine , he provides information on the characters for the anime adaptation . They are slated to have a larger role in the anime than in the manga .", "Shinpei Sakamoto ( 坂本 慎平 , Sakamoto Shinpei )", "Voiced by : Toshiyuki Toyonaga ( Japanese ) ; Brad Smeaton ( English )", "A glasses - wearing classmate with short bluish hair who is part of Junichi 's group of perverted friends . He , Jun , and Yui Kashii were classmates before in middle school . He is the one who usually initiates the plans and recommendations for Jun , including planning the confession , giving movie tickets to Jun , and others . He is also the first to make the connection between Yui Kashii and online idol named BoA . In the manga serialization 's magazine , he provides information on the characters for the anime adaptation . They are slated to have a larger role in the anime than in the manga .", "Keigo Ishida ( 石田 景 吾 , Ishida Keigo ) Voiced by : Kenji Akabane ( Japanese ) ; Jacob Browning ( English ) A blonde - haired classmate who is part of Junichi 's group of perverted friends .", "Keigo Ishida ( 石田 景 吾 , Ishida Keigo )", "Voiced by : Kenji Akabane ( Japanese ) ; Jacob Browning ( English )", "A blonde - haired classmate who is part of Junichi 's group of perverted friends .", "Minoru Kobayakawa ( 小早川 稔 , Kobayakawa Minoru ) Voiced by : Minoru Shiraishi ( Japanese ) ; Cris George ( English ) An obese classmate who is part of Junichi 's group of perverted friends . Of the three friends , he mentions that he likes little girls .", "Minoru Kobayakawa ( 小早川 稔 , Kobayakawa Minoru )", "Voiced by : Minoru Shiraishi ( Japanese ) ; Cris George ( English )", "An obese classmate who is part of Junichi 's group of perverted friends . Of the three friends , he mentions that he likes little girls .", "Ranko Honjō ( 本 城 蘭子 , Honjō Ranko ) Voiced by : Eri Kitamura ( Japanese ) ; Morgan Garrett ( English ) Yukana 's childhood friend is a tall tan - skinned gal with short light blonde hair , light purple eyes , and a big chest . She is very aggressive , making moves on Junichi which makes Yukana jealous . She reveals to Jun that she loves Yukana and is possessive of her ; she does not like Yukana being so close to Jun , even if it means having to have sex with Jun herself .", "Ranko Honjō ( 本 城 蘭子 , Honjō Ranko )", "Voiced by : Eri Kitamura ( Japanese ) ; Morgan Garrett ( English )", "Yukana 's childhood friend is a tall tan - skinned gal with short light blonde hair , light purple eyes , and a big chest . She is very aggressive , making moves on Junichi which makes Yukana jealous . She reveals to Jun that she loves Yukana and is possessive of her ; she does not like Yukana being so close to Jun , even if it means having to have sex with Jun herself .", "Nene Fujinoki ( 藤ノ木 寧 音 , Fujinoki Nene ) Voiced by : Yui Ogura ( Japanese ) ; Brittany Lauda ( English ) A petite but big - breasted first - year high school girl who styles her hair in buns . She and Jun are childhood friends , but she is obsessed with Jun , and initially tried to dress and act like a little sister because he had expressed interest in that genre of video games . She briefly tries the gal lifestyle to try to win Jun over , and later tries to attack him by lying on top of him naked in bed , but Jun rejects her . She then decides to openly compete with Yukana , going back to her bun hairstyle . In the anime , Jun 's friends regard her as a `` loli with big boobs '' .", "Nene Fujinoki ( 藤ノ木 寧 音 , Fujinoki Nene )", "Voiced by : Yui Ogura ( Japanese ) ; Brittany Lauda ( English )", "A petite but big - breasted first - year high school girl who styles her hair in buns . She and Jun are childhood friends , but she is obsessed with Jun , and initially tried to dress and act like a little sister because he had expressed interest in that genre of video games . She briefly tries the gal lifestyle to try to win Jun over , and later tries to attack him by lying on top of him naked in bed , but Jun rejects her . She then decides to openly compete with Yukana , going back to her bun hairstyle . In the anime , Jun 's friends regard her as a `` loli with big boobs '' .", "Yui Kashī ( 香椎 結衣 , Kashī Yui ) Voiced by : Ayana Taketatsu ( Japanese ) ; Alison Viktorin ( English ) Jun 's classmate , who has long dark hair and reddish eyes . Jun 's friends regard her as the school 's madonna , smart and beautiful , like a character from a manga or a video game . She has known Jun since middle school and initially acts very friendly and nice around him . She secretly dresses up as a blonde - haired ( red hair in the anime ) twin - tailed idol named BoA who does live streams on the Internet . She is upset that Jun , whom she deems her number - one servant because he had helped carry boxes for her or picked up her eraser , does not fawn over her like an obedient pet because he is with Yukana . She tries to remedy that by pulling him aside and asking him to dump Yukana and go out with her . When Jun refuses , she gets very angry and threatens him until Ranko saves him by threatening to reveal her net identity . In the anime , Jun 's friends say her only drawback is that she does n't have a big chest like some of the other girls .", "Yui Kashī ( 香椎 結衣 , Kashī Yui )", "Voiced by : Ayana Taketatsu ( Japanese ) ; Alison Viktorin ( English )", "Jun 's classmate , who has long dark hair and reddish eyes . Jun 's friends regard her as the school 's madonna , smart and beautiful , like a character from a manga or a video game . She has known Jun since middle school and initially acts very friendly and nice around him . She secretly dresses up as a blonde - haired ( red hair in the anime ) twin - tailed idol named BoA who does live streams on the Internet . She is upset that Jun , whom she deems her number - one servant because he had helped carry boxes for her or picked up her eraser , does not fawn over her like an obedient pet because he is with Yukana . She tries to remedy that by pulling him aside and asking him to dump Yukana and go out with her . When Jun refuses , she gets very angry and threatens him until Ranko saves him by threatening to reveal her net identity . In the anime , Jun 's friends say her only drawback is that she does n't have a big chest like some of the other girls .", "Ayumi Kamisaka ( 上坂 歩美 , Kamisaka Ayumi ) Voiced by : Kazusa Aranami ( Japanese ) ; Kristin Sutton ( English ) Yukana 's gal friend with medium brown hair and blue eyes . She is more of a background character in the manga , but has a larger role in the anime .", "Ayumi Kamisaka ( 上坂 歩美 , Kamisaka Ayumi )", "Voiced by : Kazusa Aranami ( Japanese ) ; Kristin Sutton ( English )", "Yukana 's gal friend with medium brown hair and blue eyes . She is more of a background character in the manga , but has a larger role in the anime .", "Kokoro Shīna ( 椎名 心 , Shīna Kokoro ) Voiced by : Natsuko Hara ( Japanese ) ; Annabel Thorne ( English ) Yukana 's gal friend with blonde hair stylized in tails tied with red ribbons . She is more of a background character in the manga , but has a larger role in the anime .", "Kokoro Shīna ( 椎名 心 , Shīna Kokoro )", "Voiced by : Natsuko Hara ( Japanese ) ; Annabel Thorne ( English )", "Yukana 's gal friend with blonde hair stylized in tails tied with red ribbons . She is more of a background character in the manga , but has a larger role in the anime .", "As of July 2017 , the series has been released in four tankōbon volumes .", "No . Release date ISBN May 26 , 2016 ISBN 9784041042656 October 26 , 2016 ISBN 9784041050323 March 25 , 2017 ISBN 9784041054550 June 26 , 2017 ISBN 9784041057773", "No . Release date ISBN", "May 26 , 2016 ISBN 9784041042656", "October 26 , 2016 ISBN 9784041050323", "March 25 , 2017 ISBN 9784041054550", "June 26 , 2017 ISBN 9784041057773", "A 10 - episode anime television series adaptation by NAZ aired between July 12 , 2017 and September 13 , 2017 . The show is directed and character designed by Hiroyuki Furukawa who also did the erotic comedy My Wife is the Student Council President . The script is supervised by Yuichiro Momose , and the music done by Yashikin of MAGES . The opening theme is `` Hajimete no Season '' by Junjō no Afilia , and the ending theme is `` Galtic Love '' by Erabareshi . An OVA episode has been announced . Crunchyroll streamed the anime . Funimation has licensed the series in North America .", "No . Title Director Screenplay Original air date `` My First Time Begging for It '' `` Hajimete no Dogeza '' ( はじめて の 土下座 ) Kazuya Aiura Yuichiro Momose July 12 , 2017 High school guy Junichi watches as many of his schoolmates have coupled up , leaving him and his guy friends without any girls . When his friends start reading erotic magazines in class , Junichi is caught holding a copy in front of the fashionable and pretty Yukana Yame , who is disgusted . His friends choose Jun to ask her out because she is a `` gal '' , a type of high school girl reputed to be very sexually promiscuous . They place a confession letter in her shoe locker . Junichi is shocked to see Yukana , and confesses to her in a dogeza - position as suggested by his friend Shinpei . Yukana is uncertain at first , even guessing correctly that he is a virgin and that he is mostly interested in staying where he is so he can stare at her panties . But despite seeing him completely embarrassed about that , she agrees to be his girlfriend . `` My First Karaoke '' `` Hajimete no Karaoke '' ( はじめて の カラオケ ) Tadahi Iwanaga Yuichiro Momose July 19 , 2017 The day after the confession , Junichi is still shocked and how he will treat Yukana . Shinpei suggests Junichi have a karaoke date where they can make out in the private room . Yukana announces she is dating Junichi in front of their class . Afterwards , she invites Junichi to karaoke as she has done with her friends before . As they sing , Junichi has fantasies of seducing Yukana . Recalling Shinpei 's advice , he attempts to kiss her , but Yukana stops it by suddenly pointing out his protruding nose hair . Although she laughs it off , when she leaves the room , she thinks over Junichi 's attempt . As they leave the karaoke place , Ranko sees them from a distance . `` My First Spray - On Gal '' `` Hajimete no Kuro Gyaru '' ( はじめて の 黒 ギャル ) Yusaku Sotome Makoto Takaga July 26 , 2017 Junichi feels obligated to honor an invitation placed in his shoe locker . He ends up meeting Ranko , who aggressively seduces Junichi until Yukana stops them . Yukana tells Junichi that Ranko is her childhood friend , but that she is `` dangerous '' , which is soon affirmed when Ranko secretly vows to destroy the relationship between Yukana and Junichi . The next day , Junichi , Yukana and Ranko are wandering in the city when they are approached by two guys who make a move on Yukana . Although Junichi 's attempts to protect Yukana result in him being shoved away , Ranko agrees to join the two guys , only to beat them up shortly afterwards . Ranko later shows up at Junichi 's house where she seduces Junichi again , deducing that he is a virgin and that he is dating Yukana because he wants to get laid . Junichi denies the allegations and declares he only wants to have sex with the girl he really loves . His statement infuriates Ranko and she becomes more aggressive until Yukana sees them again in an awkward position . Yukana plays it down and leaves the residence with Ranko . As the girls leave , Junichi 's classmate Yui views them from a distance . `` My First Serious Gal '' `` Hajimete no Seiso Gyaru '' ( はじめて の 清楚 ギャル ) Takashi Yamada Masaume Kuji August 2 , 2017 This episode starts as Yui reminisces herself , seemingly satisfied as being greeted by her classmates , especially Junichi . Then Junichi conducts a research about gyarus ( gal ) and ended up in an online show featuring a stylish girl who berates people while her followers agree thru chat . At school , Yui arrives as classmates greeted . Unknownst to them , Yui treats and thinks them low like maids and butlers . Keigo , along with Junichi , Shinpei and Minoru , discusses the girl he saw online last night . He shows them his phone with the girl he saw . Shinpei doubts the image as he previously saw the girl somewhere else . Yukana joins her friends and Yui seizes the opportunity of having a conversation with Junichi . At the cafe , Yui berates Yukana while Junichi is seemingly unsure on his position as he and Yukana were officially dating . Meanwhile , Shinpei watches Boa , the stylish girl who streams online while berating people and finally realizes that girl he somewhere knew and Boa was just one person as he hits the Print - Screen button . The next day , Shinpei discusses his discovery to Keigo and Minoru that Boa and Yui were indeed a one person ( thru her berating opinion which links them and comparing images ) and Ranko butts - in to their discussion . Yui invites Junichi to the rooftop and confesses that she likes him , ordering him to breakup with Yukana . Junichi turns down Yui 's confession , but the later suddenly outbursts her dissatisfaction that Junichi should follow her like a dog . She threatens Junichi to reveal their conversation at the cafe to Yukana but his perverted friends along with Ranko arrives . Ranko threatens Yui that she will reveal to the class her Boa identity if she continues to blackmail Junichi . Yui gives the memory card to Junichi as she leaves in dismay . Yukana also appears after the confrontation and is happy to know that Junichi is still head over heels to her . After the post-credits , Yui vows vengeance while walking . At the salon , a well - bosomed lady is satisfied on her makeover . 5 `` My First Half - Assed Gal '' `` Hajimete no Pagyaru '' ( はじめて の パギャル ) Yoshihiro Sogetsu Yasuhiro Noda Yuichiro Momose August 9 , 2017 Junichi is experiencing a dream of Yukana until he wakes up and sees a busty pink - haired lady on his chest . The lady reveals to him that she is Nene , who had a gyaru - styled makeover , despite not being proficient in speaking like a gyaru . On their way to school , Nene clings to Junichi and the latter 's perverted friends see him in envy . Minoru , who has an obsession with little busty girls , is quickly fascinated to Nene but suddenly gets disappointed upon learning her age . At the shoe locker , Junichi is greeted by Yui , who tries to make amends with him from their previous confrontation . Nene appears to both of them and quickly berates Yui due to her mentality and flat - chestedness . At lunch break , Junichi is eating together with Yukana while Ranko guarding them both . Nene joins the lunch and Yukana barely recognize Nene , while the latter competes herself to Ranko and Yukana by bumping their breasts , much to Junichi 's delight . Later at night and after watching Yui 's Boa Online show , Junichi tries to sleep but a naked Nene appears on him which demands to have sex with her . Though his libido kicks in , he remains loyal to Yukana by refusing to have sex with Nene . Nene left and vows to get Junichi 's affection someday . The next day , Junichi seems to be worried about Nene and Yukana approaches him , expressing concern over his worries and suggests that they will go somewhere . Nene interferes and continues to cling on Junichi despite Yukana 's objections . 6 `` My First time at Yame - san 's House '' `` Hajimete no Yame - san chi '' ( はじめて の 八女 さん 家 ) Yusaku Saotome Yuichiro Momose August 16 , 2017 Shinpei and his perverted friends discuss Junichi 's relationship progress and suggests to make it naughtier by playing a King game . Yukana invites Junichi to come to her house , which the latter suggests inviting Ranko and Nene , as well as his perverted friends , much to Yukana 's dismay . As Junichi daydreams on taking advantage to Yukana , Yui appears on him and inadvertently invited as well . At Yukana 's house , she gets changed and invites Junichi to her room . Delighted to the interior of her room , Junichi also gets delighted on Yukana 's sensual appearance while the latter seemingly teases him . Their sensual moment is being interrupted by the arrival of Ranko , Nene and Yui , Then came the perverted friends which they wear weird attire . Shinpei initiates the King game and everyone seems to be having fun until Shinpei and Junichi devise a plan to gain a kiss with Yukana . The round which involves kissing ended up on all boys , which revealed as Junichi rigged the selection to save the girls despite he might kissing his perverted friends . After the humiliating dare of kissing , Yukana invites everyone to a summer vacation , but everyone does n't have enough money to spend . They decided to take part - time jobs to fill up their proposed summer vacation . 7 `` My First Job '' `` Hajimete no Baito '' ( はじめて の バイト ) Kazushi Kobayashi Makoto Takada August 23 , 2017 Shinpei discusses with his perverted friends and Junichi about job placings posted on the internet and decided to work for their preparation on the upcoming summer vacation . Junichi applies for a kitchen staff on a cosplay - themed cafe and it happens as Yukana , Ranko , Yui and Nene work as cosplayed waitresses on the same workplace . As days pass on their part - time jobs , the cosplay - themed cafe where Junichi and the girls working , the supervisor had a nefarious plan to hold an event that will somewhat boost the cafe . The supervisor gives them books that contain lewd and sensual stories , camouflaged as ordinary books . As the girls read , Junichi and Yukana is somewhat aroused but manage to fend off by realizing that something is wrong with the event that will be going to happen . Junichi angrily tells the supervisor about respect towards the girls but the supervisor ignores his plea . Yui decides to take matters into her own hands as she contacts the owner of the cafe itself and threatens the supervisor . The event is canceled and they finally take their hard - worked earnings . At the post-credits scene , the summer vacation has finally come and the gang happily meet at their rendezvous point . 8 `` My First Trip '' `` Hajimete no ryokō '' ( はじめて の 旅行 ) August 30 , 2017 Junichi , Yukana and friends finally hit the beach . With the girls having good time on the sea with Junichi , Shinpei and his perverted buddies are seemingly bored while their eyes peeled on ladies wearing swimsuits . In the evening , the girls spend time on the hot springs while Shinpei continues his nefarious scheme of peeking on the girls . As the boys march to the hot springs , Junichi tries to foil Shinpei 's plan but the latter concludes that Junichi is somewhat traitor . Junichi and Shinpei bickers around the forest until Junichi falls down to the cliff . Shinpei and Keigo continues marching towards to the hot springs however traps are scattered and they are unsuccessful , tripping a switch that creates a beautiful fireworks display which the girls see it with delight . The girls continue their bonding by spending on the beach with string fireworks . Yukana finds the unconscious Junichi and they talked about their upcoming date . As the two brewed sweetness , Yui , Ranko and Nene see them in envy . At the post-credits scene , Yukana and Junichi is back to the city and a guy whose formerly acquainted to Yukana greets them . 9 `` My First Fight '' `` Hajimete no kenka '' ( はじめて の ケンカ ) September 6 , 2017 Yukana 's middle school friend Dai Mitarai bumps into her and Junichi . Junichi begins to feel that she took an interest of her friend more than him because of his looks . After thinking that she likes him more , Yukana left Junichi in a huff , making him feel worse . During school , Junichi tries his attempts to talk to Yukana , but fails . His friends tried to cheer him up by going to karaoke and succeeded , but then backfired when they saw Yukana talking to Dai . After a conversation another day , Junichi ran from Yukana , leaving her heartbroken . Yui comes to talk to him and becomes mad at him for being selfish about what he thinks . Nene felt that way also . Yukana meet with her friends and at the moment she is about to speak , she cries . Ranko become furious and storms off to find Junichi . At the restaurant , where Ranko finds Junichi and his friends there , Dai came in with his gang and Junichi and the rest listened about what they 're going to do to Yukana . Ranko goes to them , but Junichi steps in and comes towards them . 10 `` My First Confession '' `` Hajimete no Kokuhaku '' ( はじめて の 告白 ) September 13 , 2017 The episode opens without the traditional opening theme and title with Junichi confronting Dai and his friends . They go outside to settle matters . Dai starts winning the fight , but Junichi grabs then bites Dai 's leg . Dai summons his friends to beat Junichi to no avail . When Dai promises to stop bothering Yukana Junichi releases his leg . Dai immediately kicks him . As Dai 's friends join in to beat Junichi more , Ranko steps in with Junichi 's friends . Ranko encourages Junichi to find Yukana to make amends . After he leaves she and Junichi 's friends beat Dai and his group . Yukana does not answer her phone calls from a running and frantic Junichi . She remains in the cafe with Nene and Yui where they tell her to meet Junichi and air out their feelings . After Yukana leaves , Yui and Nene contemplate if it is right to help their `` rival . '' After a long wait , Junichi finally meets Yukana behind the school and make amends , recreating his first confession while in a dogeza . After their romantic reconciliation , Yukana decides to take Junichi to spend the day at the amusement park . They go to a photo booth and take a picture together with Junichi attempting to kiss her . At the end of their date , Yukana confesses to him that she would like to return with him the following year to the amusement park and then all years after . She then unexpectedly kisses Junichi right before she leaves for home , surprising him . The scene closes with the title はじめて の 告白 `` My First Confession . '' After the title , the credits appear over a scene of Junichi walking to school with the end theme playing in the background . He first meets Yui and thanks her for her advice . He then asks her if she has ever done streaming videos . A blushing and stammering Yui pretends to have no idea what he is asking about . Nene interrupts them and exclaims that his face looks handsome again . Ranko and Yukana then appear . All notice Yukana blushing . Nene and Yui grouse that `` something '' happened between the two , but Ranko laughingly asks , `` You 're still a virgin , right ? '' only to whisper to him that she will kill him if not . Yukana takes his hand and both run away towards the school entrance .", "No . Title Director Screenplay Original air date", "`` My First Time Begging for It '' `` Hajimete no Dogeza '' ( はじめて の 土下座 ) Kazuya Aiura Yuichiro Momose July 12 , 2017", "High school guy Junichi watches as many of his schoolmates have coupled up , leaving him and his guy friends without any girls . When his friends start reading erotic magazines in class , Junichi is caught holding a copy in front of the fashionable and pretty Yukana Yame , who is disgusted . His friends choose Jun to ask her out because she is a `` gal '' , a type of high school girl reputed to be very sexually promiscuous . They place a confession letter in her shoe locker . Junichi is shocked to see Yukana , and confesses to her in a dogeza - position as suggested by his friend Shinpei . Yukana is uncertain at first , even guessing correctly that he is a virgin and that he is mostly interested in staying where he is so he can stare at her panties . But despite seeing him completely embarrassed about that , she agrees to be his girlfriend .", "`` My First Karaoke '' `` Hajimete no Karaoke '' ( はじめて の カラオケ ) Tadahi Iwanaga Yuichiro Momose July 19 , 2017", "The day after the confession , Junichi is still shocked and how he will treat Yukana . Shinpei suggests Junichi have a karaoke date where they can make out in the private room . Yukana announces she is dating Junichi in front of their class . Afterwards , she invites Junichi to karaoke as she has done with her friends before . As they sing , Junichi has fantasies of seducing Yukana . Recalling Shinpei 's advice , he attempts to kiss her , but Yukana stops it by suddenly pointing out his protruding nose hair . Although she laughs it off , when she leaves the room , she thinks over Junichi 's attempt . As they leave the karaoke place , Ranko sees them from a distance .", "`` My First Spray - On Gal '' `` Hajimete no Kuro Gyaru '' ( はじめて の 黒 ギャル ) Yusaku Sotome Makoto Takaga July 26 , 2017", "Junichi feels obligated to honor an invitation placed in his shoe locker . He ends up meeting Ranko , who aggressively seduces Junichi until Yukana stops them . Yukana tells Junichi that Ranko is her childhood friend , but that she is `` dangerous '' , which is soon affirmed when Ranko secretly vows to destroy the relationship between Yukana and Junichi . The next day , Junichi , Yukana and Ranko are wandering in the city when they are approached by two guys who make a move on Yukana . Although Junichi 's attempts to protect Yukana result in him being shoved away , Ranko agrees to join the two guys , only to beat them up shortly afterwards . Ranko later shows up at Junichi 's house where she seduces Junichi again , deducing that he is a virgin and that he is dating Yukana because he wants to get laid . Junichi denies the allegations and declares he only wants to have sex with the girl he really loves . His statement infuriates Ranko and she becomes more aggressive until Yukana sees them again in an awkward position . Yukana plays it down and leaves the residence with Ranko . As the girls leave , Junichi 's classmate Yui views them from a distance .", "`` My First Serious Gal '' `` Hajimete no Seiso Gyaru '' ( はじめて の 清楚 ギャル ) Takashi Yamada Masaume Kuji August 2 , 2017", "This episode starts as Yui reminisces herself , seemingly satisfied as being greeted by her classmates , especially Junichi . Then Junichi conducts a research about gyarus ( gal ) and ended up in an online show featuring a stylish girl who berates people while her followers agree thru chat . At school , Yui arrives as classmates greeted . Unknownst to them , Yui treats and thinks them low like maids and butlers . Keigo , along with Junichi , Shinpei and Minoru , discusses the girl he saw online last night . He shows them his phone with the girl he saw . Shinpei doubts the image as he previously saw the girl somewhere else . Yukana joins her friends and Yui seizes the opportunity of having a conversation with Junichi . At the cafe , Yui berates Yukana while Junichi is seemingly unsure on his position as he and Yukana were officially dating . Meanwhile , Shinpei watches Boa , the stylish girl who streams online while berating people and finally realizes that girl he somewhere knew and Boa was just one person as he hits the Print - Screen button . The next day , Shinpei discusses his discovery to Keigo and Minoru that Boa and Yui were indeed a one person ( thru her berating opinion which links them and comparing images ) and Ranko butts - in to their discussion . Yui invites Junichi to the rooftop and confesses that she likes him , ordering him to breakup with Yukana . Junichi turns down Yui 's confession , but the later suddenly outbursts her dissatisfaction that Junichi should follow her like a dog . She threatens Junichi to reveal their conversation at the cafe to Yukana but his perverted friends along with Ranko arrives . Ranko threatens Yui that she will reveal to the class her Boa identity if she continues to blackmail Junichi . Yui gives the memory card to Junichi as she leaves in dismay . Yukana also appears after the confrontation and is happy to know that Junichi is still head over heels to her . After the post-credits , Yui vows vengeance while walking . At the salon , a well - bosomed lady is satisfied on her makeover .", "5 `` My First Half - Assed Gal '' `` Hajimete no Pagyaru '' ( はじめて の パギャル ) Yoshihiro Sogetsu Yasuhiro Noda Yuichiro Momose August 9 , 2017", "Junichi is experiencing a dream of Yukana until he wakes up and sees a busty pink - haired lady on his chest . The lady reveals to him that she is Nene , who had a gyaru - styled makeover , despite not being proficient in speaking like a gyaru . On their way to school , Nene clings to Junichi and the latter 's perverted friends see him in envy . Minoru , who has an obsession with little busty girls , is quickly fascinated to Nene but suddenly gets disappointed upon learning her age . At the shoe locker , Junichi is greeted by Yui , who tries to make amends with him from their previous confrontation . Nene appears to both of them and quickly berates Yui due to her mentality and flat - chestedness . At lunch break , Junichi is eating together with Yukana while Ranko guarding them both . Nene joins the lunch and Yukana barely recognize Nene , while the latter competes herself to Ranko and Yukana by bumping their breasts , much to Junichi 's delight . Later at night and after watching Yui 's Boa Online show , Junichi tries to sleep but a naked Nene appears on him which demands to have sex with her . Though his libido kicks in , he remains loyal to Yukana by refusing to have sex with Nene . Nene left and vows to get Junichi 's affection someday . The next day , Junichi seems to be worried about Nene and Yukana approaches him , expressing concern over his worries and suggests that they will go somewhere . Nene interferes and continues to cling on Junichi despite Yukana 's objections .", "6 `` My First time at Yame - san 's House '' `` Hajimete no Yame - san chi '' ( はじめて の 八女 さん 家 ) Yusaku Saotome Yuichiro Momose August 16 , 2017", "Shinpei and his perverted friends discuss Junichi 's relationship progress and suggests to make it naughtier by playing a King game . Yukana invites Junichi to come to her house , which the latter suggests inviting Ranko and Nene , as well as his perverted friends , much to Yukana 's dismay . As Junichi daydreams on taking advantage to Yukana , Yui appears on him and inadvertently invited as well . At Yukana 's house , she gets changed and invites Junichi to her room . Delighted to the interior of her room , Junichi also gets delighted on Yukana 's sensual appearance while the latter seemingly teases him . Their sensual moment is being interrupted by the arrival of Ranko , Nene and Yui , Then came the perverted friends which they wear weird attire . Shinpei initiates the King game and everyone seems to be having fun until Shinpei and Junichi devise a plan to gain a kiss with Yukana . The round which involves kissing ended up on all boys , which revealed as Junichi rigged the selection to save the girls despite he might kissing his perverted friends . After the humiliating dare of kissing , Yukana invites everyone to a summer vacation , but everyone does n't have enough money to spend . They decided to take part - time jobs to fill up their proposed summer vacation .", "7 `` My First Job '' `` Hajimete no Baito '' ( はじめて の バイト ) Kazushi Kobayashi Makoto Takada August 23 , 2017", "Shinpei discusses with his perverted friends and Junichi about job placings posted on the internet and decided to work for their preparation on the upcoming summer vacation . Junichi applies for a kitchen staff on a cosplay - themed cafe and it happens as Yukana , Ranko , Yui and Nene work as cosplayed waitresses on the same workplace . As days pass on their part - time jobs , the cosplay - themed cafe where Junichi and the girls working , the supervisor had a nefarious plan to hold an event that will somewhat boost the cafe . The supervisor gives them books that contain lewd and sensual stories , camouflaged as ordinary books . As the girls read , Junichi and Yukana is somewhat aroused but manage to fend off by realizing that something is wrong with the event that will be going to happen . Junichi angrily tells the supervisor about respect towards the girls but the supervisor ignores his plea . Yui decides to take matters into her own hands as she contacts the owner of the cafe itself and threatens the supervisor . The event is canceled and they finally take their hard - worked earnings . At the post-credits scene , the summer vacation has finally come and the gang happily meet at their rendezvous point .", "8 `` My First Trip '' `` Hajimete no ryokō '' ( はじめて の 旅行 ) August 30 , 2017", "Junichi , Yukana and friends finally hit the beach . With the girls having good time on the sea with Junichi , Shinpei and his perverted buddies are seemingly bored while their eyes peeled on ladies wearing swimsuits . In the evening , the girls spend time on the hot springs while Shinpei continues his nefarious scheme of peeking on the girls . As the boys march to the hot springs , Junichi tries to foil Shinpei 's plan but the latter concludes that Junichi is somewhat traitor . Junichi and Shinpei bickers around the forest until Junichi falls down to the cliff . Shinpei and Keigo continues marching towards to the hot springs however traps are scattered and they are unsuccessful , tripping a switch that creates a beautiful fireworks display which the girls see it with delight . The girls continue their bonding by spending on the beach with string fireworks . Yukana finds the unconscious Junichi and they talked about their upcoming date . As the two brewed sweetness , Yui , Ranko and Nene see them in envy . At the post-credits scene , Yukana and Junichi is back to the city and a guy whose formerly acquainted to Yukana greets them .", "9 `` My First Fight '' `` Hajimete no kenka '' ( はじめて の ケンカ ) September 6 , 2017", "Yukana 's middle school friend Dai Mitarai bumps into her and Junichi . Junichi begins to feel that she took an interest of her friend more than him because of his looks . After thinking that she likes him more , Yukana left Junichi in a huff , making him feel worse . During school , Junichi tries his attempts to talk to Yukana , but fails . His friends tried to cheer him up by going to karaoke and succeeded , but then backfired when they saw Yukana talking to Dai . After a conversation another day , Junichi ran from Yukana , leaving her heartbroken . Yui comes to talk to him and becomes mad at him for being selfish about what he thinks . Nene felt that way also . Yukana meet with her friends and at the moment she is about to speak , she cries . Ranko become furious and storms off to find Junichi . At the restaurant , where Ranko finds Junichi and his friends there , Dai came in with his gang and Junichi and the rest listened about what they 're going to do to Yukana . Ranko goes to them , but Junichi steps in and comes towards them .", "10 `` My First Confession '' `` Hajimete no Kokuhaku '' ( はじめて の 告白 ) September 13 , 2017", "The episode opens without the traditional opening theme and title with Junichi confronting Dai and his friends . They go outside to settle matters . Dai starts winning the fight , but Junichi grabs then bites Dai 's leg . Dai summons his friends to beat Junichi to no avail . When Dai promises to stop bothering Yukana Junichi releases his leg . Dai immediately kicks him . As Dai 's friends join in to beat Junichi more , Ranko steps in with Junichi 's friends . Ranko encourages Junichi to find Yukana to make amends . After he leaves she and Junichi 's friends beat Dai and his group . Yukana does not answer her phone calls from a running and frantic Junichi . She remains in the cafe with Nene and Yui where they tell her to meet Junichi and air out their feelings . After Yukana leaves , Yui and Nene contemplate if it is right to help their `` rival . '' After a long wait , Junichi finally meets Yukana behind the school and make amends , recreating his first confession while in a dogeza . After their romantic reconciliation , Yukana decides to take Junichi to spend the day at the amusement park . They go to a photo booth and take a picture together with Junichi attempting to kiss her . At the end of their date , Yukana confesses to him that she would like to return with him the following year to the amusement park and then all years after . She then unexpectedly kisses Junichi right before she leaves for home , surprising him . The scene closes with the title はじめて の 告白 `` My First Confession . '' After the title , the credits appear over a scene of Junichi walking to school with the end theme playing in the background . He first meets Yui and thanks her for her advice . He then asks her if she has ever done streaming videos . A blushing and stammering Yui pretends to have no idea what he is asking about . Nene interrupts them and exclaims that his face looks handsome again . Ranko and Yukana then appear . All notice Yukana blushing . Nene and Yui grouse that `` something '' happened between the two , but Ranko laughingly asks , `` You 're still a virgin , right ? '' only to whisper to him that she will kill him if not . Yukana takes his hand and both run away towards the school entrance .", "The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The anime 's first episode was reviewed by various writers at Anime News Network . James Beckett found that the fanservice to be as expected and that it embodied `` all of the most irritating sex comedy stereotypes that stopped being funny back when the American Pie sequels fizzled out over a decade ago . '' Nick Creamer found the censorship bars to be the only unique thing about the show , and that the central characters were not likable . Theron Martin held out some hope that Yukana would at least have some character depth . Paul Jensen found the premise of two characters from different social circles to have potential , but the first episode to be obnoxious and dumb , outside of some moments where Yukana reacts to Junichi 's confession . Rebecca Silverman regarded the episode as mostly fetishism and unless that was toned down and `` starts to develop Yukana as a real person , it could be a somewhat smarty raunchy comedy , '' but did not plan to watch any more to find out ." ]

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[ "In chemistry , a valence electron is an outer shell electron that is associated with an atom , and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer shell is not closed ; in a single covalent bond , both atoms in the bond contribute one valence electron in order to form a shared pair . The presence of valence electrons can determine the element 's chemical properties , such as its valence -- whether it may bond with other elements and , if so , how readily and with how many . For a main group element , a valence electron can exist only in the outermost electron shell ; in a transition metal , a valence electron can also be in an inner shell .", "An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons ( corresponding to an electron configuration s p ) tends to be chemically inert . Atoms with one or two more valence electrons than are needed for a `` closed '' shell are highly reactive due to the following reasons : 1 ) It requires relatively low energy ( compared to the lattice enthalpy ) to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive ion . 2 ) Because of their tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons ( thereby forming a negative ion ) , or to share valence electrons ( thereby forming a covalent bond ) .", "Similar to an electron in an inner shell , a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a photon . An energy gain can trigger an electron to move ( jump ) to an outer shell ; this is known as atomic excitation . Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom 's valence shell ; this is ionization to form a positive ion . When an electron loses energy ( thereby causing a photon to be emitted ) , then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied .", "Valence energy levels correspond to the principal quantum numbers ( n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ... ) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation ( K , L , M , ... ) .", "The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the periodic table group ( vertical column ) in which the element is categorized . With the exception of groups 3 -- 12 ( the transition metals ) , the units digit of the group number identifies how many valence electrons are associated with a neutral atom of an element listed under that particular column .", "Periodic table group Valence electrons Group 1 ( I ) ( alkali metals ) Group 2 ( II ) ( alkaline earth metals ) Groups 3 - 12 ( transition metals ) 3 -- 12 Group 13 ( III ) ( boron group ) Group 14 ( IV ) ( carbon group ) Group 15 ( V ) ( pnictogens or nitrogen group ) 5 Group 16 ( VI ) ( chalcogens or oxygen group ) 6 Group 17 ( VII ) ( halogens ) 7 Group 18 ( VIII or 0 ) ( noble gases ) 8", "Periodic table group Valence electrons", "Group 1 ( I ) ( alkali metals )", "Group 2 ( II ) ( alkaline earth metals )", "Groups 3 - 12 ( transition metals ) 3 -- 12", "Group 13 ( III ) ( boron group )", "Group 14 ( IV ) ( carbon group )", "Group 15 ( V ) ( pnictogens or nitrogen group ) 5", "Group 16 ( VI ) ( chalcogens or oxygen group ) 6", "Group 17 ( VII ) ( halogens ) 7", "Group 18 ( VIII or 0 ) ( noble gases ) 8", "The electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those whose average distance from the nucleus is greatest ; that is , those with the highest energy .", "For a main group element , the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of highest principal quantum number n . Thus , the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the electron configuration in a simple way . For example , the electronic configuration of phosphorus ( P ) is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p so that there are 5 valence electrons ( 3s 3p ) , corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the molecule PF ; this configuration is normally abbreviated to ( Ne ) 3s 3p , where ( Ne ) signifies the core electrons whose configuration is identical to that of the noble gas neon .", "However , transition elements have partially filled ( n − 1 ) d energy levels , that are very close in energy to the ns level . So as opposed to main group elements , a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside a noble - gas core . Thus , generally , the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not in the valence shell . For example , manganese ( Mn ) has configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d ; this is abbreviated to ( Ar ) 4s 3d , where ( Ar ) denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas argon . In this atom , a 3d electron has energy similar to that of a 4s electron , and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron . In effect , there are possibly seven valence electrons ( 4s 3d ) outside the argon - like core ; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese can have an oxidation state as high as + 7 ( in the permanganate ion : MnO ) .", "The farther right in each transition metal series , the lower the energy of an electron in ad subshell and the less such an electron has the properties of a valence electron . Thus , although a nickel atom has , in principle , ten valence electrons ( 4s 3d ) , its oxidation state never exceeds four . For zinc , the 3d subshell is complete and behaves similarly to core electrons .", "Because the number of valence electrons which actually participate in chemical reactions is difficult to predict , the concept of the valence electron is less useful for a transition metal than for a main group element ; the d electron count is an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal .", "The number of electrons in an atom 's outermost valence shell governs its bonding behavior . Therefore , elements whose atoms can have the same number of valence electrons are grouped together in the periodic table of the elements . As a general rule , a main group element ( except hydrogen or helium ) tends to react to form a closed shell , corresponding to the electron configuration s p . This tendency is called the octet rule , because each bonded atom has eight valence electrons including shared electrons .", "The most reactive kind of metallic element is an alkali metal of group 1 ( e.g. , sodium or potassium ) ; this is because such an atom has only a single valence electron ; during the formation of an ionic bond which provides the necessary ionization energy , this one valence electron is easily lost to form a positive ion ( cation ) with a closed shell ( e.g. , Na or K ) . An alkaline earth metal of Group 2 ( e.g. , magnesium ) is somewhat less reactive , because each atom must lose two valence electrons to form a positive ion with a closed shell ( e.g. , Mg ) .", "Within each group ( each periodic table column ) of metals , reactivity increases with each lower row of the table ( from a light element to a heavier element ) , because a heavier element has more electron shells than a lighter element ; a heavier element 's valence electrons exist at higher principal quantum numbers ( they are farther away from the nucleus of the atom , and are thus at higher potential energies , which means they are less tightly bound ) .", "A nonmetal atom tends to attract additional valence electrons to attain a full valence shell ; this can be achieved in one of two ways : An atom can either share electrons with a neighboring atom ( a covalent bond ) , or it can remove electrons from another atom ( an ionic bond ) . The most reactive kind of nonmetal element is a halogen ( e.g. , fluorine ( F ) or chlorine ( Cl ) ) . Such an atom has the following electron configuration : s p ; this requires only one additional valence electron to form a closed shell . To form an ionic bond , a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion ( e.g. , F , Cl , etc . ) . To form a covalent bond , one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair ( e.g. , in the molecule H -- F , the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons , one from H and one from F ) .", "Within each group of nonmetals , reactivity decreases with each lower rows of the table ( from a light element to a heavy element ) in the periodic table , because the valence electrons are at progressively higher energies and thus progressively less tightly bound . In fact , oxygen ( the lightest element in group 16 ) is the most reactive nonmetal after fluorine , even though it is not a halogen , because the valence shell of a halogen is at a higher principal quantum number .", "In these simple cases where the octet rule is obeyed , the valence of an atom equals the number of electrons gained , lost , or shared in order to form the stable octet . However , there are also many molecules which are exceptions , and for which the valence is less clearly defined .", "Valence electrons are also responsible for the electrical conductivity of an element ; as a result , an element may be classified as a metal , a nonmetal , or a semiconductor ( or metalloid ) .", "Metallic elements generally have high electrical conductivity when in the solid state . In each row of the periodic table , the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals , and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal . However , a valence electron of a metal atom has a small ionization energy , and in the solid state this valence electron is relatively free to leave one atom in order to associate with another nearby . Such a `` free '' electron can be moved under the influence of an electric field , and its motion constitutes an electric current ; it is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the metal . Copper , aluminium , silver , and gold are examples of good conductors .", "A nonmetallic element has low electrical conductivity ; it acts as an insulator . Such an element is found toward the right of the periodic table , and it has a valence shell that is at least half full ( the exception is boron ) . Its ionization energy is large ; an electron can not leave an atom easily when an electric field is applied , and thus such an element can conduct only very small electric currents . Examples of solid elemental insulators are diamond ( an allotrope of carbon ) and sulfur .", "A solid compound containing metals can also be an insulator if the valence electrons of the metal atoms are used to form ionic bonds . For example , although elemental sodium is a metal , solid sodium chloride is an insulator , because the valence electron of sodium is transferred to chlorine to form an ionic bond , and thus that electron can not be moved easily .", "A semiconductor has an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of a metal and that of a nonmetal ; a semiconductor also differs from a metal in that a semiconductor 's conductivity increases with temperature . The typical elemental semiconductors are silicon and germanium , each atom of which has four valence electrons . The properties of semiconductors are best explained using band theory , as a consequence of a small energy gap between a valence band ( which contains the valence electrons at absolute zero ) and a conduction band ( to which valence electrons are excited by thermal energy ) ." ]

[ [ "Mick Jagger", "Keith Richards" ] ]

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[ "`` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Single by the Rolling Stones from the album Let It Bleed A-side `` Honky Tonk Women '' Released 4 July 1969 ( 1969 - 07 - 04 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1968 Studio Olympic , London Genre Rock gospel Length 4 : 50 ( single ) 7 : 30 ( album ) Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Jimmy Miller the Rolling Stones singles chronology `` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 ) `` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` Honky Tonk Women '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 ) Audio sample 30 seconds of refrain file help", "`` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want ''", "Single by the Rolling Stones", "from the album Let It Bleed", "A-side `` Honky Tonk Women ''", "Released 4 July 1969 ( 1969 - 07 - 04 )", "Format 7 - inch single", "Recorded November 1968", "Studio Olympic , London", "Genre Rock gospel", "Rock gospel", "Length 4 : 50 ( single ) 7 : 30 ( album )", "Label Decca", "Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards", "Producer ( s ) Jimmy Miller", "the Rolling Stones singles chronology", "`` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 )", "`` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 )", "`` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 )", "`` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` Honky Tonk Women '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 )", "`` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` Honky Tonk Women '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 )", "`` Street Fighting Man '' ( 1968 ) `` Honky Tonk Women '' ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' ( 1971 )", "Audio sample", "30 seconds of refrain file help", "file help", "`` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' is a song by the Rolling Stones on their 1969 album Let It Bleed . Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards , it was named as the 100th greatest song of all time by Rolling Stone magazine in its 2004 list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' .", "Although it was the closing track , `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' was the first song recorded for the album . It exists in two versions , a 4 : 49 single mix and a 7 : 30 album mix . `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' was recorded on 16 and 17 November 1968 at Olympic Sound Studios in London . It features the London Bach Choir opening the song ( the choir opening is only on the album version ) , highlighting throughout , and bringing it to its conclusion . Jimmy Miller , the Stones ' producer at the time , plays drums on this song instead of Charlie Watts . Al Kooper plays piano and organ , as well as the French horn intro , while Rocky Dijon plays congas and maracas .", "Of the song , Jagger said :", "`` `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' was something I just played on the acoustic guitar -- one of those bedroom songs . It proved to be quite difficult to record because Charlie could n't play the groove and so Jimmy Miller had to play the drums . I 'd also had this idea of having a choir , probably a gospel choir , on the track , but there was n't one around at that point . Jack Nitzsche , or somebody , said that we could get the London Bach Choir and we said , `` That will be a laugh . '' ''", "`` `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' was something I just played on the acoustic guitar -- one of those bedroom songs . It proved to be quite difficult to record because Charlie could n't play the groove and so Jimmy Miller had to play the drums . I 'd also had this idea of having a choir , probably a gospel choir , on the track , but there was n't one around at that point . Jack Nitzsche , or somebody , said that we could get the London Bach Choir and we said , `` That will be a laugh . '' ''", "In his review of the song , Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said : `` If you buy John Lennon 's observation that the Rolling Stones were apt to copy the Beatles ' innovations within a few months or so , ' You Ca n't Always Get What You Want ' is the Rolling Stones ' counterpart to ' Hey Jude ' . '' Jagger said in 1969 , `` I liked the way the Beatles did that with ' Hey Jude ' . The orchestra was not just to cover everything up -- it was something extra . We may do something like that on the next album . ''", "The three verses ( along with the varied theme in the fourth verse ) address the major topics of the 1960s : love , politics , and drugs . Each verse captures the essence of the initial optimism and eventual disillusion , followed by the resigned pragmatism in the chorus .", "Unterberger noted :", "`` Much has been made of the lyrics reflecting the end of the overlong party that was the 1960s , as a snapshot of Swinging London burning out . That 's a valid interpretation , but it should also be pointed out that there 's also an uplifting and reassuring quality to the melody and performance . This is particularly true of the key lyrical hook , when we are reminded that we ca n't always get what we want , but we 'll get what we need . ''", "`` Much has been made of the lyrics reflecting the end of the overlong party that was the 1960s , as a snapshot of Swinging London burning out . That 's a valid interpretation , but it should also be pointed out that there 's also an uplifting and reassuring quality to the melody and performance . This is particularly true of the key lyrical hook , when we are reminded that we ca n't always get what we want , but we 'll get what we need . ''", "A man named Jimmy Hutmaker of Excelsior , Minnesota , claimed that he was the `` Mr. Jimmy '' mentioned in the song and that he said the phrase `` you ca n't always get what you want '' to Jagger during a chance encounter at a drug store in Excelsior in 1964 .", "David Dalton , a writer for Rolling Stone who witnessed the filming of The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus claims in his commentary track for the DVD of the concert that `` Mr. Jimmy '' refers to Jimmy Miller , the producer of all of the Rolling Stones ' albums from Beggar 's Banquet ( 1968 ) through Goat 's Head Soup ( 1973 ) , and the drummer on `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' .", "The song was originally released on the B - side of `` Honky Tonk Women '' in July 1969 . Although it did not chart at the time , London Records re-serviced the single in 1973 and `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' reached number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 34 on the Cashbox Top 100 Singles chart . One of the Stones ' most popular recordings , it has since appeared on the compilations Hot Rocks , Singles Collection ( single version ) , Forty Licks , Rolled Gold+ : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 2007 edition ) , Singles 1968 - 1971 ( single version ) , Slow Rollers ( single version ) and GRRR ! ( single version ) .", "The song is also very popular at Rolling Stones shows in part because of its sing - along chorus , and is played at almost every show , where it is customary for Jagger to change the lyrics from `` my favourite flavour , cherry red '' to the question `` What 's your favourite flavour ? '' to which the audience replies `` Cherry red ! '' Live recordings appear on the albums Love You Live , Flashpoint , Live Licks , and Sweet Summer Sun : Hyde Park Live , as well as on The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus , filmed in 1968 . Stones concert films that contain the song include : Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones , From the Vault -- L.A Forum - Live in 1975 , Let 's Spend the Night Together , Stones at the Max , Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 , Four Flicks , The Biggest Bang , and ' Sweet Summer Sun : Hyde Park Live .", "The musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch includes a reference to the song , where the lead character explains she was dismissed from a university after delivering a lecture on the influence of German philosophy on rock and roll , entitled `` You , Kant , Always Get What You Want . '' The 2014 revival on Broadway added the line , `` But If You Try Sometimes You Just Might Find You Get What You Nietzsche . ''", "The song was performed live with members of Voce Chamber Choir and London Youth Choir for the Stones ' 2012 reunion shows in London , November 25 and November 29 . The same choir also performed on the track at Glastonbury and two performances at Hyde Park in 2013 .", "In November 2016 MP4 , a rock group comprising four British politicians , recorded a single of the track with Ricky Wilson of the Kaiser Chiefs , KT Tunstall , David Gray , Steve Harley of Cockney Rebel and members of the UK Parliamentary Choir under the band name `` Friends of Jo Cox '' in tribute to the late MP Jo Cox who was murdered earlier in the year . A 6 minute full version of the track and a 4 minute edit , together with a video , were the first releases on the newly re-established Chrysalis Records on 16th December with all proceeds going to charity . In support of this initiative , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards agreed to waive their royalties from the release . This version of the single peaked at number 2 on the Official Independent Singles Breakers Chart .", "Donald Trump used the song at campaign appearances in 2016 , it played after his victory speech on the night of the 2016 election , and continues to use it after his speeches to public audiences . The Stones have publicly disapproved of Trump 's use of their music .", "The Rolling Stones", "Mick Jagger -- vocals , acoustic guitar Keith Richards -- acoustic and electric guitars , backing vocals Bill Wyman -- bass guitar", "Mick Jagger -- vocals , acoustic guitar", "Keith Richards -- acoustic and electric guitars , backing vocals", "Bill Wyman -- bass guitar", "London Bach Choir -- choral arrangements by Jack Nitzsche Al Kooper -- piano , organ , French horn Jimmy Miller -- drums Rocky Dijon -- congas , maracas , tambourine Madeline Bell -- backing vocals Nanette Workman -- backing vocals ( credited as ' Nanette Newman ' on the LP ) Doris Troy -- backing vocals", "London Bach Choir -- choral arrangements by Jack Nitzsche", "Al Kooper -- piano , organ , French horn", "Jimmy Miller -- drums", "Rocky Dijon -- congas , maracas , tambourine", "Madeline Bell -- backing vocals", "Nanette Workman -- backing vocals ( credited as ' Nanette Newman ' on the LP )", "Doris Troy -- backing vocals", "Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 68 US Billboard Hot 100 42", "Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position", "Canada RPM Top Singles 68", "US Billboard Hot 100 42", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "In 1971 , jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi released a cover version of the song on his album Oaxaca . In 1973 , Exuma covered the song on his album Life . In the 1974 film Steppenwolf , the saxophonist Pablo tells Harry Haller after sniffing cocaine , `` You ca n't always get what you want , but you can always get what you need . '' In 1980 , Bette Midler recorded a live version for her concert album and film Divine Madness . The song was made into a medley featuring Bob Dylan 's `` I Shall Be Released '' . In 1981 , Aretha Franklin covered the song on her album Love All the Hurt Away . In 1989 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included the song in `` The Hot Rocks Polka , '' a polka medley consisting entirely of the Stones ' songs . In 1990 , George Michael used the song 's rhythm , chords and chorus in his single `` Waiting for That Day '' . Jagger and Richards received shared songwriting credit . In 1992 , Def Leppard released an acoustic cover of the song as a b - side to their single `` Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad '' . In 1993 , folk singers Greg Brown and Bill Morrissey covered the song on their only joint recording Friend of Mine . Blues musician Luther Allison covered the song for the 1997 tribute album Paint It Blue : Songs of the Rolling Stones . In 1997 , Sunchild released a live version of the song on their album Barefoot & Live . In 1998 , the jam band Rusted Root included a version on their self - titled fourth album . In 2001 , reggae band Steel Pulse recorded it for Paint It Black : A Reggae Tribute to the Rolling Stones . The 3 - 2 - 1 Penguins video , The Amazing Carnival of Complaining ( released 2001 ) features a song which includes the line `` You ca n't always get what you want , you ca n't always get what you want , but if you gripe sometimes , you just might find , you turn into seeds ! '' Band from TV covered it for the soundtrack of House . In 2006 , the cover by Ituana was included into the album Bossa n ' Stones , Vol. 2 . In 2007 , Anarchist folk punk group Ghost Mice recorded a version of this song to benefit Food Not Bombs . In 2008 , Belgian outfit Soulwax released a remix of the song , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2008 film 21 . In 2008 , French Jean - Jacques Milteau ( harmonica ) recorded the song for his album Soul Conversation with Ron Smyth ( vocal ) . In 2009 , the cast of Glee recorded a cover in the episode `` Sectionals '' . In 2010 , Blunt Instrument released a glitch - hop remix of the song . In 2010 , The Jolly Boys released a cover in the album Great Expectation . In 2012 , Anastacia covered the song for her album It 's a Man 's World In 2012 , the band fun . covered the song during their encore at the Bonnaroo Music Festival and at the 2013 iHeartRadio Music Festival ; they often perform it at their shows . In 2016 , Parliamentary rock group MP4 , Ricky Wilson of Kaiser Chiefs , Steve Harley , KT Tunstall and David Gray teamed up with Members of the British Parliamentary choir and the Royal Opera House Thurrock Community Chorus to record a charity version of the song in memory of Labour MP Jo Cox .", "In 1971 , jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi released a cover version of the song on his album Oaxaca .", "In 1973 , Exuma covered the song on his album Life .", "In the 1974 film Steppenwolf , the saxophonist Pablo tells Harry Haller after sniffing cocaine , `` You ca n't always get what you want , but you can always get what you need . ''", "In 1980 , Bette Midler recorded a live version for her concert album and film Divine Madness . The song was made into a medley featuring Bob Dylan 's `` I Shall Be Released '' .", "In 1981 , Aretha Franklin covered the song on her album Love All the Hurt Away .", "In 1989 , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included the song in `` The Hot Rocks Polka , '' a polka medley consisting entirely of the Stones ' songs .", "In 1990 , George Michael used the song 's rhythm , chords and chorus in his single `` Waiting for That Day '' . Jagger and Richards received shared songwriting credit .", "In 1992 , Def Leppard released an acoustic cover of the song as a b - side to their single `` Have You Ever Needed Someone So Bad '' .", "In 1993 , folk singers Greg Brown and Bill Morrissey covered the song on their only joint recording Friend of Mine .", "Blues musician Luther Allison covered the song for the 1997 tribute album Paint It Blue : Songs of the Rolling Stones .", "In 1997 , Sunchild released a live version of the song on their album Barefoot & Live .", "In 1998 , the jam band Rusted Root included a version on their self - titled fourth album .", "In 2001 , reggae band Steel Pulse recorded it for Paint It Black : A Reggae Tribute to the Rolling Stones .", "The 3 - 2 - 1 Penguins video , The Amazing Carnival of Complaining ( released 2001 ) features a song which includes the line `` You ca n't always get what you want , you ca n't always get what you want , but if you gripe sometimes , you just might find , you turn into seeds ! ''", "Band from TV covered it for the soundtrack of House .", "In 2006 , the cover by Ituana was included into the album Bossa n ' Stones , Vol. 2 .", "In 2007 , Anarchist folk punk group Ghost Mice recorded a version of this song to benefit Food Not Bombs .", "In 2008 , Belgian outfit Soulwax released a remix of the song , which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2008 film 21 .", "In 2008 , French Jean - Jacques Milteau ( harmonica ) recorded the song for his album Soul Conversation with Ron Smyth ( vocal ) .", "In 2009 , the cast of Glee recorded a cover in the episode `` Sectionals '' .", "In 2010 , Blunt Instrument released a glitch - hop remix of the song .", "In 2010 , The Jolly Boys released a cover in the album Great Expectation .", "In 2012 , Anastacia covered the song for her album It 's a Man 's World", "In 2012 , the band fun . covered the song during their encore at the Bonnaroo Music Festival and at the 2013 iHeartRadio Music Festival ; they often perform it at their shows .", "In 2016 , Parliamentary rock group MP4 , Ricky Wilson of Kaiser Chiefs , Steve Harley , KT Tunstall and David Gray teamed up with Members of the British Parliamentary choir and the Royal Opera House Thurrock Community Chorus to record a charity version of the song in memory of Labour MP Jo Cox ." ]

[ [ "Nigeria's natural wealth" ] ]

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[ "It has been suggested that Flag of Nigeria ( 1914 -- 1960 ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 .", "It has been suggested that Flag of Nigeria ( 1914 -- 1960 ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 .", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Nigeria Use National flag Proportion 1 : 2 Adopted 1 October 1960 ( 57 years ago ) Design A vertical bicolour triband of green , white and green Designed by Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi Variant flag of Nigeria Use State flag Proportion 1 : 2 Design A vertical bicolour triband of green , white and green ; charged with the Coat of arms in the centre Variant flag of Nigeria Use Civil ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Design A red field with the national flag , in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use State ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Design A blue field with the national flag , in the canton Variant flag of Nigeria Use Naval ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Design A white field with the national flag in the canton , with the Naval seal in the fly . Variant flag of Nigeria Use Air force ensign Proportion 1 : 2 Design A sky - blue field with the national flag in the canton , with the air force roundel in the fly .", "Use National flag", "Proportion 1 : 2", "Adopted 1 October 1960 ( 57 years ago )", "Design A vertical bicolour triband of green , white and green", "Designed by Micheal Taiwo Akinkunmi", "Variant flag of Nigeria", "Use State flag", "Proportion 1 : 2", "Design A vertical bicolour triband of green , white and green ; charged with the Coat of arms in the centre", "Variant flag of Nigeria", "Use Civil ensign", "Proportion 1 : 2", "Design A red field with the national flag , in the canton", "Variant flag of Nigeria", "Use State ensign", "Proportion 1 : 2", "Design A blue field with the national flag , in the canton", "Variant flag of Nigeria", "Use Naval ensign", "Proportion 1 : 2", "Design A white field with the national flag in the canton , with the Naval seal in the fly .", "Variant flag of Nigeria", "Use Air force ensign", "Proportion 1 : 2", "Design A sky - blue field with the national flag in the canton , with the air force roundel in the fly .", "The flag of Nigeria was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October 1960 . The flag is a vertical 1 : 2 triband of green , white , green . The two green stripes represent Nigeria 's natural wealth , while the white band represents peace .", "The national flag is an adaptation of the winning entry from Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in a competition held in 1959 . The original submission had a red radiating sun badge in the centre triptych of one white vertical with a green vertical on each side . After the badge was removed by the judges , the flag has remained unchanged . Like other countries , Nigeria has special ensigns for civil and naval vessels . Some of its states also have flags .", "Akinkunmi was a twenty - three year - old student at the time he designed the flag . He was studying at Norwich Technical College in London , England , when he saw an advertisement in a newspaper that submissions were being accepted for the design of a new national flag of Nigeria . In 1959 Akinkunmi 's design was chosen as the winner and , with adaptations , was first officially used on 1 October 1960 , Nigeria 's Independence Day .", "Colour scheme Green White RAL None 9003 Signal white CMYK 100.0. 39.47 0.0. 0.0 Hexadecimals # 008753 # FFFFFF Decimals 0,135 , 83 255,255,255", "Colour scheme Green White", "RAL None 9003 Signal white", "CMYK 100.0. 39.47 0.0. 0.0", "Hexadecimals # 008753 # FFFFFF", "Decimals 0,135 , 83 255,255,255", "Flag of the President of Nigeria Flag of the President as Commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces Former flag of the President , adopted in 1963 Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces Naval ensign of Nigeria ( 1960 - 1998 ) Akinkunmi 's original proposal", "Flag of the President of Nigeria Flag of the President as Commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces Former flag of the President , adopted in 1963", "Flag of the President of Nigeria", "Flag of the President of Nigeria", "Flag of the President as Commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces", "Flag of the President as Commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces", "Former flag of the President , adopted in 1963", "Former flag of the President , adopted in 1963", "Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces Naval ensign of Nigeria ( 1960 - 1998 ) Akinkunmi 's original proposal", "Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces", "Flag of the Nigerian Defence Forces", "Naval ensign of Nigeria ( 1960 - 1998 )", "Naval ensign of Nigeria ( 1960 - 1998 )", "Akinkunmi 's original proposal", "Akinkunmi 's original proposal", "Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1887 - 1888 ) Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1888 - 1899 ) Flag of the British West African Settlements Flag of the Lagos Colony ( 1886 - 1906 ) Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 ) Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 ) Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria ( 1914 - 1960 )", "Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1887 - 1888 ) Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1888 - 1899 ) Flag of the British West African Settlements", "Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1887 - 1888 )", "Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1887 - 1888 )", "Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1888 - 1899 )", "Flag of the Royal Niger Company ( 1888 - 1899 )", "Flag of the British West African Settlements", "Flag of the British West African Settlements", "Flag of the Lagos Colony ( 1886 - 1906 ) Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate", "Flag of the Lagos Colony ( 1886 - 1906 )", "Flag of the Lagos Colony ( 1886 - 1906 )", "Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate", "Flag of the Oil Rivers Protectorate", "Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate", "Flag of the Niger Coast Protectorate", "Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 ) Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 ) Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria ( 1914 - 1960 )", "Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 )", "Flag of the Northern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 )", "Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 )", "Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate ( 1900 - 1914 )", "Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria ( 1914 - 1960 )", "Flag of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria ( 1914 - 1960 )", "Flag of Osun State", "Flag of Osun State", "Flag of Osun State", "Flag of Osun State" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote including the 1824 election , which was the first U.S. presidential election where the popular vote was recorded . Losing the popular vote means securing less of the national popular vote than the person who received either a majority or a plurality of the vote .", "In the U.S. presidential election system , instead of the nationwide popular vote determining the outcome of the election , the President of the United States is determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College . Alternatively , if no candidate receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , the election is determined by the House of Representatives . These procedures are governed by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution .", "When individuals cast ballots in the general election , they are choosing electors and telling them whom they should vote for in the Electoral College . The `` national popular vote '' is the sum of all the votes cast in the general election , nationwide . The presidential elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive the most votes in the general election . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives . For these two reasons , the 1824 election is distinguishable from the latter four elections , which were held after all states had instituted the popular selection of electors , and in each of which a single candidate won an outright majority of electoral votes , thus becoming president without a contingent election in the House of Representatives . The true national popular vote total was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated .", "The 1824 presidential election was the first election in American history in which the popular vote mattered , as 18 states chose presidential electors by popular vote in 1824 ( six states still left the choice up to their state legislatures ) . When the final votes were tallied in those 18 states , Andrew Jackson polled 152,901 popular votes to John Quincy Adams 's 114,023 ; Henry Clay won 47,217 , and William H. Crawford won 46,979 . The electoral college returns , however , gave Jackson only 99 votes , 32 fewer than he needed for a majority of the total votes cast . Adams won 84 electoral votes followed by 41 for Crawford , and 37 for Clay . All four candidates in the election identified with the Democratic - Republican Party .", "As no candidate secured the required number of votes ( 131 total ) from the Electoral College , the election was decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in this contingent election . Henry Clay , as the candidate with the fewest electoral votes , was eliminated from the deliberation . As Speaker of the House , however , Clay was still the most important player in determining the outcome of the election . The election was held on February 9 , 1825 , with each state having one vote , as determined by the wishes of the majority of each state 's congressional representatives . Adams narrowly emerged as the winner , with majorities of the Representatives from 13 out of 25 states voting in his favor . Most of Clay 's supporters , joined by several old Federalists , switched their votes to Adams in enough states to give him the election . Soon after his inauguration as President , Adams appointed Henry Clay as his secretary of state . This result became a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters , who proclaimed the election of Adams a `` corrupt bargain , '' and were inspired to create the Democratic Party .", "The 1876 presidential election was one of the most contentious and controversial presidential elections in American history . The result of the election remains among the most disputed ever , although there is no question that Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio 's Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote , with Tilden winning 4,288,546 votes and Hayes winning 4,034,311 . Tilden was , and remains , the only candidate in American history who lost a presidential election despite receiving a majority ( not just a plurality ) of the popular vote .", "After a first count of votes , Tilden won 184 electoral votes to Hayes ' 165 , with 20 votes unresolved . These 20 electoral votes were in dispute in four states : in the case of Florida , Louisiana , and South Carolina , each party reported its candidate had won the state , while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal ( as an `` elected or appointed official '' ) and replaced . The question of who should have been awarded these electoral votes is at the heart of the ongoing debate about the election of 1876 .", "An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute : the Compromise of 1877 , which awarded all 20 electoral votes to Hayes . In return for the Democrats ' acquiescence in Hayes ' election , the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South , ending Reconstruction . The Compromise effectively ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers , who went on to pursue their agenda of returning the South to a political economy resembling that of its pre-war condition , including the disenfranchisement of black voters .", "In the 1888 election , Grover Cleveland of New York , the incumbent president and a Democrat , tried to secure a second term against the Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison , a former U.S. Senator from Indiana . The economy was prosperous and the nation was at peace , but although Cleveland received 90,596 more votes than Harrison , he lost in the Electoral College . Harrison won 233 electoral votes , Cleveland only 168 .", "Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election . Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high , while Cleveland strenuously denounced high tariffs as unfair to consumers . His opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers . On the other hand , he held a strong hand in the South and border states , and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps .", "Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest ( losing only Connecticut and New Jersey ) , and narrowly carried the swing states of New York and Indiana ( Harrison 's home state ) by a margin of 1 % or less to achieve a majority of the electoral vote . Unlike the election of 1884 , the power of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City helped deny Cleveland the electoral votes of his home state .", "The 2000 presidential election pitted Republican candidate George W. Bush ( the incumbent governor of Texas and son of former president George H.W. Bush ) against Democratic candidate Al Gore ( the incumbent Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton ) . Despite Gore receiving 543,895 more votes ( 0.51 % of all votes cast ) , the Electoral College chose Bush as president by a vote of 271 to 266 .", "Vice President Gore secured the Democratic nomination with relative ease . Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination , and despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates , secured the nomination by Super Tuesday . Many third - party candidates also ran , most prominently Ralph Nader . Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate , and Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his . Both major - party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues , such as the budget , tax relief , and reforms for federal social - insurance programs , though foreign policy was not ignored .", "The result of the election hinged on voting in Florida , where Bush 's narrow margin of victory of just 537 votes out of almost 6 million votes cast on election night triggered a mandatory recount . Litigation in select counties started additional recounts , and this litigation ultimately reached the United States Supreme Court . The Court 's contentious decision in Bush v. Gore , announced on December 12 , 2000 , ended the recounts , effectively awarding Florida 's votes to Bush and granting him the victory . Later studies have reached conflicting opinions on who would have won the recount had it been allowed to proceed . Nationwide , George Bush received 50,456,002 votes ( 47.87 % ) and Gore received 50,999,897 ( 48.38 % ) .", "The 2016 presidential election featured Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton ( former U.S. Senator from New York , Secretary of State , and First Lady to President Bill Clinton ) and Republican nominee Donald Trump , a businessman ( owner of the Trump Organization ) from New York City , who had no prior political experience or service in the military . Both nominees had turbulent journeys in primary races , and were seen unfavorably by the general public . The election saw multiple third - party candidates , and there were over a million write - in votes cast .", "During the 2016 election , `` pre-election polls fueled high - profile predictions that Hillary Clinton 's likelihood of winning the presidency was about 90 percent , with estimates ranging from 71 to over 99 percent . '' National polls were generally accurate , showing a Clinton lead of about 3 % in the national popular vote ( she ultimately won the national popular vote by 2.1 % ) . State - level polls `` showed a competitive , uncertain contest ... but clearly under - estimated Trump 's support in the Upper Midwest . '' Trump exceeded expectations on Election Day by winning the traditionally Democratic Rust Belt states of Michigan , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin by narrow margins . Clinton recorded lopsided margins in large states such as California , Illinois and New York while coming closer to winning Texas , Arizona and Georgia than any Democratic nominee since the turn of the millennium . Clinton also won the safely Democratic medium - sized states such as Maryland , Massachusetts , New Jersey , and Washington with vast margins . Clinton managed to edge out Trump in Virginia , a swing state where her running mate Tim Kaine had served as Governor . Trump also won the traditional bellwether state of Florida by a tight margin along with the recent battleground state of North Carolina , further contributing to the electoral flip of the popular vote . Trump won by a large margin in Indiana , Missouri , Ohio and Tennessee with most of Trump 's larger wins coming in smaller states .", "When the Electoral College cast its votes on December 19 , 2016 , Trump received 304 votes to Clinton 's 227 with seven electors defecting to other choices , the most faithless electors ( 2 from Trump , 5 from Clinton ) in any presidential election in over a hundred years . Clinton had nonetheless received almost three million more votes ( 65,853,516 to 62,984,825 ) in the general election than Trump , giving Clinton a popular vote lead of 2.1 % over Trump .", "After the election , Trump `` falsely claim ( ed ) that millions of unauthorized immigrants had robbed him of a popular vote majority , ... '' Trump repeated this in a meeting with members of Congress in 2017 , and in a speech in April 2018 .", "Democratic - Republican DR Democratic D Republican R Election Winner and party Electoral College Popular vote Runner - up and party Turnout Votes % Votes Margin % Margin % 1824 Adams , John Quincy Adams DR 84 / 261 32.18 % 113,122 − 38,149 30.92 % − 10.44 % Jackson , Andrew Jackson DR 26.90 % 1876 Hayes , Rutherford B. Hayes 185 / 369 50.14 % 4,034,311 − 254,235 47.92 % − 3.02 % Tilden , Samuel J. Tilden 81.80 % 1888 Harrison , Benjamin Harrison 233 / 401 58.10 % 5,443,892 − 90,596 47.80 % − 0.79 % Cleveland , Grover Cleveland 79.30 % 2000 Bush , George W. Bush 271 / 538 50.37 % 50,456,002 − 543,895 47.87 % − 0.51 % Gore , Al Gore 51.20 % 2016 Trump , Donald Trump 304 / 538 55.50 % 62,984,825 − 2,868,691 46.09 % − 2.10 % Clinton , Hillary Clinton 56.30 %", "Democratic - Republican DR Democratic D Republican R", "Election Winner and party Electoral College Popular vote Runner - up and party Turnout", "Votes % Votes Margin % Margin %", "1824 Adams , John Quincy Adams DR 84 / 261 32.18 % 113,122 − 38,149 30.92 % − 10.44 % Jackson , Andrew Jackson DR 26.90 %", "1876 Hayes , Rutherford B. Hayes 185 / 369 50.14 % 4,034,311 − 254,235 47.92 % − 3.02 % Tilden , Samuel J. Tilden 81.80 %", "1888 Harrison , Benjamin Harrison 233 / 401 58.10 % 5,443,892 − 90,596 47.80 % − 0.79 % Cleveland , Grover Cleveland 79.30 %", "2000 Bush , George W. Bush 271 / 538 50.37 % 50,456,002 − 543,895 47.87 % − 0.51 % Gore , Al Gore 51.20 %", "2016 Trump , Donald Trump 304 / 538 55.50 % 62,984,825 − 2,868,691 46.09 % − 2.10 % Clinton , Hillary Clinton 56.30 %", "In the 1960 United States presidential election , Democratic candidate John F. Kennedy defeated Republican candidate Richard Nixon . Kennedy is generally considered to have won the popular vote as well , by a narrow margin , but based on the unusual nature of the election in Alabama , political journalists John Fund and Sean Trende have argued that Nixon actually won the popular vote .", "Historian and Kennedy associate Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. wrote that , `` It is impossible to determine what Kennedy 's popular vote in Alabama was '' and under one scenario `` Nixon would have won the popular vote by 58,000 '' . A third major candidate in the 1960 election was Harry Flood Byrd , Sr. who won 15 electoral votes nationwide that year . According to political scientist Steven Schier , `` If one divides the Alabama Democratic votes proportionately between the Kennedy and Byrd slates , Nixon ekes out a 50,000 vote popular plurality ... '' Indeed , Congressional Quarterly calculated the popular vote in this manner at the time of the 1960 election ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Soweto uprising Hector Pieterson being carried by Mbuyisa Makhubo after being shot by South African police . His sister , Antoinette Sithole , runs beside them . Pieterson was rushed to a local clinic and declared dead on arrival . This photo by Sam Nzima became an icon of the Soweto uprising . Location Soweto , South Africa Date 16 June 1976 ; 42 years ago ( 1976 - 06 - 16 ) Deaths 176 ( with some estimates ranging up to 700 ) Non-fatal injuries 1,000 Victims Students Assailants South African Police", "Soweto uprising", "Hector Pieterson being carried by Mbuyisa Makhubo after being shot by South African police . His sister , Antoinette Sithole , runs beside them . Pieterson was rushed to a local clinic and declared dead on arrival . This photo by Sam Nzima became an icon of the Soweto uprising .", "Location Soweto , South Africa", "Date 16 June 1976 ; 42 years ago ( 1976 - 06 - 16 )", "Deaths 176 ( with some estimates ranging up to 700 )", "Non-fatal injuries 1,000", "Victims Students", "Assailants South African Police", "Part of a series on Apartheid Events ( show ) 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street bombing Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre Organisations ( show ) ANC APLA IFP AWB BBB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council People ( show ) P.W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F.W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela - Mandela Mac Maharaj D.F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H.F. Verwoerd B.J. Vorster Jacob Zuma Places ( show ) Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South - West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas Related topics ( show ) Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign Rhodes Must Fall South African Police Music in the movement against apartheid Category", "Part of a series on", "Apartheid", "Events ( show ) 1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street bombing Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre", "Events", "1948 general election Coloured vote constitutional crisis 1956 Treason Trial Sharpeville massacre Rivonia Trial Soweto uprising Church Street bombing Trojan Horse Incident Khotso House bombing Cape Town peace march CODESA Assassination of Chris Hani Saint James Church massacre Shell House massacre", "1948 general election", "Coloured vote constitutional crisis", "1956 Treason Trial", "Church Street bombing", "Trojan Horse Incident", "Khotso House bombing", "Cape Town peace march", "Assassination of Chris Hani", "Saint James Church massacre", "Shell House massacre", "Organisations ( show ) ANC APLA IFP AWB BBB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council", "ANC APLA IFP AWB BBB Black Sash CCB Conservative Party DP ECC FOSATU PP RP PFP HNP MK PAC UDF Broederbond National Party COSATU SACC SADF SAIC SAMA SAP SACP State Security Council", "State Security Council", "People ( show ) P.W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F.W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela - Mandela Mac Maharaj D.F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H.F. Verwoerd B.J. Vorster Jacob Zuma", "P.W. Botha Steve Biko Mangosuthu Buthelezi F.W. de Klerk Ruth First Bram Fischer Arthur Goldreich Chris Hani Bantu Holomisa Joel Joffe Ahmed Kathrada Albert Luthuli Winnie Madikizela - Mandela Mac Maharaj D.F. Malan Nelson Mandela Govan Mbeki Thabo Mbeki Raymond Mhlaba Benjamin Moloise Albertina Sisulu Walter Sisulu JG Strijdom Joe Slovo Robert Sobukwe Helen Suzman Adelaide Tambo Oliver Tambo Eugène Terre'Blanche Desmond Tutu H.F. Verwoerd B.J. Vorster Jacob Zuma", "F.W. de Klerk", "Winnie Madikizela - Mandela", "Places ( show ) Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South - West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas", "Bantustan District Six Robben Island Sophiatown South - West Africa Soweto Sun City Vlakplaas", "South - West Africa", "Related topics ( show ) Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign Rhodes Must Fall South African Police Music in the movement against apartheid", "Afrikaner nationalism Apartheid in popular culture Apartheid legislation Cape Qualified Franchise Freedom Charter Sullivan Principles Kairos Document Disinvestment campaign Rhodes Must Fall South African Police Music in the movement against apartheid", "Apartheid in popular culture", "Cape Qualified Franchise", "Rhodes Must Fall", "South African Police", "Music in the movement against apartheid", "Category", "Category", "", "", "The Soweto uprising was a series of demonstrations and protests led by black school children in South Africa that began on the morning of 16 June 1976 .", "Students from numerous Sowetan schools began to protest in the streets of Soweto in response to the introduction of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in local schools . It is estimated that 20,000 students took part in the protests . They were met with fierce police brutality . The number of protesters killed by police is usually given as 176 , but estimates of up to 700 have been made . In remembrance of these events , 16 June is now a public holiday in South Africa , named Youth Day .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2017 )", "Black South African high school students in Soweto protested against the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974 , which forced all black schools to use Afrikaans and English in a 50 -- 50 mix as languages of instruction . The Regional Director of Bantu Education ( Northern Transvaal Region ) , J.G. Erasmus , told Circuit Inspectors and Principals of Schools that from 1 January 1975 , Afrikaans had to be used for mathematics , arithmetic , and social studies from standard five ( 7th grade ) , according to the Afrikaans Medium Decree ; English would be the medium of instruction for general science and practical subjects ( homecraft , needlework , woodwork , metalwork , art , agricultural science ) . Indigenous languages would only be used for religious instruction , music , and physical culture .", "The association of Afrikaans with apartheid prompted black South Africans to prefer English . Even the Bantustan regimes chose English and an indigenous African language as official languages . In addition , English was gaining prominence as the language most often used in commerce and industry . The 1974 decree was intended to forcibly reverse the decline of Afrikaans among black Africans . The Afrikaner - dominated government used the clause of the 1909 Union of South Africa Act that recognised only English and Dutch ( the latter being replaced by Afrikaans in 1925 ) as official languages as the pretext to do so . While all schools had to provide instruction in both Afrikaans and English as languages , white South African students learned other subjects in their home language .", "Punt Janson , the Deputy Minister of Bantu Education at the time , was quoted as saying : `` A Black man may be trained to work on a farm or in a factory . He may work for an employer who is either English - speaking or Afrikaans - speaking and the man who has to give him instructions may be either English - speaking or Afrikaans - speaking . Why should we now start quarrelling about the medium of instruction among the Black people as well ? ... No , I have not consulted them and I am not going to consult them . I have consulted the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa ... ''", "The decree was resented deeply by blacks . Desmond Tutu , bishop of Lesotho and later Dean of Johannesburg , stated that Afrikaans was `` the language of the oppressor '' . Teacher organisations , such as the African Teachers Association of South Africa , objected to the decree . A change in language of instruction forced the students to focus on understanding the language instead of the subject material . This made critical analysis of the content difficult and discouraged critical thinking .", "The resentment grew until 30 April 1976 , when children at Orlando West Junior School in Soweto went on strike , refusing to go to school . Their rebellion then spread to many other schools in Soweto . Black South African students protested because they believed that they deserved to be treated and taught equally to white South Africans . A student from Morris Isaacson High School , Teboho `` Tsietsi '' Mashinini , proposed a meeting on 13 June 1976 to discuss what should be done . Students formed an Action Committee ( later known as the Soweto Students ' Representative Council ) , which organised a mass rally for 16 June , to make themselves heard .", "On the morning of 16 June 1976 , between 10,000 and 20,000 black students walked from their schools to Orlando Stadium for a rally to protest against having to learn through Afrikaans in school . Many students who later participated in the protest arrived at school that morning without prior knowledge of the protest , yet agreed to become involved . The protest was planned by the Soweto Students ' Representative Council 's ( SSRC ) Action Committee , with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement . Teachers in Soweto also supported the march after the Action Committee emphasised good discipline and peaceful action .", "Tsietsi Mashinini led students from Morris Isaacson High School to join up with others who walked from Naledi High School . The students began the march only to find out that police had barricaded the road along their intended route . The leader of the action committee asked the crowd not to provoke the police and the march continued on another route , eventually ending up near Orlando High School . The crowd of between 3,000 and 10,000 students made their way towards the area of the school . Students sang and waved placards with slogans such as , `` Down with Afrikaans '' , `` Viva Azania '' and `` If we must do Afrikaans , Vorster must do Zulu '' .", "The police set their dog on the protesters , who responded by killing it . The police then began to shoot directly at the children .", "Among the first students to be shot dead were 15 year old Hastings Ndlovu and 13 year old Hector Pieterson , who were shot at Orlando West High School . The photographer Sam Nzima took a photograph of a dying Hector Pieterson as he was carried away by Mbuyisa Makhubo and accompanied by his sister , Antoinette Sithole . The photograph became the symbol of the Soweto uprising . The police attacks on the demonstrators continued and 23 people died on the first day in Soweto . Among them was Dr Melville Edelstein , who had devoted his life to social welfare among blacks . He was stoned to death by the mob and left with a sign around his neck proclaiming `` Beware Afrikaners '' .", "The violence escalated , as bottle stores and beer halls -- seen as outposts of the apartheid government -- were targeted , as were the official outposts of the state . The violence abated by nightfall . Police vans and armoured vehicles patrolled the streets throughout the night .", "Emergency clinics were swamped with injured and bloody children . The police requested that the hospital provide a list of all victims with bullet wounds to prosecute them for rioting . The hospital administrator passed this request to the doctors , but the doctors refused to create the list . Doctors recorded bullet wounds as abscesses .", "The 1,500 heavily armed police officers deployed to Soweto on 17 June carried weapons including automatic rifles , stun guns , and carbines . They drove around in armoured vehicles with helicopters monitoring the area from the sky . The South African Army was also ordered on standby as a tactical measure to show military force . Crowd control methods used by South African police at the time included mainly dispersement techniques .", "The number of people who died is usually given as 176 with estimates up to 700 . The original government figure claimed only 23 students were killed ; the number of wounded was estimated to be over a thousand people .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The aftermath of the uprising established the leading role of the ANC in the anti-apartheid struggle , as it was the body best able to channel and organise students seeking the end of apartheid . So , although the BCM 's ideas had been important in creating the climate that gave the students the confidence to strike out , it was the ANC 's non-racialism which came to dominate the discourse of the anti-apartheid movement amongst blacks . The perspectives set out in Joe Slovo 's essay No Middle Road -- written at just this time and predicting the apartheid government had only the choice between more repression and overthrow by the revolutionaries -- were highly influential .", "The clashes also occurred at a time when the South African Government was being forced to `` transform '' apartheid in international eyes towards a more `` benign '' form . In October 1976 , Transkei , the first Bantustan , was proclaimed `` independent '' by the South African Government . This attempt to showcase supposed South African `` commitment '' to self - determination backfired , however , when Transkei was internationally derided as a puppet state .", "For the state the uprising marked the most fundamental challenge yet to apartheid and the economic ( see below ) and political instability it caused was heightened by the strengthening international boycott . It was a further 14 years before Nelson Mandela was released , but at no point was the state able to restore the relative peace and social stability of the early 1970s as black resistance grew .", "Many white South African citizens were outraged at the government 's actions in Soweto , and about 300 white students from the University of the Witwatersrand marched through Johannesburg 's city centre in protest of the killing of children . Black workers went on strike as well and joined them as the campaign progressed . Riots also broke out in the black townships of other cities in South Africa .", "Student organisations directed the energy and anger of the youth toward political resistance . Students in Thembisa organised a successful and non-violent solidarity march , but a similar protest held in Kagiso led to police stopping a group of participants and forcing them to retreat , before killing at least five people while waiting for reinforcements . The violence only died down on 18 June . The University of Zululand 's records and administration buildings were set ablaze , and 33 people died in incidents in Port Elizabeth in August . In Cape Town 92 people died between August and September .", "Most of the bloodshed had abated by the close of 1976 , but by that time the death toll stood at more than 600 .", "The continued clashes in Soweto caused economic instability . The South African rand devalued fast and the government was plunged into a crisis .", "The African National Congress printed and distributed leaflets with the slogan `` Free Mandela , Hang Vorster '' , immediately linking the language issue to its revolutionary heritage and programme and helping establish its leading role ( see Baruch Hirson 's `` Year of Fire , Year of Ash '' for a discussion of the ANC 's ability to channel and direct the popular anger ) .", "The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 392 which strongly condemned the incident and the apartheid government .", "A week after the uprising began , Henry Kissinger , the United States Secretary of State , met the South African State President , B.J. Vorster in West Germany to discuss the situation in Rhodesia , but the Soweto uprising did not feature in their discussions . Kissinger and Vorster met again in Pretoria in September 1976 , with students in Soweto and elsewhere protesting his visit , and being fired on by police .", "African National Congress ( ANC ) exiles called for international action and more economic sanctions against South Africa .", "Images of the riots spread all over the world , shocking millions . The photograph of Hector Pieterson 's dead body , as captured by photojournalist Sam Nzima , caused outrage and brought down international condemnation on the Apartheid government .", "The Soweto riots are depicted in the 1987 film by director Richard Attenborough , Cry Freedom , and in the 1992 musical film Sarafina ! . The riots also inspired the novel A Dry White Season by Andre Brink , and a 1989 movie of the same title . The Soweto uprising also featured in the 2003 film Stander about notorious bank robber and former police captain , Andre Stander . The lyrics of the song `` Soweto Blues '' by Hugh Masekela and Miriam Makeba describe the Soweto Uprising and the children 's part in it .", "20 years after the uprising , in June 1996 , the Ulwazi Educational Radio Project of Johannesburg compiled an hour - long radio documentary portraying the events of 16 June entirely from the perspective of people living in Soweto at the time . Many of the students who planned or joined the uprising took part , as did other witnesses , including photographer Peter Magubane , reporter Sophie Tema , and Tim Wilson , the white doctor who pronounced Hector Pieterson dead in Baragwanath hospital . The programme was broadcast on SABC and on a number of local radio stations throughout South Africa . The following year , BBC Radio 4 and BBC World Service broadcast a revised version containing fresh interviews and entitled The Day Apartheid Died . The programme was runner - up at the 1998 European Community Humanitarian Office ( ECHO ) TV & Radio Awards and also at the 1998 Media Awards of the One World International Broadcasting Trust , and was highly commended at the 1998 Prix Italia radio awards . In May 1999 , it was re-broadcast by BBC Radio 4 as The Death of Apartheid with a fresh introduction , providing added historical context for a British audience , by Anthony Sampson , former editor of Drum magazine and author of the authorised biography ( 1999 ) of Nelson Mandela . Sampson linked extracts from the BBC Sound Archive that charted the long struggle against apartheid from the Sharpeville massacre of 1960 , through the riots of 1976 and the murder of Steve Biko , and right up to Mandela 's release from prison in 1990 and the future president 's speech in which he acknowledged the debt owed by all black South Africans to the students who gave their lives in Soweto on 16 June 1976 ." ]

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[ "According to the theory of relativity , time dilation is a difference in the elapsed time measured by two observers , either due to a velocity difference relative to each other , or by being differently situated relative to a gravitational field . As a result of the nature of spacetime , a clock that is moving relative to an observer will be measured to tick slower than a clock that is at rest in the observer 's own frame of reference . A clock that is under the influence of a stronger gravitational field than an observer 's will also be measured to tick slower than the observer 's own clock .", "Such time dilation has been repeatedly demonstrated , for instance by small disparities in a pair of atomic clocks after one of them is sent on a space trip , or by clocks on the Space Shuttle running slightly slower than reference clocks on Earth , or clocks on GPS and Galileo satellites running slightly faster . Time dilation has also been the subject of science fiction works , as it technically provides the means for forward time travel .", "Time dilation by the Lorentz factor was predicted by several authors at the turn of the 20th century . Joseph Larmor ( 1897 ) , at least for electrons orbiting a nucleus , wrote `` ... individual electrons describe corresponding parts of their orbits in times shorter for the ( rest ) system in the ratio : 1 − v 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ scriptstyle ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) `` . Emil Cohn ( 1904 ) specifically related this formula to the rate of clocks . In the context of special relativity it was shown by Albert Einstein ( 1905 ) that this effect concerns the nature of time itself , and he was also the first to point out its reciprocity or symmetry . Subsequently , Hermann Minkowski ( 1907 ) introduced the concept of proper time which further clarified the meaning of time dilation .", "Special relativity indicates that , for an observer in an inertial frame of reference , a clock that is moving relative to him will be measured to tick slower than a clock that is at rest in his frame of reference . This case is sometimes called special relativistic time dilation . The faster the relative velocity , the greater the time dilation between one another , with the rate of time reaching zero as one approaches the speed of light ( 299,792,458 m / s ) . This causes massless particles that travel at the speed of light to be unaffected by the passage of time .", "Theoretically , time dilation would make it possible for passengers in a fast - moving vehicle to advance further into the future in a short period of their own time . For sufficiently high speeds , the effect is dramatic . For example , one year of travel might correspond to ten years on Earth . Indeed , a constant 1 g acceleration would permit humans to travel through the entire known Universe in one human lifetime. . At a constant 1 g traveling up to 0.99999999 c it would take 30 years to reach the edge of the universe 13.5 billions lightyears away . Space travelers could then return to Earth billions of years in the future . A scenario based on this idea was presented in the novel Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle , and the Orion Project has been an attempt toward this idea .", "With current technology severely limiting the velocity of space travel , however , the differences experienced in practice are minuscule : after 6 months on the International Space Station ( ISS ) ( which orbits Earth at a speed of about 7,700 m / s ) an astronaut would have aged about 0.005 seconds less than those on Earth . The current human time travel record holder is Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev . He gained 22.68 milliseconds of lifetime on his journeys to space and therefore beat the previous record of about 20 milliseconds by cosmonaut Sergei Avdeyev .", "Time dilation can be inferred from the observed constancy of the speed of light in all reference frames dictated by the second postulate of special relativity .", "This constancy of the speed of light means that , counter to intuition , speeds of material objects and light are not additive . It is not possible to make the speed of light appear greater by moving towards or away from the light source .", "Consider then , a simple clock consisting of two mirrors A and B , between which a light pulse is bouncing . The separation of the mirrors is L and the clock ticks once each time the light pulse hits either of the mirrors .", "In the frame in which the clock is at rest ( diagram on the left ) , the light pulse traces out a path of length 2L and the period of the clock is 2L divided by the speed of light :", "Δ t = 2 L c . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t = ( \\ frac ( 2L ) ( c ) ) . )", "Δ t = 2 L c . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t = ( \\ frac ( 2L ) ( c ) ) . )", "From the frame of reference of a moving observer traveling at the speed v relative to the resting frame of the clock ( diagram at right ) , the light pulse is seen as tracing out a longer , angled path . Keeping the speed of light constant for all inertial observers , requires a lengthening of the period of this clock from the moving observer 's perspective . That is to say , in a frame moving relative to the local clock , this clock will appear to be running more slowly . Straightforward application of the Pythagorean theorem leads to the well - known prediction of special relativity :", "The total time for the light pulse to trace its path is given by", "Δ t ′ = 2 D c . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' = ( \\ frac ( 2D ) ( c ) ) . )", "Δ t ′ = 2 D c . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' = ( \\ frac ( 2D ) ( c ) ) . )", "The length of the half path can be calculated as a function of known quantities as", "D = ( 1 2 v Δ t ′ ) 2 + L 2 . ( \\ displaystyle D = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) v \\ Delta t ' \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . )", "D = ( 1 2 v Δ t ′ ) 2 + L 2 . ( \\ displaystyle D = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) v \\ Delta t ' \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . )", "Elimination of the variables D and L from these three equations results in", "Δ t ′ = Δ t 1 − v 2 c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta t ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) , )", "Δ t ′ = Δ t 1 − v 2 c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta t ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) , )", "which expresses the fact that the moving observer 's period of the clock Δ t ′ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' ) is longer than the period Δ t ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ) in the frame of the clock itself .", "Given a certain frame of reference , and the `` stationary '' observer described earlier , if a second observer accompanied the `` moving '' clock , each of the observers would perceive the other 's clock as ticking at a slower rate than their own local clock , due to them both perceiving the other to be the one that 's in motion relative to their own stationary frame of reference .", "Common sense would dictate that , if the passage of time has slowed for a moving object , said object would observe the external world 's time to be correspondingly sped up . Counterintuitively , special relativity predicts the opposite . When two observers are in motion relative to each other , each will measure the other 's clock slowing down , in concordance with them being moving relative to the observer 's frame of reference .", "While this seems self - contradictory , a similar oddity occurs in everyday life . If two persons A and B observe each other from a distance , B will appear small to A , but at the same time A will appear small to B. Being familiar with the effects of perspective , there is no contradiction or paradox in this situation .", "The reciprocity of the phenomenon also leads to the so - called twin paradox where the aging of twins , one staying on Earth and the other embarking on a space travel , is compared , and where the reciprocity suggests that both persons should have the same age when they reunite . On the contrary , at the end of the round - trip , the traveling twin will be younger than his brother on Earth . The dilemma posed by the paradox , however , can be explained by the fact that the traveling twin must markedly accelerate in at least three phases of the trip ( beginning , direction change , and end ) , while the other will only experience negligible acceleration , due to rotation and revolution of Earth . During the acceleration phases of the space travel , time dilation is not symmetric .", "Ives and Stilwell ( 1938 , 1941 ) stated purpose of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect , predicted by Larmor -- Lorentz ether theory , due to motion through the ether using Einstein 's suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment . These experiments measured the Doppler shift of the radiation emitted from cathode rays , when viewed from directly in front and from directly behind . The high and low frequencies detected were not the classically predicted values", "Ives and Stilwell ( 1938 , 1941 ) stated purpose of these experiments was to verify the time dilation effect , predicted by Larmor -- Lorentz ether theory , due to motion through the ether using Einstein 's suggestion that Doppler effect in canal rays would provide a suitable experiment . These experiments measured the Doppler shift of the radiation emitted from cathode rays , when viewed from directly in front and from directly behind . The high and low frequencies detected were not the classically predicted values", "f 0 1 − v / c and f 0 1 + v / c . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 + v / c ) ). \\ , ) The high and low frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources were measured as 1 + v / c 1 − v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 + v / c ) f 0 and 1 − v / c 1 + v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 − v / c ) f 0 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 + v / c ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 + v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 - v / c ) ( 1 + v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 - v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) , \\ , ) as deduced by Einstein ( 1905 ) from the Lorentz transformation , when the source is running slow by the Lorentz factor .", "f 0 1 − v / c and f 0 1 + v / c . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 + v / c ) ). \\ , )", "f 0 1 − v / c and f 0 1 + v / c . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 + v / c ) ). \\ , )", "f 0 1 − v / c and f 0 1 + v / c . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ frac ( f_ ( 0 ) ) ( 1 + v / c ) ). \\ , )", "The high and low frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources were measured as 1 + v / c 1 − v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 + v / c ) f 0 and 1 − v / c 1 + v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 − v / c ) f 0 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 + v / c ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 + v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 - v / c ) ( 1 + v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 - v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) , \\ , )", "1 + v / c 1 − v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 + v / c ) f 0 and 1 − v / c 1 + v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 − v / c ) f 0 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 + v / c ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 + v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 - v / c ) ( 1 + v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 - v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) , \\ , )", "1 + v / c 1 − v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 + v / c ) f 0 and 1 − v / c 1 + v / c f 0 = γ ( 1 − v / c ) f 0 , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 + v / c ) ( 1 - v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 + v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) \\ qquad ( \\ text ( and ) ) \\ qquad ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 1 - v / c ) ( 1 + v / c ) ) ) f_ ( 0 ) = \\ gamma \\ left ( 1 - v / c \\ right ) f_ ( 0 ) , \\ , )", "as deduced by Einstein ( 1905 ) from the Lorentz transformation , when the source is running slow by the Lorentz factor .", "Hasselkamp , Mondry , and Scharmann ( 1979 ) measured the Doppler shift from a source moving at right angles to the line of sight . The most general relationship between frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources is given by :", "Hasselkamp , Mondry , and Scharmann ( 1979 ) measured the Doppler shift from a source moving at right angles to the line of sight . The most general relationship between frequencies of the radiation from the moving sources is given by :", "f d e t e c t e d = f r e s t ( 1 − v c cos ⁡ φ ) / 1 − v 2 / c 2 ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( \\ mathrm ( detected ) ) = f_ ( \\ mathrm ( rest ) ) ( \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ) ( c ) ) \\ cos \\ phi \\ right ) / ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) / ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) as deduced by Einstein ( 1905 ) . For φ = 90 ° ( cos φ = 0 ) this reduces to f = f γ . This lower frequency from the moving source can be attributed to the time dilation effect and is often called the transverse Doppler effect and was predicted by relativity .", "f d e t e c t e d = f r e s t ( 1 − v c cos ⁡ φ ) / 1 − v 2 / c 2 ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( \\ mathrm ( detected ) ) = f_ ( \\ mathrm ( rest ) ) ( \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ) ( c ) ) \\ cos \\ phi \\ right ) / ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) / ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) )", "f d e t e c t e d = f r e s t ( 1 − v c cos ⁡ φ ) / 1 − v 2 / c 2 ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( \\ mathrm ( detected ) ) = f_ ( \\ mathrm ( rest ) ) ( \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ) ( c ) ) \\ cos \\ phi \\ right ) / ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) / ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) )", "f d e t e c t e d = f r e s t ( 1 − v c cos ⁡ φ ) / 1 − v 2 / c 2 ( \\ displaystyle f_ ( \\ mathrm ( detected ) ) = f_ ( \\ mathrm ( rest ) ) ( \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ) ( c ) ) \\ cos \\ phi \\ right ) / ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) / ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) )", "as deduced by Einstein ( 1905 ) . For φ = 90 ° ( cos φ = 0 ) this reduces to f = f γ . This lower frequency from the moving source can be attributed to the time dilation effect and is often called the transverse Doppler effect and was predicted by relativity .", "In 2010 time dilation was observed at speeds of less than 10 meters per second using optical atomic clocks connected by 75 meters of optical fiber .", "In 2010 time dilation was observed at speeds of less than 10 meters per second using optical atomic clocks connected by 75 meters of optical fiber .", "A comparison of muon lifetimes at different speeds is possible . In the laboratory , slow muons are produced ; and in the atmosphere , very fast moving muons are introduced by cosmic rays . Taking the muon lifetime at rest as the laboratory value of 2.197 μs , the lifetime of a cosmic ray produced muon traveling at 98 % of the speed of light is about five times longer , in agreement with observations . An example is Rossi and Hall ( 1941 ) , who compared the population of cosmic - ray - produced muons at the top of a mountain to that observed at sea level .", "A comparison of muon lifetimes at different speeds is possible . In the laboratory , slow muons are produced ; and in the atmosphere , very fast moving muons are introduced by cosmic rays . Taking the muon lifetime at rest as the laboratory value of 2.197 μs , the lifetime of a cosmic ray produced muon traveling at 98 % of the speed of light is about five times longer , in agreement with observations . An example is Rossi and Hall ( 1941 ) , who compared the population of cosmic - ray - produced muons at the top of a mountain to that observed at sea level .", "The lifetime of particles produced in particle accelerators appears longer due to time dilation . In such experiments the `` clock '' is the time taken by processes leading to muon decay , and these processes take place in the moving muon at its own `` clock rate '' , which is much slower than the laboratory clock . This is routinely taken into account in particle physics , and many dedicated measurements have been performed . For instance , in the muon storage ring at CERN the lifetime of muons circulating with γ = 29.327 was found to be dilated to 64.378 μs , confirming time dilation to an accuracy of 0.9 ± 0.4 parts per thousand .", "The lifetime of particles produced in particle accelerators appears longer due to time dilation . In such experiments the `` clock '' is the time taken by processes leading to muon decay , and these processes take place in the moving muon at its own `` clock rate '' , which is much slower than the laboratory clock . This is routinely taken into account in particle physics , and many dedicated measurements have been performed . For instance , in the muon storage ring at CERN the lifetime of muons circulating with γ = 29.327 was found to be dilated to 64.378 μs , confirming time dilation to an accuracy of 0.9 ± 0.4 parts per thousand .", "In the Minkowski diagram from the second image on the right , clock C resting in inertial frame S ′ meets clock A at d and clock B at f ( both resting in S ) . All three clocks simultaneously start to tick in S . The worldline of A is the ct - axis , the worldline of B intersecting f is parallel to the ct - axis , and the worldline of C is the ct ′ - axis . All events simultaneous with d in S are on the x-axis , in S ′ on the x ′ - axis .", "The proper time between two events is indicated by a clock present at both events . It is invariant , i.e. , in all inertial frames it is agreed that this time is indicated by that clock . Interval df is therefore the proper time of clock C , and is shorter with respect to the coordinate times ef = dg of clocks B and A in S. Conversely , also proper time ef of B is shorter with respect to time if in S ′ , because event e was measured in S ′ already at time i due to relativity of simultaneity , long before C started to tick .", "From that it can be seen , that the proper time between two events indicated by an unaccelerated clock present at both events , compared with the synchronized coordinate time measured in all other inertial frames , is always the minimal time interval between those events . However , the interval between two events can also correspond to the proper time of accelerated clocks present at both events . Under all possible proper times between two events , the proper time of the unaccelerated clock is maximal , which is the solution to the twin paradox .", "In addition to the light clock used above , the formula for time dilation can be more generally derived from the temporal part of the Lorentz transformation . Let there be two events at which the moving clock indicates t a ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( a ) ) and t b ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( b ) ) , thus", "t a ′ = t a − v x a c 2 1 − v 2 c 2 , t b ′ = t b − v x b c 2 1 − v 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( a ) ^ ( \\ prime ) = ( \\ frac ( t_ ( a ) - ( \\ frac ( vx_ ( a ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) , \\ t_ ( b ) ^ ( \\ prime ) = ( \\ frac ( t_ ( b ) - ( \\ frac ( vx_ ( b ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .", "t a ′ = t a − v x a c 2 1 − v 2 c 2 , t b ′ = t b − v x b c 2 1 − v 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( a ) ^ ( \\ prime ) = ( \\ frac ( t_ ( a ) - ( \\ frac ( vx_ ( a ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) , \\ t_ ( b ) ^ ( \\ prime ) = ( \\ frac ( t_ ( b ) - ( \\ frac ( vx_ ( b ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) .", "Since the clock remains at rest in its inertial frame , it follows x a = x b ( \\ displaystyle x_ ( a ) = x_ ( b ) ) , thus the interval Δ t ′ = t b ′ − t a ′ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ^ ( \\ prime ) = t_ ( b ) ^ ( \\ prime ) - t_ ( a ) ^ ( \\ prime ) ) is given by", "Δ t ′ = γ Δ t = Δ t 1 − v 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' = \\ gamma \\ , \\ Delta t = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta t ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) \\ , )", "Δ t ′ = γ Δ t = Δ t 1 − v 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta t ' = \\ gamma \\ , \\ Delta t = ( \\ frac ( \\ Delta t ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) \\ , )", "where Δt is the time interval between two co-local events ( i.e. happening at the same place ) for an observer in some inertial frame ( e.g. ticks on his clock ) , known as the proper time , Δ t ′ is the time interval between those same events , as measured by another observer , inertially moving with velocity v with respect to the former observer , v is the relative velocity between the observer and the moving clock , c is the speed of light , and the Lorentz factor ( conventionally denoted by the Greek letter gamma or γ ) is", "γ = 1 1 − v 2 c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) \\ , . )", "γ = 1 1 − v 2 c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) \\ , . )", "Thus the duration of the clock cycle of a moving clock is found to be increased : it is measured to be `` running slow '' . The range of such variances in ordinary life , where v ≪ c , even considering space travel , are not great enough to produce easily detectable time dilation effects and such vanishingly small effects can be safely ignored for most purposes . It is only when an object approaches speeds on the order of 30,000 km / s ( 1 / 10 the speed of light ) that time dilation becomes important .", "In special relativity , time dilation is most simply described in circumstances where relative velocity is unchanging . Nevertheless , the Lorentz equations allow one to calculate proper time and movement in space for the simple case of a spaceship which is applied with a force per unit mass , relative to some reference object in uniform ( i.e. constant velocity ) motion , equal to g throughout the period of measurement .", "Let t be the time in an inertial frame subsequently called the rest frame . Let x be a spatial coordinate , and let the direction of the constant acceleration as well as the spaceship 's velocity ( relative to the rest frame ) be parallel to the x-axis . Assuming the spaceship 's position at time t = 0 being x = 0 and the velocity being v and defining the following abbreviation", "γ 0 = 1 1 − v 0 2 / c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , )", "γ 0 = 1 1 − v 0 2 / c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - v_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , )", "the following formulas hold :", "x ( t ) = c 2 g ( 1 + ( g t + v 0 γ 0 ) 2 c 2 − γ 0 ) . ( \\ displaystyle x ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( g ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( gt + v_ ( 0 ) \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) - \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) . )", "x ( t ) = c 2 g ( 1 + ( g t + v 0 γ 0 ) 2 c 2 − γ 0 ) . ( \\ displaystyle x ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( g ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( gt + v_ ( 0 ) \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) - \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) . )", "v ( t ) = g t + v 0 γ 0 1 + ( g t + v 0 γ 0 ) 2 c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle v ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( gt + v_ ( 0 ) \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( gt + v_ ( 0 ) \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) . )", "v ( t ) = g t + v 0 γ 0 1 + ( g t + v 0 γ 0 ) 2 c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle v ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( gt + v_ ( 0 ) \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + ( \\ frac ( \\ left ( gt + v_ ( 0 ) \\ gamma _ ( 0 ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) . )", "Proper time as function of coordinate time :", "τ ( t ) = τ 0 + ∫ 0 t 1 − ( v ( t ′ ) c ) 2 d t ′ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ( t ) = \\ tau _ ( 0 ) + \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v ( t ' ) ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) dt ' . )", "τ ( t ) = τ 0 + ∫ 0 t 1 − ( v ( t ′ ) c ) 2 d t ′ . ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ( t ) = \\ tau _ ( 0 ) + \\ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( v ( t ' ) ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) dt ' . )", "In the case where v ( 0 ) = v = 0 and τ ( 0 ) = τ = 0 the integral can be expressed as a logarithmic function or , equivalently , as an inverse hyperbolic function :", "τ ( t ) = c g ln ⁡ ( g t c + 1 + ( g t c ) 2 ) = c g arsinh ⁡ ( g t c ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( g ) ) \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( gt ) ( c ) ) + ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( gt ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( g ) ) \\ operatorname ( arsinh ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( gt ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) . )", "τ ( t ) = c g ln ⁡ ( g t c + 1 + ( g t c ) 2 ) = c g arsinh ⁡ ( g t c ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ( t ) = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( g ) ) \\ ln \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( gt ) ( c ) ) + ( \\ sqrt ( 1 + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( gt ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( g ) ) \\ operatorname ( arsinh ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( gt ) ( c ) ) \\ right ) . )", "As functions of the proper time τ ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ) of the ship , the following formulae hold :", "x ( τ ) = c 2 g ( cosh ⁡ g τ c − 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle x ( \\ tau ) = ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( g ) ) \\ left ( \\ cosh ( \\ frac ( g \\ tau ) ( c ) ) - 1 \\ right ) . )", "x ( τ ) = c 2 g ( cosh ⁡ g τ c − 1 ) . ( \\ displaystyle x ( \\ tau ) = ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( g ) ) \\ left ( \\ cosh ( \\ frac ( g \\ tau ) ( c ) ) - 1 \\ right ) . )", "v ( τ ) = c tanh ⁡ g τ c . ( \\ displaystyle v ( \\ tau ) = c \\ tanh ( \\ frac ( g \\ tau ) ( c ) ) . )", "v ( τ ) = c tanh ⁡ g τ c . ( \\ displaystyle v ( \\ tau ) = c \\ tanh ( \\ frac ( g \\ tau ) ( c ) ) . )", "Coordinate time as function of proper time :", "t ( τ ) = c g sinh ⁡ g τ c . ( \\ displaystyle t ( \\ tau ) = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( g ) ) \\ sinh ( \\ frac ( g \\ tau ) ( c ) ) . )", "t ( τ ) = c g sinh ⁡ g τ c . ( \\ displaystyle t ( \\ tau ) = ( \\ frac ( c ) ( g ) ) \\ sinh ( \\ frac ( g \\ tau ) ( c ) ) . )", "The clock hypothesis is the assumption that the rate at which a clock is affected by time dilation does not depend on its acceleration but only on its instantaneous velocity . This is equivalent to stating that a clock moving along a path P ( \\ displaystyle P ) measures the proper time , defined by :", "d τ = ∫ P d t 2 − d x 2 / c 2 − d y 2 / c 2 − d z 2 / c 2 ( \\ displaystyle d \\ tau = \\ int _ ( P ) ( \\ sqrt ( dt ^ ( 2 ) - dx ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) - dy ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) - dz ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) .", "d τ = ∫ P d t 2 − d x 2 / c 2 − d y 2 / c 2 − d z 2 / c 2 ( \\ displaystyle d \\ tau = \\ int _ ( P ) ( \\ sqrt ( dt ^ ( 2 ) - dx ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) - dy ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) - dz ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) .", "The clock hypothesis was implicitly ( but not explicitly ) included in Einstein 's original 1905 formulation of special relativity . Since then , it has become a standard assumption and is usually included in the axioms of special relativity , especially in the light of experimental verification up to very high accelerations in particle accelerators .", "Gravitational time dilation is experienced by an observer that , being under the influence of a gravitational field , will measure his own clock to slow down , compared to another that is under a weaker gravitational field .", "Gravitational time dilation is at play e.g. for ISS astronauts . While the astronauts ' relative velocity slows down their time , the reduced gravitational influence at their location speeds it up , although at a lesser degree . Also , a climber 's time is theoretically passing slightly faster at the top of a mountain compared to people at sea level . It has also been calculated that due to time dilation , the core of the Earth is 2.5 years younger than the crust . `` A clock used to time a full rotation of the earth will measure the day to be approximately an extra 10 ns / day longer for every km of altitude above the reference geoid . '' Travel to regions of space where extreme gravitational time dilation is taking place , such as near a black hole , could yield time - shifting results analogous to those of near - lightspeed space travel .", "Contrarily to velocity time dilation , in which both observers measure the other as aging slower ( a reciprocal effect ) , gravitational time dilation is not reciprocal . This means that with gravitational time dilation both observers agree that the clock nearer the center of the gravitational field is slower in rate , and they agree on the ratio of the difference .", "In 1959 Robert Pound and Glen A. Rebka measured the very slight gravitational red shift in the frequency of light emitted at a lower height , where Earth 's gravitational field is relatively more intense . The results were within 10 % of the predictions of general relativity . In 1964 , Pound and J.L. Snider measured a result within 1 % of the value predicted by gravitational time dilation . ( See Pound -- Rebka experiment ) In 2010 gravitational time dilation was measured at the earth 's surface with a height difference of only one meter , using optical atomic clocks .", "In 1959 Robert Pound and Glen A. Rebka measured the very slight gravitational red shift in the frequency of light emitted at a lower height , where Earth 's gravitational field is relatively more intense . The results were within 10 % of the predictions of general relativity . In 1964 , Pound and J.L. Snider measured a result within 1 % of the value predicted by gravitational time dilation . ( See Pound -- Rebka experiment )", "In 2010 gravitational time dilation was measured at the earth 's surface with a height difference of only one meter , using optical atomic clocks .", "High accuracy timekeeping , low earth orbit satellite tracking , and pulsar timing are applications that require the consideration of the combined effects of mass and motion in producing time dilation . Practical examples include the International Atomic Time standard and its relationship with the Barycentric Coordinate Time standard used for interplanetary objects .", "Relativistic time dilation effects for the solar system and the earth can be modeled very precisely by the Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equations . In the Schwarzschild metric , the interval d t E ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) is given by", "d t E 2 = ( 1 − 2 G M i r i c 2 ) d t c 2 − ( 1 − 2 G M i r i c 2 ) − 1 d x 2 + d y 2 + d z 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( 2GM_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) ) ( r_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( 2GM_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) ) ( r_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( 2 ) + dy ^ ( 2 ) + dz ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , )", "d t E 2 = ( 1 − 2 G M i r i c 2 ) d t c 2 − ( 1 − 2 G M i r i c 2 ) − 1 d x 2 + d y 2 + d z 2 c 2 ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( 2GM_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) ) ( r_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - \\ left ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( 2GM_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) ) ( r_ ( \\ text ( i ) ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( 2 ) + dy ^ ( 2 ) + dz ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , )", "d t E ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) is a small increment of proper time t E ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) ( an interval that could be recorded on an atomic clock ) , d t c ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ) is a small increment in the coordinate t c ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ) ( coordinate time ) , d x , d y , d z ( \\ displaystyle dx , dy , dz ) are small increments in the three coordinates x , y , z ( \\ displaystyle x , y , z ) of the clock 's position , G M i r i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( GM_ ( i ) ) ( r_ ( i ) ) ) ) represents the sum of the Newtonian gravitational potentials due to the masses in the neighborhood , based on their distances r i ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( i ) ) from the clock . This sum includes any tidal potentials .", "d t E ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) is a small increment of proper time t E ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) ( an interval that could be recorded on an atomic clock ) ,", "d t c ( \\ displaystyle dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ) is a small increment in the coordinate t c ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ) ( coordinate time ) ,", "d x , d y , d z ( \\ displaystyle dx , dy , dz ) are small increments in the three coordinates x , y , z ( \\ displaystyle x , y , z ) of the clock 's position ,", "G M i r i ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( GM_ ( i ) ) ( r_ ( i ) ) ) ) represents the sum of the Newtonian gravitational potentials due to the masses in the neighborhood , based on their distances r i ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( i ) ) from the clock . This sum includes any tidal potentials .", "The coordinate velocity of the clock is given by", "v 2 = d x 2 + d y 2 + d z 2 d t c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( 2 ) + dy ^ ( 2 ) + dz ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ). \\ , )", "v 2 = d x 2 + d y 2 + d z 2 d t c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( 2 ) = ( \\ frac ( dx ^ ( 2 ) + dy ^ ( 2 ) + dz ^ ( 2 ) ) ( dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ). \\ , )", "The coordinate time t c ( \\ displaystyle t_ ( c ) ) is the time that would be read on a hypothetical `` coordinate clock '' situated infinitely far from all gravitational masses ( U = 0 ( \\ displaystyle U = 0 ) ) , and stationary in the system of coordinates ( v = 0 ( \\ displaystyle v = 0 ) ) . The exact relation between the rate of proper time and the rate of coordinate time for a clock with a radial component of velocity is", "d t E d t c = 1 − 2 U c 2 − v 2 c 2 − ( c 2 2 U − 1 ) − 1 v ∥ 2 c 2 = 1 − ( β 2 + β e 2 + β ∥ 2 β e 2 1 − β e 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) ( dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( 2U ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2U ) ) - 1 \\ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \\ frac ( ( v_ ( \\ shortparallel ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - \\ left ( \\ beta ^ ( 2 ) + \\ beta _ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ frac ( \\ beta _ ( \\ shortparallel ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ beta _ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 - \\ beta _ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) \\ , )", "d t E d t c = 1 − 2 U c 2 − v 2 c 2 − ( c 2 2 U − 1 ) − 1 v ∥ 2 c 2 = 1 − ( β 2 + β e 2 + β ∥ 2 β e 2 1 − β e 2 ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dt_ ( \\ text ( E ) ) ) ( dt_ ( \\ text ( c ) ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - ( \\ frac ( 2U ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \\ frac ( v ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2U ) ) - 1 \\ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \\ frac ( ( v_ ( \\ shortparallel ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - \\ left ( \\ beta ^ ( 2 ) + \\ beta _ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ frac ( \\ beta _ ( \\ shortparallel ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ beta _ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 - \\ beta _ ( e ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) ) ) \\ , )", "v ∥ ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( \\ shortparallel ) ) is the radial velocity , v e = 2 G M i r i ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 2GM_ ( i ) ) ( r_ ( i ) ) ) ) ) is the escape velocity , β = v / c ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = v / c ) , β e = v e / c ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( e ) = v_ ( e ) / c ) and β ∥ = v ∥ / c ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( \\ shortparallel ) = v_ ( \\ shortparallel ) / c ) are velocities as a percentage of speed of light c , U = G M i r i ( \\ displaystyle U = ( \\ frac ( GM_ ( i ) ) ( r_ ( i ) ) ) ) is the Newtonian potential , equivalent to half of the escape velocity squared .", "v ∥ ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( \\ shortparallel ) ) is the radial velocity ,", "v e = 2 G M i r i ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( e ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( 2GM_ ( i ) ) ( r_ ( i ) ) ) ) ) is the escape velocity ,", "β = v / c ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = v / c ) , β e = v e / c ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( e ) = v_ ( e ) / c ) and β ∥ = v ∥ / c ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( \\ shortparallel ) = v_ ( \\ shortparallel ) / c ) are velocities as a percentage of speed of light c ,", "U = G M i r i ( \\ displaystyle U = ( \\ frac ( GM_ ( i ) ) ( r_ ( i ) ) ) ) is the Newtonian potential , equivalent to half of the escape velocity squared .", "The above equation is exact under the assumptions of the Schwarzschild solution . It reduces to velocity time dilation equation in the presence of motion and absence of gravity , i.e. β e = 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta _ ( e ) = 0 ) . It reduces to gravitational time dilation equation in the absence of motion and presence of gravity , i.e. β = 0 = β ∥ ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta = 0 = \\ beta _ ( \\ shortparallel ) ) .", "Hafele and Keating , in 1971 , flew caesium atomic clocks east and west around the earth in commercial airliners , to compare the elapsed time against that of a clock that remained at the U.S. Naval Observatory . Two opposite effects came into play . The clocks were expected to age more quickly ( show a larger elapsed time ) than the reference clock , since they were in a higher ( weaker ) gravitational potential for most of the trip ( c.f. Pound -- Rebka experiment ) . But also , contrastingly , the moving clocks were expected to age more slowly because of the speed of their travel . From the actual flight paths of each trip , the theory predicted that the flying clocks , compared with reference clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory , should have lost 40 ± 23 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and should have gained 275 ± 21 nanoseconds during the westward trip . Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory , the flying clocks lost 59 ± 10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273 ± 7 nanoseconds during the westward trip ( where the error bars represent standard deviation ) . In 2005 , the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom reported their limited replication of this experiment . The NPL experiment differed from the original in that the caesium clocks were sent on a shorter trip ( London -- Washington , D.C. return ) , but the clocks were more accurate . The reported results are within 4 % of the predictions of relativity , within the uncertainty of the measurements . The Global Positioning System can be considered a continuously operating experiment in both special and general relativity . The in - orbit clocks are corrected for both special and general relativistic time dilation effects as described above , so that ( as observed from the earth 's surface ) they run at the same rate as clocks on the surface of the Earth .", "Hafele and Keating , in 1971 , flew caesium atomic clocks east and west around the earth in commercial airliners , to compare the elapsed time against that of a clock that remained at the U.S. Naval Observatory . Two opposite effects came into play . The clocks were expected to age more quickly ( show a larger elapsed time ) than the reference clock , since they were in a higher ( weaker ) gravitational potential for most of the trip ( c.f. Pound -- Rebka experiment ) . But also , contrastingly , the moving clocks were expected to age more slowly because of the speed of their travel . From the actual flight paths of each trip , the theory predicted that the flying clocks , compared with reference clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory , should have lost 40 ± 23 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and should have gained 275 ± 21 nanoseconds during the westward trip . Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory , the flying clocks lost 59 ± 10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273 ± 7 nanoseconds during the westward trip ( where the error bars represent standard deviation ) . In 2005 , the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom reported their limited replication of this experiment . The NPL experiment differed from the original in that the caesium clocks were sent on a shorter trip ( London -- Washington , D.C. return ) , but the clocks were more accurate . The reported results are within 4 % of the predictions of relativity , within the uncertainty of the measurements .", "The Global Positioning System can be considered a continuously operating experiment in both special and general relativity . The in - orbit clocks are corrected for both special and general relativistic time dilation effects as described above , so that ( as observed from the earth 's surface ) they run at the same rate as clocks on the surface of the Earth .", "Physics portal", "Jump up ^ Average time dilation has a weak dependence on the orbital inclination angle ( Ashby 2003 , p. 32 ) . The r ≈ 1.497 result corresponds to the orbital inclination of modern GPS satellites , which is 55 degrees .", "Jump up ^ Average time dilation has a weak dependence on the orbital inclination angle ( Ashby 2003 , p. 32 ) . The r ≈ 1.497 result corresponds to the orbital inclination of modern GPS satellites , which is 55 degrees ." ]

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[ "The Inbetweeners Genre Sitcom Blue comedy Cringe comedy Slapstick Created by Damon Beesley Iain Morris Written by Damon Beesley Iain Morris Directed by Gordon Anderson Ben Palmer Damon Beesley Iain Morris Starring Simon Bird Joe Thomas James Buckley Blake Harrison Narrated by Simon Bird Opening theme `` Gone Up in Flames '' ( instrumental ) by Morning Runner Composer ( s ) See Music Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Damon Beesley Iain Morris Caroline Leddy Producer ( s ) Christopher Young Location ( s ) West London Cinematography Rob Kitzmann Jamie Cairney Ben Wheeler Editor ( s ) William Webb Charlie Fawcett Billy Sneddon Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Bwark Productions Young Films Distributor E4 Release Original network E4 Picture format 16 : 9 ( 576i SDTV ) First shown in United Kingdom Original release 1 May 2008 -- 18 October 2010 External links Website", "The Inbetweeners", "Genre Sitcom Blue comedy Cringe comedy Slapstick", "Created by Damon Beesley Iain Morris", "Written by Damon Beesley Iain Morris", "Directed by Gordon Anderson Ben Palmer Damon Beesley Iain Morris", "Starring Simon Bird Joe Thomas James Buckley Blake Harrison", "Narrated by Simon Bird", "Opening theme `` Gone Up in Flames '' ( instrumental ) by Morning Runner", "Composer ( s ) See Music", "Country of origin United Kingdom", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of series", "No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Damon Beesley Iain Morris Caroline Leddy", "Producer ( s ) Christopher Young", "Location ( s ) West London", "Cinematography Rob Kitzmann Jamie Cairney Ben Wheeler", "Editor ( s ) William Webb Charlie Fawcett Billy Sneddon", "Running time 25 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Bwark Productions Young Films", "Distributor E4", "Release", "Original network E4", "Picture format 16 : 9 ( 576i SDTV )", "First shown in United Kingdom", "Original release 1 May 2008 -- 18 October 2010", "External links", "Website", "The Inbetweeners is a British coming of age sitcom television series which originally aired on E4 from 2008 -- 2010 , created and written by Damon Beesley and Iain Morris . The series followed the misadventures of suburban teenager Will ( Simon Bird ) and his friends Simon ( Joe Thomas ) , Neil ( Blake Harrison ) , and Jay ( James Buckley ) at the fictional Rudge Park Comprehensive . The episodes involved situations of school life , uncaring school staff , friendship , male bonding , Lad culture , and largely failed sexual encounters .", "The show was nominated for ' Best Situation Comedy ' at BAFTA twice , in 2009 and 2010 . At the British Academy Television Awards 2010 , it won the Audience Award , and in 2010 the show won the Best Sitcom award at the British Comedy Awards . In the 2011 British Comedy Awards , the show also won the award for Outstanding Contribution to British Comedy .", "The Inbetweeners Movie was released on 17 August 2011 to box office success , and a sequel followed on 6 August 2014 .", "Damon Beesley and Iain Morris met as producers on Channel 4 's The 11 O'Clock Show . Following posts as commissioners at Channel 4 , where Morris shepherded Peep Show , the two launched their own company , Bwark Productions , in 2004 and landed their first series with The Inbetweeners . A pilot for the show was produced in 2006 under the direction of James Bobin titled `` Baggy Trousers '' .", "E4 originally aired the first series in May 2008 , and Channel 4 also broadcast it in November that year . The second series began screening in the UK on 2 April 2009 and finished on 7 May 2009 . A third series was commissioned by E4 , commencing on 1 September 2010 and ending on 18 October 2010 . The first episode of the third series had the highest - ever audience for an E4 original commission . Following the conclusion of the third series , the cast and crew of the show indicated that there would be no fourth series as the show had run its course , but that an Inbetweeners movie would be produced , set some time after the third series and following the cast on a holiday in Malia , Crete , Greece .", "For Red Nose Day 2011 , the stars of the show travelled around the UK in the yellow Fiat Cinquecento Hawaii featured in the show in a special named The Inbetweeners : Rude Road Trip . The aim was to try to find the 50 rudest place names in the country .", "The four main characters are seen in every episode as well as the 2011 and 2014 films . They consist of :", "Will McKenzie ( Simon Bird ) is the show 's central character , with his voiceover introducing and concluding each episode . In the first episode he has been transferred from a private school , following his parents ' divorce , to Rudge Park Comprehensive , where he eventually befriends the others . He is an unconventional hero -- although he is generally the wittiest and most level - headed of the group , he is prone to making bad choices and his sarcasm occasionally leads to him making outrageous and offensive remarks . Will is intelligent , focused and eager to get into a good university . However , he is shown to be romantically frustrated , and pessimistic about his chances , due to his awareness of his lack of any kind of suave or social grace . Jay Cartwright ( James Buckley ) is the most immature and arrogant of the boys . He is also the most vulgar of the group and harbours a generally misogynistic outlook . He is obsessed with sex , with almost all his comments being about the subject . In his mind , he is the most sexually experienced of the group . He frequently tells wild and fictitious stories about his experiences ( sexual or otherwise ) , and hands out highly ridiculous advice which demonstrates that in reality he has very little understanding of the subject discussed , also substituting crude nicknames for vagina . In fact he is actually the least sexually experienced of the group , frequently relying on pornography to attain gratification , as he finds it difficult to engage with girls . In addition to his sexual stories , Jay compulsively lies about just about anything to make himself seem interesting , no matter how unbelievable . Simon Cooper ( Joe Thomas ) is the most cynical and grumpy of the group , being prone to bouts of hysterical swearing at the slightest provocation -- such as gentle goading , family rules , or even well - meaning advice -- from his family or peers . However , he is also shown in several scenes to be the friendliest and the everyman of the group , and he maintains a closer relationship with Will than any of the others . Simon considers himself to be the most romantic of the boys , his on - off relationship with Carli propelling many of the plots . Neil Sutherland ( Blake Harrison ) is known to be the dim - witted , gentle and gullible `` nice guy '' member of the group . He often fails to appreciate he is responsible for the bad situations he causes , and fails to pick up on sarcasm , often taking comments seriously and consistently believes Jay 's compulsive and blatant lies . Neil 's simpler mind means he is often happy and positive as well as more accepting of Will and he displays less of the selfishness and obsession with sex as the others . He tends to be the most sexually experienced member of the group .", "Will McKenzie ( Simon Bird ) is the show 's central character , with his voiceover introducing and concluding each episode . In the first episode he has been transferred from a private school , following his parents ' divorce , to Rudge Park Comprehensive , where he eventually befriends the others . He is an unconventional hero -- although he is generally the wittiest and most level - headed of the group , he is prone to making bad choices and his sarcasm occasionally leads to him making outrageous and offensive remarks . Will is intelligent , focused and eager to get into a good university . However , he is shown to be romantically frustrated , and pessimistic about his chances , due to his awareness of his lack of any kind of suave or social grace .", "Jay Cartwright ( James Buckley ) is the most immature and arrogant of the boys . He is also the most vulgar of the group and harbours a generally misogynistic outlook . He is obsessed with sex , with almost all his comments being about the subject . In his mind , he is the most sexually experienced of the group . He frequently tells wild and fictitious stories about his experiences ( sexual or otherwise ) , and hands out highly ridiculous advice which demonstrates that in reality he has very little understanding of the subject discussed , also substituting crude nicknames for vagina . In fact he is actually the least sexually experienced of the group , frequently relying on pornography to attain gratification , as he finds it difficult to engage with girls . In addition to his sexual stories , Jay compulsively lies about just about anything to make himself seem interesting , no matter how unbelievable .", "Simon Cooper ( Joe Thomas ) is the most cynical and grumpy of the group , being prone to bouts of hysterical swearing at the slightest provocation -- such as gentle goading , family rules , or even well - meaning advice -- from his family or peers . However , he is also shown in several scenes to be the friendliest and the everyman of the group , and he maintains a closer relationship with Will than any of the others . Simon considers himself to be the most romantic of the boys , his on - off relationship with Carli propelling many of the plots .", "Neil Sutherland ( Blake Harrison ) is known to be the dim - witted , gentle and gullible `` nice guy '' member of the group . He often fails to appreciate he is responsible for the bad situations he causes , and fails to pick up on sarcasm , often taking comments seriously and consistently believes Jay 's compulsive and blatant lies . Neil 's simpler mind means he is often happy and positive as well as more accepting of Will and he displays less of the selfishness and obsession with sex as the others . He tends to be the most sexually experienced member of the group .", "Carli D'Amato ( Emily Head ) is the main love interest of Simon . She demonstrates a good deal of influence over her peers , including school bullies . She and Simon have been friends since the age of eight , and this likely accounts for Simon being able to approach a girl in such a different social circle . Generally , Carli has little romantic interest in Simon but uses his obvious infatuation to her own advantage . Charlotte Hinchcliffe ( Emily Atack ) is the most attractive and popular girl in the school . She is very confident and a year above the four boys . Unlike most of the popular girls Charlotte is very friendly and genuinely likes Will and most other classmates . She mentions to Will that she has had `` eleven lovers already '' , and is held in very high regard by the boys . Mr. Gilbert ( Greg Davies ) is an archetypical comprehensive school teacher . Misanthropic and permanently bitter , he has no interest in his work and treats his pupils with utter contempt . As head of sixth form he answers to the headmaster of the school . Physically he is very tall and strongly built which everyone finds quite intimidating , being described by Will as a `` lunatic giant '' . He has a biting wit and sarcasm which he uses to convey his hatred of his job and the children for whose care he is responsible . Will attempts to endear himself often with Mr Gilbert and is rebuffed . Mr Gilbert evidently wants a quiet life and rather than ensuring fairness between the children he merely defuses situations and moves on , often leaving things unresolved . Mark Donovan ( Henry Lloyd - Hughes ) is Will 's nemesis , often picking on him to fulfill his role as the school bully . Ironically , Donovan is often shown to be somewhat sensitive , and is polite and quiet in front of parents or teachers . When he reveals his sensitive side to Will , he threatens him with death if he speaks of it . Polly McKenzie ( Belinda Stewart - Wilson ) is Will 's Mum . She is found to be very attractive which is mentioned a lot throughout the series . Neil has often asked Will if he can ask her out , with Will always saying no . Pamela Cooper ( Robin Weaver ) is Simon 's Mum . Alan Cooper ( Martin Trenaman ) is Simon 's Dad . Terry Cartwright ( David Schaal ) is Jay 's Dad . He is often found making fun of Jay and not taking him serious about his sexual exploits . He is very similar to Jay in ways as they have a similar sense of humour as Jay gets multiple traits from him . Kevin Sutherland ( Alex Macqueen ) is Neil 's Dad . He is divorced and is often portrayed as a closeted gay man which he always denies . The boys constantly make fun of Neil because of this . Big John ( John Seaward ) is a fellow student . John is one of the new kids who start school on the same day as will . He is often referred to as one of the freaks and is often seen as a social outcast who the boys try to avoid . Tara Brown ( Hannah Tointon ) is Simon 's girlfriend in Series 3 .", "Carli D'Amato ( Emily Head ) is the main love interest of Simon . She demonstrates a good deal of influence over her peers , including school bullies . She and Simon have been friends since the age of eight , and this likely accounts for Simon being able to approach a girl in such a different social circle . Generally , Carli has little romantic interest in Simon but uses his obvious infatuation to her own advantage .", "Charlotte Hinchcliffe ( Emily Atack ) is the most attractive and popular girl in the school . She is very confident and a year above the four boys . Unlike most of the popular girls Charlotte is very friendly and genuinely likes Will and most other classmates . She mentions to Will that she has had `` eleven lovers already '' , and is held in very high regard by the boys .", "Mr. Gilbert ( Greg Davies ) is an archetypical comprehensive school teacher . Misanthropic and permanently bitter , he has no interest in his work and treats his pupils with utter contempt . As head of sixth form he answers to the headmaster of the school . Physically he is very tall and strongly built which everyone finds quite intimidating , being described by Will as a `` lunatic giant '' . He has a biting wit and sarcasm which he uses to convey his hatred of his job and the children for whose care he is responsible . Will attempts to endear himself often with Mr Gilbert and is rebuffed . Mr Gilbert evidently wants a quiet life and rather than ensuring fairness between the children he merely defuses situations and moves on , often leaving things unresolved .", "Mark Donovan ( Henry Lloyd - Hughes ) is Will 's nemesis , often picking on him to fulfill his role as the school bully . Ironically , Donovan is often shown to be somewhat sensitive , and is polite and quiet in front of parents or teachers . When he reveals his sensitive side to Will , he threatens him with death if he speaks of it .", "Polly McKenzie ( Belinda Stewart - Wilson ) is Will 's Mum . She is found to be very attractive which is mentioned a lot throughout the series . Neil has often asked Will if he can ask her out , with Will always saying no .", "Pamela Cooper ( Robin Weaver ) is Simon 's Mum .", "Alan Cooper ( Martin Trenaman ) is Simon 's Dad .", "Terry Cartwright ( David Schaal ) is Jay 's Dad . He is often found making fun of Jay and not taking him serious about his sexual exploits . He is very similar to Jay in ways as they have a similar sense of humour as Jay gets multiple traits from him .", "Kevin Sutherland ( Alex Macqueen ) is Neil 's Dad . He is divorced and is often portrayed as a closeted gay man which he always denies . The boys constantly make fun of Neil because of this .", "Big John ( John Seaward ) is a fellow student . John is one of the new kids who start school on the same day as will . He is often referred to as one of the freaks and is often seen as a social outcast who the boys try to avoid .", "Tara Brown ( Hannah Tointon ) is Simon 's girlfriend in Series 3 .", "Episodes of the first , second and third series can be viewed in Ireland , Japan , Norway , Australia and USA through Netflix . LoveFilm and Channel 4 's catch - up service All 4 also carry it in the UK and Ireland . All three series are also available on YouTube , along with The Inbetweeners : Rude Road Trip and Top Ten Inbetweeners Moments .", "No . Air date Title Viewers E4 rank 1 May 2008 `` First Day '' 321,000 # 8 1 May 2008 `` Bunk Off '' 321,000 # 8 8 May 2008 `` Thorpe Park '' 305,000 # 10 15 May 2008 `` Will Gets a Girlfriend '' 436,000 # 8 5 22 May 2008 `` Caravan Club '' 432,000 # 6 6 29 May 2008 `` Xmas Party '' 422,000 # 7", "No . Air date Title Viewers E4 rank", "1 May 2008 `` First Day '' 321,000 # 8", "1 May 2008 `` Bunk Off '' 321,000 # 8", "8 May 2008 `` Thorpe Park '' 305,000 # 10", "15 May 2008 `` Will Gets a Girlfriend '' 436,000 # 8", "5 22 May 2008 `` Caravan Club '' 432,000 # 6", "6 29 May 2008 `` Xmas Party '' 422,000 # 7", "No . Air date Title Viewers E4 rank Multichannel rank 2 April 2009 `` The Field Trip '' 1.21 m # 1 # 1 9 April 2009 `` Work Experience '' 1.182 m # 1 # 1 16 April 2009 `` Will 's Birthday '' 1.057 m # 1 # 1 23 April 2009 `` A Night Out in London '' 1.015 m # 1 # 1 5 30 April 2009 `` The Duke of Edinburgh Awards '' 1.205 m # 1 # 1 6 7 May 2009 `` Exam Time '' 1.205 m # 1 # 1", "No . Air date Title Viewers E4 rank Multichannel rank", "2 April 2009 `` The Field Trip '' 1.21 m # 1 # 1", "9 April 2009 `` Work Experience '' 1.182 m # 1 # 1", "16 April 2009 `` Will 's Birthday '' 1.057 m # 1 # 1", "23 April 2009 `` A Night Out in London '' 1.015 m # 1 # 1", "5 30 April 2009 `` The Duke of Edinburgh Awards '' 1.205 m # 1 # 1", "6 7 May 2009 `` Exam Time '' 1.205 m # 1 # 1", "No . Air date Title Viewers E4 rank 13 September 2010 `` The Fashion Show '' 3.499 m # 1 20 September 2010 `` The Gig and the Girlfriend '' 3.336 m # 1 27 September 2010 `` Will 's Dilemma '' 3.572 m # 1 4 October 2010 `` The Trip to Warwick '' 3.456 m # 1 5 11 October 2010 `` Home Alone '' 3.721 m # 1 6 18 October 2010 `` The Camping Trip '' 3.701 m # 1", "No . Air date Title Viewers E4 rank", "13 September 2010 `` The Fashion Show '' 3.499 m # 1", "20 September 2010 `` The Gig and the Girlfriend '' 3.336 m # 1", "27 September 2010 `` Will 's Dilemma '' 3.572 m # 1", "4 October 2010 `` The Trip to Warwick '' 3.456 m # 1", "5 11 October 2010 `` Home Alone '' 3.721 m # 1", "6 18 October 2010 `` The Camping Trip '' 3.701 m # 1", "The opening theme tune to The Inbetweeners is an instrumental version of `` Gone Up In Flames '' by English rock band Morning Runner . The first series also features music by Rachel Stevens , Tellison , Paolo Nutini , The Maccabees , Air Traffic , Calvin Harris , The Ting Tings , Arctic Monkeys , Theaudience , The Fratellis , Vampire Weekend , Two Door Cinema Club , Mystery Jets , Kid British , Phoenix , General Fiasco , Gorillaz , Hot Chip , Belle & Sebastian , Field Music , Jamie T , The Libertines , Rihanna , Oasis , Jack Peñate , Guillemots , The Feeling , Kate Nash , The Wombats , The Jam , The Cure , Lily Allen , Mumm - Ra , Kylie Minogue and Feist . The second series also featured instrumentals of Adele , Supergrass , Biffy Clyro , Passion Pit , Royworld , MGMT , Maximo Park , and The Cribs and the third series also featured instrumentals of Ludacris . A full list can be found on the E4 website . A soundtrack album , The Inbetweeners Soundtrack , was released in 2009 .", "The music was chosen by the music supervisor and then Xfm DJ , Marsha Shandur .", "The Inbetweeners has received generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , the first season earned a score of 73 out of 100 , based on 7 reviews , indicating `` Generally favorable reviews '' .", "Joe McNally , writing for The Independent , commends an `` exquisitely accurate dialogue , capturing the feel of adolescence perfectly '' and Will Dean of The Guardian comments that the show `` captures the pathetic sixth - form male experience quite splendidly '' . The series is often contrasted with E4 's successful teen drama , Skins ; commentators have offered that `` The Inbetweeners ' portrayal of dull suburbia is closer ( than Skins ) to the drab teen years most of us spent , rather than the decadent time we wished we spent . ''", "The first series began on 1 May 2008 , with the pilot episode garnering 238,000 viewers . The series averaged 459,000 viewers , with 474,000 viewers watching the series finale . The Inbetweeners received two nominations at the British Comedy Awards ; the show was nominated for `` Best New British Television Comedy ( Scripted ) '' and Simon Bird was nominated for `` Best Male Comedy Newcomer '' . Both won their respective categories . The show was also voted by the British Comedy Guide website as the `` Best New British TV Sitcom 2008 '' . It was nominated for `` Best Situation Comedy '' at the British Academy Television Awards 2009 , ultimately losing out to The IT Crowd . It then won the Audience Award at the British Academy Television Awards 2010 .", "The first episode of series two , which aired on E4 at 10 pm ( BST ) 2 April 2009 , averaged 958,000 viewers , with another 234,000 viewers watching at 11 pm on the time - shift channel E4 + 1 meaning it was watched by 1.2 million , the highest audience of 2009 for E4 .", "Episode one of series three aired on 13 September 2010 on UK digital terrestrial network E4 , attracting a record breaking overnight average audience of 2.6 m viewers ( 12.5 % audience share ) in its 10 pm slot , the highest ever viewing figure for a show screened on the channel until 2011 when Glee beat the record . For this series it was moved to Monday instead of Thursday but kept its 10pm slot .", "Best New TV Comedy , British Comedy Awards 2008 Best Male Comedy Newcomer ( Simon Bird ) British Comedy Awards 2008 Best New British TV Sitcom , The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008 Best Comedy Show , TV Quick & TV Choice Awards 2009 Nominated for Best Situation Comedy , British Academy Television Awards 2009 Best TV Show , NME Awards 2010 Best Television Comedy Actor ( Simon Bird ) British Comedy Awards 2009 Nominated for Best Situation Comedy , British Academy Television Awards 2010 YouTube Audience Award , British Academy Television Awards 2010 Best Situation Comedy , Rose d'Or Awards 2010 Digital Choice National Television Awards 2011 British Comedy Academy Outstanding Achievement British Comedy Awards 2011 Best Comedy , 2012 Empire Awards", "Best New TV Comedy , British Comedy Awards 2008", "Best Male Comedy Newcomer ( Simon Bird ) British Comedy Awards 2008", "Best New British TV Sitcom , The Comedy.co.uk Awards 2008", "Best Comedy Show , TV Quick & TV Choice Awards 2009", "Nominated for Best Situation Comedy , British Academy Television Awards 2009", "Best TV Show , NME Awards 2010", "Best Television Comedy Actor ( Simon Bird ) British Comedy Awards 2009", "Nominated for Best Situation Comedy , British Academy Television Awards 2010", "YouTube Audience Award , British Academy Television Awards 2010", "Best Situation Comedy , Rose d'Or Awards 2010", "Digital Choice National Television Awards 2011", "British Comedy Academy Outstanding Achievement British Comedy Awards 2011", "Best Comedy , 2012 Empire Awards", "BBC America began airing The Inbetweeners from 25 January 2010 . The network aired both of the first two series as a single 12 - episode series . The same was done by MTV Latin America .", "In 2010 , The Inbetweeners started airing in Australia on the Nine Network 's digital channel GO ! , on Super Channel in Canada , on the comedy channel TV4 Komedi in Sweden , on TV2 in New Zealand , on MTV Latin America . In Israel , yes Next aired the first 2 series , while the 3rd series airdate is unknown . The 3 seasons came in 2012 to HOT VOD . In 2011 the series was premiered in Brazil on I. Sat and on 13 August 2013 the Brazilian streaming site `` Muu '' premiered the British production .", "On 28 February 2011 , The Inbetweeners started airing in France on MCM .", "The Australian channel ABC2 aired the programme from 8 January 2015 .", "Country Network ( s ) Premiere United Kingdom E4 / Channel 4 1 May 2008 Argentina MTV Latin America 23 July 2010 Australia GO ! UKTV ABC2 2011 2015 Belgium JIM Brazil MTV Brasil I. Sat 2010 ( MTV Brasil ) 2011 ( I. Sat ) Canada Super Channel Colombia MTV Latin America Finland Yle TV2 2012 France MCM ; NRJ12 28 February 2011 Iceland RÚV 2012 India Comedy Central ( India ) 2012 Ireland E4 / Channel 4 RTÉ Two 1 May 2008 9 January 2012 Israel yes Next Italy MTV Italy Sweden TV4 Komedi Netherlands Veronica MTV Netherlands 6 December 2011 2012 New Zealand TV2 UKTV Norway NRK 3 Summer 2011 Portugal MTV Portugal Russia 2x2 31 November 2011 Spain 3XL United States BBC America 25 January 2010", "Country Network ( s ) Premiere", "United Kingdom E4 / Channel 4 1 May 2008", "Argentina MTV Latin America 23 July 2010", "Australia GO ! UKTV ABC2 2011 2015", "Belgium JIM", "Brazil MTV Brasil I. Sat 2010 ( MTV Brasil ) 2011 ( I. Sat )", "Canada Super Channel", "Colombia MTV Latin America", "Finland Yle TV2 2012", "France MCM ; NRJ12 28 February 2011", "Iceland RÚV 2012", "India Comedy Central ( India ) 2012", "Ireland E4 / Channel 4 RTÉ Two 1 May 2008 9 January 2012", "Israel yes Next", "Italy MTV Italy", "Sweden TV4 Komedi", "Netherlands Veronica MTV Netherlands 6 December 2011 2012", "New Zealand TV2 UKTV", "Norway NRK 3 Summer 2011", "Portugal MTV Portugal", "Russia 2x2 31 November 2011", "Spain 3XL", "United States BBC America 25 January 2010", "Series 1 was released on DVD on 2 June 2008 . Series 2 was released on DVD on 18 May 2009 . Series 1 -- 2 boxset was released on DVD on 18 May 2009 . Series 3 was released on DVD on 25 October 2010 . Series 1 -- 3 boxset was released on 25 October 2010 . The Inbetweeners Movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on 12 December 2011 in the UK .", "Series 1 was released on DVD on 2 June 2008 .", "Series 2 was released on DVD on 18 May 2009 .", "Series 1 -- 2 boxset was released on DVD on 18 May 2009 .", "Series 3 was released on DVD on 25 October 2010 .", "Series 1 -- 3 boxset was released on 25 October 2010 .", "The Inbetweeners Movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on 12 December 2011 in the UK .", "All of the DVDs received an 18 certificate in the United Kingdom and MA15+ in Australia due to their high number of strong language and sex references . The theatrical version of The Inbetweeners Movie received a 15 certificate in the United Kingdom , with the extended cut release receiving an 18 certificate .", "There have been two books released :", "The Inbetweeners Yearbook was released by Century Books on 29 September 2011 . ISBN 1846059275 The Inbetweeners Scriptbook was released by Century Books on 25 October 2012 . ISBN 1780891059", "The Inbetweeners Yearbook was released by Century Books on 29 September 2011 . ISBN 1846059275", "The Inbetweeners Scriptbook was released by Century Books on 25 October 2012 . ISBN 1780891059", "In September 2009 , Beesley and Morris confirmed that a film had been commissioned by Film4 . The plot revolves around the four boys , now eighteen years old , going on holiday to Malia , Greece . It was released in cinemas on 17 August 2011 with a 15 certificate in the UK . The original film was also released in the United States on 7 September 2012 , but it was very unsuccessful . From a budget of £ 3.5 million , the film made a global box office of over £ 57 million .", "At the beginning of August 2013 , creators Iain Morris and Damon Beesley confirmed that a second Inbetweeners film would be made with a planned release date of 6 August 2014 in the UK and Ireland ; they released a statement saying `` We could n't be more excited to be making another Inbetweeners movie . A new chapter in the lives of the Inbetweeners feels like the very least we can do to thank the fans for their phenomenal response to the first movie . '' This sequel is set in Australia .", "In 2008 , Iain Morris and Damon Beesley were asked by ABC to produce a pilot for a US version of The Inbetweeners . The pilot was not picked up by the network , but they have given Morris and Beesley a second blind script commitment for a future project which the two will create .", "On 31 March 2011 , it was announced that MTV had ordered a 12 - episode first season for a U.S. version of The Inbetweeners . A pilot episode , written by Brad Copeland , was given the green light in September 2010 . Copeland also serves as executive producer on the series along with Beesley and Morris . The series ran for one season from 20 August to 5 November 2012 , before being cancelled by MTV due to low ratings .", "The US version began airing in the UK on 5 December 2012 on E4 . A UK DVD release of the US version was released on 8 January 2013 . The US version was broadcast on Viacom - owned Freeview channel Viva from 4 August 2014 ." ]

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[ "United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps USPHS Commissioned Corps centennial emblem fashioned after the Corps ' official seal . Founded 4 January 1889 ; 129 years ago ( 1889 - 01 - 04 ) Country United States Type Uniformed service Role Healthcare and medical services Size 6,700 + officers Part of U.S. Public Health Service Headquarters Division of Commissioned Corps Personnel and Readiness , Rockville , Maryland , U.S. Motto ( s ) `` Protecting , promoting and advancing the health and safety of the Nation ! '' ( core values : Leadership , Service , Integrity , and Excellence ) Colors Blue and gold March `` Public Health Service March '' Play ( help info ) Anniversaries Centennial , 1989 Engagements Spanish -- American War World War I World War II War in Afghanistan Iraq War Decorations Presidential Unit Citation ( 2015 ) Commanders Assistant Secretary for Health ADM Brett P. Giroir Surgeon General VADM Jerome Adams Deputy Surgeon General RADM Sylvia Trent - Adams Notable commanders RADM Luther Leonidas Terry VADM Julius B. Richmond VADM C. Everett Koop ADM James O. Mason ADM David Satcher ADM John O. Agwunobi ADM Joxel García Insignia Flag of the U.S. Public Health Service", "United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps", "USPHS Commissioned Corps centennial emblem fashioned after the Corps ' official seal .", "Founded 4 January 1889 ; 129 years ago ( 1889 - 01 - 04 )", "Country United States", "Type Uniformed service", "Role Healthcare and medical services", "Size 6,700 + officers", "Part of U.S. Public Health Service", "Headquarters Division of Commissioned Corps Personnel and Readiness , Rockville , Maryland , U.S.", "Motto ( s ) `` Protecting , promoting and advancing the health and safety of the Nation ! '' ( core values : Leadership , Service , Integrity , and Excellence )", "Colors Blue and gold", "March `` Public Health Service March '' Play ( help info )", "Anniversaries Centennial , 1989", "Engagements Spanish -- American War World War I World War II War in Afghanistan Iraq War", "Decorations Presidential Unit Citation ( 2015 )", "Commanders", "Assistant Secretary for Health ADM Brett P. Giroir", "Surgeon General VADM Jerome Adams", "Deputy Surgeon General RADM Sylvia Trent - Adams", "Notable commanders RADM Luther Leonidas Terry VADM Julius B. Richmond VADM C. Everett Koop ADM James O. Mason ADM David Satcher ADM John O. Agwunobi ADM Joxel García", "Insignia", "Flag of the U.S. Public Health Service", "The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( PHSCC ) , also referred to as the Commissioned Corps of the United States Public Health Service , is the federal uniformed service of the U.S. Public Health Service ( PHS ) , and is one of the seven uniformed services of the United States .", "Along with the NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps , the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps is one of two uniformed services that consist only of commissioned officers and has no enlisted or warrant officer ranks , although warrant officers have been authorized for use within the service . Officers of the PHS are classified as noncombatants , unless directed to serve as and part of the armed forces by the President or detailed to a service branch of the armed forces . Members of the commissioned corps wear the same uniforms as the United States Navy , or the United States Coast Guard ( when assigned to the Coast Guard ) , with special PHS Commissioned Corps insignia , and hold ranks equivalent to officers of the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard . Officers of the commissioned corps typically receive their commissions through the PHS Commissioned Corps 's direct commissioning program .", "As with its parent division , the Public Health Service , the commissioned corps is under the direction of the United States Department of Health and Human Services . The commissioned corps is led by the Surgeon General , who holds the grade of vice admiral . The Surgeon General reports directly to the Department of Health and Human Services , Assistant Secretary for Health ; the Assistant Secretary of Health may be appointed to the rank of admiral if he or she is a currently - serving member of the commissioned corps .", "The Public Health Service Commissioned Corps had its beginnings with the creation of the Marine Hospital Fund in 1798 , which later was reorganized in 1871 as the Marine Hospital Service . The Marine Hospital Service was charged with the care and maintenance of merchant sailors , but as the country grew , so did the ever - expanding mission of the service . The Marine Hospital Service soon began taking on new expanding health roles that included such health initiatives that protected the commerce and health of America . One such role was quarantine .", "John Maynard Woodworth , a famous surgeon of the Union Army who served under General William Tecumseh Sherman , was appointed in 1871 as the Supervising Surgeon . Woodworth 's title was later changed to `` Supervising Surgeon General , '' which later became the Surgeon General of the United States . Woodworth is credited with the formal creation of the Commissioned Corps . Woodworth organized the Marine Hospital Service medical personnel along Army military structure in 1889 to facilitate a mobile force of health professionals that could be moved for the needs of the service and country . He established appointment standards and designed the Marine Hospital Service herald of a fouled anchor and caduceus . Later that year of 1889 , President Grover Cleveland signed an Act into law that formally established the modern Public Health Service Commissioned Corps ( then the Marine Hospital Service under the Supervising Surgeon ( later Surgeon General ) ) . At first open only to physicians , over the course of the twentieth century , the Corps expanded to 11 careers in a wide range of specialties to include physicians , veterinarians , dentists , engineers , pharmacists , nurses , environmental health specialists , scientists , dietitians , and other allied health professionals .", "Today , the commissioned corps is under the United States Public Health Service ( PHS ) , a major agency now of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , established by Congress in 1979 - 1980 . It was previously established in 1953 as the U.S. Department of Health , Education and Welfare ( HEW ) , and is still led by the Surgeon General . The commissioned corps allocates officers to all seven uniformed services depending on the health or medical needs of the other uniformed services . The commissioned corps was featured in the 1950 motion picture Panic in the Streets , in which Richard Widmark portrayed a Public Health Service physician tracking down a bubonic plague victim .", "The stated mission of the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service is `` Protecting , promoting , and advancing the health and safety of the Nation '' in accordance with the commissioned corps 's four Core Values : Leadership , Excellence , Integrity , and Service . Officers execute the mission of the commissioned corps in the following ways :", "Help provide healthcare and related services to medically underserved populations : to American Indians , Alaska Natives , and to other population groups with special needs ; Prevent and control disease , identify health hazards in the environment and help correct them , and promote healthy lifestyles for the nation 's citizens ; Improve the nation 's mental health ; Ensure that drugs and medical devices are safe and effective , food is safe and wholesome , cosmetics are harmless , and that electronic products do not expose users to dangerous amounts of radiation ; Conduct and support biomedical , behavioral , and health services research , and communicate research results to health professionals and the public ; and Work with other nations and international agencies on global health problems and their solutions .", "Help provide healthcare and related services to medically underserved populations : to American Indians , Alaska Natives , and to other population groups with special needs ;", "Prevent and control disease , identify health hazards in the environment and help correct them , and promote healthy lifestyles for the nation 's citizens ;", "Improve the nation 's mental health ;", "Ensure that drugs and medical devices are safe and effective , food is safe and wholesome , cosmetics are harmless , and that electronic products do not expose users to dangerous amounts of radiation ;", "Conduct and support biomedical , behavioral , and health services research , and communicate research results to health professionals and the public ; and", "Work with other nations and international agencies on global health problems and their solutions .", "Plus , the commissioned corps provides officers ( Medical Officers , Dental Officers , Therapists , Environmental Health Officers , etc . ) to other uniformed services , primarily the United States Coast Guard and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps ( NOAA Corps ) . Commissioned corps officers may be detailed to other federal agencies including the Department of Defense , TRICARE , Department of Justice ( Federal Bureau of Prisons ) , State Department , Department of Homeland Security , and the Department of the Interior ( National Park Service ) . Commissioned corps officers may develop individual memoranda of understanding ( MOUs ) with other organizations , including state and local health agencies , and even non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) .", "The Commissioned Corps is often called upon by other federal , state , and local agencies to aid and augment in times when those agencies ' resources are overwhelmed . These responses are designated as deployments by the commissioned corps , if the deployment is outside of the officer 's `` normal '' duties , and coordinated through the commissioned corps 's Readiness and Deployment Operations Group ( REDDOG ) in the Division of Commissioned Corps Personnel and Readiness ( DCCPR ) . Deployments may be for technical needs in standard settings , or in the event of disasters , in austere environments .", "The commissioned corps is often deployed as part of the National Response Framework Emergency Support Function # 8 -- Public Health and Medical Services , but can be deployed outside of the Framework for various needs to other federal agencies , states , local governments , or even to aid foreign governments . Like all other federal - level responses , commissioned corps officers are deployed only upon request , and upon the recommendation of the Surgeon General and permission of the Assistant Secretary for Health . During deployments , commissioned corps officers may report to regular office spaces , such as coordinating responses at state - of - the - art emergency operations centers , or into the field in extremely austere environments , such as when responding to a natural disaster . In addition , deployments may either be on an individual basis , such as when specific skill sets are needed , or as part of a team , when large - scale responses are needed .", "The commissioned corps uses a tiered system of response , with Tier 1 response teams ready and able to respond to an event within 12 hours , and Tier 2 teams ready and able to respond within 36 hours . Officers not on Tier 1 or 2 teams are Tier 3 responders , ready and able to respond to an event in 72 hours . Tier 1 teams are primarily made up of Rapid Deployment Force ( RDF ) teams that are made up of over 100 officers with multiple specialties , and are focused on providing acute clinical care of disaster - exacerbated chronic conditions . Officers who do not work as a clinical care provider on one of these teams are often in support roles , such as logistics , administration / finance , or planning . Tier 2 teams are composed of a smaller , more specialized workforce . Current Tier 2 teams include the Applied Public Health Team ( APHT ) , the Mental Health Team ( MHT ) , and the Services Access Team ( SAT ) . Tier 3 commissioned corps officers not already assigned to one of the Tier 1 and Tier 2 teams are used to augment the Tier 1 and Tier 2 teams in the event of staffing shortages due to availability , or the need to scale up a response .", "Some notable deployments involving the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps include :", "1989 -- Hurricane Hugo ; Loma Prieta , California , earthquake . 1992 -- More than 1000 PHS officers were deployed to South Dade County , Florida , following Hurricane Andrew . Early 1990s -- Flooding throughout the United States and Alaska . 1994 -- Northridge , California , earthquake . 1995 -- Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . 1995 -- Hundreds of PHS officers were deployed to the U.S. Virgin Islands following Hurricane Marilyn . 2001 -- More than 1,000 PHS officers were deployed to New York City after the attacks on September 11 , 2001 to aid victims and provide medical and mental health services to responders and rescue workers . 2004 -- Hurricane Ivan . 2005 -- More than 2,000 PHS officers deployed to set up field hospitals and render aid and assistance to evacuees and responders in the wakes of Hurricane Katrina , Hurricane Rita , and Hurricane Wilma . 2008 -- PHS - 2 Rapid Deployment Force deployed pre-landfall to Louisiana in advance of Hurricane Gustav . It became the first standing PHS team to set up and run a Federal Medical Station . The team and 200 patients rode out the hurricane in Alexandria 's Riverfront Center . RDF - 1 and RDF - 3 deployed pre-landfall in advance of Hurricane Ike to set up Federal Medical Stations in College Station , Texas , and Baton Rouge , Louisiana , respectively . 2010 -- Haiti earthquake ; Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . 2012 -- Hurricane Sandy . 2014 -- Unaccompanied Minor Children immigration crisis . 2014 -- 2015 -- Ebola outbreak response . 2016 -- present -- Great Plains region of the Indian Health Service . 2017 -- present -- Hurricane Maria Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey", "1989 -- Hurricane Hugo ; Loma Prieta , California , earthquake .", "1992 -- More than 1000 PHS officers were deployed to South Dade County , Florida , following Hurricane Andrew .", "Early 1990s -- Flooding throughout the United States and Alaska .", "1994 -- Northridge , California , earthquake .", "1995 -- Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma .", "1995 -- Hundreds of PHS officers were deployed to the U.S. Virgin Islands following Hurricane Marilyn .", "2001 -- More than 1,000 PHS officers were deployed to New York City after the attacks on September 11 , 2001 to aid victims and provide medical and mental health services to responders and rescue workers .", "2004 -- Hurricane Ivan .", "2005 -- More than 2,000 PHS officers deployed to set up field hospitals and render aid and assistance to evacuees and responders in the wakes of Hurricane Katrina , Hurricane Rita , and Hurricane Wilma .", "2008 -- PHS - 2 Rapid Deployment Force deployed pre-landfall to Louisiana in advance of Hurricane Gustav . It became the first standing PHS team to set up and run a Federal Medical Station . The team and 200 patients rode out the hurricane in Alexandria 's Riverfront Center . RDF - 1 and RDF - 3 deployed pre-landfall in advance of Hurricane Ike to set up Federal Medical Stations in College Station , Texas , and Baton Rouge , Louisiana , respectively .", "2010 -- Haiti earthquake ; Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico .", "2012 -- Hurricane Sandy .", "2014 -- Unaccompanied Minor Children immigration crisis .", "2014 -- 2015 -- Ebola outbreak response .", "2016 -- present -- Great Plains region of the Indian Health Service .", "2017 -- present -- Hurricane Maria Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey", "In addition to disaster response , the commissioned corps frequently partners with the United States Navy on their health diplomacy missions . PHS Corps officers have been part of the Navy 's Pacific Partnership ( in the Pacific basin ) and Continuing Promise ( in the Caribbean / west Atlantic ) since 2007 . Such missions are often carried out on either the US Navy 's commissioned hospital ships , the USNS Mercy ( T - AH - 19 ) or USNS Comfort ( T - AH - 20 ) , though other ships , such as the amphibious assault ship USS Bataan ( LHD - 5 ) , have also been used . The command staff of the PHS deployed team ( s ) is deployed for the entire mission duration ( often three months ) , while operational personnel serve one month aboard , meeting and departing the ships at the ports of call during the mission .", "The commissioned corps , as a uniformed service , may be militarized and considered a branch of the armed forces by an act of Congress , or by executive order by the President of the United States , not only in time of war , but in `` an emergency involving the national defense proclaimed by the President . '' Major militarization of the corps occurred during World War II and another later during the Korean War .", "Commissioned officer ranks , titles and abbreviations of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Ensign Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Lieutenant Lieutenant commander Commander Captain O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 Junior assistant Assistant Senior assistant Full Senior Director ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT", "Commissioned officer ranks , titles and abbreviations of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps", "Ensign Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Lieutenant Lieutenant commander Commander Captain", "O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6", "", "Junior assistant Assistant Senior assistant Full Senior Director", "ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT", "Rear admiral ( lower half ) Rear admiral Vice admiral Admiral O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 Assistant Surgeon General Deputy Surgeon General or Assistant Surgeon General Surgeon General Assistant Secretary for Health RADM RADM VADM ADM", "Rear admiral ( lower half ) Rear admiral Vice admiral Admiral", "O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10", "", "Assistant Surgeon General Deputy Surgeon General or Assistant Surgeon General Surgeon General Assistant Secretary for Health", "RADM RADM VADM ADM", "The members of the Commissioned Corps number over 6,700 officers in 11 professional categories :", "Dentist Dietitian Engineer Environmental health officers Health service officers Nurse Medical Pharmacist Scientist Therapist ( including physical , occupational , speech , respiratory ) Veterinarian", "Environmental health officers", "Health service officers", "Therapist ( including physical , occupational , speech , respiratory )", "The Health Services Officer ( HSO ) category comprises over 50 allied health specialties , including audiology , social workers , physician assistants , optometrists , statisticians , computer scientists , dental hygienists , medical records administrators , medical technologists and others .", "The commissioned corps uses the same commissioned officer rank structure as the United States Navy and Coast Guard : from ensign to admiral ( O - 1 through O - 10 ) . Commissioned Corps officers are typically appointed via direct commission , and receive the same pay and benefits as other members of the uniformed services . They can not hold a dual commission with another uniformed service but inter-service transfers are permitted .", "The commissioned corps may be militarized by the President . 42 USC 217 states :", "In time of war , or of emergency involving the national defense proclaimed by the President , he may by Executive order declare the commissioned corps of the Service to be a military service . Upon such declaration , and during the period of such war or such emergency or such part thereof as the President shall prescribe , the commissioned corps ( a ) shall constitute a branch of the land and naval forces of the United States , ( b ) shall , to the extent prescribed by regulations of the President , be subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice ( 10 U.S.C. 801 et seq . ) , and ( c ) shall continue to operate as part of the Service except to the extent that the President may direct as Commander in Chief .", "The Corps is authorized to use warrant officer ranks W - 1 to W - 4 under the U.S. Code of law , but does not currently use these ranks .", "The Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) , signed by President Obama on 23 March 2010 , established the Ready Reserve Corps as the new surge capacity for the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service . In addition , all Reserve Corps officers who were serving on extended active duty on 23 March 2010 , were converted to Regular Corps officers . The same legislation also abolished the Inactive Reserve Corps ( IRC ) on 23 March 2010 , and consequently the commissions of the existing 10,000 commissioned corps IRC officers . The Office of Reserve Affairs ( ORA ) sent letters to those individuals , notifying them of their change of status .", "The IRC served as an asset for the commissioned corps . Inactive reservists voluntarily activated to provide over 3,000 active - duty days annually for routine and public health emergencies including during Hurricane Katrina and other emergency response missions and in providing surge capacity for numerous shortages in isolated and hardship underserved areas . Inactive reservists also played roles in the humanitarian shipboard training missions with other uniformed services .", "Congress established the Ready Reserve Corps to fulfill the need to have additional commissioned corps personnel available on short notice to assist Regular Corps personnel to meet both routine public health and emergency response missions . The Ready Reserve Corps officers will be available and ready for involuntary calls to active duty during national emergencies and public health crises .", "Because of the changes in the law , a Ready Reserve Corps Working Integrated Project Team ( WIPT ) was convened in April 2010 to propose policy concepts , a strategic framework , and a budget for the Ready Reserve Corps . The WIPT submitted its final report to the Office of Commissioned Corps Force Management ( OCCFM ) in June 2010 , and OCCFM forwarded the recommendations of the WIPT to the Assistant Secretary for Health for review and approval . As of late 2016 , the directives and policies to implement the Ready Reserve await Secretarial decisions needed to implement the 2010 law .", "Standards for appointment into the Ready Reserve Corps and related proposed directives and policies remain under review . ORA is not accepting applications for the Ready Reserve Corps at this time , but will begin accepting applications after the Secretary issues the implementing directives .", "ORA , in collaboration with OCCFM and the Office of Commissioned Corps Operations , will continue to coordinate Ready Reserve Corps initiatives and communications . When information is available on the appointment criteria , policies , and application procedures , updates will appear on the USPHS Web site at http://www.usphs.gov and the Commissioned Corps Management Information System Web site at http://dcp.psc.gov . As soon as the appointment standards are available , qualified individuals are encouraged to apply for appointment into the Ready Reserve Corps .", "Commissioned Corps officers wear uniforms similar to those of the United States Navy with special PHS insignia . In certain duty situations , a commissioned corps officer can be detailed to work with another uniformed service . For example , the NOAA Corps does not commission medical officers , so the commissioned corps details medical officers to serve with the NOAA as needed . The commissioned corps also details a number of officers to the United States Coast Guard . Because of this close relationship , if a commissioned corps officer is on assignment with the Coast Guard , the officer is required to wear the same service uniforms as commissioned Coast Guard officers , but still bearing PHS Commissioned Corps insignia to identify them . The commissioned corps officer is subject to the grooming standards of the service to which attached for uniform appearance .", "Like the other U.S. uniformed services , the U.S. Public Health Service has a march and accompanying lyrics . Composed by retired U.S. Coast Guard Senior Chief Musician George King III in the late 1980s , the lyrics are as follows :", "The mission of our service is known the world around In research and in treatment no equal can be found In the silent war against disease no truce is ever seen We serve on the land and the sea for humanity The Public Health Service Team" ]

[ [ "2003–04" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Tampa Bay Lightning 2018 -- 19 Tampa Bay Lightning season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1992 History Tampa Bay Lightning 1992 -- present Home arena Amalie Arena City Tampa , Florida Colors Tampa Bay blue , white Media Fox Sports Sun 970 AM Owner ( s ) Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman ) General manager Steve Yzerman Head coach Jon Cooper Captain Steven Stamkos Minor league affiliates Syracuse Crunch ( AHL ) Orlando Solar Bears ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Conference championships 2 ( 2003 -- 04 , 2014 -- 15 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 3 ( 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2017 -- 18 ) Official website www.nhl.com/lightning", "Tampa Bay Lightning", "2018 -- 19 Tampa Bay Lightning season", "Conference Eastern", "Division Atlantic", "Founded 1992", "History Tampa Bay Lightning 1992 -- present", "Home arena Amalie Arena", "City Tampa , Florida", "Colors Tampa Bay blue , white", "Media Fox Sports Sun 970 AM", "Owner ( s ) Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman )", "General manager Steve Yzerman", "Head coach Jon Cooper", "Captain Steven Stamkos", "Minor league affiliates Syracuse Crunch ( AHL ) Orlando Solar Bears ( ECHL )", "Stanley Cups 1 ( 2003 -- 04 )", "Conference championships 2 ( 2003 -- 04 , 2014 -- 15 )", "Presidents ' Trophy 0", "Division championships 3 ( 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2017 -- 18 )", "Official website www.nhl.com/lightning", "The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . It is a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Lightning have one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003 -- 04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa .", "The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Steve Yzerman serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 .", "In the late 1980s , the NHL announced it would expand . Two rival groups from the Tampa Bay Area area decided to bid for a franchise : a St. Petersburg - based group fronted by future Hartford Whalers / Carolina Hurricanes owners Peter Karmanos and Jim Rutherford , and a Tampa - based group fronted by two Hall of Famers -- Phil Esposito and his brother Tony .", "One of Esposito 's key backers , the Pritzker family , backed out a few months before the bid , to be replaced by a consortium of Japanese businesses headed by Kokusai Green , a golf course and resort operator . On paper , it looked like the Karmanos / Rutherford group was the more stable bid , however , the group wanted to pay only $29 million before starting play , while the Esposito group was one of the few groups willing to pay the $50 million expansion fee up front . The Esposito group would win the expansion franchise , and name the team the Lightning , after Tampa Bay 's status as the `` Lightning Capital of North America '' .", "After being awarded the franchise , Phil Esposito installed himself as president and general manager , while Tony became chief scout . Terry Crisp , who played for the Philadelphia Flyers when they won two Stanley Cups in the mid-1970s and coached the Calgary Flames to a Stanley Cup in 1989 , was tapped as the first head coach . Phil Esposito would also hire former teammates from the Boston Bruins of the 1970s ; he hired former linemate Wayne Cashman as an assistant coach , former Bruin trainer John `` Frosty '' Forristal as the team 's trainer and the inaugural team photo has him flanked by Cashman and player Ken Hodge , Jr. , son of his other Bruins ' linemate .", "The team turned heads in the pre-season when Manon Rheaume became the first woman to play in an NHL game , which also made her the first woman to play in any of the major professional North American sports leagues ; she played for the Lightning against the St. Louis Blues , and stopped seven of nine shots .", "The Lightning 's first regular season game took place on October 7 , 1992 , playing in Tampa 's tiny 11,000 - seat Expo Hall at the Florida State Fairgrounds . They shocked the visiting Chicago Blackhawks 7 -- 3 with four goals by little - known Chris Kontos . The Lightning shot to the top of the Campbell Conference 's Norris Division within a month , behind Kontos ' initial torrid scoring pace and a breakout season by forward Brian Bradley . However , they buckled under the strain of some of the longest road trips in the NHL -- their nearest division rival , the Blues , were over 1,000 miles away -- and finished in last place with a record of 23 -- 54 -- 7 for 53 points . This was , at the time , one of the best - ever showings by an NHL expansion team . Bradley 's 42 goals gave Tampa Bay fans optimism for the next season ; it would be a team record until the 2006 -- 07 season .", "The following season saw the Lightning shift to the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division , as well as move into the Florida Suncoast Dome ( a building originally designed for baseball ) in St. Petersburg , which was reconfigured for hockey and renamed `` the ThunderDome . '' The team acquired goaltender Daren Puppa , left - wing goal scorer Petr Klima and Denis Savard . While Puppa 's play resulted in a significant improvement in goals allowed ( from 332 to 251 ) , Savard was long past his prime and Klima 's scoring was offset by his defensive lapses . The Lightning finished last in the Atlantic Division in 1993 -- 94 with a record of 30 -- 43 -- 11 for 71 points . Another disappointing season followed in the lockout - shortened 1995 season with a record of 17 -- 28 -- 3 for 37 points .", "In their fourth season , 1995 -- 96 , with Bradley still leading the team in scoring , second - year forward Alexander Selivanov scoring a total of 31 goals , and Roman Hamrlik having an All - Star year on defense , the Lightning finally qualified for the playoffs , nosing out the defending Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils with a record of 38 -- 33 -- 12 with 88 points for the eighth spot in the Eastern Conference by a single win . Due to his stellar play in net , Puppa was named a finalist for the Vezina Trophy ( losing out to Jim Carey of the Washington Capitals ) . Set to play the Stanley Cup contending Philadelphia Flyers , the Lighting would split the opening two games in Philadelphia before taking a 2 - 1 series lead in overtime before a ThunderDome crowd of 28,183 . This was the largest crowd for an NHL game , a record that stood until the 2003 Heritage Classic in Edmonton . An injury to Puppa in that game , however , would see the Lightning lose the next three games and the series .", "The Lightning acquired goalscorer Dino Ciccarelli from the Detroit Red Wings during the 1996 off - season , and he did not disappoint , scoring 35 goals in the 1996 -- 97 season , with Chris Gratton notching another 30 goals . The team moved into a glittering new arena , the Ice Palace ( now Amalie Arena ) , and appeared destined for another playoff spot . However , the Lightning suffered a devastating rash of injuries . Puppa developed back trouble that kept him out of all but four games during the season ; he would only play a total of 50 games from 1996 until his retirement in 2000 . Bradley also lost time to a series of concussions that would limit him to a total of 49 games from 1996 until his retirement in December 1999 . Center John Cullen developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma , and missed the last 12 games of the 1996 -- 97 season ; he would eventually be forced to retire in 1999 . Decimated by these ailments , the Lightning narrowly missed the playoffs .", "Most of the Lightning 's early stars were gone by 1998 due to free agency and a series of ill advised trades . Crisp was fired 11 games into the 1997 -- 98 season and replaced by Jacques Demers . Though Demers had presided over the resurgence of the Detroit Red Wings in the 1980s and helmed a Stanley Cup run with the Montreal Canadiens in 1993 , he was unable to change the team 's fortunes and the Lightning ended up losing 55 games .", "By most accounts , the Lightning 's plunge to the bottom of the NHL was due to inattentive ownership by Kokusai Green . Rumors abounded as early as the team 's second season that the Lightning were on the brink of bankruptcy and that the team was part of a money laundering scheme for the yakuza ( Japanese crime families ) . Its scouting operation consisted of Tony Esposito and several satellite dishes . The Internal Revenue Service investigated the team in 1994 and 1995 , and nearly threatened to put a tax lien on the team for $750,000 in back taxes . The situation led longtime NHL broadcaster and writer Stan Fischler to call the Lightning a `` skating vaudeville show '' .", "Even in their first playoff season , the team was awash in red ink and Kokusai Green was looking to sell the team , however its asking price of $230 million for the team and the lease with the Ice Palace deterred buyers . A possible sale was further hampered by the team 's murky ownership structure ; even some team officials ( including Crisp ) did not know who really owned the team . Takashi Okubo , the owner of Kokusai Green , had never met with the Espositos or with NHL officials in person prior to being awarded the Lightning franchise , and had never watched his team play or visited the city of Tampa .", "Nearly all of Kokusai Green 's investment in the team and the Ice Palace came in the form of loans , leaving the team constantly short of cash . At least one prospective buyer pulled out after expressing doubts that Okubo even existed . In fact , the first time anyone connected with the Lightning or the NHL even saw Okubo was in the spring of 1998 . Many of Esposito 's trades came simply to keep the team above water . The team 's financial situation was a considerable concern to NHL officials ; rumors surfaced that the league was seriously considering taking control of the team if Okubo failed to find a buyer by the summer of 1998 .", "Forbes wrote an article in late 1997 calling the Lightning a financial nightmare , with a debt equal to 236 % of its value , the highest of any major North American sports franchise . Even though the Ice Palace was built for hockey and the Lightning were the only major tenant , Forbes called the team 's deal with the arena a lemon since it would not result in much revenue for 30 years . It was also behind on paying state sales taxes and federal payroll taxes .", "Finally , in 1998 , Kokusai Green found a buyer . Although Detroit Pistons owner William Davidson was thought to be the frontrunner , the buyer turned out to be insurance tycoon and motivational speaker Art Williams , who previously owned the Birmingham Barracudas of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The team was $102 million in debt at the time the sale closed . Williams knew very little about hockey , but was very visible and outspoken , and immediately pumped an additional $6 million into the team 's payroll . He also cleared most of the debt from the Kokusai Green era . After taking control , Williams publicly assured the Espositos that their jobs were safe , only to fire them two games into the 1998 -- 99 season . He then gave Demers complete control of hockey operations as both coach and general manager . The Lightning drafted Vincent Lecavalier in 1998 , a player who would be a cornerstone of the team for years to come .", "Williams was widely seen as being in over his head and was an easy target for his NHL colleagues , who called him `` Jed Clampett '' behind his back due to his thick Southern accent and fundamentalist Christian views . Early in the 1998 -- 99 season , the Lightning lost ten games in a row , all but ending any chance of making the playoffs . They ended up losing 54 games that year , more than the expansion Nashville Predators .", "By the spring of 1999 , Williams had seen enough . He had not attended a game in some time because `` this team broke my heart '' . He lost $20 million in the 1998 -- 99 season alone , as much money in one year as he had estimated he could have reasonably lost in five years . Williams sold the team for $115 million -- $2 million less than he had paid for the team a year earlier -- to Detroit Pistons owner William Davidson , who had almost bought the team a year earlier . Along with the sale , the Lightning acquired a new top minor league affiliate ; Davidson also owned the Detroit Vipers of the now - defunct International Hockey League .", "Davidson remained in Detroit , but appointed Tom Wilson as team president to handle day - to - day management of the team . Wilson immediately fired Jacques Demers , who despite his best efforts ( and fatherly attitude toward Vincent Lecavalier ) was unable to overcome the damage from the Kokusai Green ownership . Wilson persuaded Ottawa Senators general manager ( and former Vipers GM ) Rick Dudley to take over as the Lightning 's new general manager ; Dudley , in turn , brought Vipers coach Steve Ludzik in as the team 's new head coach . Wilson , Dudley and Ludzik had helped make the Vipers one of the premier minor league hockey franchises , having won a Turner Cup in only their third season in Detroit ( the team had originally been based in Salt Lake City ) .", "However , as had been the case with Demers , the damage from the last few seasons under Kokusai Green was too much for Ludzik to overcome . Even with a wholesale transfer of talent from Detroit to Tampa ( a move that eventually doomed the Vipers , which folded along with the IHL in 2001 ) , the Lightning lost 54 games in 1999 -- 2000 and 52 in 2000 -- 01 , becoming the first team in NHL history to post four straight 50 - loss seasons . The lone bright spots in those years were the blossoming of Vincent Lecavalier and Brad Richards into NHL stars . Ludzik was replaced in early 2001 by career NHL assistant John Tortorella . The March 5 trade deadline offered another glimmer of hope when the team acquired hold - out goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin from the Phoenix Coyotes for three players and a draft pick .", "The 2001 -- 02 season , Tortorella 's first full year behind the bench , saw some improvement . Martin St. Louis was having a breakout season when he broke his leg in game number 47 and was lost for the remainder of the season . Khabibulin recorded a shut out at the NHL All - Star Game but was not named its MVP , by all accounts due to the game 's voting protocol . By mid-February , the Lightning were well out of playoff contention and were sinking under a rash of injuries . Dudley , who had guaranteed a playoff berth before the season , was fired and replaced by his assistant , Jay Feaster . Still the Lightning showed some signs of life , earning more than 60 points for the first time since 1997 . Tortorella stripped Lecavalier of the captaincy due to contract negotiations that had made the young center miss the start of the season .", "With a young core of players led by Vincent Lecavalier , Brad Richards , Martin St. Louis and Fredrik Modin , the Lightning were thought to be very close to respectability . However , they arrived somewhat earlier than expected in 2002 -- 03 . The young team was led by the goaltending of Nikolai Khabibulin and the scoring efforts of Lecavalier , St. Louis , Modin , Richards and Ruslan Fedotenko , and also boasted a new captain , former prolific scorer Dave Andreychuk . Throughout the season , the Lightning battled the Washington Capitals for first place in the Southeast Division . They finished with a record of 36 -- 25 -- 16 for 93 points , breaking the 90 - point barrier for the first time in team history . They won the division by just one point , giving them home - ice advantage in their first round match - up with the Capitals . At season 's end , coach Tortorella was recognized for his efforts by being named a finalist for the Jack Adams Award , losing out to Jacques Lemaire of the Minnesota Wild .", "In the first round of the playoffs , the Lightning quickly fell two games behind in the series but followed the two losses with four consecutive wins which advanced them to the Conference Semi-finals for the first time in team history . In the semi-finals , the Lightning won only one game , losing the series to the New Jersey Devils , who went on to win the Stanley Cup .", "The Lightning 's dramatic improvement continued through the 2003 -- 04 regular season , finishing with a record of 46 -- 22 -- 8 -- 6 for 106 points , second - best in the NHL after the Western Conference 's Detroit Red Wings -- the first 100 - point season in franchise history . The Lightning went through the season with only 20 - man - games lost to injury . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lightning ousted the Alexei Yashin - led New York Islanders in five games , with solid play from goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin , who posted three shutouts in Games 1 , 3 and 4 .", "In the second round , the Lightning faced the Montreal Canadiens , captained by Saku Koivu ; Lecavalier , Richards , and Khabibulin led the team to a four - game sweep of Montreal . They next faced Keith Primeau and his Philadelphia Flyers in the Conference Finals . After a tightly - fought seven - game series in which neither team was able to win consecutive games , Fredrik Modin notched the winning goal of the seventh and deciding game , earning the Eastern Conference championship for the Lightning and their first - ever berth in the Stanley Cup Finals .", "Their opponent in the final round was the Calgary Flames , captained by Jarome Iginla . The final round also went the full seven games , with the deciding game played in the St. Pete Times Forum on June 7 , 2004 . This time , Ruslan Fedotenko was the Game 7 hero , scoring both Lightning goals in a 2 -- 1 victory . Brad Richards , who had 26 points in the post-season , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs ; the Lightning had won all 31 contests in which he had scored a goal since the opening of the season . Tortorella won the Jack Adams Award as the NHL 's Coach of the Year . Only three years after their last of four consecutive seasons of 50 or more losses , and in only their 12th year of existence , the Lightning became the southernmost team ever to win the Stanley Cup . Martin St. Louis led the team and the NHL with 94 points ( his 38 goals were fourth-most after the 41 of tied trio Jarome Iginla , Rick Nash and Ilya Kovalchuk ) , and won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player . St. Louis also won the Lester B. Pearson Award for the NHL 's most outstanding player as voted by the NHL Players ' Association , and tied the Vancouver Canucks ' Marek Malik for the NHL Plus / Minus Award . A season of superlatives was capped with one final accolade , as The Sporting News named GM Jay Feaster as the league 's executive of the year for 2003 -- 04 .", "The Lightning had to wait a year to defend their title due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , but in 2005 -- 06 , they barely made the playoffs with a record of 43 -- 33 -- 6 for 93 points in a conference where six teams notched 100 or more points . They lost to the Ottawa Senators in five games in the first round of the 2006 playoffs .", "During the off - season , the Lightning traded Fredrik Modin and Fredrik Norrena to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for goaltender Marc Denis in an effort to replace the departing John Grahame , who had signed with the Carolina Hurricanes . However , free agent Johan Holmqvist would eventually receive the majority of playing time and most of the club 's wins . The first half of 2006 -- 07 was inconsistent for the Lightning , maintaining an 18 -- 19 -- 2 record throughout the first few months . January and February were far better months for the team , going 9 -- 4 -- 0 in January and 9 -- 2 -- 2 in February , driving them back into the playoff race . Fourteen games in March were split even , and on March 16 , 2007 , Vincent Lecavalier broke the franchise record for most points in a season , with 95 ( finishing with 108 ) . The record was previously held by Martin St. Louis , who had set the record in the 2003 -- 04 Stanley Cup - winning year . Lecavalier also broke the franchise 's goal scoring record , finishing with a league - leading 52 goals .", "The Lightning were busy during the final weeks before the NHL 's trade deadline , acquiring wingers Kyle Wanvig , Stephen Baby and defenseman Shane O'Brien . Former first round pick Nikita Alexeev was traded on deadline day to the Chicago Blackhawks . Other mid-season additions to the team included Filip Kuba , Luke Richardson and Doug Janik . Veteran Andre Roy , who had won the Stanley Cup with the Lightning in 2004 , was claimed off waivers from the Pittsburgh Penguins .", "Throughout March , the Lightning had been competing with the Atlanta Thrashers for first place in the Southeast Division . With a chance to overtake the Thrashers one final time and once again become division champions for the third time in team history , on April 6 , 2007 , in the final week of the regular season , the Lighting suffered a loss to the Florida Panthers , the night before the season finale in Atlanta . That same night , the Thrashers defeated the Carolina Hurricanes and subsequently clinched the division . For the Lightning , this meant having to settle for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference with a final record of 44 -- 33 -- 5 ( 93 points ) .", "However , the Lightning were eliminated from playoff competition on April 22 after a 3 -- 2 home loss to the New Jersey Devils in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals .", "Following their playoff exit , on August 7 , 2007 , Absolute Hockey Enterprises , a group led by Doug MacLean , announced it had signed a purchase agreement for the team and the leasehold on the St. Pete Times Forum . MacLean is the former president and general manager of the Columbus Blue Jackets and former head coach for both the Blue Jackets and the Florida Panthers . The group announced it planned to keep the team in Tampa , but the deal collapsed during the 2007 -- 08 season .", "The Lightning struggled to maintain success during the 2007 -- 08 campaign . Although the `` Big 3 '' of Vincent Lecavalier , Martin St. Louis and Brad Richards , along with Vaclav Prospal , had performed up to expectations , they had little consistent play from supporting players .", "At the start of the All - Star Break on January 25 , 2008 , the Lightning had a 20 -- 25 -- 5 record , and with 45 points , were in last place in both the Southeast Division and the Eastern Conference . Only the Los Angeles Kings had a lower point total at this time of the season , with 40 points .", "On February 13 , 2008 , it was announced that Palace Sports & Entertainment had agreed to sell the Lightning to OK Hockey LLC , a group headed by Oren Koules , a producer of the Saw horror movies , and Len Barrie , a former NHL player and real estate developer .", "The Lightning were active during the trade deadline , similar to the previous season . More notable trades included Vaclav Prospal 's trade to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for prospect Alexandre Picard and a conditional draft pick . Additionally , former Conn Smythe Trophy winner Brad Richards and goaltender Johan Holmqvist were traded to the Dallas Stars in exchange for goaltender Mike Smith and forwards Jussi Jokinen and Jeff Halpern , as well as a fourth - round draft pick in 2009 . Jan Hlavac , a regular contributor , was also traded , moving to the Nashville Predators in exchange for a seventh - round pick in 2008 . Defenseman Dan Boyle was re-signed to a six - year contract extension reportedly worth $40 million .", "However , after the trade deadline , the Lightning fared no better than they had throughout the entire season . After the February 26 trade deadline , the Lightning won only five games . Finishing with a 31 -- 42 -- 9 record , with 71 points , they had the highest chance of winning the top overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft through the draft lottery , which they eventually won on April 7 . They would use their first overall pick to select Steven Stamkos of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) 's Sarnia Sting .", "The Lightning were the worst team on the road in the NHL , winning only 11 games . Another showing of the team 's poor play was the difference from the previous season 's success in the overtime / shootout periods . In the 2006 -- 07 season , the Lightning had one of the best extra period records , winning 15 games in either overtime or the shootout . However , in the 2007 -- 08 season , they won only three games , losing nine .", "Vincent Lecavalier suffered a dislocated shoulder as the result of an open - ice hit from Matt Cooke of the Washington Capitals in the game before the season finale in Atlanta . Lecavalier , who planned on having arthroscopic wrist surgery after the season 's ending , would undergo surgery to repair his right shoulder as well . Cooke was fined $2,500 by the NHL for the hit , as Lecavalier did not have possession of the puck at the time . Perhaps the lone bright spot in the season was Lecavalier 's winning both the King Clancy Memorial Trophy and the NHL Foundation Player Award for work through his foundation , including a $3 million pledge to All Children 's Hospital in St. Petersburg , Florida , for what would become the Vincent Lecavalier Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at All Children 's Hospital .", "Head coach John Tortorella was fired by the Lightning following their worst season since Tortorella was hired . At the time working as an NHL analyst for ESPN , Barry Melrose stated on June 4 during an episode of Pardon the Interruption that he missed coaching and would entertain any NHL coaching offers . He stated , `` I miss not having a dog in the fight . '' On June 23 , ESPN reported Melrose had been chosen to be the head coach of the Lightning , beginning in 2008 -- 09 . The next day , the Lightning officially introduced him as their new head coach .", "On July 4 , 2008 , Dan Boyle , despite coming off a recent contract extension , was traded ( along with Brad Lukowich ) to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Matt Carle , Ty Wishart , a first - round draft pick in 2009 and a fourth - round pick in 2010 . Boyle was pressured to waive his no - trade clause by Tampa Bay 's ownership , who said they would otherwise place him on waivers , where he would likely be claimed by the Atlanta Thrashers . In the fallout from the trade , Boyle would call Lightning ownership `` liars '' for misrepresenting the aforementioned events to the public , while former coach Tortorella later labeled them as `` cowboys '' and said he had zero respect for them . Frustrated at interference in the team 's hockey operations by Barrie and Koules , seven days later , Jay Feaster resigned as general manager , despite having three years remaining on his contract .", "The Lightning opened the 2008 -- 09 season in the Czech Republic against the New York Rangers as a part of the NHL 's regular season `` Premiere '' that selects several teams to open the regular season in Europe .", "Barry Melrose would record his first win as a head coach in over 13 years on October 21 , 2008 , with a 3 -- 2 victory over the Atlanta Thrashers . However , the Lightning did not get off to a great start as hoped , and Melrose was eventually fired by the Lightning with a 5 -- 7 -- 4 record . Rick Tocchet , who had been hired as assistant coach during the previous off - season , was promoted to interim head coach .", "On March 4 , veterans Mark Recchi and Olaf Kolzig were traded by the Tampa Bay Lightning to the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , respectively . The Lightning acquired top round picks Matt Lashoff and Martins Karsums from the Bruins .", "After the firing of Melrose , the Lightning went 19 -- 33 -- 14 and would finish the season 24 -- 40 -- 18 with 66 points , their lowest point total since the 2000 -- 01 season . With the second overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , the Lightning selected Swedish defenseman Victor Hedman .", "In the 2009 off - season , the Lightning removed the interim status of Rick Tocchet , making him the full - time head coach and signing him to a multi-year contract . The Lightning had an up - and - down beginning to the 2009 -- 10 campaign . Despite an overmatched roster on paper , and a team that struggled in the first two periods of many games , the Lightning remained competitive in the playoff race until March , when they went 5 -- 10 -- 1 for the month and fell eight points out of a playoff spot . Unable to make a final push for the playoffs , they were officially eliminated from contention within the first week of April . The Lightning finished the season 34 -- 36 -- 12 for 80 points , fourth in the Southeast Division and 12th in the Eastern Conference .", "Steven Stamkos scored 51 goals in just his second NHL season , earning himself a share of the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy by finishing tied for the NHL lead in goals with Pittsburgh Penguins star Sidney Crosby .", "During the season , the team was sold to Bostonian investment banker Jeffrey Vinik . Following the late - season collapse , Vinik cleaned house , firing both head coach Rick Tocchet and GM Brian Lawton on April 12 , 2010 , one day after the season ended .", "In May 2010 , Vinik hired Steve Yzerman away from the Detroit Red Wings front office to be the new GM , signing him to a five - year contract . Yzerman then hired Guy Boucher away from the Montreal Canadiens organization to succeed Tocchet as the head coach two weeks later .", "Yzerman 's first off - season with Tampa Bay began with a splash . With the sixth pick of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft , the Lightning selected forward Brett Connolly despite a history of injuries while playing for the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) 's Prince George Cougars . When asked about Connolly 's injuries being a factor in the decision to draft him , Yzerman boldly declared , `` I think it was a factor that he was available with the 6th pick . Because if he had been healthy all year , based on everything I know , he would not have been available with the 6th pick . '' On July 1 , 2010 , veteran blueliner Andrej Meszaros was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for their second - round pick in 2011 . Later that day , the Lightning signed star winger Martin St. Louis to a four - year , $22.5 million contract extension to come into effect on July 1 , 2011 . On July 19 , in another move with the Flyers organization , the Lightning traded defenseman Matt Walker and Tampa Bay 's fourth - round pick in 2011 for high - scoring winger Simon Gagne . Other off - season acquisitions included the signing of forwards Sean Bergenheim , Dominic Moore and Marc - Antoine Pouliot , along with defensemen Brett Clark , Randy Jones and Pavel Kubina and goaltender Dan Ellis , as well as the re-signing of restricted free agent forward Steve Downie to a two - year , $3.7 million deal .", "With starting goaltender Mike Smith injured , the Lightning called up Cedrick Desjardins , who played with a . 950 save percentage and a 1.00 goals against average ( GAA ) in two games . The team then acquired veteran Dwayne Roloson from the New York Islanders for further coverage in net .", "The Lightning compiled a 46 -- 25 -- 11 record with 103 points in the 2010 -- 11 season , matching a franchise record for wins in a season . After holding the first place in the Southeast Division for several months , they fell to second after a poor performance in March . However , their record was solid enough for second in the Southeast Division and fifth in the Eastern Conference , and they returned to the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 -- 07 season . Scoring 31 goals and assisting on 68 , Martin St. Louis finished second in the NHL in points .", "In the playoffs , Tampa Bay drew the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Conference Quarterfinals . After losing Game 4 at home in the second overtime period , they fell behind in the series one game to three . However , the Lightning went on to win the next three games , including a 1 -- 0 Game 7 win on the road , taking their first playoff series since winning the Stanley Cup in 2004 . In the Conference Semi-finals , the Lightning swept the top - seeded Washington Capitals .", "Tampa Bay went up against the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference Finals . In Game 4 of the series , the Lightning trailed 3 -- 0 at the end of the first period . When Dwayne Roloson was pulled for Mike Smith , the Bruins failed to score again , and the Lightning tied the game in the second period by scoring three goals in 3 : 58 , going on to win the game 5 -- 3 and tying the series at two games apiece . The series went the full seven games , though the Lightning were eliminated by a single goal , as the game was lost ( 0 -- 1 ) .", "The Lightning finished the 2011 -- 12 season with a 38 -- 36 -- 8 record . With only 84 points , they fell short of reaching the playoffs , ending the season third in the Southeast Division and tenth in the Eastern Conference .", "Individually , Steven Stamkos scored a franchise - record 60 goals . He won the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy for the second time in his career , the first time in which he was the unanimous victor . Stamkos was also second in the NHL in points with 97 , and was a finalist for both the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Ted Lindsay Award .", "As with the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout , the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout resulted in a 48 - game season .", "Nearing the end of a dismal 18 -- 26 -- 4 season for 40 points , in which the Lightning ended fourth in the Southeast and 14th in the East , GM Steve Yzerman looked to their highly - successful American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Syracuse Crunch . On March 25 , 2013 , head coach Guy Boucher was dismissed for following a 7 -- 16 -- 1 record . The Lightning announced Jon Cooper would become the eighth head coach in franchise history .", "Martin St. Louis won his second Art Ross Trophy with 60 points in the shortened season , as Stamkos finished runner - up 57 .", "On June 27 , 2013 , the team announced that they would exercise one of their two `` compliance buyouts '' on captain Vincent Lecavalier , as permitted by the collective agreement . This move would make Lecavalier an unrestricted free agent beginning July 5 , free to sign with any team except the Lightning . The team stated the move was made not because of Lecavalier 's play on the ice , but simply because of how his contract affected the team 's salary cap , which would have been over $7 million per year until its expiration after the 2019 -- 20 season .", "After acquiring goaltender Ben Bishop from the Ottawa Senators in a trade the previous season , the Lightning started the 2013 season with an above average performance . On November 11 , 2013 , going into the day tied for most goals during the regular season , Steven Stamkos suffered a broken right tibia after crashing into one of the goalposts during play against the Boston Bruins . He would miss 45 games and was not cleared to play again until March 5 , 2014 .", "In January , GM Steve Yzerman , who also served as the general manager for Canada 's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics , elected not to name Lightning captain Martin St. Louis to Canada 's roster , instead choosing the still - injured Stamkos . After Stamkos was not medically cleared to play in Sochi in early February , Yzerman ultimately named St. Louis to Team Canada as an injury replacement . In late February , it was reported St. Louis had requested a trade from Yzerman the month prior . St. Louis , who had a no - move clause in his contract with Tampa Bay , reportedly consented to only being traded to the New York Rangers . On March 5 , 2014 , St. Louis was sent to New York along with a conditional 2015 second - round pick in exchange for New York captain Ryan Callahan , a 2015 first - round draft pick , a conditional 2014 second - round pick and a 2015 conditional seventh - round pick . The deal came subsequently after Stamkos had been cleared to return to the Lightning 's active roster . St. Louis cited his decision based on his family and thanked Lightning fans for their support during his tenure with the franchise , but would not specify any further about the reasons leading to his request .", "On March 6 , 2014 , Steven Stamkos was named Tampa Bay 's tenth captain in franchise history in his first game back after recovering from his tibia injury .", "On April 7 , 2014 , the team announced it had signed GM Steve Yzerman to a four - year contract extension .", "Finishing the season with 101 points , the Lightning placed second in the Atlantic Division , qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 2011 . However , Tampa Bay was eliminated in the first round of the Atlantic divisional semi-finals , losing to the Montreal Canadiens in a four - game sweep .", "On June 25 , 2014 , the Lightning agreed to terms with Ryan Callahan , who was slated to become a free agent in the off - season , signing him to a six - year , $34.8 million contract extension . The same day , the Lightning used its remaining compliance buyout on forward Ryan Malone after his on - ice performance had declined from injuries seasons prior in addition to his off - ice troubles that included a DUI arrest before the end of the season .", "Finishing the 2014 -- 15 season with 108 points , the Lightning placed second in the Atlantic Division and qualified for the playoffs for the second - straight season , scoring the most goals out of any team in the NHL . Tampa Bay eliminated the Detroit Red Wings in seven games in the first round of the playoffs before facing Montreal in the second round . The Lightning won the first three games of the series and had a chance to sweep the Canadiens , however Montreal responded with wins in Games 4 and 5 to extend the series to a sixth game . Tampa Bay won the sixth game of the series to eliminate the Canadiens and advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2011 , facing the New York Rangers .", "In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Lightning and the Rangers split the first two games of the series in New York , with the Lightning winning Game 2 of the series thanks to a Tyler Johnson hat - trick . The series then shifted to Tampa , where the Lightning had a come - from - behind overtime victory in Game 3 but lost Game 4 to even the series at two games apiece . During Game 5 in New York , goaltender Ben Bishop recorded his second shutout of the playoffs in a 2 -- 0 victory , but the Rangers responded in Game 6 by scoring seven goals to tie the series at three games apiece . In Game 7 , Bishop recorded his third shutout of the playoffs in another 2 -- 0 victory against the Rangers to lead the Lightning to their first appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals since 2004 . The Lightning not only became the first team to defeat the Rangers in a Game 7 at Madison Square Garden , but they also became the first team to successfully defeat three Original Six teams in the first three rounds of the playoffs . The Lightning would face the Chicago Blackhawks in the Stanley Cup Finals , making it the first time a finalist faced four Original Six teams in the playoffs since the four - round format was introduced in 1980 . After losing Game 1 at home , the Lightning built a two games to one series lead , though the Blackhawks would win the following three games to win the Stanley Cup in six games at the United Center in Chicago . This made Tampa Bay the first team to beat three of the Original Six teams in the playoffs since the Pittsburgh Penguins completed the feat in 1992 . However , they became the first team to lose the Stanley Cup Finals despite beating three Original Six teams .", "Despite finishing with 46 wins and 97 points , the Lightning had a very slow start to the 2015 -- 16 season . The 2015 -- 16 season was filled with controversy for the Lightning , starting off with the contractual questions regarding team captain Steven Stamkos and with the former third overall pick Jonathan Drouin publicly requesting a trade and being suspended from the organization . The Lightning picked up their play at the beginning of the year 2016 and set the franchise record to nine consecutive wins on March 5 , 2016 , when Alex Killorn scored with 42.5 seconds remaining in overtime to propel the Lightning to a 4 -- 3 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes at Amalie Arena . On March 26 , 2016 , the Lightning announced cornerstone defenseman Anton Stralman had suffered a fractured leg in their game against the New York Islanders at home . Tampa 's fortunes would get even worse when Stamkos shockingly was out of the lineup for the team 's game on April 2 against the New Jersey Devils in Tampa . Lightning GM Steve Yzerman announced after the game that the captain would miss one - to - three months due to a blood clot in his arm . Due to unfortunate circumstances , the team had no other option but to bring Drouin back to the team . The Lightning ended up finishing second in the Atlantic Division and would once again face the third - seeded Detroit Red Wings in the first round of the playoffs .", "The Lightning ended up defeating the Red Wings in five games after winning 1 -- 0 at Amalie Arena . Next up , the Islanders would face the Lightning . In Game 1 , the Islanders defeated the Bolts 5 -- 3 . The Lightning would eventually answer back by winning four consecutive games in the series to defeat the Isles in five games , in large part due to back - to - back road overtime victories with goals scored by Brian Boyle and Jason Garrison . The Lightning were set to play against the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Eastern Conference Finals . In Game 1 at Consol Energy Center , star goaltender Ben Bishop would be added to the list of devastating injuries for the team as he left on a stretcher and did not return for the remainder of the series . Stralman would eventually return in Game 2 . A back - and - forth series would eventually lead to a Game 7 showdown in Pittsburgh . Lightning captain Steven Stamkos surprisingly took warmups and was in the Lightning lineup after a long absence from blood clot surgery . However , it was not enough , as the Lightning would fall 2 -- 1 against the Penguins , who went on to defeat the San Jose Sharks and win the Stanley Cup .", "With the Lightning under the spotlight in the 2016 off - season , Drouin rescinded his trade request . Steve Yzerman would then announce on June 29 the team re-signed Stamkos to an eight - year , cap - friendly deal . He would then sign star defenseman Victor Hedman to an eight - year contract on July 1 , along with a seven - year deal for Alex Killorn and a three - year deal for former first round pick , goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy .", "The Lightning narrowly missed the playoffs in the 2016 -- 17 season . Finishing with 94 points , they were beaten to the second wildcard by the Toronto Maple Leafs , with 95 points . The 2016 -- 17 season for the Lightning was a host of injuries , mainly their captain , Steven Stamkos . Stamkos went down in the 17th game , against the Detroit Red Wings . It was revealed he suffered from a torn left meniscus , which put him out for the rest of the season . During the season , they traded goaltender Ben Bishop to the Los Angeles Kings , center Brian Boyle to the Toronto Maple Leafs , and forward Valtteri Filppula to the Philadelphia Flyers . However , there were positive signs as winger Nikita Kucherov emerged with 40 goals and goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy stepped up after Bishop left . The Lightning also showcased their young talent with rookie Brayden Point and promising AHL call - ups Yanni Gourde and Jake Dotchin . The Lightning bounced back with this talent in the last third of the season , but it was not enough as they missed the playoffs by one point .", "In the off - season , the Lightning made a deal with the Montreal Canadiens to send Jonathan Drouin to their franchise in exchange for defensive prospect Mikhail Sergachev and a second - round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft . They also signed defenseman Dan Girardi for two years and winger Chris Kunitz to a one year deal .", "In the 2017 -- 18 season , Steven Stamkos returned from injury , scoring 20 points in the first 10 games and assisting on 9 of Nikita Kucherov 's 11 . The Lightning finished the 2017 -- 18 season with a record of 54 -- 23 -- 5 , finishing with 113 points . The Lightning won their first Atlantic Division title and first division title since the 2003 -- 04 season , as well as securing the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs . Andrei Vasilevskiy was nominated for the Vezina Trophy . Nikita Kucherov scored 100 points during the regular season , finishing third overall in the league . Steve Yzerman was once again nominated for the NHL General Manager of the Year Award . During the playoffs , the Lightning eliminated the New Jersey Devils in the first round and the Boston Bruins in the second round , both in five games . However , they were defeated in the Eastern Conference Finals by the eventual - Stanley Cup champions , the Washington Capitals , in seven games .", "The Lightning radio broadcasts are on WFLA ; the play - by - play announcer is Dave Mishkin , known for his energetic style and his tendency to shriek when the Lightning score . Phil Esposito is the color commentator for home games . Matthew Sammon is the pregame and intermission host . The Lightning television broadcasts can be seen on Fox Sports Sun . The television play - by - play announcer is Rick Peckham . The color commentator is Brian Engblom . The studio host is Paul Kennedy . Caley Chelios is the in - arena host and Lightning reporter . Former Lightning player Dave Andreychuk and former color commentator Bobby `` The Chief '' Taylor assist with the television pregame and postgame broadcasts .", "On December 10 , 2014 , long - time color commentator Bobby `` The Chief '' Taylor announced he would be retiring from the broadcast booth at the end of the 2014 -- 15 season . Taylor had served as the teams color commentator since the 1993 -- 94 season , which was the team 's second year of existence . Taylor cited that he desired to be home with his wife Jan more . Taylor said , `` The road was starting to get a little stale , '' and `` I 've been traveling since I was 15 , and that 's a long time . '' However , Taylor announced that he is not completely stepping away from the team broadcasts . He will continue to serve as a sideline or studio analyst during the games on Fox Sports Sun for both home and away games . Taylor may also see sometime between the benches during broadcasts the following season . The Lightning have begun an immediate search for a replacement for Taylor for the coming season .", "On August 11 , 2015 , Fox Sports Sun , the regional television home of the Lightning , announced Brian Engblom as Taylor 's replacement on color commentary for the 2015 -- 16 season . Prior to joining Sun Sports , Engblom served as `` Inside the glass '' analyst on both NBC and NBC Sports Network , as well as the network 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . Engblom has served as an analyst on NHL Live , and also served as color analyst for Winnipeg Jets Games on TSN in Canada . Prior to being an announcer , Engblom played at the University of Wisconsin , and was Montreal 's third pick , 22nd overall , in the 1975 NHL Entry Draft . He won three Stanley Cups with the Canadiens ( 1977 -- 1979 ) .", "Since 2010 , the Lightning colors have been blue , black and white . Their logo has been a stylized lightning bolt . This is the origin of one nickname for the team -- the `` Bolts . ''", "The original Lightning jerseys featured simple stripes on the sleeves and tail , and contrasting shoulders -- black shoulders over a white jersey , and white shoulders over the black -- with the alternate logo ( a lightning bolt over the outline of the state of Florida ) . The underarm gussets included a feature referred to as `` victory stripes '' -- a group of thin stripes , alternating in the team 's colors ( black - silver - blue on white , or white - blue - silver on black ) . For the 1996 -- 97 season , the Lightning added a third jersey , primarily blue with a sublimated wave and rain design on the front and back , lightning bolts down the sleeves , a silver - gray shoulder yoke , and black gussets . The third jersey was retired after the 1998 -- 99 season .", "In their first two seasons , the Lightning used a stylized block font for player names , with gaps in the upper loops of letters such as A , B , D , and R . The numbers were standard block numbers with drop shadows . The fonts were vertical in 1992 -- 93 , and italicized in 1993 -- 94 . The following season , the name font changed to a block font , vertically arched , while the number font changed to a painted style resembling the letters `` Tampa Bay '' in the logo . This style was also used on the blue alternate in 1998 -- 99 , replacing an `` electrified '' number font used from 1996 -- 98 . In 2001 -- 02 , the old fonts were replaced with traditional block letters and numbers , which have been used ever since . They also darkened their shades of blue that season from a royal blue to a speed ( Indy ) blue .", "As with all NHL teams for the 2007 -- 08 season , the Lightning debuted in new Reebok `` Rbk Edge '' jerseys . Also , like several other NHL teams , the Lightning updated their team logo .", "The Lightning unveiled their new logo on August 25 , 2007 . The logo was similar to the inaugural one , but with a more modern look . The new logo also kept the same theme as the previous one , but with the words `` Tampa Bay '' across the top now appearing with tall capital initials , and the word `` Lightning '' no longer appearing on the bottom of the logo .", "The Edge jerseys use the same template adopted by the Ottawa Senators and Pittsburgh Penguins . Unlike those teams , the Lightning 's elbow panels remain the base color of the jersey , and an additional blue panel is added near the cuff of the sleeve . The Edge uniforms retain the underarm gusset `` victory stripes '' of their predecessors .", "The Lightning then debuted a new `` alternate '' or `` third '' jersey in the 2008 -- 09 season . The jersey features a dominant `` electric blue '' color , with black and silver accents at the end of the sleeves . The logo is removed , and in its place emblazoned across the front of the jersey descending to the lower left of the jersey is the word `` BOLTS '' ( utilizing a layout similar to that of the Ottawa Senators ' third jersey ) . The numbers are featured on the back and sleeves only , using white lettering .", "It was reported on January 23 , 2011 , that the Lightning had filed paperwork with the NHL to change their logo and colors , beginning with the 2011 -- 12 season . The new logo , as well as the new home and away jerseys , were unveiled by the team at a press conference at the St. Pete Times Forum on January 31 , 2011 . The Lightning began to integrate the new logo onto center ice , and even distributed free T - shirts with the simplified logo on February 4 , 2011 , while still using the old Lightning logo and uniforms .", "The current uniforms are made in a traditional hockey sweater design . Initially , the colors that were to be used were simply blue and white , but by popular demand , black was later added as a trim color on the numbers . The victory stripes were also eliminated . Despite the introduction of the new uniforms , the previous third jersey was retained , with the new simplified logo replacing the old logo in the shoulders prior to the 2012 -- 13 season .", "For the 2014 -- 15 season , the Lightning announced that a new black third sweater will replace the existing `` BOLTS '' sweaters . The new sweaters were unveiled on September 27 , 2014 . It retained the `` BOLTS '' wordmark , while adding white accents in a similar manner as the Los Angeles Kings ' sweaters . The secondary roundel logo also replaced the primary logo on the sleeves , while the city name was enscripted on the collar .", "The Lightning made some minor tweaks to their current uniform set following the NHL 's move to Adidas as its uniform provider in the 2017 -- 18 season . The most notable change is the removal of the `` TAMPA BAY '' wordmark on the white away sweaters .", "Former United States Air Force technical sergeant Sonya Bryson - Kirksey sings the American national anthem at home games and she is accompanied by organist Krystof Srebrakowski .", "The Lightning mascot is a lightning bug named ThunderBug . He performs at games and makes appearances in the community . According to the Lightning website , Thunderbug enjoys birthday parties , street hockey , ice hockey and Lightning fans , while his dislikes include flyswatters and bug zappers .", "An official dance team known as the Lightning Girls perform at all home games and community events . The Tampa Bay Lightning Girls are a group of dancers who perform in the stands .", "This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Lightning . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Tampa Bay Lightning seasons", "Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against", "Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 46 27 9 101 239 215 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Canadiens ) 2014 -- 15 82 50 24 8 108 262 211 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 31 5 97 227 201 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 42 30 10 94 234 227 5th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 54 23 5 113 296 236 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals )", "Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs", "2013 -- 14 82 46 27 9 101 239 215 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Canadiens )", "2014 -- 15 82 50 24 8 108 262 211 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Blackhawks )", "2015 -- 16 82 46 31 5 97 227 201 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Penguins )", "2016 -- 17 82 42 30 10 94 234 227 5th , Atlantic Did not qualify", "2017 -- 18 82 54 23 5 113 296 236 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals )", "view talk", "Updated July 5 , 2018", "# Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Andy Andreoff LW / C 27 2018 Pickering , Ontario 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Ryan Callahan ( A ) RW 33 2014 Rochester , New York 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Anthony Cirelli 21 2015 Woodbridge , Ontario 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Braydon Coburn 33 2015 Calgary , Alberta 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Cory Conacher C / LW 28 2016 Burlington , Ontario 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Louis Domingue 26 2017 Mont - Saint - Hilaire , Quebec 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dan Girardi 34 2017 Welland , Ontario 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Yanni Gourde LW 26 2014 Saint - Narcisse , Quebec 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Victor Hedman 27 2009 Örnsköldsvik , Sweden 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tyler Johnson 28 2011 Spokane , Washington 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Alex Killorn 28 2007 Halifax , Nova Scotia 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Nikita Kucherov RW 25 2011 Moscow , Russia 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Ryan McDonagh 29 2018 St. Paul , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 J.T. Miller C / RW 25 2018 East Palestine , Ohio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Ondrej Palat ( A ) LW 27 2011 Frýdek - Místek , Czechoslovakia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Cedric Paquette 25 2012 Gaspe , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Brayden Point 22 2014 Calgary , Alberta 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Mikhail Sergachev 20 2017 Nizhnekamsk , Russia 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Steven Stamkos ( C ) 28 2008 Markham , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Anton Stralman 32 2014 Tibro , Sweden 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Andrei Vasilevskiy 24 2012 Tyumen , Russia", "# Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace", "7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Andy Andreoff LW / C 27 2018 Pickering , Ontario", "7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Ryan Callahan ( A ) RW 33 2014 Rochester , New York", "7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Anthony Cirelli 21 2015 Woodbridge , Ontario", "7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Braydon Coburn 33 2015 Calgary , Alberta", "7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Cory Conacher C / LW 28 2016 Burlington , Ontario", "7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Louis Domingue 26 2017 Mont - Saint - Hilaire , Quebec", "7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dan Girardi 34 2017 Welland , Ontario", "7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Yanni Gourde LW 26 2014 Saint - Narcisse , Quebec", "7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Victor Hedman 27 2009 Örnsköldsvik , Sweden", "7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tyler Johnson 28 2011 Spokane , Washington", "7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Alex Killorn 28 2007 Halifax , Nova Scotia", "7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Nikita Kucherov RW 25 2011 Moscow , Russia", "7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Ryan McDonagh 29 2018 St. Paul , Minnesota", "7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 J.T. Miller C / RW 25 2018 East Palestine , Ohio", "7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Ondrej Palat ( A ) LW 27 2011 Frýdek - Místek , Czechoslovakia", "7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Cedric Paquette 25 2012 Gaspe , Quebec", "7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Brayden Point 22 2014 Calgary , Alberta", "7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Mikhail Sergachev 20 2017 Nizhnekamsk , Russia", "7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Steven Stamkos ( C ) 28 2008 Markham , Ontario", "7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Anton Stralman 32 2014 Tibro , Sweden", "7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Andrei Vasilevskiy 24 2012 Tyumen , Russia", "Tampa Bay Lightning retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement Vincent Lecavalier 1998 -- 2013 February 10 , 2018 26 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 January 13 , 2017", "No . Player Position Career Date of retirement", "Vincent Lecavalier 1998 -- 2013 February 10 , 2018", "26 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 January 13 , 2017", "The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game .", "The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game .", "Paul Ysebaert , 1995 -- 1997 Mikael Renberg , 1997 -- 1998 Rob Zamuner , 1998 -- 1999 Bill Houlder , 1999 Chris Gratton , 1999 -- 2000 Vincent Lecavalier , 2000 -- 2001 Dave Andreychuk , 2002 -- 2006 Tim Taylor , 2006 -- 2008 Vincent Lecavalier , 2008 -- 2013 Martin St. Louis , 2013 -- 2014 Steven Stamkos , 2014 -- present", "Paul Ysebaert , 1995 -- 1997", "Mikael Renberg , 1997 -- 1998", "Rob Zamuner , 1998 -- 1999", "Bill Houlder , 1999", "Chris Gratton , 1999 -- 2000", "Vincent Lecavalier , 2000 -- 2001", "Dave Andreychuk , 2002 -- 2006", "Tim Taylor , 2006 -- 2008", "Vincent Lecavalier , 2008 -- 2013", "Martin St. Louis , 2013 -- 2014", "Steven Stamkos , 2014 -- present", "Tampa Bay Lightning Hall of Famers Players Name Position Career Inducted Dave Andreychuk 2001 -- 2006 2017 Dino Ciccarelli RW 1996 -- 1998 Mark Recchi RW 2008 -- 2009 2017 Denis Savard 1993 -- 1995 2000 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 2018", "Players", "Name Position Career Inducted", "Dave Andreychuk 2001 -- 2006 2017", "Dino Ciccarelli RW 1996 -- 1998", "Mark Recchi RW 2008 -- 2009 2017", "Denis Savard 1993 -- 1995 2000", "Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 2018", "NHL All - Star Team", "2003 -- 04 -- First Team : Martin St. Louis 2017 -- 18 -- First Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov 2006 -- 07 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Vincent Lecavalier , Dan Boyle 2009 -- 10 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis 2010 -- 11 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Steven Stamkos 2011 -- 12 -- Second Team : Steven Stamkos 2012 -- 13 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis 2015 -- 16 -- Second Team : Ben Bishop 2016 -- 17 -- Second Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov", "2003 -- 04 -- First Team : Martin St. Louis", "2017 -- 18 -- First Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov", "2006 -- 07 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Vincent Lecavalier , Dan Boyle", "2009 -- 10 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis", "2010 -- 11 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Steven Stamkos", "2011 -- 12 -- Second Team : Steven Stamkos", "2012 -- 13 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis", "2015 -- 16 -- Second Team : Ben Bishop", "2016 -- 17 -- Second Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov", "NHL All - Rookie Team", "Brad Richards : 2000 -- 01 Tyler Johnson : 2013 -- 14 Ondrej Palat : 2013 -- 14", "Brad Richards : 2000 -- 01", "Tyler Johnson : 2013 -- 14", "Ondrej Palat : 2013 -- 14", "All - Star Game", "Ben Bishop , G : 2016 Brian Bradley , C : 1993 , 1994 Dino Ciccarelli RW : 1997 Wendel Clark LW : 1999 Jon Cooper HC : 2018 Roman Hamrlik , D: 1996 Victor Hedman , D: 2017 , 2018 Tyler Johnson , C : 2015 Nikolai Khabibulin , G : 2002 , 2003 Nikita Kucherov , RW : 2017 , 2018 Pavel Kubina , D: 2004 Vincent Lecavalier , C : 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ( captain ) , 2009 Fredrik Modin , LW : 2001 Brayden Point , C : 2018 Martin St. Louis , RW : 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ( alternate captain ) Steven Stamkos , C : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 ( captain ) Petr Svoboda , D: 2000 Andrei Vasilevskiy , G : 2018", "Ben Bishop , G : 2016", "Brian Bradley , C : 1993 , 1994", "Dino Ciccarelli RW : 1997", "Wendel Clark LW : 1999", "Jon Cooper HC : 2018", "Roman Hamrlik , D: 1996", "Victor Hedman , D: 2017 , 2018", "Tyler Johnson , C : 2015", "Nikolai Khabibulin , G : 2002 , 2003", "Nikita Kucherov , RW : 2017 , 2018", "Pavel Kubina , D: 2004", "Vincent Lecavalier , C : 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ( captain ) , 2009", "Fredrik Modin , LW : 2001", "Brayden Point , C : 2018", "Martin St. Louis , RW : 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ( alternate captain )", "Steven Stamkos , C : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 ( captain )", "Petr Svoboda , D: 2000", "Andrei Vasilevskiy , G : 2018", "NHL YoungStars Game", "Brad Richards , C : 2002 Alexander Svitov , C : 2003 Paul Ranger , D: 2007 Mike Lundin , D: 2008 Steven Stamkos , C : 2009", "Brad Richards , C : 2002", "Alexander Svitov , C : 2003", "Paul Ranger , D: 2007", "Mike Lundin , D: 2008", "Steven Stamkos , C : 2009", "NHL All - Star Skills Competition ( Rookie )", "Jonathan Drouin , LW : 2015", "Jonathan Drouin , LW : 2015", "1992 : Roman Hamrlik ( 1st overall ) 1993 : Chris Gratton ( 3rd overall ) 1994 : Jason Wiemer ( 8th overall ) 1995 : Daymond Langkow ( 5th overall ) 1996 : Mario Larocque ( 16th overall ) 1997 : Paul Mara ( 7th overall ) 1998 : Vincent Lecavalier ( 1st overall ) 1999 : None 2000 : Nikita Alexeev ( 8th overall ) 2001 : Alexander Svitov ( 3rd overall ) 2002 : None 2003 : None 2004 : Andy Rogers ( 30th overall ) 2005 : Vladimir Mihalik ( 30th overall ) 2006 : Riku Helenius ( 15th overall ) 2007 : None 2008 : Steven Stamkos ( 1st overall ) 2009 : Victor Hedman ( 2nd overall ) , Carter Ashton ( 29th overall ) 2010 : Brett Connolly ( 6th overall ) 2011 : Vladislav Namestnikov ( 27th overall ) 2012 : Slater Koekkoek ( 10th overall ) , Andrei Vasilevskiy ( 19th overall ) 2013 : Jonathan Drouin ( 3rd overall ) 2014 : Anthony DeAngelo ( 19th overall ) 2015 : None 2016 : Brett Howden ( 27th overall ) 2017 : Cal Foote ( 14th overall ) 2018 : None", "1992 : Roman Hamrlik ( 1st overall )", "1993 : Chris Gratton ( 3rd overall )", "1994 : Jason Wiemer ( 8th overall )", "1995 : Daymond Langkow ( 5th overall )", "1996 : Mario Larocque ( 16th overall )", "1997 : Paul Mara ( 7th overall )", "1998 : Vincent Lecavalier ( 1st overall )", "1999 : None", "2000 : Nikita Alexeev ( 8th overall )", "2001 : Alexander Svitov ( 3rd overall )", "2002 : None", "2003 : None", "2004 : Andy Rogers ( 30th overall )", "2005 : Vladimir Mihalik ( 30th overall )", "2006 : Riku Helenius ( 15th overall )", "2007 : None", "2008 : Steven Stamkos ( 1st overall )", "2009 : Victor Hedman ( 2nd overall ) , Carter Ashton ( 29th overall )", "2010 : Brett Connolly ( 6th overall )", "2011 : Vladislav Namestnikov ( 27th overall )", "2012 : Slater Koekkoek ( 10th overall ) , Andrei Vasilevskiy ( 19th overall )", "2013 : Jonathan Drouin ( 3rd overall )", "2014 : Anthony DeAngelo ( 19th overall )", "2015 : None", "2016 : Brett Howden ( 27th overall )", "2017 : Cal Foote ( 14th overall )", "2018 : None", "These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season .", "* -- current Lightning player", "* -- current Lightning player", "Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game", "Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 972 365 588 953 . 98 Vincent Lecavalier 1037 383 491 874 . 84 Steven Stamkos * 664 348 320 668 1.01 Brad Richards 552 150 339 489 . 89 Vaclav Prospal 468 127 244 371 . 79 Victor Hedman * 626 82 282 364 . 58 Nikita Kucherov * RW 365 147 187 334 . 92 Brian Bradley 328 111 189 300 . 91 Fredrik Modin LW 445 145 141 286 . 64 Tyler Johnson * 389 110 151 261 . 67 Goals Player Pos Vincent Lecavalier 383 Martin St. Louis RW 365 Steven Stamkos * 348 Brad Richards 150 Nikita Kucherov * RW 147 Fredrik Modin LW 145 Vaclav Prospal 127 Brian Bradley 111 Tyler Johnson * 110 Chris Gratton 98 Assists Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 588 Vincent Lecavalier 491 Brad Richards 339 Steven Stamkos * 320 Victor Hedman * 282 Vaclav Prospal 244 Brian Bradley 189 Dan Boyle 187 Nikita Kucherov * RW 187 Pavel Kubina 171", "Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 972 365 588 953 . 98 Vincent Lecavalier 1037 383 491 874 . 84 Steven Stamkos * 664 348 320 668 1.01 Brad Richards 552 150 339 489 . 89 Vaclav Prospal 468 127 244 371 . 79 Victor Hedman * 626 82 282 364 . 58 Nikita Kucherov * RW 365 147 187 334 . 92 Brian Bradley 328 111 189 300 . 91 Fredrik Modin LW 445 145 141 286 . 64 Tyler Johnson * 389 110 151 261 . 67 Goals Player Pos Vincent Lecavalier 383 Martin St. Louis RW 365 Steven Stamkos * 348 Brad Richards 150 Nikita Kucherov * RW 147 Fredrik Modin LW 145 Vaclav Prospal 127 Brian Bradley 111 Tyler Johnson * 110 Chris Gratton 98 Assists Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 588 Vincent Lecavalier 491 Brad Richards 339 Steven Stamkos * 320 Victor Hedman * 282 Vaclav Prospal 244 Brian Bradley 189 Dan Boyle 187 Nikita Kucherov * RW 187 Pavel Kubina 171", "Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 972 365 588 953 . 98 Vincent Lecavalier 1037 383 491 874 . 84 Steven Stamkos * 664 348 320 668 1.01 Brad Richards 552 150 339 489 . 89 Vaclav Prospal 468 127 244 371 . 79 Victor Hedman * 626 82 282 364 . 58 Nikita Kucherov * RW 365 147 187 334 . 92 Brian Bradley 328 111 189 300 . 91 Fredrik Modin LW 445 145 141 286 . 64 Tyler Johnson * 389 110 151 261 . 67", "Player Pos GP Pts P / G", "Martin St. Louis RW 972 365 588 953 . 98", "Vincent Lecavalier 1037 383 491 874 . 84", "Steven Stamkos * 664 348 320 668 1.01", "Brad Richards 552 150 339 489 . 89", "Vaclav Prospal 468 127 244 371 . 79", "Victor Hedman * 626 82 282 364 . 58", "Nikita Kucherov * RW 365 147 187 334 . 92", "Brian Bradley 328 111 189 300 . 91", "Fredrik Modin LW 445 145 141 286 . 64", "Tyler Johnson * 389 110 151 261 . 67", "Goals Player Pos Vincent Lecavalier 383 Martin St. Louis RW 365 Steven Stamkos * 348 Brad Richards 150 Nikita Kucherov * RW 147 Fredrik Modin LW 145 Vaclav Prospal 127 Brian Bradley 111 Tyler Johnson * 110 Chris Gratton 98", "Player Pos", "Vincent Lecavalier 383", "Martin St. Louis RW 365", "Steven Stamkos * 348", "Brad Richards 150", "Nikita Kucherov * RW 147", "Fredrik Modin LW 145", "Vaclav Prospal 127", "Brian Bradley 111", "Tyler Johnson * 110", "Chris Gratton 98", "Assists Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 588 Vincent Lecavalier 491 Brad Richards 339 Steven Stamkos * 320 Victor Hedman * 282 Vaclav Prospal 244 Brian Bradley 189 Dan Boyle 187 Nikita Kucherov * RW 187 Pavel Kubina 171", "Player Pos", "Martin St. Louis RW 588", "Vincent Lecavalier 491", "Brad Richards 339", "Steven Stamkos * 320", "Victor Hedman * 282", "Vaclav Prospal 244", "Brian Bradley 189", "Dan Boyle 187", "Nikita Kucherov * RW 187", "Pavel Kubina 171", "These are the top - ten playoff point - scorers in franchise playoff history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL season .", "* -- current Lightning player", "* -- current Lightning player", "Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game ; * = current Lightning player", "Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 63 33 35 68 1.07 Nikita Kucherov * RW 61 29 30 59 . 96 Vincent Lecavalier 63 24 28 52 . 82 Steven Stamkos * 66 22 29 51 . 78 Tyler Johnson * 64 24 26 50 . 79 Victor Hedman * 82 7 41 48 . 59 Brad Richards 45 18 29 47 1.04 Ondrej Palat * LW 63 20 21 41 . 66 Alex Killorn * 64 20 20 40 . 63 Valtteri Filppula 47 5 17 22 . 46 Goals Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 33 Nikita Kucherov * RW 29 Vincent Lecavalier 24 Tyler Johnson * 24 Steven Stamkos * 22 Alex Killorn * 20 Ondrej Palat * LW 20 Brad Richards 18 Ruslan Fedotenko LW 12 Fredrik Modin LW 10 Assists Player Pos Victor Hedman * 41 Martin St. Louis RW 35 Nikita Kucherov * RW 30 Steven Stamkos * 29 Brad Richards 29 Vincent Lecavalier 28 Tyler Johnson * 26 Ondrej Palat * 21 Alex Killorn * 20 Dan Boyle 19", "Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 63 33 35 68 1.07 Nikita Kucherov * RW 61 29 30 59 . 96 Vincent Lecavalier 63 24 28 52 . 82 Steven Stamkos * 66 22 29 51 . 78 Tyler Johnson * 64 24 26 50 . 79 Victor Hedman * 82 7 41 48 . 59 Brad Richards 45 18 29 47 1.04 Ondrej Palat * LW 63 20 21 41 . 66 Alex Killorn * 64 20 20 40 . 63 Valtteri Filppula 47 5 17 22 . 46 Goals Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 33 Nikita Kucherov * RW 29 Vincent Lecavalier 24 Tyler Johnson * 24 Steven Stamkos * 22 Alex Killorn * 20 Ondrej Palat * LW 20 Brad Richards 18 Ruslan Fedotenko LW 12 Fredrik Modin LW 10 Assists Player Pos Victor Hedman * 41 Martin St. Louis RW 35 Nikita Kucherov * RW 30 Steven Stamkos * 29 Brad Richards 29 Vincent Lecavalier 28 Tyler Johnson * 26 Ondrej Palat * 21 Alex Killorn * 20 Dan Boyle 19", "Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 63 33 35 68 1.07 Nikita Kucherov * RW 61 29 30 59 . 96 Vincent Lecavalier 63 24 28 52 . 82 Steven Stamkos * 66 22 29 51 . 78 Tyler Johnson * 64 24 26 50 . 79 Victor Hedman * 82 7 41 48 . 59 Brad Richards 45 18 29 47 1.04 Ondrej Palat * LW 63 20 21 41 . 66 Alex Killorn * 64 20 20 40 . 63 Valtteri Filppula 47 5 17 22 . 46", "Player Pos GP Pts P / G", "Martin St. Louis RW 63 33 35 68 1.07", "Nikita Kucherov * RW 61 29 30 59 . 96", "Vincent Lecavalier 63 24 28 52 . 82", "Steven Stamkos * 66 22 29 51 . 78", "Tyler Johnson * 64 24 26 50 . 79", "Victor Hedman * 82 7 41 48 . 59", "Brad Richards 45 18 29 47 1.04", "Ondrej Palat * LW 63 20 21 41 . 66", "Alex Killorn * 64 20 20 40 . 63", "Valtteri Filppula 47 5 17 22 . 46", "Goals Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 33 Nikita Kucherov * RW 29 Vincent Lecavalier 24 Tyler Johnson * 24 Steven Stamkos * 22 Alex Killorn * 20 Ondrej Palat * LW 20 Brad Richards 18 Ruslan Fedotenko LW 12 Fredrik Modin LW 10", "Player Pos", "Martin St. Louis RW 33", "Nikita Kucherov * RW 29", "Vincent Lecavalier 24", "Tyler Johnson * 24", "Steven Stamkos * 22", "Alex Killorn * 20", "Ondrej Palat * LW 20", "Brad Richards 18", "Ruslan Fedotenko LW 12", "Fredrik Modin LW 10", "Assists Player Pos Victor Hedman * 41 Martin St. Louis RW 35 Nikita Kucherov * RW 30 Steven Stamkos * 29 Brad Richards 29 Vincent Lecavalier 28 Tyler Johnson * 26 Ondrej Palat * 21 Alex Killorn * 20 Dan Boyle 19", "Player Pos", "Victor Hedman * 41", "Martin St. Louis RW 35", "Nikita Kucherov * RW 30", "Steven Stamkos * 29", "Brad Richards 29", "Vincent Lecavalier 28", "Tyler Johnson * 26", "Ondrej Palat * 21", "Alex Killorn * 20", "Dan Boyle 19", "2003 -- 04", "2003 -- 04", "Prince of Wales Trophy", "2003 -- 04 2014 -- 15", "2003 -- 04", "2014 -- 15", "Art Ross Trophy", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 , 2012 -- 13", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 , 2012 -- 13", "Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy", "John Cullen : 1998 -- 99", "John Cullen : 1998 -- 99", "Conn Smythe Trophy", "Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04", "Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04", "Hart Memorial Trophy", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04", "Jack Adams Award", "John Tortorella : 2003 -- 04", "John Tortorella : 2003 -- 04", "James Norris Memorial Trophy", "Victor Hedman : 2017 -- 18", "Victor Hedman : 2017 -- 18", "King Clancy Memorial Trophy", "Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08", "Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08", "Lady Byng Memorial Trophy", "Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04 Martin St. Louis : 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13", "Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04", "Martin St. Louis : 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13", "Lester B. Pearson Award", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04", "Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy", "Vincent Lecavalier : 2006 -- 07 Steven Stamkos : 2009 -- 10 ( shared with Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins ) , 2011 -- 12", "Vincent Lecavalier : 2006 -- 07", "Steven Stamkos : 2009 -- 10 ( shared with Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins ) , 2011 -- 12", "NHL Foundation Player Award", "Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08", "Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08", "NHL General Manager of the Year Award", "Steve Yzerman : 2014 -- 15", "Steve Yzerman : 2014 -- 15", "NHL Plus / Minus Award", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 ( shared with Marek Malik of the Vancouver Canucks )", "Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 ( shared with Marek Malik of the Vancouver Canucks )", "Most goals in a season : Steven Stamkos , 60 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most assists in a season : Brad Richards ( 2005 -- 06 ) and Martin St. Louis ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 68 Most points in a season : Vincent Lecavalier , 108 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals in a season , defenseman : Dan Boyle , 20 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most assists in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 56 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 72 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Zenon Konopka , 265 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most assists in a season , rookie : Brad Richards , 41 ( 2000 -- 01 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 64 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most wins in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 44 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most shutouts in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 8 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most goals in a season : Steven Stamkos , 60 ( 2011 -- 12 )", "Most assists in a season : Brad Richards ( 2005 -- 06 ) and Martin St. Louis ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 68", "Most points in a season : Vincent Lecavalier , 108 ( 2006 -- 07 )", "Most goals in a season , defenseman : Dan Boyle , 20 ( 2006 -- 07 )", "Most assists in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 56 ( 2016 -- 17 )", "Most points in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 72 ( 2016 -- 17 )", "Most penalty minutes in a season : Zenon Konopka , 265 ( 2009 -- 10 )", "Most goals in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 25 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most assists in a season , rookie : Brad Richards , 41 ( 2000 -- 01 )", "Most points in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 64 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most wins in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 44 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most shutouts in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 8 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Largest home playoff attendance : 28,183 ( ThunderDome -- now Tropicana Field ) ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most Points in a season : 113 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Wins in a season : 54 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Home Wins in a season : 32 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most road Wins in a season : 25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Wins in a row : 9 ( 2015 -- 16 )", "Largest home playoff attendance : 28,183 ( ThunderDome -- now Tropicana Field ) ( 1995 -- 96 )", "Most Points in a season : 113 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most Wins in a season : 54 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most Home Wins in a season : 32 ( 2014 -- 15 )", "Most road Wins in a season : 25 ( 2017 -- 18 )", "Most Wins in a row : 9 ( 2015 -- 16 )" ]

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[ "The impact of the Korean War on the Economy of the United States refers to the ways in which the American economy was affected by the Korean experience from 1950 to 1953 . While the cost of the Korean War was less significant than that of World War II , it still changed the structure of the American growth as a result of its financing . The Korean War boosted GDP growth through government spending , which in turn constrained investment and consumption . While taxes were raised significantly to finance the war , the Federal Reserve followed an anti-inflationary policy . Though there was a large increase in prices at the outset of the war , price and wage controls ultimately stabilized prices by the end of the war . Consumption and investment continued to grow after the war , but below the trend rate prior to the war .", "While the United States usually finances wars using a combination of direct contemporaneous taxes , debt , and money creation , with taxation comprising a relatively small fraction of expenses , the Korean War was financed mainly via taxation . This focus on taxation was significant change in economic policy , as President Harry S. Truman focused on maintaining a balanced budget . He favored pay - as - you - go taxation and Congress supported this ; in 1950 , the House of Representatives , in an overwhelming majority , voted 328 to 7 to raise personal income taxes , corporate income taxes , and excise taxes . Also , capital taxation reached their highest levels in the history of the US during the Korean War , rising to an average of about 62 percent . Sin and luxury taxes , such as those on furs , jewelry , and coin - operated gambling machines were increased as well and new taxes on television and household freezers , which represented goods that used materials and manufacturing facilities that were maybe important for the war effort . Taxes were again increased under the Revenue Act of 1951 . Although the Revenue Acts during the Korean War were unable to prevent a deficit in the federal budget , the deficits produced were manageable , averaging about 6.5 percent of revenues on a monthly basis during the war . Through such measures , President Truman depended mostly on taxation and a decrease in non-military expenses , rather than from borrowing from the public or money creation policies .", "Monetary policy during the Korean War , centered around the issue of whether or not the Federal Reserve should continue its prewar policy of setting a floor under the prices of government bonds or whether it should allow prices to drop , in order to restrict money and credit growth to restrict inflation . Truman and his Treasury Secretary , John W. Snyder strongly were in favor of the former strategy of pegging government bond prices , but the Federal Reserve saw the need to encourage macroeconomic stability , meaning fighting inflation . At the outbreak of the war , prices surged ; by February 1951 , the monthly increase in the consumer price index was almost 20 percent annually . Ultimately , the Federal Reserve followed an anti-inflationary policy .", "The first nine months of war are characterized by expansion and strong inflationary pressure due to abnormally large consumption in anticipation of possible future shortages . The outbreak of the Korean War led to a sharp increase in consumer expenditure , as consumers hurried to buy automobile tires , sugar , nylons , etc. and in response to all the consumer purchases and in anticipation of war orders , manufacturers also began buying more raw materials . The spurt in sales lasted two months and then declined for several months as United Nations forces advanced northward in Korea . This was until there was a second buying wave in the winter of 1951 , which followed the Chinese attacks along the Yalu River and United Nations forces retreated .", "On January 26 , 1951 , a price freeze was introduced . From the onset of the war to the start of the price freeze , prices increased at a rate of 11.1 percent annually . During the period from the price freeze to the end of price controls , prices rose at rate of 2.1 percent annually . Overall inflation increased by 5.3 percent . This inflation growth was much lower than that of World War II , during which wholesale prices increased about 70 percent . While money growth was very high and volatile during World War II , averaging 18 percent between 1940 and 1946 , the average money growth rate during the Korean War was 4 percent . In response to this growth in inflation , the government implemented price and wage controls . Increases in taxes and new price and wage controls that constrained private sector consumption and investment affected overall material well - being . In the years after the war , consumption and investment continue to be impacted by war as they did not return to pre-war levels .", "While military spending in the US was high prior to the Korean War due to ongoing tensions with the Soviet Union , the Korean War further increased it . The Korean War cost the US $30 billion in 1953 , which is equivalent to US $341 billion in 2011 . During the last year of the war , annual war expenditure comprised about 14.1 percent of GDP . Approximately 34,000 Americans were killed in battle and about another 2,800 died from disease or injury , with total US casualties , which includes dead , wounded , and missing in action , adding up to 139,860 . The `` Korean War GI Bill '' was implemented in 1952 , eventually covering veterans between June 27 , 1950 and February 1 , 1955 . It offered the same benefits as the World War II G.I. Bill , including mustering - out pay , financial support for education , home and business loan guarantees , unemployment compensation , and job placement ." ]

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[ "`` The Yada Yada '' Seinfeld episode Episode no . Season 8 Episode 19 Directed by Andy Ackerman Written by Peter Mehlman & Jill Franklyn Production code 819 Original air date April 24 , 1997 Guest appearance ( s ) Bryan Cranston as Tim Whatley Suzanne Cryer as Marcy Jill St. John as Mrs. Abbott Robert Wagner as Dr. Abbott Stephen Caffrey as Arnie Debra Messing as Beth Danny Woodburn as Mickey Henry Woronicz as Father Curtis Monica Lacy as Julie Ali Marsh as Karen David Chandler as Brian Virginia Watson as Nun Walter Franks as Waiter Jerry Maren as Dad Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Nap '' Next → `` The Millennium '' List of Seinfeld episodes", "`` The Yada Yada ''", "Seinfeld episode", "Episode no . Season 8 Episode 19", "Directed by Andy Ackerman", "Written by Peter Mehlman & Jill Franklyn", "Production code 819", "Original air date April 24 , 1997", "Guest appearance ( s )", "Bryan Cranston as Tim Whatley Suzanne Cryer as Marcy Jill St. John as Mrs. Abbott Robert Wagner as Dr. Abbott Stephen Caffrey as Arnie Debra Messing as Beth Danny Woodburn as Mickey Henry Woronicz as Father Curtis Monica Lacy as Julie Ali Marsh as Karen David Chandler as Brian Virginia Watson as Nun Walter Franks as Waiter Jerry Maren as Dad", "Bryan Cranston as Tim Whatley Suzanne Cryer as Marcy Jill St. John as Mrs. Abbott Robert Wagner as Dr. Abbott Stephen Caffrey as Arnie Debra Messing as Beth Danny Woodburn as Mickey Henry Woronicz as Father Curtis Monica Lacy as Julie Ali Marsh as Karen David Chandler as Brian Virginia Watson as Nun Walter Franks as Waiter Jerry Maren as Dad", "Bryan Cranston as Tim Whatley", "Suzanne Cryer as Marcy", "Jill St. John as Mrs. Abbott", "Robert Wagner as Dr. Abbott", "Stephen Caffrey as Arnie", "Debra Messing as Beth", "Danny Woodburn as Mickey", "Henry Woronicz as Father Curtis", "Monica Lacy as Julie", "Ali Marsh as Karen", "David Chandler as Brian", "Virginia Watson as Nun", "Walter Franks as Waiter", "Jerry Maren as Dad", "Episode chronology", "← Previous `` The Nap '' Next → `` The Millennium ''", "← Previous `` The Nap '' Next → `` The Millennium ''", "← Previous `` The Nap '' Next → `` The Millennium ''", "List of Seinfeld episodes", "`` The Yada Yada '' is the 153rd episode of the American NBC sitcom Seinfeld . The 19th episode of the eighth season , it aired on April 24 , 1997 . Peter Mehlman and Jill Franklyn were nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1997 .", "Jerry 's dentist , Tim Whatley ( Bryan Cranston ) , has just finished the process of converting to Judaism but is already making Jewish - themed jokes that make Jerry uncomfortable . Jerry goes so far as to say that he believes that Whatley only converted `` for the jokes '' .", "Kramer and Mickey Abbott double date , but ca n't decide which woman , Karen or Julie , is right for which one of them .", "Elaine is a character reference for Beth and Arnie ( Stephen Caffrey ) , a couple who are trying to adopt , but the story she tells during an interview destroys all hope of adoption : she mentions a time when she and the couple went to a movie , and the husband lost his temper because Elaine was talking during the movie .", "George 's new girlfriend Marcy likes to say `` yada yada yada '' to shorten her stories . He tries using this practice to avoid mentioning Susan 's death but then becomes suspicious when Marcy tells him that her ex-boyfriend had visited her the night before `` and yada yada yada , I 'm really tired today '' . George later consults Jerry and Elaine , suspecting that Marcy used `` yada yada '' to cover up sex with her ex-boyfriend , and Elaine believes that this is possible .", "George : You do n't think she 'd yada yada sex ? Elaine : I 've yada yada 'd sex !", "George : You do n't think she 'd yada yada sex ?", "Elaine : I 've yada yada 'd sex !", "Later , George asks Marcy to tell him some of the things she was covering up with `` yada yada '' , and discovers that she 's a habitual shoplifter . George , however , is still reluctant to tell her how his engagement ended ( since George mentioned : `` Well , we were engaged to be married , uh , we bought the wedding invitations , and , uh , yada yada yada , I 'm still single . '' )", "Jerry confesses to a priest about what he thinks of Tim 's conversion , saying that he 's offended ( not as a Jew , but as a comedian ) , only to get sidetracked when the priest laughs at a Catholic joke of Tim 's that he repeats . However , the priest is less amused by a dentist / sadist joke that Jerry makes at the end of their conversation . George drops by Jerry 's confession and tells him that they need to talk . Kramer decides on the right woman , and Mickey also decides to make his commitment ; however , it becomes apparent they made a mistake when Kramer meets Karen 's parents , who are revealed to be little people like Mickey . Tim hears about the dentist joke that Jerry told the priest . He takes extreme exception to it and , as a result , deliberately prolongs an uncomfortable procedure . After hearing Jerry 's complaints about Tim , Kramer calls Jerry an `` anti-dentite '' .", "Elaine lobbies on behalf of Beth and Arnie , and propositions the adoption official as an inducement . Beth 's marriage nonetheless fails and she accompanies Jerry to Mickey 's wedding to Karen . Elaine , now dating the adoption agent , is dismayed . George shows up without Marcy , explaining that `` She was getting shoes for the wedding , yada yada yada , I 'll see her in 6 to 8 months . '' Julie runs out before the wedding begins , apparently in love with Mickey and unable to bear seeing him marry Karen . Mickey 's dad , a dentist , stands up for Whatley and chastises Jerry for antagonizing him : `` Tim Whatley was one of my students , and if this was n't my son 's wedding day , I 'd knock your teeth out , you anti-dentite bastard . '' Jerry is initially comforted by Beth who is at first shown to harbor the same feelings towards dentists as Jerry , until she also reveals herself to be both racist and antisemitic , at which point Jerry dumps her and tells Elaine that she left `` to get her head shaved '' . As Karen and Mickey walk out at the end of the ceremony , Karen says to Kramer , `` I really wanted you '' , much to his surprise .", "The episode was allowed by NBC to run longer than the usual thirty minutes , and its slightly above - average length was even boasted about in promos . An edited version airs in syndication , cutting out several small scenes and dialogues , but the full - length version is available on the Seinfeld Season 8 DVD collection and on Hulu .", "Look up yada yada yada in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Look up yada yada yada in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "The episode is one of the most famous of the series , specifically for its focus on the phrase `` yada yada '' . `` Yadda yadda '' was already a relatively common phrase before the episode aired , used notably by comedian Lenny Bruce , among others . The phrase may have originated with the 1950s `` yackety - yack '' , 1940s vaudeville , or earlier . The Phrase can be heard in the background of After the Fire 's 1982 version of the song , `` Der Kommissar '' at the 3 : 00 mark . The phrase was used by a secretary summing up the boring parts of a letter in the February 16 , 1984 Magnum PI episode `` The Return of Luther Gillis '' 14 years before the Seinfeld episode , in the December 7 , 1989 ( Season 8 Episode 11 ) `` Cheers '' episode `` Feeble Attraction '' and in the May 13 , 1993 Cheers episode `` The Guy Ca n't Help It '' . On the May 7 , 1992 The Simpsons episode `` Bart 's Friend Falls in Love '' Bart says , `` Well , Milhouse , tis better to have loved and lost , yada yada yada . ''", "The phrase was used in the `` She 's Back '' episode of Wings , on 1 / 3 / 95 , when character Sandy Cooper `` yada , yadas '' through the wedding ceremony to Joe Hackett .", "The phrase was used in the fifth episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , `` Never Kill a Boy on the First Date '' , which aired on March 31 , 1997 , appearing when Buffy Summers explains to Angel that she knows about a prophecy . The Seinfeld episode first aired a little less than a month later .", "Before the episode aired , writer Peter Mehlman suspected that it would spawn a new Seinfeld catchphrase , but he thought it would be the phrase `` anti-dentite '' that would become popular . The Paley Center named `` Yada Yada Yada '' the No. 1 funniest phrase on `` TV 's 50 Funniest Phrases '' .", "Scott Adams , creator of Dilbert was influenced by the episode as broadcast on April 24 , 1997 , as the Dilbert comic strip 6 days later on April 30 , 1997 , had a direct reference to `` yada yada '' .", "Seinfeld 's use of `` yada yada '' was referenced in the King of the Hill episode `` Yankee Hanky '' by Dale Gribble , who ridicules Hank Hill 's discovery that he was born in New York City by using the phrase .", "That Handsome Devil produced a song titled `` Yada - Yada '' . Similarly , the episode was overtly referenced in the name of a popular Connecticut - based rock and roll outfit , The Anti-Dentites .", "The episode was seemingly referenced by politician Sarah Palin in an email to The Daily Caller November 1 , 2010 :", "I suppose I could play their immature , unprofessional , waste - of - time game , too , by claiming these reporters and politicos are homophobe , child molesting , tax evading , anti-dentite , puppy - kicking , chain smoking porn producers ... really , they are ... I 've seen it myself ... but I 'll only give you the information off - the - record , on deep , deep background ; attribute these `` facts '' to an `` anonymous source '' and I 'll give you more ." ]

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[ "The history of the club is split into separate pages spanning different eras of the club :", "History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1880 -- 1928 ) History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1928 -- 1965 ) History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1965 -- 2001 ) History of Manchester City F.C. ( 2001 -- present )", "History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1880 -- 1928 )", "History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1928 -- 1965 )", "History of Manchester City F.C. ( 1965 -- 2001 )", "History of Manchester City F.C. ( 2001 -- present )", "Members of St. Mark 's Church of England , West Gorton , Manchester , founded the football club that would become known as Manchester City , for largely humanitarian purposes . Two church wardens sought to curb local gang violence and alcoholism by instituting new activities for local men , whilst high unemployment plagued East Manchester , specifically Gorton . All men were welcome to join , regardless of religion .", "A church cricket club had been formed in 1875 , but no equivalent for the winter months existed . To rectify this , and as part of Rector Arthur Connell 's general push to intervene in social ills , church wardens William Beastow and Thomas Goodbehere started a church football team called St Mark 's ( West Gorton ) ( sometimes written as West Gorton ( St Mark 's ) ) in the winter of 1880 .", "The team 's first recorded match occurred on 13 November 1880 , against a church team from Macclesfield . St. Marks lost the match 2 -- 1 , and only won one match during their inaugural 1880 -- 81 season , with a victory over Stalybridge Clarence in March 1881 .", "City gained their first honours by winning the Second Division in 1899 ; with it came promotion to the highest level in English football , the First Division . They went on to claim their first major honour on 23 April 1904 , beating Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 at Crystal Palace to win the FA Cup ; City narrowly missed out on a League and Cup double that season after finishing runners - up in the League but City became the first club in Manchester to win a major honour . In the seasons following the FA Cup triumph , the club was dogged by allegations of financial irregularities , culminating in the suspension of seventeen players in 1906 , including captain Billy Meredith , who subsequently moved across town to Manchester United . A fire at Hyde Road destroyed the main stand in 1920 , and in 1923 the club moved to their new purpose - built stadium at Maine Road in Moss Side .", "In the 1930s , Manchester City reached two consecutive FA Cup finals , losing to Everton in 1933 , before claiming the Cup by beating Portsmouth in 1934 . During the 1934 cup run , Manchester City broke the record for the highest home attendance of any club in English football history , as 84,569 fans packed Maine Road for a sixth round FA Cup tie against Stoke City in 1934 -- a record which still stands to this day . The club won the First Division title for the first time in 1937 , but were relegated the following season , despite scoring more goals than any other team in the division . Twenty years later , a City team inspired by a tactical system known as the Revie Plan reached consecutive FA Cup finals again , in 1955 and 1956 ; just as in the 1930s , they lost the first one , to Newcastle United , and won the second . The 1956 final , in which Manchester City beat Birmingham City 3 -- 1 , is one of the most famous finals of all - time , and is remembered for City goalkeeper Bert Trautmann continuing to play on after unknowingly breaking his neck .", "After relegation to the Second Division in 1963 , the future looked bleak with a record low home attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town in January 1965 . In the summer of 1965 , the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison was appointed . In the first season under Mercer , City won the Second Division title and made important signings in Mike Summerbee and Colin Bell . Two seasons later , in 1967 -- 68 , Manchester City claimed the League Championship for the second time , clinching the title on the final day of the season with a 4 -- 3 win at Newcastle United and beating their close neighbours Manchester United into second place . Further trophies followed : City won the FA Cup in 1969 , before achieving European success by winning the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1970 , beating Górnik Zabrze 2 -- 1 in Vienna . City also won the League Cup that season , becoming the second English team to win a European trophy and a domestic trophy in the same season .", "The club continued to challenge for honours throughout the 1970s , finishing one point behind the league champions on two occasions and reaching the final of the 1974 League Cup . One of the matches from this period that is most fondly remembered by supporters of Manchester City is the final match of the 1973 -- 74 season against arch - rivals Manchester United , who needed to win to have any hope of avoiding relegation . Former United player Denis Law scored with a backheel to give City a 1 -- 0 win at Old Trafford and confirm the relegation of their rivals . The final trophy of the club 's most successful period was won in 1976 , when Newcastle United were beaten 2 -- 1 in the League Cup final .", "A long period of decline followed the success of the 1960s and 1970s . Malcolm Allison rejoined the club to become manager for the second time in 1979 , but squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings , such as Steve Daley . A succession of managers then followed -- seven in the 1980s alone . Under John Bond , City reached the 1981 FA Cup final but lost in a replay to Tottenham Hotspur . The club were twice relegated from the top flight in the 1980s ( in 1983 and 1987 ) , but returned to the top flight again in 1989 and finished fifth in 1991 and 1992 under the management of Peter Reid . However , this was only a temporary respite , and following Reid 's departure Manchester City 's fortunes continued to fade . City were co-founders of the Premier League upon its creation in 1992 , but after finishing ninth in its first season they endured three seasons of struggle before being relegated in 1996 . After two seasons in Division One , City fell to the lowest point in their history , becoming the second ever European trophy winners to be relegated to their country 's third league tier , after 1 . FC Magdeburg of Germany .", "After relegation , the club underwent off - the - field upheaval , with new chairman David Bernstein introducing greater fiscal discipline . City were promoted at the first attempt , achieved in dramatic fashion in a play - off against Gillingham . A second successive promotion saw City return to the top division , but this proved to have been a step too far for the recovering club , and in 2001 City were relegated once more . Kevin Keegan arrived as the new manager in the close season , bringing an immediate return to the top division as the club won the 2001 -- 02 Division One championship , breaking club records for the number of points gained and goals scored in a season in the process . The 2002 -- 03 season was the last at Maine Road , and included a 3 -- 1 derby victory over rivals Manchester United , ending a run of 13 years without a derby win . City also qualified for European competition for the first time in 25 years . In the 2003 close season the club moved to the new City of Manchester Stadium . The first four seasons at the stadium all resulted in mid-table finishes . Former England manager Sven - Göran Eriksson became the club 's first manager from overseas when appointed in 2007 . After a bright start performances faded in the second half of the season , and Eriksson was sacked in June 2008 . Eriksson was replaced by Mark Hughes two days later on 4 June 2008 .", "By 2008 , the club was in a financially precarious position . Thaksin Shinawatra had taken control of the club a year before , but his political travails saw his assets frozen . Then , in August 2008 , the club was purchased by the Abu Dhabi United Group . The takeover was immediately followed by a flurry of bids for high - profile players ; the club broke the British transfer record by signing Brazilian international Robinho from Real Madrid for £ 32.5 million . Performances were not a huge improvement on the previous season despite the influx of money however , with the team finishing tenth , although they did well to reach the quarter - finals of the UEFA Cup . During the summer of 2009 , the club took transfer spending to an unprecedented level , with an outlay of over £ 100 million on players Gareth Barry , Roque Santa Cruz , Kolo Touré , Emmanuel Adebayor , Carlos Tevez and Joleon Lescott . In December 2009 , Mark Hughes - who had been hired shortly before the change in ownership but was originally retained by the new board - was replaced as manager by Roberto Mancini . City finished the season in fifth position in the Premier League , narrowly missing out on a place in the Champions League , and competed in the UEFA Europa League in season 2010 -- 11 .", "Continued investment in players followed in successive seasons , and results began to match the upturn in player quality . City reached the 2011 FA Cup Final , their first major final in over thirty years , after defeating derby rivals Manchester United in the semi-final , the first time they had knocked their rival out of a cup competition since 1975 . They defeated Stoke City 1 -- 0 in the final , securing their fifth FA Cup , the club 's first major trophy since winning the 1976 League Cup . In the same week , the club qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1968 with a 1 -- 0 Premier League win over Tottenham Hotspur . On the last day of the 2010 -- 11 season , City passed Arsenal for third place in the Premier League , thereby securing qualification directly into the Champions League group stage . Strong performances continued to follow in the 2011 -- 12 season , with the club beginning the following season in commanding form , including beating Tottenham 5 -- 1 at White Hart Lane and humbling Manchester United by a 6 -- 1 scoreline in United 's own stadium . Although the strong form waned half - way through the season , and City at one point fell eight points behind their bitter rivals with only six games left to play , an unprecedented slump by the previous champions allowed the blue side of Manchester to draw back level with two games to go , setting up a thrilling finale to the season with both teams going into the last day equal on points . Despite City only needing a home win against a team in the relegation zone , they still managed to fall a goal behind by the end of normal time , leading some of United 's players to finish their game celebrating in the belief that they had won the league . Two goals in injury time - including one scored almost five minutes after normal time had elapsed - resulted in an almost - literal last - minute title victory , City 's first in 44 years , and became only the fifth team to win the Premier League since its creation in 1992 . In the aftermath that followed , the event was described by media sources from the UK and around the world as the greatest moment in Premier League history . The game was only made all the more notable for former player Joey Barton 's sending off , where he committed three separate red card - able incidents on three different players in the space of only a few seconds , resulting in a 12 - game ban which effectively forced him to leave English football .", "After an end to the season which many believed would only spur City on , however , the following season failed to capitalise on any of the gains made in the first two full seasons of Mancini 's reign . The transfer window saw virtually no players join the club until the last day of the season , when a last - minute burst of activity saw four different players all join in the space of around 10 hours . The free - flowing football of the previous season was suddenly rare to behold , and while City rarely seemed likely to drop below second in the table , they posed little title challenge all season . In the UEFA Champions League , the club was eliminated at the group stage for a second successive season , in a result which seemed to confirm Mancini 's reputation as far better at managing in domestic games than European , while a second FA Cup final in three seasons ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat to relegated Wigan Athletic . The loss resulted in Mancini 's dismissal , ostensibly as he had failed to reach his targets for the season but with many in the press suggesting a break - down of relations between Mancini and his players but also between the Italian and his board - level superiors , while a refusal to promote young players was also cited . In his place was appointed the Chilean Manuel Pellegrini , who boasted a far more impressive Champions League record but less of a reputation for trophy - winning ." ]

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[ "This is a list of common physical constants and variables , and their notations . Note that bold text indicates that the quantity is a vector .", "Symbol Meaning SI unit of measure A ( \\ displaystyle A ) area meter squared ( m ) magnetic vector potential amplitude meter atomic mass number a ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) ) acceleration meters per second squared ( m / s ) B ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( B ) ) magnetic flux density also called the magnetic field density or magnetic induction tesla ( T ) , or equivalently , weber per square meter ( Wb / m ) C ( \\ displaystyle C ) capacitance farad ( F ) heat capacity joule per kelvin ( J K ) , or equivalently , joule per degree Celsius ( J ° C ) constant of integration varied depending on context c ( \\ displaystyle c ) speed of light ( in vacuum ) 299,792,458 meter per second ( m / s ) speed of sound 340.29 meter per second ( m / s ) specific heat capacity joule per kilogram per kelvin ( J kg K ) , or equivalently , joule per kilogram per degree Celsius ( J kg ° C ) viscous damping coefficient kilogram per second ( kg / s ) D ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( D ) ) electric displacement field also called the electric flux density coulomb per square meter ( C / m ) D ( \\ displaystyle D ) density kilograms per cubic meter ( kg / m ) d ( \\ displaystyle d ) distance meter ( m ) direction unitless impact parameter meter ( m ) diameter meter ( m ) differential ( e.g. d x ( \\ displaystyle dx ) ) d A ( \\ displaystyle d \\ mathbf ( A ) ) differential vector element of surface area A , with infinitesimally small magnitude and direction normal to surface S square meter ( m ) d V ( \\ displaystyle dV ) differential element of volume V enclosed by surface S cubic meter ( m ) E ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( E ) ) electric field newton per coulomb ( N C ) , or equivalently , volt per meter ( V m ) E ( \\ displaystyle E ) energy joule ( J ) Young 's Modulus Pascal ( Pa ) or Newton per square meter ( N / m or kilogram per meter per second squared ( kg m s e ( \\ displaystyle e ) eccentricity unitless 2.71828 ... ( base of the natural logarithm ) elementary charge coulomb ( C ) electron 9.10938 × 10 ( kg ) F ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) ) force newton ( N ) f ( \\ displaystyle f ) frequency hertz ( Hz ) function friction newton ( N ) G ( \\ displaystyle G ) the gravitational constant newton meter squared per kilogram squared ( N m / kg ) g ( \\ displaystyle g ) acceleration due to gravity meter per second squared ( m / s ) , or equivalently , newton per kilogramme ( N / kg ) H ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( H ) ) magnetic field strength ampere per meter ( A / m ) H ( \\ displaystyle H ) Hamiltonian joule ( J ) h ( \\ displaystyle h ) height meter ( m ) Planck 's constant joule second ( J s ) ħ ( \\ displaystyle \\ hbar ) reduced Planck 's constant ( h 2 π ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( h ) ( 2 \\ pi ) ) \\ right ) ) joule second ( J s ) I ( \\ displaystyle I ) action joule second ( J s ) intensity watt per square meter ( W / m ) sound intensity watt per square meter ( W / m ) electric current ampere ( A ) moment of inertia kilogram meter squared ( kg m ) i ( \\ displaystyle i ) intensity watt per square meter ( W / m ) imaginary unit i ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( i ) ) ) Cartesian x-axis basis unit vector unitless j ( \\ displaystyle j ) imaginary unit ( electrical ) J ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( J ) ) free current density ( not including bound currents due to polarization or magnetization ) ampere per square meter ( A / m ) impulse kilogram meter per second ( kg m / s ) j ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( j ) ) ) Cartesian y - axis basis unit vector unitless K ( \\ displaystyle K ) kinetic energy joule ( J ) k ( \\ displaystyle k ) Boltzmann constant joule per kelvin ( J / K ) wavenumber , wave vector radians per meter ( m ) k ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( k ) ) ) Cartesian z - axis basis unit vector unitless L ( \\ displaystyle L ) inductance henry ( H ) luminosity watt ( W ) angular momentum newton meter second ( N m s or kg m s ) Lagrangian joule ( J ) l ( \\ displaystyle l ) length meter ( m ) M ( \\ displaystyle M ) magnetization ampere per meter ( A / m ) moment of force often simply called moment or torque newton meter ( N m ) m ( \\ displaystyle m ) mass kilogram ( kg ) N ( \\ displaystyle N ) normal vector unit varies depending on context atomic number unitless n ( \\ displaystyle n ) refractive index unitless principal quantum number unitless P ( \\ displaystyle P ) power watt ( W ) p ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) ) momentum kilogram meter per second ( kg m / s ) pressure pascal ( Pa ) Q ( \\ displaystyle Q ) electric charge coulomb ( C ) Heat joule ( J ) q ( \\ displaystyle q ) electric charge coulomb ( C ) R ( \\ displaystyle R ) electrical resistance ohm ( Ω ) Ricci tensor unitless radiancy gas constant joule per kilogramme kelvin ( J / kgK ) r ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) ) radius vector ( position ) meter ( m ) r ( \\ displaystyle r ) radius of rotation or distance between two things such as the masses in Newton 's law of universal gravitation meter ( m ) S ( \\ displaystyle S ) surface area m entropy joule per kelvin ( J / K ) action s ( \\ displaystyle s ) arc length meter ( m ) displacement T ( \\ displaystyle T ) period second ( s ) temperature kelvin ( K ) t ( \\ displaystyle t ) time second ( s ) U ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( U ) ) four - velocity meter per second ( m / s ) U ( \\ displaystyle U ) potential energy joule ( J ) internal energy joule ( J ) u ( \\ displaystyle u ) relativistic mass kilogram ( kg ) energy density joule per cubic meter ( J / m ) or joule per kilogram ( J / kg ) depending on the context V ( \\ displaystyle V ) voltage also called electric potential difference volt ( V ) volume cubic meter ( m ) shear force v ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) ) velocity meter per second ( m / s ) W ( \\ displaystyle W ) mechanical work joule ( J ) w ( \\ displaystyle w ) width meter ( m ) x ( \\ displaystyle x ) a generic unknown varied depending on context displacement meter ( m ) Z ( \\ displaystyle Z ) electrical impedance ohm ( Ω )", "Symbol Meaning SI unit of measure", "A ( \\ displaystyle A ) area meter squared ( m )", "magnetic vector potential", "amplitude meter", "atomic mass number", "a ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( a ) ) acceleration meters per second squared ( m / s )", "B ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( B ) ) magnetic flux density also called the magnetic field density or magnetic induction tesla ( T ) , or equivalently , weber per square meter ( Wb / m )", "C ( \\ displaystyle C ) capacitance farad ( F )", "heat capacity joule per kelvin ( J K ) , or equivalently , joule per degree Celsius ( J ° C )", "constant of integration varied depending on context", "c ( \\ displaystyle c ) speed of light ( in vacuum ) 299,792,458 meter per second ( m / s )", "speed of sound 340.29 meter per second ( m / s )", "specific heat capacity joule per kilogram per kelvin ( J kg K ) , or equivalently , joule per kilogram per degree Celsius ( J kg ° C )", "viscous damping coefficient kilogram per second ( kg / s )", "D ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( D ) ) electric displacement field also called the electric flux density coulomb per square meter ( C / m )", "D ( \\ displaystyle D ) density kilograms per cubic meter ( kg / m )", "d ( \\ displaystyle d ) distance meter ( m )", "direction unitless", "impact parameter meter ( m )", "diameter meter ( m )", "differential ( e.g. d x ( \\ displaystyle dx ) )", "d A ( \\ displaystyle d \\ mathbf ( A ) ) differential vector element of surface area A , with infinitesimally small magnitude and direction normal to surface S square meter ( m )", "small magnitude and direction normal to surface S", "d V ( \\ displaystyle dV ) differential element of volume V enclosed by surface S cubic meter ( m )", "E ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( E ) ) electric field newton per coulomb ( N C ) , or equivalently , volt per meter ( V m )", "E ( \\ displaystyle E ) energy joule ( J )", "Young 's Modulus Pascal ( Pa ) or Newton per square meter ( N / m or kilogram per meter per second squared ( kg m s", "e ( \\ displaystyle e ) eccentricity unitless", "2.71828 ... ( base of the natural logarithm )", "elementary charge coulomb ( C )", "electron 9.10938 × 10 ( kg )", "F ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) ) force newton ( N )", "f ( \\ displaystyle f ) frequency hertz ( Hz )", "function", "friction newton ( N )", "G ( \\ displaystyle G ) the gravitational constant newton meter squared per kilogram squared ( N m / kg )", "g ( \\ displaystyle g ) acceleration due to gravity meter per second squared ( m / s ) , or equivalently , newton per kilogramme ( N / kg )", "H ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( H ) ) magnetic field strength ampere per meter ( A / m )", "H ( \\ displaystyle H ) Hamiltonian joule ( J )", "h ( \\ displaystyle h ) height meter ( m )", "Planck 's constant joule second ( J s )", "ħ ( \\ displaystyle \\ hbar ) reduced Planck 's constant ( h 2 π ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ textstyle \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( h ) ( 2 \\ pi ) ) \\ right ) ) joule second ( J s )", "I ( \\ displaystyle I ) action joule second ( J s )", "intensity watt per square meter ( W / m )", "sound intensity watt per square meter ( W / m )", "electric current ampere ( A )", "moment of inertia kilogram meter squared ( kg m )", "i ( \\ displaystyle i ) intensity watt per square meter ( W / m )", "imaginary unit", "i ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( i ) ) ) Cartesian x-axis basis unit vector unitless", "j ( \\ displaystyle j ) imaginary unit ( electrical )", "J ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( J ) ) free current density ( not including bound currents due to polarization or magnetization ) ampere per square meter ( A / m )", "impulse kilogram meter per second ( kg m / s )", "j ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( j ) ) ) Cartesian y - axis basis unit vector unitless", "K ( \\ displaystyle K ) kinetic energy joule ( J )", "k ( \\ displaystyle k ) Boltzmann constant joule per kelvin ( J / K )", "wavenumber , wave vector radians per meter ( m )", "k ^ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ hat ( k ) ) ) Cartesian z - axis basis unit vector unitless", "L ( \\ displaystyle L ) inductance henry ( H )", "luminosity watt ( W )", "angular momentum newton meter second ( N m s or kg m s )", "Lagrangian joule ( J )", "l ( \\ displaystyle l ) length meter ( m )", "M ( \\ displaystyle M ) magnetization ampere per meter ( A / m )", "moment of force often simply called moment or torque newton meter ( N m )", "m ( \\ displaystyle m ) mass kilogram ( kg )", "N ( \\ displaystyle N ) normal vector unit varies depending on context", "atomic number unitless", "n ( \\ displaystyle n ) refractive index unitless", "principal quantum number unitless", "P ( \\ displaystyle P ) power watt ( W )", "p ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) ) momentum kilogram meter per second ( kg m / s )", "pressure pascal ( Pa )", "Q ( \\ displaystyle Q ) electric charge coulomb ( C )", "Heat joule ( J )", "q ( \\ displaystyle q ) electric charge coulomb ( C )", "R ( \\ displaystyle R ) electrical resistance ohm ( Ω )", "Ricci tensor unitless", "radiancy", "gas constant joule per kilogramme kelvin ( J / kgK )", "r ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( r ) ) radius vector ( position ) meter ( m )", "r ( \\ displaystyle r ) radius of rotation or distance between two things such as the masses in Newton 's law of universal gravitation meter ( m )", "S ( \\ displaystyle S ) surface area m", "entropy joule per kelvin ( J / K )", "action", "s ( \\ displaystyle s ) arc length meter ( m )", "displacement", "T ( \\ displaystyle T ) period second ( s )", "temperature kelvin ( K )", "t ( \\ displaystyle t ) time second ( s )", "U ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( U ) ) four - velocity meter per second ( m / s )", "U ( \\ displaystyle U ) potential energy joule ( J )", "internal energy joule ( J )", "u ( \\ displaystyle u ) relativistic mass kilogram ( kg )", "energy density joule per cubic meter ( J / m ) or joule per kilogram ( J / kg ) depending on the context", "V ( \\ displaystyle V ) voltage also called electric potential difference volt ( V )", "volume cubic meter ( m )", "shear force", "v ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) ) velocity meter per second ( m / s )", "W ( \\ displaystyle W ) mechanical work joule ( J )", "w ( \\ displaystyle w ) width meter ( m )", "x ( \\ displaystyle x ) a generic unknown varied depending on context", "displacement meter ( m )", "Z ( \\ displaystyle Z ) electrical impedance ohm ( Ω )", "Symbol Name Meaning SI unit of measure α ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha ) alpha angular acceleration radian per second squared ( rad / s ) β ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta ) beta velocity in terms of the speed of light c unitless γ ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma ) gamma Lorentz factor unitless photon gamma ray shear strain Heat capacity ratio unitless Δ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta ) delta a change in a variable ( a change of `` blank '' ) ( e.g. Δ x ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta x ) ) unitless Laplace operator δ ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta ) displacement ( usually small ) ε ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon ) epsilon permittivity farad per meter ( F / m ) strain unitless ε 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) epsilon nought The vacuum permittivity constant ζ ( \\ displaystyle \\ zeta ) zeta damping ratio unitless η ( \\ displaystyle \\ eta ) eta energy efficiency unitless coefficient of viscosity also called simply viscosity pascal second ( Pa s ) θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta ) theta angular displacement radian ( rad ) K ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( K ) ) kappa torsion coefficient also called torsion constant newton meter per radian ( N m / rad ) Λ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Lambda ) lambda cosmological constant per second squared ( s ) λ ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda ) wavelength meter ( m ) eigenvalue non-zero vector μ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ mu ) ) mu magnetic moment ampere square meter ( A m ) coefficient of friction unitless dynamic viscosity Pascal second ( Pa s ) permeability ( electromagnetism ) Henry per meter ( H / m ) reduced mass kilogram ( kg ) gravitational parameter ν ( \\ displaystyle \\ nu ) nu frequency hertz ( Hz ) kinematic viscosity meters squared per second ( m / s ) π ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi ) pi 3.14159 ... ( irrational number ) ρ ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ) rho mass density usually simply called density kilogram per cubic meter ( kg / m ) free electric charge density , not including dipole charges bound in a material coulomb per cubic meter ( C / m ) resistivity Ohm meter ( Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) m ) Σ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Sigma ) sigma summation operator σ ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma ) sigma electrical conductivity Siemens per meter ( S / m ) normal stress τ ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ) tau torque newton meter ( N m ) shear stress time constant second ( s ) 6.28318 ... ( 2π ) Φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Phi ) phi field strength unit varies depending on context Magnetic Flux Weber ( Wb ) φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ phi ) phi Electric Potential volt ( V ) Higgs Field Work Function Ψ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Psi ) psi Wave function metre ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ omega ) omega Angular frequency 2πf radian per second ( rad / s ) Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) omega electric resistance ohm η Eta Jerk meter per second per second per second ( m / s 3 ( \\ displaystyle s ^ ( 3 ) ) )", "Symbol Name Meaning SI unit of measure", "α ( \\ displaystyle \\ alpha ) alpha angular acceleration radian per second squared ( rad / s )", "β ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta ) beta velocity in terms of the speed of light c unitless", "γ ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma ) gamma Lorentz factor unitless", "photon", "gamma ray", "shear strain", "Heat capacity ratio unitless", "Δ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta ) delta a change in a variable ( a change of `` blank '' ) ( e.g. Δ x ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta x ) ) unitless", "Laplace operator", "δ ( \\ displaystyle \\ delta ) displacement ( usually small )", "ε ( \\ displaystyle \\ epsilon ) epsilon permittivity farad per meter ( F / m )", "strain unitless", "ε 0 ( \\ displaystyle \\ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) epsilon nought The vacuum permittivity constant", "ζ ( \\ displaystyle \\ zeta ) zeta damping ratio unitless", "η ( \\ displaystyle \\ eta ) eta energy efficiency unitless", "coefficient of viscosity also called simply viscosity pascal second ( Pa s )", "θ ( \\ displaystyle \\ theta ) theta angular displacement radian ( rad )", "K ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathrm ( K ) ) kappa torsion coefficient also called torsion constant newton meter per radian ( N m / rad )", "Λ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Lambda ) lambda cosmological constant per second squared ( s )", "λ ( \\ displaystyle \\ lambda ) wavelength meter ( m )", "eigenvalue non-zero vector", "μ ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( \\ mu ) ) mu magnetic moment ampere square meter ( A m )", "coefficient of friction unitless", "dynamic viscosity Pascal second ( Pa s )", "permeability ( electromagnetism ) Henry per meter ( H / m )", "reduced mass kilogram ( kg )", "gravitational parameter", "ν ( \\ displaystyle \\ nu ) nu frequency hertz ( Hz )", "kinematic viscosity meters squared per second ( m / s )", "π ( \\ displaystyle \\ pi ) pi 3.14159 ... ( irrational number )", "ρ ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ) rho mass density usually simply called density kilogram per cubic meter ( kg / m )", "free electric charge density , not including dipole charges bound in a material coulomb per cubic meter ( C / m )", "resistivity Ohm meter ( Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) m )", "Σ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Sigma ) sigma summation operator", "σ ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma ) sigma electrical conductivity Siemens per meter ( S / m )", "normal stress", "τ ( \\ displaystyle \\ tau ) tau torque newton meter ( N m )", "shear stress", "time constant second ( s )", "6.28318 ... ( 2π )", "Φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Phi ) phi field strength unit varies depending on context", "Magnetic Flux Weber ( Wb )", "φ ( \\ displaystyle \\ phi ) phi Electric Potential volt ( V )", "Higgs Field Work Function", "Ψ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Psi ) psi Wave function metre", "ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ omega ) omega Angular frequency 2πf radian per second ( rad / s )", "Ω ( \\ displaystyle \\ Omega ) omega electric resistance ohm", "η Eta Jerk meter per second per second per second ( m / s 3 ( \\ displaystyle s ^ ( 3 ) ) )", "Symbol Name Meaning SI unit of measure ∇ ⋅ ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ cdot ) nabla dot the divergence operator often pronounced `` del dot '' per meter ( m ) ∇ × ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times ) nabla cross the curl operator often pronounced `` del cross '' per meter ( m ) ∇ ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla ) nabla delta ( differential operator ) Δ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta ) Delta the Laplace operator per square meter ( m ) ∂ ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial ) `` der '' , `` dow '' , `` die '' , `` partial '' or simply `` d '' partial derivative ( e.g. ∂ y / ∂ x ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial y / \\ partial x ) ) ◻ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Box ) D'Alembert operator ∇ 2 − ∂ t 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) - \\ partial _ ( t ) ^ ( 2 ) )", "Symbol Name Meaning SI unit of measure", "∇ ⋅ ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ cdot ) nabla dot the divergence operator often pronounced `` del dot '' per meter ( m )", "∇ × ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla \\ times ) nabla cross the curl operator often pronounced `` del cross '' per meter ( m )", "∇ ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla ) nabla delta ( differential operator )", "Δ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta ) Delta the Laplace operator per square meter ( m )", "∂ ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial ) `` der '' , `` dow '' , `` die '' , `` partial '' or simply `` d '' partial derivative ( e.g. ∂ y / ∂ x ( \\ displaystyle \\ partial y / \\ partial x ) )", "◻ ( \\ displaystyle \\ Box ) D'Alembert operator ∇ 2 − ∂ t 2 ( \\ displaystyle \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) - \\ partial _ ( t ) ^ ( 2 ) )" ]

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[ "Hugh Glass Glass being attacked by a bear , from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin c. 1783 Scranton , Pennsylvania , U.S. 1833 ( aged c. 50 ) Unorganized U.S. territory ( near present - day Williston , North Dakota ) Other names Old Hugh , Old Rinoe Occupation Frontiersman , trapper , fur trader , hunter , explorer Employer Rocky Mountain Fur Company , Jean Lafitte , self - employed Known for Surviving a grizzly bear attack Spouse ( s ) Unknown", "Hugh Glass", "Glass being attacked by a bear , from an early newspaper illustration of unknown origin", "c. 1783 Scranton , Pennsylvania , U.S.", "1833 ( aged c. 50 ) Unorganized U.S. territory ( near present - day Williston , North Dakota )", "Other names Old Hugh , Old Rinoe", "Occupation Frontiersman , trapper , fur trader , hunter , explorer", "Employer Rocky Mountain Fur Company , Jean Lafitte , self - employed", "Known for Surviving a grizzly bear attack", "Spouse ( s ) Unknown", "Hugh Glass ( c. 1783 -- 1833 ) was an American frontiersman , fur trapper and trader , hunter , and explorer . He is best known for his story of survival and retribution , after being left for dead by companions when he was mauled by a grizzly bear .", "Born in Pennsylvania to Scots - Irish parents , Glass became an explorer of the watershed of the Upper Missouri River , in present - day Montana , the Dakotas , and the Platte River area of Nebraska . His life story has been adapted into two feature - length films : Man in the Wilderness ( 1971 ) and The Revenant ( 2015 ) . They both portray the survival struggle of Glass , who ( in the best historical accounts ) crawled and stumbled 200 miles ( 320 km ) to Fort Kiowa , South Dakota after being abandoned without supplies or weapons by fellow explorers and fur traders during General Ashley 's expedition of 1823 .", "Despite the story 's popularity , its accuracy has been disputed . It was first recorded in 1825 in The Port Folio , a Philadelphia literary journal , as a literary piece and later picked up by various newspapers . Although originally published anonymously , it was later revealed to be the work of James Hall , brother of The Port Folio 's editor . There is no writing from Hugh Glass himself to corroborate the veracity of it . Also , it is likely to have been wildly embellished over the years as a legend .", "Glass was born in Scranton , Pennsylvania , to Scots - Irish parents who had emigrated from Ulster , part of which is present - day Northern Ireland . Glass ' life before the famous bear attack is largely unverifiable , and his frontier story contained numerous embellishments . He was reported to have been captured by pirates under the command of Gulf of Mexico chief Jean Lafitte off the coast of Texas in 1816 , and was forced to become a pirate for up to two years . Glass allegedly escaped by swimming to shore near what is present - day Galveston , Texas . He was later rumored to have been captured by the Pawnee tribe , with whom he lived for several years . Glass traveled to St. Louis , Missouri in 1821 , accompanying several Pawnee delegates invited to meet with U.S. authorities .", "In 1822 , many men responded to an advertisement in the Missouri Gazette and Public Advertiser placed by General William Henry Ashley , which called for a corps of 100 men to `` ascend the river Missouri '' as part of a fur - trading venture . Many of them , who later earned reputations as famous mountain men , also joined the enterprise , including James Beckwourth , John S. Fitzgerald , David Jackson , William Sublette , Jim Bridger , Thomas Fitzpatrick , and Jedediah Smith . These men and others would later be known as `` Ashley 's Hundred '' . Glass , however , did not join Ashley 's company until the next year , when he ascended the Missouri River with Ashley . In June 1823 they met up with many of the men that had joined in 1822 , and were attacked by Arikara warriors . Glass was apparently shot in the leg and the survivors retreated downstream and sent for help .", "Glass wrote a letter to the parents of John S. Gardner , killed on June 2 , 1823 :", "`` Dr Sir : My painful duty it is to tell you of the death of your son who befell at the hands of the Indians 2nd June in the early morning . He died a little while after he was shot and asked me to inform you of his sad fate . We brought him to the ship when he soon died . Mr. Smith a young man of our company made a powerful prayer who moved us all greatly and I am persuaded John died in peace . His body we buried with others near this camp and marked the grave with a log . His things we will send to you . The savages are greatly treacherous . We traded with them as friends but after a great storm of rain and thunder they came at us before light and many were hurt . I myself was shot in the leg . Master Ashley is bound to stay in these parts till the traitors are rightly punished . Yr Obt Svt Hugh Glass ''", "`` Dr Sir : My painful duty it is to tell you of the death of your son who befell at the hands of the Indians 2nd June in the early morning . He died a little while after he was shot and asked me to inform you of his sad fate . We brought him to the ship when he soon died . Mr. Smith a young man of our company made a powerful prayer who moved us all greatly and I am persuaded John died in peace . His body we buried with others near this camp and marked the grave with a log . His things we will send to you . The savages are greatly treacherous . We traded with them as friends but after a great storm of rain and thunder they came at us before light and many were hurt . I myself was shot in the leg . Master Ashley is bound to stay in these parts till the traitors are rightly punished . Yr Obt Svt Hugh Glass ''", "My painful duty it is to tell you of the death of your son who befell at the hands of the Indians 2nd June in the early morning . He died a little while after he was shot and asked me to inform you of his sad fate . We brought him to the ship when he soon died .", "Mr. Smith a young man of our company made a powerful prayer who moved us all greatly and I am persuaded John died in peace . His body we buried with others near this camp and marked the grave with a log . His things we will send to you .", "The savages are greatly treacherous . We traded with them as friends but after a great storm of rain and thunder they came at us before light and many were hurt . I myself was shot in the leg . Master Ashley is bound to stay in these parts till the traitors are rightly punished .", "Yr Obt Svt Hugh Glass", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Glass and the rest of the Ashley Party eventually returned to Fort Kiowa to regroup for the trip west . Andrew Henry , Ashley 's partner had joined the group , and he along with Glass and several others set out overland to the Yellowstone River . Near the forks of the Grand River , near present - day Shadehill Reservoir , Perkins County , South Dakota , while scouting for game for the expedition larder , Glass surprised and disturbed a grizzly bear with two cubs . The bear charged , picked him up , bit and lacerated his flesh , severely wounded him , and forced him to the ground . Glass nevertheless managed to kill the bear with help from his trapping party , but was left badly mauled . The men were convinced Glass would not survive his injuries ; nevertheless , they carried Glass on a litter for two days , but doing so greatly slowed the pace of the group 's travel .", "Henry asked for two volunteers to stay with Glass until he died and then bury him . John S. Fitzgerald ( not to be confused with Thomas Fitzpatrick , who had separated from the Henry party with Jedediah Smith to find an overland trail to the Green River country ) and a man later identified as `` Bridges '' stepped forward , and as the rest of the party moved on , began digging his grave . Later , claiming that they were interrupted by attacking Arikara , the pair grabbed the rifle , knife , and other equipment belonging to Glass and took flight . Fitzgerald and `` Bridges '' later caught up with the party and incorrectly reported to Ashley that Glass had died . There is a debate whether Bridges was actually famed mountain man Jim Bridger .", "Despite his injuries , Glass regained consciousness , but found himself abandoned , without weapons or equipment . He had festering wounds , a broken leg , and deep cuts on his back that exposed his bare ribs . Glass lay mutilated and alone , more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the nearest American settlement , at Fort Kiowa , on the Missouri River . Glass set the bone of his own leg , wrapped himself in the bear hide his companions had placed over him as a shroud , and began crawling back to Fort Kiowa . To prevent gangrene , Glass allowed maggots to eat the dead , infected flesh in his wounds .", "Using Thunder Butte as a navigational landmark , Glass crawled overland south toward the Cheyenne River where he fashioned a crude raft and floated downstream to Fort Kiowa . The journey took him six weeks . He survived mostly on wild berries and roots .", "After recovering from his wounds , Glass set out again to find Fitzgerald and Bridger . He eventually traveled to Fort Henry on the Yellowstone River but found it deserted . A note indicated that Andrew Henry and company had relocated to a new camp at the mouth of the Bighorn River . Arriving there , Glass found Bridger , but apparently forgave him because of his youth , and then re-enlisted with Ashley 's company .", "Glass later learned that Fitzgerald had joined the army and was stationed at Fort Atkinson in present - day Nebraska . He traveled there as well , where Fitzgerald returned his stolen rifle . Glass reportedly spared Fitzgerald 's life because he would be killed by the army captain for killing a soldier of the United States Army . However , the captain asked Fitzgerald to return the stolen rifle to Glass , and before departing Glass warned Fitzgerald never to leave the army , or he would still kill him . According to Yount 's story , Glass also obtained $300 as compensation .", "In the period intervening , between finding Bridger and finding Fitzgerald , Glass and four others were dispatched in February 1824 with mail for Fort Atkinson . They traveled up the Powder River , then across to the Platte River . There they constructed skin boats and traveled down the Platte River to the lower end of the Black Hills . Glass and his party discovered a settlement of 38 lodges of Arikara . Their leader , who was known by Glass , declared the tribe to be friendly and invited them in so the men went ashore . While smoking with him in his lodge , Glass noticed their equipment being taken by the residents and realized it was a trap . The men quickly fled but two were killed by the pursuing war party . Glass managed to hide behind some rocks until the Arikara gave up their search , but was separated from the two other survivors . He was relieved to find his knife and flint in his shot pouch and traveled to Fort Kiowa surviving off the land .", "Glass returned to the frontier as a trapper and fur trader . He was later employed as a hunter for the U.S. Army garrison at Fort Union , near Williston , North Dakota .", "Glass was killed along with two of his fellow trappers in early spring of 1833 on the Yellowstone River in an attack by the Arikara .", "A monument to Glass now stands near the site of his mauling on the southern shore of the present - day Shadehill Reservoir in Perkins County , South Dakota , at the forks of the Grand River .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Glass ' life has been recounted in numerous books and dramas .", "`` The Song of Hugh Glass '' ( 1915 ) is the second part of the sequence of epic poems Cycle of the West by John G. Neihardt . Western writer Frederick Manfred penned Lord Grizzly ( 1954 ) , an account of Glass ' ordeal nominated for a National Book Award . In the 1966 episode `` Hugh Glass Meets the Bear '' of the syndicated television series , Death Valley Days , the British actor John Alderson played Glass . Morgan Woodward was cast as Thomas Fitzpatrick and Victor French as Louis Baptiste . The film Man in the Wilderness ( 1971 ) is loosely based on Glass . It stars Richard Harris as Zachary Bass and John Huston as Captain Henry . Dewitt Lee played Sam Glass in a film called Apache Blood ( 1975 ) , a story loosely based on that of Glass . Author John Myers Myers wrote The Saga of Hugh Glass : Pirate , Pawnee , and Mountain Man , an historical account published by the University of Nebraska Press in 1976 . Roger Zelazny and Gerald Hausman meshed the stories of John Colter and Glass in the 1994 novel Wilderness . The song `` Six Weeks '' by Of Monsters and Men is `` inspired by the true tale of American frontiersman Hugh Glass , seemingly left for dead after killing a bear that attacked him . '' Michael Punke 's 2002 novel , The Revenant , is a fictional retelling of Glass 's encounter with the bear and search for revenge . A 2014 episode of podcast The Dollop features Glass as its main subject of discussion . The May 27 , 2015 , episode of the History Channel 's Monument Guys , `` Tesla and the Unbreakable Glass , '' features the construction of a Glass sculpture . Sculptor John Lopez unveils a life - size welded sculpture of Hugh Glass being attacked by a Grizzly at the inaugural `` Hugh Glass Rendezvous '' held on the site that the actual mauling took place in 1823 . The sculpture is permanently on display at the Grand River Museum in Lemmon , SD . Leonardo DiCaprio played a largely fictionalized version of Glass in the 2015 film The Revenant , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu . The film is based in part on Punke 's novel and was met with critical acclaim . It earned 12 Academy Award nominations and won three . For his portrayal of Glass , DiCaprio won the Academy Award for Best Actor . Hugh Glass appears in World of Warcraft as a merchant in Grizzly Hills alongside his `` pet '' bear Griselda .", "`` The Song of Hugh Glass '' ( 1915 ) is the second part of the sequence of epic poems Cycle of the West by John G. Neihardt .", "Western writer Frederick Manfred penned Lord Grizzly ( 1954 ) , an account of Glass ' ordeal nominated for a National Book Award .", "In the 1966 episode `` Hugh Glass Meets the Bear '' of the syndicated television series , Death Valley Days , the British actor John Alderson played Glass . Morgan Woodward was cast as Thomas Fitzpatrick and Victor French as Louis Baptiste .", "The film Man in the Wilderness ( 1971 ) is loosely based on Glass . It stars Richard Harris as Zachary Bass and John Huston as Captain Henry .", "Dewitt Lee played Sam Glass in a film called Apache Blood ( 1975 ) , a story loosely based on that of Glass .", "Author John Myers Myers wrote The Saga of Hugh Glass : Pirate , Pawnee , and Mountain Man , an historical account published by the University of Nebraska Press in 1976 .", "Roger Zelazny and Gerald Hausman meshed the stories of John Colter and Glass in the 1994 novel Wilderness .", "The song `` Six Weeks '' by Of Monsters and Men is `` inspired by the true tale of American frontiersman Hugh Glass , seemingly left for dead after killing a bear that attacked him . ''", "Michael Punke 's 2002 novel , The Revenant , is a fictional retelling of Glass 's encounter with the bear and search for revenge .", "A 2014 episode of podcast The Dollop features Glass as its main subject of discussion .", "The May 27 , 2015 , episode of the History Channel 's Monument Guys , `` Tesla and the Unbreakable Glass , '' features the construction of a Glass sculpture .", "Sculptor John Lopez unveils a life - size welded sculpture of Hugh Glass being attacked by a Grizzly at the inaugural `` Hugh Glass Rendezvous '' held on the site that the actual mauling took place in 1823 . The sculpture is permanently on display at the Grand River Museum in Lemmon , SD .", "Leonardo DiCaprio played a largely fictionalized version of Glass in the 2015 film The Revenant , directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu . The film is based in part on Punke 's novel and was met with critical acclaim . It earned 12 Academy Award nominations and won three . For his portrayal of Glass , DiCaprio won the Academy Award for Best Actor .", "Hugh Glass appears in World of Warcraft as a merchant in Grizzly Hills alongside his `` pet '' bear Griselda ." ]

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[ "The plastid ( Greek : πλαστός ; plastós : formed , molded -- plural plastids ) is a major double - membrane organelle found in the cells of plants , algae , and some other eukaryotic organisms . Plastids were discovered by Ernst Haeckal. The term plastids was coined by A.F.W ,. Schimper. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell . They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis , and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell 's color . They have a common evolutionary origin and possess a double - stranded DNA molecule that is circular , like that of prokaryotic cells .", "Those plastids that contain chlorophyll can carry out photosynthesis . Plastids can also store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes , which can be used for producing energy and as raw material for the synthesis of other molecules . For example , the components of the plant cuticle and its epicuticular wax are synthesized by the epidermal cells from palmitic acid , which is synthesized in the chloroplasts of the mesophyll tissue . All plastids are derived from proplastids , which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant . Proplastids and young chloroplasts commonly divide by binary fission , but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity .", "In plants , plastids may differentiate into several forms , depending upon which function they play in the cell . Undifferentiated plastids ( proplastids ) may develop into any of the following variants :", "Chloroplasts green plastids : for photosynthesis ; see also etioplasts , the predecessors of chloroplasts Chromoplasts coloured plastids : for pigment synthesis and storage Gerontoplasts : control the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus during plant senescence Leucoplasts colourless plastids : for monoterpene synthesis ; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids : Amyloplasts : for starch storage and detecting gravity ( for geotropism ) Elaioplasts : for storing fat Proteinoplasts : for storing and modifying protein Tannosomes : for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols", "Chloroplasts green plastids : for photosynthesis ; see also etioplasts , the predecessors of chloroplasts", "Chromoplasts coloured plastids : for pigment synthesis and storage", "Gerontoplasts : control the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus during plant senescence", "Leucoplasts colourless plastids : for monoterpene synthesis ; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids : Amyloplasts : for starch storage and detecting gravity ( for geotropism ) Elaioplasts : for storing fat Proteinoplasts : for storing and modifying protein Tannosomes : for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols", "Amyloplasts : for starch storage and detecting gravity ( for geotropism ) Elaioplasts : for storing fat Proteinoplasts : for storing and modifying protein Tannosomes : for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols", "Amyloplasts : for starch storage and detecting gravity ( for geotropism )", "Elaioplasts : for storing fat", "Proteinoplasts : for storing and modifying protein", "Tannosomes : for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols", "Depending on their morphology and function , plastids have the ability to differentiate , or redifferentiate , between these and other forms .", "Each plastid creates multiple copies of a circular 75 -- 250 kilobase plastome . The number of genome copies per plastid is variable , ranging from more than 1000 in rapidly dividing cells , which , in general , contain few plastids , to 100 or fewer in mature cells , where plastid divisions have given rise to a large number of plastids . The plastome contains about 100 genes encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids ( rRNAs and tRNAs ) as well as proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation . However , these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set - up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid . Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins , and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation .", "Plastid DNA exists as large protein - DNA complexes associated with the inner envelope membrane and called ' plastid nucleoids ' . Each nucleoid particle may contain more than 10 copies of the plastid DNA . The proplastid contains a single nucleoid located in the centre of the plastid . The developing plastid has many nucleoids , localized at the periphery of the plastid , bound to the inner envelope membrane . During the development of proplastids to chloroplasts , and when plastids convert from one type to another , nucleoids change in morphology , size and location within the organelle . The remodelling of nucleoids is believed to occur by modifications to the composition and abundance of nucleoid proteins .", "Many plastids , particularly those responsible for photosynthesis , possess numerous internal membrane layers .", "In plant cells , long thin protuberances called stromules sometimes form and extend from the main plastid body into the cytosol and interconnect several plastids . Proteins , and presumably smaller molecules , can move within stromules . Most cultured cells that are relatively large compared to other plant cells have very long and abundant stromules that extend to the cell periphery .", "In 2014 , evidence of possible plastid genome loss was found in Rafflesia lagascae , a non-photosynthetic parasitic flowering plant , and in Polytomella , a genus of non-photosynthetic green algae . Extensive searches for plastid genes in both Rafflesia and Polytomella yielded no results , however the conclusion that their plastomes are entirely missing is still controversial . Some scientists argue that plastid genome loss is unlikely since even non-photosynthetic plastids contain genes necessary to complete various biosynthetic pathways , such as heme biosynthesis .", "In algae , the term leucoplast is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants . Etioplasts , amyloplasts and chromoplasts are plant - specific and do not occur in algae . Plastids in algae and hornworts may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain pyrenoids .", "Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts , which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a peptidoglycan cell wall that is similar to that of prokaryotes . Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts , which are red chloroplasts that allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 m . The chloroplasts of plants differ from the rhodoplasts of red algae in their ability to synthesize starch , which is stored in the form of granules within the plastids . In red algae , floridean starch is synthesized and stored outside the plastids in the cytosol .", "Most plants inherit the plastids from only one parent . In general , angiosperms inherit plastids from the female gamete , whereas many gymnosperms inherit plastids from the male pollen . Algae also inherit plastids from only one parent . The plastid DNA of the other parent is , thus , completely lost .", "In normal intraspecific crossings ( resulting in normal hybrids of one species ) , the inheritance of plastid DNA appears to be quite strictly 100 % uniparental . In interspecific hybridisations , however , the inheritance of plastids appears to be more erratic . Although plastids inherit mainly maternally in interspecific hybridisations , there are many reports of hybrids of flowering plants that contain plastids of the father . Approximately 20 % of angiosperms , including alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) , normally show biparental inheritance of plastids .", "Plastids are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . This symbiosis evolved around 1.5 billion years ago and enabled eukaryotes to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis . Three evolutionary lineages have since emerged in which the plastids are named differently : chloroplasts in green algae and plants , rhodoplasts in red algae and muroplasts in the glaucophytes . The plastids differ both in their pigmentation and in their ultrastructure . For example , chloroplasts have lost all phycobilisomes , the light harvesting complexes found in cyanobacteria , red algae and glaucophytes , but instead contain stroma and grana thylakoids , structures found only in plants and closely related green algae . The glaucocystophycean plastid -- in contrast to chloroplasts and rhodoplasts -- is still surrounded by the remains of the cyanobacterial cell wall . All these primary plastids are surrounded by two membranes .", "Complex plastids start by secondary endosymbiosis ( where a eukaryotic organism engulfs another eukaryotic organism that contains a primary plastid resulting in its endosymbiotic fixation ) , when a eukaryote engulfs a red or green alga and retains the algal plastid , which is typically surrounded by more than two membranes . In some cases these plastids may be reduced in their metabolic and / or photosynthetic capacity . Algae with complex plastids derived by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga include the heterokonts , haptophytes , cryptomonads , and most dinoflagellates ( = rhodoplasts ) . Those that endosymbiosed a green alga include the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes ( = chloroplasts ) . The Apicomplexa , a phylum of obligate parasitic protozoa including the causative agents of malaria ( Plasmodium spp . ) , toxoplasmosis ( Toxoplasma gondii ) , and many other human or animal diseases also harbor a complex plastid ( although this organelle has been lost in some apicomplexans , such as Cryptosporidium parvum , which causes cryptosporidiosis ) . The ' apicoplast ' is no longer capable of photosynthesis , but is an essential organelle , and a promising target for antiparasitic drug development .", "Some dinoflagellates and sea slugs , in particular of the genus Elysia , take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis ; after a while , the plastids are also digested . This process is known as kleptoplasty , from the Greek , kleptes , thief ." ]

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[ "The differences between management accounting and financial accounting include :", "Management accounting provides information to people within an organization while financial accounting is mainly for those outside it , such as shareholders Financial accounting is required by law while management accounting is not . Specific standards and formats may be required for statutory accounts such as in the I.A.S International Accounting Standard within Europe . Financial accounting covers the entire organization while management accounting may be concerned with particular products or cost centres .", "Management accounting provides information to people within an organization while financial accounting is mainly for those outside it , such as shareholders", "Financial accounting is required by law while management accounting is not . Specific standards and formats may be required for statutory accounts such as in the I.A.S International Accounting Standard within Europe .", "Financial accounting covers the entire organization while management accounting may be concerned with particular products or cost centres .", "Managerial accounting is used primarily by those within a company or organization . Reports can be generated for any period of time such as daily , weekly or monthly . Reports are considered to be `` future looking '' and have forecasting value to those within the company .", "Financial accounting is used primarily by those outside of a company or organization . Financial reports are usually created for a set period of time , such as a financial year or period . Financial reports are historically factual and have predictive value to those who wish to make financial decisions or investments in a company . Management Accounting is the branch of Accounting that deals primarily with confidential financial reports for the exclusive use of top management within an organization . These reports are prepared utilizing scientific and statistical methods to arrive at certain monetary values which are then used for decision making . Such reports may include :", "Sales Forecasting reports Budget analysis and comparative analysis Feasibility studies Merger and consolidation reports", "Sales Forecasting reports", "Budget analysis and comparative analysis", "Merger and consolidation reports", "Financial Accounting , on the other hand , concentrates on the production of financial reports , including the basic reporting requirements of profitability , liquidity , solvency and stability . Reports of this nature can be accessed by internal and external users such as the shareholders , the banks and the creditors .", "While financial accountants follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles set by professional bodies in each country or International Financial Reporting Standards , managerial accountants make use of procedures and processes that are not regulated by standard - setting bodies .", "Multinational companies prefer to employ managerial accountants who have a widely recognised certification such as CGMA , Chartered Global Management Accountant certified by the AICPA and CIMA , ACMA certified by the Institute of Cost Accountants of India ( 1 ) , Chartered Management Accountant certified by the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants , or CMA , Certified Management Accountant certified by the Institute of Management Accountants .", "Managerial Accounting provides top management with reports that are future - oriented , while Financial Accounting provides reports based on historical information . There is no time span for producing managerial accounting statements but financial accounting statements are generally required to be produced for the period of 12 previous months .", "Legal differences in the United States", "There is no legal requirement for an organization to use management accounting , but publicly traded firms ( limited companies or whose shares are bought and sold on an open market ) must , by law , prepare financial account statements . In management accounting systems there is no requirement for an independent external review but financial accounting annual statements must be audited by an independent CPA firm . In management accounting systems , management may be concerned about how reports will affect employees behavior whereas financial management concerns are about the adequacy of disclosure in financial statements .", "There is no legal requirement for an organization to use management accounting , but publicly traded firms ( limited companies or whose shares are bought and sold on an open market ) must , by law , prepare financial account statements .", "In management accounting systems there is no requirement for an independent external review but financial accounting annual statements must be audited by an independent CPA firm .", "In management accounting systems , management may be concerned about how reports will affect employees behavior whereas financial management concerns are about the adequacy of disclosure in financial statements ." ]

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[ "A football , soccer ball , or association football ball is the ball used in the sport of association football . The name of the ball varies according to whether the sport is called `` football '' , `` soccer '' , or `` association football '' . The ball 's spherical shape , as well as its size , weight , and material composition , are specified by Law 2 of the Laws of the Game maintained by the International Football Association Board . Additional , more stringent , standards are specified by FIFA and subordinate governing bodies for the balls used in the competitions they sanction .", "Early footballs began as animal bladders or stomachs that would easily fall apart if kicked too much . Improvements became possible in the 19th century with the introduction of rubber and discoveries of vulcanisation by Charles Goodyear . The modern 32 - panel ball design was developed in 1962 by Eigil Nielsen , and technological research continues today to develop footballs with improved performance . The 32 - panel ball design was soon overcome by 24 - panel balls as well as 42 - panel balls , both of which improved performance compared to before , in 2007 .", "In 1863 , the first specifications for footballs were laid down by the Football Association . Previous to this , footballs were made out of inflated leather , with later leather coverings to help footballs maintain their shapes . In 1872 the specifications were revised , and these rules have been left essentially unchanged as defined by the International Football Association Board . Differences in footballs created since this rule came into effect have been to do with the material used in their creation .", "Footballs have gone through a dramatic change over time . During medieval times balls were normally made from an outer shell of leather filled with cork shavings . Another method of creating a ball was using animal bladders for the inside of the ball making it inflatable . However , these two styles of creating footballs made it easy for the ball to puncture and were inadequate for kicking . It was not until the 19th century that footballs developed into what a football looks like today .", "In 1838 , Charles Goodyear introduced the use of rubber and their discoveries of vulcanisation , which dramatically improved the football . Vulcanisation is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities such as strength , elasticity , and resistance to solvents . Vulcanisation of rubber also helps the football resist moderate heat and cold . Vulcanisation helped create inflatable bladders that pressurise the outer panel arrangement of the football . Charles Goodyear 's innovation increased the bounce ability of the ball and made it easier to kick . Most of the balls of this time had tanned leather with eighteen sections stitched together . These were arranged in six panels of three strips each .", "During the 1900s , footballs were made out of rubber and leather which was perfect for bouncing and kicking the ball ; however , when heading the football ( hitting it with the player 's head ) it was usually painful . This problem was most probably due to water absorption of the leather from rain , which caused a considerable increase in weight , causing head or neck injury . By around 2017 , this had also been associated with dementia in former players . Another problem of early footballs was that they deteriorated quickly , as the leather used in manufacturing the footballs varied in thickness and in quality .", "Elements of the football that today are tested are the deformation of the football when it is kicked or when the ball hits a surface . Two styles of footballs have been tested by the Sports Technology Research Group of Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering in Loughborough University ; these two models are called the Basic FE model and the Developed FE model of the football . The basic model considered the ball as being a spherical shell with isotropic material properties . The developed model also utilised isotropic material properties but included an additional stiffer stitching seam region .", "Companies such as Umbro , Mitre , Adidas , Nike , Select and Puma are releasing footballs made out of new materials which are intended to provide more accurate flight and more power to be transferred to the football .", "Today 's footballs are more complex than past footballs . Most modern footballs consist of twelve regular pentagonal and twenty regular hexagonal panels positioned in a truncated icosahedron spherical geometry . Some premium - grade 32 - panel balls use non-regular polygons to give a closer approximation to sphericality . The inside of the football is made up of a latex bladder which enables the football to be pressurised . The ball 's panel pairs are stitched along the edge ; this procedure can either be performed manually or with a machine . The size of a football is roughly 22 cm ( 8.65 inches ) in diameter for a regulation size 5 ball . Rules state that a size 5 ball must be 68 to 70 cm in circumference . Averaging that to 69 cm and then dividing by π gives about 22 cm for a diameter .", "The ball 's weight must be in the range of 410 to 450 grams ( 14 to 16 oz ) and inflated to a pressure of between 0.6 and 1.1 standard atmospheres ( 8.8 and 16.2 psi ) at sea level .", "There are a number of different types of football balls depending on the match and turf including : training footballs , match footballs , professional match footballs , beach footballs , street footballs , indoor footballs , turf balls , futsal footballs and mini / skills footballs .", "Many companies throughout the world produce footballs . The earliest balls were made by local suppliers where the game was played . It is estimated that 55 % of all footballs are made in Sialkot , Pakistan , with other major producers being China and India .", "As a response to the problems with the balls in the 1962 FIFA World Cup , Adidas created the Adidas Santiago -- this led to Adidas winning the contract to supply the match balls for all official FIFA and UEFA matches , which they have held since the 1970s , and also supplied match balls for the 2008 Olympic Games . They also supply the ball for the UEFA Champions League which is called the Adidas Finale .", "The following footballs were used in the FIFA World Cup finals tournaments :", "World Cup Ball ( s ) Image Manufacturer Additional information Refs 1930 Tiento ( first half ) T - model ( second half ) Two different balls were used in the final : Argentina supplied the first - half ball ( the ' Tiento ' ) and led 2 -- 1 at the break ; hosts Uruguay supplied the second - half ball ( the ' T - Model ' which was larger and heavier ) and won 4 -- 2 . 1934 Federale 102 ECAS ( Ente Centrale Approvvigionamento Sportivi ) , Rome 1938 Allen Allen , Paris Made up of leather , consisted of 13 panels and had white cotton laces on a separate thin panel . 1950 Duplo T Superball First ball to have no laces and introduce the syringe valve . 1954 Swiss World Champion Kost Sport , Basel The first 18 - panel ball . 1958 Top Star Sydsvenska Läder och Remfabriken , Ängelholm ( aka `` Remmen '' or `` Sydläder '' ) Chosen from 102 candidates in a blind test by four FIFA officials . 1962 Crack Top Star Senor Custodio Zamora H. , San Miguel , Chile Remmen The Crack was the official ball . Referee Ken Aston was unimpressed with the Chilean ball provided for the opening match , and sent for a European ball , which arrived in the second half . Various matches used different balls , with the apparent rumour the European teams did n't trust the locally produced ball 1966 Challenge 4 - star Slazenger 18 - panel ball in orange or yellow . Selected in a blind test at the Football Association headquarters in Soho Square . 1970 Telstar Adidas Telstar was the first 32 - panel black - and - white ball used in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only 20 were supplied by Adidas . A brown ball ( Germany - Peru ) and a white ball ( first half of Italy - Germany ) were used in some matches . Telstar Durlast Adidas The first polyurethane coated ball , making it waterproof and resistant to wear and tear . 1978 Tango Adidas 1982 Tango España Adidas Similar to its predecessor the Tango the Tango España had a polyurethane coating . It had new and improved rubberized seams and was the last leather ball to be used in the World Cup . 1986 Azteca Adidas First fully synthetic FIFA World Cup ball and first hand - sewed ball Etrusco Unico Adidas Questra Adidas 1998 Tricolore Adidas First multi-coloured ball at a World Cup finals tournament . 1999 ( women ) Icon Adidas First ball specifically created for a Women 's World Cup . Technically identical to the Tricolore , but with a different visual design . 2002 Fevernova Adidas First World Cup ball with a triangular design . The ball for the 2003 Women 's World Cup was technically identical to the Fevernova , but had a different visual design . 2006 Teamgeist Adidas The Teamgeist is a 14 - panel ball . Each match at the World Cup finals had its own individual ball , printed with the date of the match , the stadium and the team names . It was replaced for the final match by the gold - coloured Teamgeist Berlin . As in 2003 , the ball used for the 2007 Women 's World Cup was identical in performance to the ball used in the previous year 's World Cup , but with a different visual design . Teamgeist Berlin Jabulani Adidas This ball has 8 panels . The ball for the final match was the gold Jo'bulani ( picture on the left ) , which was named after `` Jo'burg '' , a standard South African nickname for Johannesburg , site of the final game . The ball was notable for the controversy it attracted , with players and fans contending that its aerodynamics were unusually unpredictable . Jo'bulani 2011 ( women ) SpeedCell Adidas Technically identical to the Jabulani , but with a different visual design . 2014 Brazuca Adidas This is the first FIFA World Cup ball named by the fans . The ball has been made of six polyurethane panels which have been thermally bonded . Brazuca Final Rio 2015 ( women ) Conext15 Adidas Based on the technology introduced in the Brazuca . The Conext15 Final Vancouver is the first ball created specifically for a Women 's World Cup Final . Conext15 Final Vancouver 2018 Telstar 18 Adidas", "World Cup Ball ( s ) Image Manufacturer Additional information Refs", "1930 Tiento ( first half ) T - model ( second half ) Two different balls were used in the final : Argentina supplied the first - half ball ( the ' Tiento ' ) and led 2 -- 1 at the break ; hosts Uruguay supplied the second - half ball ( the ' T - Model ' which was larger and heavier ) and won 4 -- 2 .", "1934 Federale 102 ECAS ( Ente Centrale Approvvigionamento Sportivi ) , Rome", "1938 Allen Allen , Paris Made up of leather , consisted of 13 panels and had white cotton laces on a separate thin panel .", "1950 Duplo T Superball First ball to have no laces and introduce the syringe valve .", "1954 Swiss World Champion Kost Sport , Basel The first 18 - panel ball .", "1958 Top Star Sydsvenska Läder och Remfabriken , Ängelholm ( aka `` Remmen '' or `` Sydläder '' ) Chosen from 102 candidates in a blind test by four FIFA officials .", "1962 Crack Top Star Senor Custodio Zamora H. , San Miguel , Chile Remmen The Crack was the official ball . Referee Ken Aston was unimpressed with the Chilean ball provided for the opening match , and sent for a European ball , which arrived in the second half . Various matches used different balls , with the apparent rumour the European teams did n't trust the locally produced ball", "1966 Challenge 4 - star Slazenger 18 - panel ball in orange or yellow . Selected in a blind test at the Football Association headquarters in Soho Square .", "1970 Telstar Adidas Telstar was the first 32 - panel black - and - white ball used in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only 20 were supplied by Adidas . A brown ball ( Germany - Peru ) and a white ball ( first half of Italy - Germany ) were used in some matches .", "Telstar Durlast Adidas The first polyurethane coated ball , making it waterproof and resistant to wear and tear .", "1978 Tango Adidas", "1982 Tango España Adidas Similar to its predecessor the Tango the Tango España had a polyurethane coating . It had new and improved rubberized seams and was the last leather ball to be used in the World Cup .", "1986 Azteca Adidas First fully synthetic FIFA World Cup ball and first hand - sewed ball", "Etrusco Unico Adidas", "Questra Adidas", "1998 Tricolore Adidas First multi-coloured ball at a World Cup finals tournament .", "1999 ( women ) Icon Adidas First ball specifically created for a Women 's World Cup . Technically identical to the Tricolore , but with a different visual design .", "2002 Fevernova Adidas First World Cup ball with a triangular design . The ball for the 2003 Women 's World Cup was technically identical to the Fevernova , but had a different visual design .", "2006 Teamgeist Adidas The Teamgeist is a 14 - panel ball . Each match at the World Cup finals had its own individual ball , printed with the date of the match , the stadium and the team names . It was replaced for the final match by the gold - coloured Teamgeist Berlin . As in 2003 , the ball used for the 2007 Women 's World Cup was identical in performance to the ball used in the previous year 's World Cup , but with a different visual design .", "Teamgeist Berlin", "Jabulani Adidas This ball has 8 panels . The ball for the final match was the gold Jo'bulani ( picture on the left ) , which was named after `` Jo'burg '' , a standard South African nickname for Johannesburg , site of the final game . The ball was notable for the controversy it attracted , with players and fans contending that its aerodynamics were unusually unpredictable .", "Jo'bulani", "2011 ( women ) SpeedCell Adidas Technically identical to the Jabulani , but with a different visual design .", "2014 Brazuca Adidas This is the first FIFA World Cup ball named by the fans . The ball has been made of six polyurethane panels which have been thermally bonded .", "Brazuca Final Rio", "2015 ( women ) Conext15 Adidas Based on the technology introduced in the Brazuca . The Conext15 Final Vancouver is the first ball created specifically for a Women 's World Cup Final .", "Conext15 Final Vancouver", "2018 Telstar 18 Adidas", "The following balls were used in the UEFA European Championship over the years :", "Championship Official football Manufacturer Additional information 1968 Telstar Elast Adidas This the first championship use of this ball 1972 Telstar Adidas 1976 Telstar Adidas 1980 Tango Italia Adidas 1984 Tango Mundial Adidas Tango Europa Adidas Etrusco Unico Adidas This was the same ball used as in the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Questra Europa Adidas 2000 Terrestra Silverstream Adidas Roteiro Adidas 2008 Europass Adidas 2012 Tango 12 Adidas 2016 Beau Jeu Adidas Elements of the Adidas Brazuca in a new design Fracas Design variant of the Beau Jeu", "Championship Official football Manufacturer Additional information", "1968 Telstar Elast Adidas This the first championship use of this ball", "1972 Telstar Adidas", "1976 Telstar Adidas", "1980 Tango Italia Adidas", "1984 Tango Mundial Adidas", "Tango Europa Adidas", "Etrusco Unico Adidas This was the same ball used as in the 1990 FIFA World Cup .", "Questra Europa Adidas", "2000 Terrestra Silverstream Adidas", "Roteiro Adidas", "2008 Europass Adidas", "2012 Tango 12 Adidas", "2016 Beau Jeu Adidas Elements of the Adidas Brazuca in a new design", "Fracas Design variant of the Beau Jeu", "The following balls were used in the football tournament of the Olympic Games ( note this list is incomplete ) :", "Olympic Games Official football Manufacturer Additional information 1984 Olympic Games Adidas Tango Sevilla Adidas 1988 Olympic Games Adidas Tango Séoul Adidas 1992 Olympic Games Adidas Etrusco Unico Adidas 1996 Olympic Games Adidas Questra Olympia Adidas 2000 Olympic Games Adidas Gamarada Adidas The aboriginal word for friendship , variation of the Adidas Terrestra Silverstream 2004 Olympic Games Adidas Pelias Adidas 2008 Olympic Games Adidas Teamgeist 2 Magnus Moenia Adidas Variation of the Teamgeist , with Magnus Moenia meaning ' walls of the great ' in Latin 2012 Olympic Games Adidas The Albert Adidas Variant of the Adidas Tango 12 2016 Olympic Games Adidas Errejota Adidas Variant of the Adidas Beau Jeu", "Olympic Games Official football Manufacturer Additional information", "1984 Olympic Games Adidas Tango Sevilla Adidas", "1988 Olympic Games Adidas Tango Séoul Adidas", "1992 Olympic Games Adidas Etrusco Unico Adidas", "1996 Olympic Games Adidas Questra Olympia Adidas", "2000 Olympic Games Adidas Gamarada Adidas The aboriginal word for friendship , variation of the Adidas Terrestra Silverstream", "2004 Olympic Games Adidas Pelias Adidas", "2008 Olympic Games Adidas Teamgeist 2 Magnus Moenia Adidas Variation of the Teamgeist , with Magnus Moenia meaning ' walls of the great ' in Latin", "2012 Olympic Games Adidas The Albert Adidas Variant of the Adidas Tango 12", "2016 Olympic Games Adidas Errejota Adidas Variant of the Adidas Beau Jeu", "The following lists the most up - to - date balls used in various club football competitions :", "Ball League Name Voit Liga MX Nike Ordem 3 Premier League Adidas Torfabrik Bundesliga Nike Ordem 3 La Liga Derbystar Brillant APS KNVB Eredivisie Puma King Ball Primera Division Golty Categoría Primera A Nike Ordem Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Nike Ordem 3 Serie A Adidas Pro Ligue 1 Ligue 1 Adidas Argentum Argentine Primera División Adidas Brazuca Russian Premier League Nike Ordem 3 Primeira Liga Nike Incyte Süper Lig Adidas Brazuca Superleague Greece Nike Maxim Liga I Mitre Delta V12 Scottish Premiership Adidas Brazuca J1 League Adidas Brazuca K League Classic Puma Parva Liga Puma Ekstraklasa Adidas Brazuca / Major League Soccer Nike Ordem 4 Chinese Super League Nike Incyte A-League Nike Ordem 5 I - League Mitre REVOLVE FL Welsh Premier League Molten VG - 5000A United Football League Adidas Brazuca Eliteserien Adidas Finale UEFA Champions League Select Brilliant Super Belgian First Division A Select Brilliant Super Danish Superliga Select Brilliant Super Veikkausliiga Select Brilliant Super Allsvenskan Mitre Delta V12 National Premier Soccer League Voit / National Premier Soccer League Puma evoPower 1 S Indian Super League Nike Ordem 3 NWSL 2016 National Women 's Soccer League Nike Ordem 3 Saudi Premier League Dong Luc Group Galaxy UHV 2.07 V. League 1", "Ball League Name", "Voit Liga MX", "Nike Ordem 3 Premier League", "Adidas Torfabrik Bundesliga", "Nike Ordem 3 La Liga", "Derbystar Brillant APS KNVB Eredivisie", "Puma King Ball Primera Division", "Golty Categoría Primera A", "Nike Ordem Campeonato Brasileiro Série A", "Nike Ordem 3 Serie A", "Adidas Pro Ligue 1 Ligue 1", "Adidas Argentum Argentine Primera División", "Adidas Brazuca Russian Premier League", "Nike Ordem 3 Primeira Liga", "Nike Incyte Süper Lig", "Adidas Brazuca Superleague Greece", "Nike Maxim Liga I", "Mitre Delta V12 Scottish Premiership", "Adidas Brazuca J1 League", "Adidas Brazuca K League Classic", "Puma Parva Liga", "Puma Ekstraklasa", "Adidas Brazuca / Major League Soccer", "Nike Ordem 4 Chinese Super League", "Nike Incyte A-League", "Nike Ordem 5 I - League", "Mitre REVOLVE FL Welsh Premier League", "Molten VG - 5000A United Football League", "Adidas Brazuca Eliteserien", "Adidas Finale UEFA Champions League", "Select Brilliant Super Belgian First Division A", "Select Brilliant Super Danish Superliga", "Select Brilliant Super Veikkausliiga", "Select Brilliant Super Allsvenskan", "Mitre Delta V12 National Premier Soccer League", "Voit / National Premier Soccer League", "Puma evoPower 1 S Indian Super League", "Nike Ordem 3 NWSL 2016 National Women 's Soccer League", "Nike Ordem 3 Saudi Premier League", "Dong Luc Group Galaxy UHV 2.07 V. League 1", "Unicode 5.2 introduces the glyph ⚽ ( U + 26BD SOCCER BALL ) , representable in HTML as & # 9917 ; or & # x26BD ; . The addition of this symbol follows a 2008 proposal by Karl Pentzlin ." ]

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[ "In telecommunications , RS - 232 , Recommended Standard 232 is a standard introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data . It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE ( data terminal equipment ) such as a computer terminal , and a DCE ( data circuit - terminating equipment or data communication equipment ) , such as a modem . The RS - 232 standard had been commonly used in computer serial ports . The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals , the meaning of signals , and the physical size and pinout of connectors . The current version of the standard is TIA - 232 - F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit - Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange , issued in 1997 .", "An RS - 232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer , used for connections to modems , printers , mice , data storage , uninterruptible power supplies , and other peripheral devices . RS - 232 , when compared to later interfaces such as RS - 422 , RS - 485 and Ethernet , has lower transmission speed , short maximum cable length , large voltage swing , large standard connectors , no multipoint capability and limited multidrop capability . In modern personal computers , USB has displaced RS - 232 from most of its peripheral interface roles . Many computers no longer come equipped with RS - 232 ports ( although some motherboards come equipped with a COM port header that allows the user to install a bracket with a DE-9 port ) and must use either an external USB - to - RS - 232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS - 232 peripherals . Nevertheless , thanks to their simplicity and past ubiquity , RS - 232 interfaces are still used -- particularly in industrial machines , networking equipment , and scientific instruments where a short - range , point - to - point , low - speed wired data connection is adequate .", "The Electronic Industries Association ( EIA ) standard RS - 232 - C as of 1969 defines :", "Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels , signaling rate , timing , and slew - rate of signals , voltage withstand level , short - circuit behavior , and maximum load capacitance . Interface mechanical characteristics , pluggable connectors and pin identification . Functions of each circuit in the interface connector . Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications .", "Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels , signaling rate , timing , and slew - rate of signals , voltage withstand level , short - circuit behavior , and maximum load capacitance .", "Interface mechanical characteristics , pluggable connectors and pin identification .", "Functions of each circuit in the interface connector .", "Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications .", "The standard does not define such elements as the character encoding ( i.e. ASCII , EBCDIC , or others ) , the framing of characters ( start or stop bits , etc . ) , transmission order of bits , or error detection protocols . The character format and transmission bit rate are set by the serial port hardware which may also contain circuits to convert the internal logic levels to RS - 232 compatible signal levels . The standard does not define bit rates for transmission , except that it says it is intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits per second .", "RS - 232 was first introduced in 1960 by the Electronic Industries Association ( EIA ) as a Recommended Standard . The original DTEs were electromechanical teletypewriters , and the original DCEs were ( usually ) modems . When electronic terminals ( smart and dumb ) began to be used , they were often designed to be interchangeable with teletypewriters , and so supported RS - 232 . The C revision of the standard was issued in 1969 in part to accommodate the electrical characteristics of these devices .", "Because the standard did not foresee the requirements of devices such as computers , printers , test instruments , POS terminals , and so on , designers implementing an RS - 232 compatible interface on their equipment often interpreted the standard idiosyncratically . The resulting common problems were non-standard pin assignment of circuits on connectors , and incorrect or missing control signals . The lack of adherence to the standards produced a thriving industry of breakout boxes , patch boxes , test equipment , books , and other aids for the connection of disparate equipment . A common deviation from the standard was to drive the signals at a reduced voltage . Some manufacturers therefore built transmitters that supplied + 5 V and − 5 V and labeled them as `` RS - 232 compatible '' .", "Later personal computers ( and other devices ) started to make use of the standard so that they could connect to existing equipment . For many years , an RS - 232 - compatible port was a standard feature for serial communications , such as modem connections , on many computers ( with the computer acting as the DTE ) . It remained in widespread use into the late 1990s . In personal computer peripherals , it has largely been supplanted by other interface standards , such as USB . RS - 232 is still used to connect older designs of peripherals , industrial equipment ( such as PLCs ) , console ports , and special purpose equipment .", "The standard has been renamed several times during its history as the sponsoring organization changed its name , and has been variously known as EIA RS - 232 , EIA 232 , and , most recently as TIA 232 . The standard continued to be revised and updated by the Electronic Industries Association and since 1988 by the Telecommunications Industry Association ( TIA ) . Revision C was issued in a document dated August 1969 . Revision D was issued in 1986 . The current revision is TIA - 232 - F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit - Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange , issued in 1997 . Changes since Revision C have been in timing and details intended to improve harmonization with the CCITT standard V. 24 , but equipment built to the current standard will interoperate with older versions .", "Related ITU - T standards include V. 24 ( circuit identification ) and V. 28 ( signal voltage and timing characteristics ) .", "In revision D of EIA - 232 , the D - subminiature connector was formally included as part of the standard ( it was only referenced in the appendix of RS - 232 - C ) . The voltage range was extended to ± 25 volts , and the circuit capacitance limit was expressly stated as 2500 pF . Revision E of EIA - 232 introduced a new , smaller , standard D - shell 26 - pin `` Alt A '' connector , and made other changes to improve compatibility with CCITT standards V. 24 , V. 28 and ISO 2110 .", "EIA RS - 232 ( May 1960 ) `` Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment & Data '' EIA RS - 232 - A ( October 1963 ) EIA RS - 232 - B ( October 1965 ) EIA RS - 232 - C ( August 1969 ) `` Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange '' EIA EIA - 232 - D ( 1986 ) TIA TIA / EIA - 232 - E ( 1991 ) `` Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communications Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange '' TIA TIA / EIA - 232 - F ( 1997 - 10 - 01 ) ANSI / TIA - 232 - F - 1997 ( R2002 ) TIA TIA - 232 - F ( R2012 )", "EIA RS - 232 ( May 1960 ) `` Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment & Data ''", "EIA RS - 232 - A ( October 1963 )", "EIA RS - 232 - B ( October 1965 )", "EIA RS - 232 - C ( August 1969 ) `` Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communication Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange ''", "EIA EIA - 232 - D ( 1986 )", "TIA TIA / EIA - 232 - E ( 1991 ) `` Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Communications Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange ''", "TIA TIA / EIA - 232 - F ( 1997 - 10 - 01 )", "ANSI / TIA - 232 - F - 1997 ( R2002 )", "TIA TIA - 232 - F ( R2012 )", "Because RS - 232 is used beyond the original purpose of interconnecting a terminal with a modem , successor standards have been developed to address the limitations . Issues with the RS - 232 standard include :", "The large voltage swings and requirement for positive and negative supplies increases power consumption of the interface and complicates power supply design . The voltage swing requirement also limits the upper speed of a compatible interface . Single - ended signaling referred to a common signal ground limits the noise immunity and transmission distance . Multi-drop connection among more than two devices is not defined . While multi-drop `` work - arounds '' have been devised , they have limitations in speed and compatibility . The standard does not address the possibility of connecting a DTE directly to a DTE , or a DCE to a DCE . Null modem cables can be used to achieve these connections , but these are not defined by the standard , and some such cables use different connections than others . The definitions of the two ends of the link are asymmetric . This makes the assignment of the role of a newly developed device problematic ; the designer must decide on either a DTE - like or DCE - like interface and which connector pin assignments to use . The handshaking and control lines of the interface are intended for the setup and takedown of a dial - up communication circuit ; in particular , the use of handshake lines for flow control is not reliably implemented in many devices . No method is specified for sending power to a device . While a small amount of current can be extracted from the DTR and RTS lines , this is only suitable for low - power devices such as mice . The 25 - pin D - sub connector recommended in the standard is large compared to current practice .", "The large voltage swings and requirement for positive and negative supplies increases power consumption of the interface and complicates power supply design . The voltage swing requirement also limits the upper speed of a compatible interface .", "Single - ended signaling referred to a common signal ground limits the noise immunity and transmission distance .", "Multi-drop connection among more than two devices is not defined . While multi-drop `` work - arounds '' have been devised , they have limitations in speed and compatibility .", "The standard does not address the possibility of connecting a DTE directly to a DTE , or a DCE to a DCE . Null modem cables can be used to achieve these connections , but these are not defined by the standard , and some such cables use different connections than others .", "The definitions of the two ends of the link are asymmetric . This makes the assignment of the role of a newly developed device problematic ; the designer must decide on either a DTE - like or DCE - like interface and which connector pin assignments to use .", "The handshaking and control lines of the interface are intended for the setup and takedown of a dial - up communication circuit ; in particular , the use of handshake lines for flow control is not reliably implemented in many devices .", "No method is specified for sending power to a device . While a small amount of current can be extracted from the DTR and RTS lines , this is only suitable for low - power devices such as mice .", "The 25 - pin D - sub connector recommended in the standard is large compared to current practice .", "In the book PC 97 Hardware Design Guide , Microsoft deprecated support for the RS - 232 compatible serial port of the original IBM PC design . Today , RS - 232 has mostly been replaced in personal computers by USB for local communications . Advantages compared to RS - 232 are that USB is faster , uses lower voltages , and has connectors that are simpler to connect and use . Disadvantages of USB compared to RS - 232 are that USB is far less immune to electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) and that maximum cable length is much shorter ( 15 meters for RS - 232 v.s. 3 - 5 meters for USB depending on USB speed used ) .", "In fields such as laboratory automation or surveying , RS - 232 devices may continue to be used . Some types of programmable logic controllers , variable - frequency drives , servo drives , and computerized numerical control equipment are programmable via RS - 232 . Computer manufacturers have responded to this demand by re-introducing the DE-9M connector on their computers or by making adapters available .", "RS - 232 ports are also commonly used to communicate to headless systems such as servers , where no monitor or keyboard is installed , during boot when operating system is not running yet and therefore no network connection is possible . A computer with an RS - 232 serial port can communicate with the serial port of an embedded system ( such as a router ) as an alternative to monitoring over Ethernet .", "In RS - 232 , user data is sent as a time - series of bits . Both synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are supported by the standard . In addition to the data circuits , the standard defines a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE . Each data or control circuit only operates in one direction , that is , signaling from a DTE to the attached DCE or the reverse . Because transmit data and receive data are separate circuits , the interface can operate in a full duplex manner , supporting concurrent data flow in both directions . The standard does not define character framing within the data stream , or character encoding .", "The RS - 232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels for the data transmission and the control signal lines . Valid signals are either in the range of + 3 to + 15 volts or the range − 3 to − 15 volts with respect to the `` Common Ground '' ( GND ) pin ; consequently , the range between − 3 to + 3 volts is not a valid RS - 232 level . For data transmission lines ( TxD , RxD , and their secondary channel equivalents ) , logic one is defined as a negative voltage , the signal condition is called `` mark '' . Logic zero is positive and the signal condition is termed `` space '' . Control signals have the opposite polarity : the asserted or active state is positive voltage and the deasserted or inactive state is negative voltage . Examples of control lines include request to send ( RTS ) , clear to send ( CTS ) , data terminal ready ( DTR ) , and data set ready ( DSR ) .", "RS - 232 logic and voltage levels Data circuits Control circuits Voltage 0 ( space ) Asserted + 3 to + 15 V 1 ( mark ) Deasserted − 15 to − 3 V", "Data circuits Control circuits Voltage", "0 ( space ) Asserted + 3 to + 15 V", "1 ( mark ) Deasserted − 15 to − 3 V", "The standard specifies a maximum open - circuit voltage of 25 volts : signal levels of ± 5 V , ± 10 V , ± 12 V , and ± 15 V are all commonly seen depending on the voltages available to the line driver circuit . Some RS - 232 driver chips have inbuilt circuitry to produce the required voltages from a 3 or 5 volt supply . RS - 232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level up to ± 25 volts . The slew rate , or how fast the signal changes between levels , is also controlled .", "Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels typically used by integrated circuits , special intervening driver circuits are required to translate logic levels . These also protect the device 's internal circuitry from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS - 232 interface , and provide sufficient current to comply with the slew rate requirements for data transmission .", "Because both ends of the RS - 232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts , problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end , and the ground pin on the other is not zero . This may also cause a hazardous ground loop . Use of a common ground limits RS - 232 to applications with relatively short cables . If the two devices are far enough apart or on separate power systems , the local ground connections at either end of the cable will have differing voltages ; this difference will reduce the noise margin of the signals . Balanced , differential serial connections such as RS - 422 , RS - 485 , and USB can tolerate larger ground voltage differences because of the differential signaling .", "Unused interface signals terminated to ground will have an undefined logic state . Where it is necessary to permanently set a control signal to a defined state , it must be connected to a voltage source that asserts the logic 1 or logic 0 level , for example with a pullup resistor . Some devices provide test voltages on their interface connectors for this purpose .", "RS - 232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment ( DTE ) or Data Circuit - terminating Equipment ( DCE ) ; this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal . According to the standard , male connectors have DTE pin functions , and female connectors have DCE pin functions . Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions . Many terminals were manufactured with female connectors but were sold with a cable with male connectors at each end ; the terminal with its cable satisfied the recommendations in the standard .", "The standard recommends the D - subminiature 25 - pin connector up to revision C , and makes it mandatory as of revision D. Most devices only implement a few of the twenty signals specified in the standard , so connectors and cables with fewer pins are sufficient for most connections , more compact , and less expensive . Personal computer manufacturers replaced the DB - 25M connector with the smaller DE-9M connector . This connector , with a different pinout ( see Serial port pinouts ) , is prevalent for personal computers and associated devices .", "Presence of a 25 - pin D - sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS - 232 - C compliant interface . For example , on the original IBM PC , a male D - sub was an RS - 232 - C DTE port ( with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins ) , but the female D - sub connector on the same PC model was used for the parallel `` Centronics '' printer port . Some personal computers put non-standard voltages or signals on some pins of their serial ports .", "The standard does not define a maximum cable length , but instead defines the maximum capacitance that a compliant drive circuit must tolerate . A widely used rule of thumb indicates that cables more than 15 m ( 50 ft ) long will have too much capacitance , unless special cables are used . By using low - capacitance cables , communication can be maintained over larger distances up to about 300 m ( 1,000 ft ) . For longer distances , other signal standards are better suited to maintain high speed .", "Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied , it is often necessary to consult documentation , test connections with a breakout box , or use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices . Connecting a fully standard - compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector ( a so - called `` straight cable '' ) . `` Gender changers '' are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors . Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table below . Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common . Manufacturers of equipment with 8P8C connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB - 25 or DE-9 connector ( or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices ) . Poor - quality cables can cause false signals by crosstalk between data and control lines ( such as Ring Indicator ) .", "If a given cable will not allow a data connection , especially if a gender changer is in use , a null modem cable may be necessary . Gender changers and null modem cables are not mentioned in the standard , so there is no officially sanctioned design for them .", "A minimal `` 3 - wire '' RS - 232 connection consisting only of transmit data , receive data , and ground , is commonly used when the full facilities of RS - 232 are not required . Even a two - wire connection ( data and ground ) can be used if the data flow is one way ( for example , a digital postal scale that periodically sends a weight reading , or a GPS receiver that periodically sends position , if no configuration via RS - 232 is necessary ) . When only hardware flow control is required in addition to two - way data , the RTS and CTS lines are added in a 5 - wire version .", "The following table lists commonly used RS - 232 signals ( called `` circuits '' in the specifications ) and their pin assignments on the recommended DB - 25 connectors . ( See Serial port pinouts ) for other commonly used connectors not defined by the standard . )", "Circuit Direction DB - 25 pin Name Typical purpose Abbreviation DTE DCE Data Terminal Ready DTE is ready to receive , initiate , or continue a call . DTR out in 20 Data Carrier Detect DCE is receiving a carrier from a remote DCE . DCD in out 8 Data Set Ready DCE is ready to receive and send data . DSR in out 6 Ring Indicator DCE has detected an incoming ring signal on the telephone line . RI in out 22 Request To Send DTE requests the DCE prepare to transmit data . RTS out in Ready To Receive DTE is ready to receive data from DCE . If in use , RTS is assumed to be always asserted . RTR out in Clear To Send DCE is ready to accept data from the DTE . CTS in out 5 Transmitted Data Carries data from DTE to DCE . TxD out in Received Data Carries data from DCE to DTE . RxD in out Common Ground Zero voltage reference for all of the above . GND common 7 Protective Ground Connected to chassis ground . PG common", "Circuit Direction DB - 25 pin", "Name Typical purpose Abbreviation DTE DCE", "Data Terminal Ready DTE is ready to receive , initiate , or continue a call . DTR out in 20", "Data Carrier Detect DCE is receiving a carrier from a remote DCE . DCD in out 8", "Data Set Ready DCE is ready to receive and send data . DSR in out 6", "Ring Indicator DCE has detected an incoming ring signal on the telephone line . RI in out 22", "Request To Send DTE requests the DCE prepare to transmit data . RTS out in", "Ready To Receive DTE is ready to receive data from DCE . If in use , RTS is assumed to be always asserted . RTR out in", "Clear To Send DCE is ready to accept data from the DTE . CTS in out 5", "Transmitted Data Carries data from DTE to DCE . TxD out in", "Received Data Carries data from DCE to DTE . RxD in out", "Common Ground Zero voltage reference for all of the above . GND common 7", "Protective Ground Connected to chassis ground . PG common", "The signals are named from the standpoint of the DTE . The ground pin is a common return for the other connections , and establishes the `` zero '' voltage to which voltages on the other pins are referenced . The DB - 25 connector includes a second `` protective ground '' on pin 1 ; this is connected internally to equipment frame ground , and should not be connected in the cable or connector to signal ground .", "Ring Indicator ( RI ) is a signal sent from the DCE to the DTE device . It indicates to the terminal device that the phone line is ringing . In many computer serial ports , a hardware interrupt is generated when the RI signal changes state . Having support for this hardware interrupt means that a program or operating system can be informed of a change in state of the RI pin , without requiring the software to constantly `` poll '' the state of the pin . RI does not correspond to another signal that carries similar information the opposite way .", "On an external modem the status of the Ring Indicator pin is often coupled to the `` AA '' ( auto answer ) light , which flashes if the RI signal has detected a ring . The asserted RI signal follows the ringing pattern closely , which can permit software to detect distinctive ring patterns .", "The Ring Indicator signal is used by some older uninterruptible power supplies ( UPSs ) to signal a power failure state to the computer .", "Certain personal computers can be configured for wake - on - ring , allowing a computer that is suspended to answer a phone call .", "The RTS and CTS signals were originally defined for use with half - duplex ( one direction at a time ) modems such as the Bell 202 . These modems disable their transmitters when not required and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re-enabled . The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE , and in response the DCE asserts CTS to grant permission , once synchronization with the DCE at the far end is achieved . Such modems are no longer in common use . There is no corresponding signal that the DTE could use to temporarily halt incoming data from the DCE . Thus RS - 232 's use of the RTS and CTS signals , per the older versions of the standard , is asymmetric .", "This scheme is also employed in present - day RS - 232 to RS - 485 converters . RS - 485 is a multiple - access bus on which only one device can transmit at a time , a concept that is not provided for in RS - 232 . The RS - 232 device asserts RTS to tell the converter to take control of the RS - 485 bus so that the converter , and thus the RS - 232 device , can send data onto the bus .", "Modern communications environments use full - duplex ( both directions simultaneously ) modems . In that environment , DTEs have no reason to deassert RTS . However , due to the possibility of changing line quality , delays in processing of data , etc. , there is a need for symmetric , bidirectional flow control .", "A symmetric alternative providing flow control in both directions was developed and marketed in the late 1980s by various equipment manufacturers . It redefined the RTS signal to mean that the DTE is ready to receive data from the DCE . This scheme was eventually codified in version RS - 232 - E ( actually TIA - 232 - E by that time ) by defining a new signal , `` RTR ( Ready to Receive ) '' , which is CCITT V. 24 circuit 133 . TIA - 232 - E and the corresponding international standards were updated to show that circuit 133 , when implemented , shares the same pin as RTS ( Request to Send ) , and that when 133 is in use , RTS is assumed by the DCE to be asserted at all times .", "In this scheme , commonly called `` RTS / CTS flow control '' or `` RTS / CTS handshaking '' ( though the technically correct name would be `` RTR / CTS '' ) , the DTE asserts RTR whenever it is ready to receive data from the DCE , and the DCE asserts CTS whenever it is ready to receive data from the DTE . Unlike the original use of RTS and CTS with half - duplex modems , these two signals operate independently from one another . This is an example of hardware flow control . However , `` hardware flow control '' in the description of the options available on an RS - 232 - equipped device does not always mean RTS / CTS handshaking .", "Equipment using this protocol must be prepared to buffer some extra data , since the remote system may have begun transmitting just before the local system deasserts RTR .", "The EIA - 232 standard specifies connections for several features that are not used in most implementations . Their use requires 25 - pin connectors and cables .", "The DTE or DCE can specify use of a `` high '' or `` low '' signaling rate . The rates , as well as which device will select the rate , must be configured in both the DTE and DCE . The prearranged device selects the high rate by setting pin 23 to ON .", "Many DCE devices have a loopback capability used for testing . When enabled , signals are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver . If supported , the DTE can signal the local DCE ( the one it is connected to ) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 18 to ON , or the remote DCE ( the one the local DCE is connected to ) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 21 to ON . The latter tests the communications link , as well as both DCEs . When the DCE is in test mode , it signals the DTE by setting pin 25 to ON .", "A commonly used version of loopback testing does not involve any special capability of either end . A hardware loopback is simply a wire connecting complementary pins together in the same connector ( see loopback ) .", "Loopback testing is often performed with a specialized DTE called a bit error rate tester ( or BERT ) .", "Some synchronous devices provide a clock signal to synchronize data transmission , especially at higher data rates . Two timing signals are provided by the DCE on pins 15 and 17 . Pin 15 is the transmitter clock , or send timing ( ST ) ; the DTE puts the next bit on the data line ( pin 2 ) when this clock transitions from OFF to ON ( so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit ) . Pin 17 is the receiver clock , or receive timing ( RT ) ; the DTE reads the next bit from the data line ( pin 3 ) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF .", "Alternatively , the DTE can provide a clock signal , called transmitter timing ( TT ) , on pin 24 for transmitted data . Data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON , and read during the ON to OFF transition . TT can be used to overcome the issue where ST must traverse a cable of unknown length and delay , clock a bit out of the DTE after another unknown delay , and return it to the DCE over the same unknown cable delay . Since the relation between the transmitted bit and TT can be fixed in the DTE design , and since both signals traverse the same cable length , using TT eliminates the issue . TT may be generated by looping ST back with an appropriate phase change to align it with the transmitted data . ST loop back to TT lets the DTE use the DCE as the frequency reference , and correct the clock to data timing .", "Synchronous clocking is required for such protocols as SDLC , HDLC , and X. 25 .", "A secondary data channel , identical in capability to the primary channel , can optionally be implemented by the DTE and DCE devices . Pin assignments are as follows :", "Signal Pin Common Ground 7 ( same as primary ) Secondary Transmitted Data ( STD ) 14 Secondary Received Data ( SRD ) 16 Secondary Request To Send ( SRTS ) 19 Secondary Clear To Send ( SCTS ) 13 Secondary Carrier Detect ( SDCD ) 12", "Signal Pin", "Common Ground 7 ( same as primary )", "Secondary Transmitted Data ( STD ) 14", "Secondary Received Data ( SRD ) 16", "Secondary Request To Send ( SRTS ) 19", "Secondary Clear To Send ( SCTS ) 13", "Secondary Carrier Detect ( SDCD ) 12", "Other serial signaling standards may not interoperate with standard - compliant RS - 232 ports . For example , using the TTL levels of near + 5 and 0 V puts the mark level in the undefined area of the standard . Such levels are sometimes used with NMEA 0183 - compliant GPS receivers and depth finders .", "A 20 mA current loop uses the absence of 20 mA current for high , and the presence of current in the loop for low ; this signaling method is often used for long - distance and optically isolated links . Connection of a current - loop device to a compliant RS - 232 port requires a level translator . Current - loop devices can supply voltages in excess of the withstand voltage limits of a compliant device . The original IBM PC serial port card implemented a 20 mA current - loop interface , which was never emulated by other suppliers of plug - compatible equipment .", "Other serial interfaces similar to RS - 232 :", "RS - 422 ( a high - speed system similar to RS - 232 but with differential signaling ) RS - 423 ( a high - speed system similar to RS - 422 but with unbalanced signaling ) RS - 449 ( a functional and mechanical interface that used RS - 422 and RS - 423 signals - it never caught on like RS - 232 and was withdrawn by the EIA ) RS - 485 ( a descendant of RS - 422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop configurations ) MIL - STD - 188 ( a system like RS - 232 but with better impedance and rise time control ) EIA - 530 ( a high - speed system using RS - 422 or RS - 423 electrical properties in an EIA - 232 pinout configuration , thus combining the best of both ; supersedes RS - 449 ) EIA / TIA - 561 8 Position Non-Synchronous Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange EIA / TIA - 562 Electrical Characteristics for an Unbalanced Digital Interface ( low - voltage version of EIA / TIA - 232 ) TIA - 574 ( standardizes the 9 - pin D - subminiature connector pinout for use with EIA - 232 electrical signalling , as originated on the IBM PC / AT )", "RS - 422 ( a high - speed system similar to RS - 232 but with differential signaling )", "RS - 423 ( a high - speed system similar to RS - 422 but with unbalanced signaling )", "RS - 449 ( a functional and mechanical interface that used RS - 422 and RS - 423 signals - it never caught on like RS - 232 and was withdrawn by the EIA )", "RS - 485 ( a descendant of RS - 422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop configurations )", "MIL - STD - 188 ( a system like RS - 232 but with better impedance and rise time control )", "EIA - 530 ( a high - speed system using RS - 422 or RS - 423 electrical properties in an EIA - 232 pinout configuration , thus combining the best of both ; supersedes RS - 449 )", "EIA / TIA - 561 8 Position Non-Synchronous Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange", "EIA / TIA - 562 Electrical Characteristics for an Unbalanced Digital Interface ( low - voltage version of EIA / TIA - 232 )", "TIA - 574 ( standardizes the 9 - pin D - subminiature connector pinout for use with EIA - 232 electrical signalling , as originated on the IBM PC / AT )", "When developing or troubleshooting systems using RS - 232 , close examination of hardware signals can be important to find problems . A simple indicator device uses LEDs to show the high / low state of data or control pins . Y cables may be used to allow using another serial port to monitor all traffic on one direction . A serial line analyzer is a device similar to a logic analyzer but specialized for RS - 232 's voltage levels , connectors , and , where used , clock signals . The serial line analyzer can collect , store , and display the data and control signals , allowing developers to view them in detail . Some simply display the signals as waveforms ; more elaborate versions include the ability to decode characters in ASCII or other common codes and to interpret common protocols used over RS - 232 such as SDLC , HDLC , DDCMP , and X. 25 . Serial line analyzers are available as standalone units , as software and interface cables for general - purpose logic analyzers and oscilloscopes , and as programs that run on common personal computers and devices ." ]

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Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal", "Tanakh ( Judaism )", "Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Torah ( Instruction ) ( show ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim", "Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim", "Genesis Brʾeišyt", "Exodus Šemot", "Leviticus Wayiqra", "Numbers Bəmidbar", "Deuteronomy Devarim", "Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Former", "Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim", "Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim", "Joshua Yehoshua", "Judges Shofetim", "Samuel Shemuel", "Kings Melakhim", "Latter", "Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel", "Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel", "Isaiah Yeshayahu", "Jeremiah Yirmeyahu", "Ezekiel Yekhezqel", "Minor", "Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( hide ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Poetic", "Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov", "Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov", "Psalms Təhillîm", "Proverbs Mishlei", "Job Iyov", "Five Megillot ( Scrolls )", "Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester", "Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester", "Song of Songs Shir Hashirim", "Ruth Rut", "Lamentations Eikhah", "Ecclesiastes Qoheleth", "Esther Ester", "Historical", "Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Daniel Daniyyel", "Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra", "Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim", "Old Testament ( Christianity )", "Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( hide ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon", "Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( hide ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon", "Pentateuch ( show ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy", "Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy", "Historical ( hide ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther", "Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther", "1 and 2 Samuel", "1 and 2 Kings", "1 and 2 Chronicles", "Wisdom Poetry ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs", "Wisdom Poetry", "Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs", "Song of Songs", "Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Major prophets", "Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel", "Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel", "Minor prophets", "Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi", "Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon", "Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon", "Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel", "Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel", "Additions to Esther", "Wisdom of Solomon", "Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah", "Additions to Daniel", "Orthodox only", "1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes", "1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes", "Prayer of Manasseh", "Orthodox Tewahedo", "1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon", "1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon", "1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan", "Paralipomena of Baruch", "Bible portal", "", "", "The Book of Ruth ( Hebrew : מגילת רות ‎ ‎ , Ashkenazi pronunciation : ( məˈɡɪləs rus ) , Megilath Ruth , `` the Scroll of Ruth '' , one of the Five Megillot ) is included in the third division , or the Writings ( Ketuvim ) , of the Hebrew Bible ; in most Christian canons it is treated as a history book and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel , as it is set `` in the days when the judges judged '' , although the Syriac Christian tradition places it later , between Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs . It is named after its central figure , Ruth the Moabitess , the great - grandmother of David .", "The book tells of Ruth 's accepting the God of the Israelites as her God and the Israelite people as her own . In Ruth 1 : 16 - 17 , Ruth tells Naomi , her Israelite mother - in - law , `` Where you go I will go , and where you stay I will stay . Your people will be my people and your God my God . Where you die I will die , and there I will be buried . May the Lord deal with me , be it ever so severely , if even death separates you and me . '' The book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews - by - choice , as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature . The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically , as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ( `` Weeks '' ) .", "The book is structured in four chapters :", "Act 1 : Prologue and Problem : Death and Emptiness ( 1 : 1 -- 22 )", "Scene 1 : Setting the scene ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Naomi returns home ( 1 : 6 -- 18 ) Scene 3 : Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem ( 1 : 19 -- 22 )", "Scene 1 : Setting the scene ( 1 : 1 -- 5 )", "Scene 2 : Naomi returns home ( 1 : 6 -- 18 )", "Scene 3 : Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem ( 1 : 19 -- 22 )", "Act 2 : Ruth Meets Boaz , Naomi 's Relative , on the Harvest Field ( 2 : 1 -- 23 )", "Scene 1 : Ruth in the field of Boaz ( 2 : 1 -- 17 ) Scene 2 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 2 : 18 -- 23 )", "Scene 1 : Ruth in the field of Boaz ( 2 : 1 -- 17 )", "Scene 2 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 2 : 18 -- 23 )", "Act 3 : Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor ( 3 : 1 -- 18 )", "Scene 1 : Naomi Reveals Her Plan ( 3 : 1 -- 5 ) Scene 2 : Ruth at the threshing - floor of Boaz ( 3 : 6 -- 15 ) Scene 3 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 3 : 16 -- 18 )", "Scene 1 : Naomi Reveals Her Plan ( 3 : 1 -- 5 )", "Scene 2 : Ruth at the threshing - floor of Boaz ( 3 : 6 -- 15 )", "Scene 3 : Ruth reports to Naomi ( 3 : 16 -- 18 )", "Act 4 : Resolution and Epilogue : Life and Fullness ( 4 : 1 -- 22 )", "Scene 1 : Boaz with the men at the gate ( 4 : 1 -- 12 ) Scene 2 : A son is born to Ruth ( 4 : 13 -- 17 )", "Scene 1 : Boaz with the men at the gate ( 4 : 1 -- 12 )", "Scene 2 : A son is born to Ruth ( 4 : 13 -- 17 )", "Genealogical appendix ( 4 : 18 -- 22 )", "During the time of the Judges when there was a famine , an Israelite family from Bethlehem -- Elimelech , his wife Naomi , and their sons Mahlon and Chilion -- emigrated to the nearby country of Moab . Elimelech died , and the sons married two Moabite women : Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah .", "After about ten years , the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab ( 1 : 4 ) . Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem . She told her daughters - in - law to return to their own mothers and remarry . Orpah reluctantly left ; however , Ruth said , `` Intreat me not to leave thee , ( or ) to return from following after thee : for whither thou goest , I will go ; and where thou lodgest , I will lodge : thy people ( shall be ) my people , and thy God my God : Where thou diest , will I die , and there will I be buried : the LORD do so to me , and more also , ( if aught ) but death part thee and me . '' ( Ruth 1 : 16 -- 17 KJV )", "The two women returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest , and in order to support her mother - in - law and herself , Ruth went to the fields to glean . As it happened , the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz , who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother - in - law . Ruth told Naomi of Boaz 's kindness , and she gleaned in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest .", "Boaz was a close relative of Naomi 's husband 's family . He was therefore obliged by the Levirate law to marry Mahlon 's widow , Ruth , in order to carry on his family 's inheritance . Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night and told her to go where he slept , and `` uncover his feet , and lay thee down ; and he will tell thee what thou shalt do '' ( 3 : 4 ) . Ruth did so . Boaz asked her who she was , and she replied : `` I ( am ) Ruth thine handmaid : spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid ; for thou ( art ) a near kinsman . '' ( 3 : 9 ) Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that is required , and he noted that , `` all the city of my people doth know that thou ( art ) a virtuous woman . '' ( 3 : 11 ) He then acknowledged that he was a close relative , but that there was one who was closer , and she remained in submission at his feet until she returned into the city in the morning .", "Early that day , Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders . The relative is not named : Boaz addresses him as `` Friend '' , ploni almoni , literally `` so and so '' . The Expanded Bible 's editors comment that `` the man is not named , perhaps ironically because he refused to preserve Naomi 's family name '' .", "The unnamed relative was unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth , and so relinquished his right of redemption , thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth . They transferred the property and redeemed it , ratified by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz . Ruth 4 : 7 notes for later generations that :", "This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging , to confirm anything : one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other , and this was a confirmation in Israel .", "This was the custom in former times in Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging , to confirm anything : one man took off his sandal and gave it to the other , and this was a confirmation in Israel .", "Boaz and Ruth were then married and have a son . The women of the city celebrate Naomi 's joy , for Naomi found a redeemer for her family name , and Naomi takes the child and places it in her bosom .", "The child is named Obed , who we discover is `` the father of Jesse , the father of David '' ( Ruth 4 : 13 -- 17 ) , that is , the grandfather of King David .", "The book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez , `` whom Tamar bore to Judah '' , through to Obed , down to David .", "The book does not name its author . It is traditionally ascribed to the prophet Samuel , but Ruth 's identity as a non-Israelite and the stress on the need for an inclusive attitude towards foreigners suggests an origin in the fifth century BCE , when intermarriage had become controversial ( as seen in Ezra 9 : 1 and Nehemiah 13 : 1 ) . A substantial number of scholars therefore date it to the Persian period ( 6th -- 4th centuries BC ) . The genealogy that concludes the book is believed to be a post-exilic Priestly addition , as it adds nothing to the plot ; nevertheless , it is carefully crafted and integrates the book into the history of Israel running from Genesis to Kings .", "The Book of Ruth illustrates the difficulty of trying to use laws given in books such as Deuteronomy as evidence of actual practice . Naomi plans to provide security for herself and Ruth by arranging a Levirate marriage with Boaz . Her plan is overtly sexual : Ruth is to go to the threshing floor ( a place associated with sexual activity ) , wait until Boaz has finished eating and drinking ( a possible allusion to the story of Lot and his daughters , ancestors through incest of the Moabites ) , and to lie at his uncovered `` feet '' ( a euphemism for genitals ) . Since there was no heir to inherit Elimelech 's land , custom required a close relative ( usually the dead man 's brother ) to marry the widow of the deceased in order to continue his family line ( Deuteronomy 25 : 5 -- 10 ) . This relative was called the go'el , the `` kinsman - redeemer '' . As Boaz is not Elimelech 's brother , nor is Ruth his widow , scholars refer to the arrangement here as `` Levirate - like '' . A complication arises in the story : another man is a closer relative to Elimelech than Boaz and has first claim on Ruth . It is resolved through the custom that required land to stay in the family : a family could mortgage land to ward off poverty , but the law required a kinsman to purchase it back into the family ( Leviticus 25 : 25ff ) . Boaz meets the near kinsman at the city gate ( the place where contracts are settled ) ; the kinsman first says he will purchase Elimelech 's ( now Naomi 's ) land , but , upon hearing he must also take Ruth as his wife , withdraws his offer . Boaz thus becomes Ruth and Naomi 's `` kinsman - redeemer . ''", "The book can be read as a political parable relating to issues around the time of Ezra and Nehemiah ( the 4th century BCE ) . The fictional nature of the story is established from the start through the names of the participants : the husband and father is Elimelech , meaning `` My God is King '' , and his wife is Naomi , `` Pleasing '' , but after the deaths of her sons Mahlon , `` Sickness '' , and Chilion , `` Wasting '' , she asks to be called Mara , `` Bitter '' . The reference to Moab raises questions , since in the rest of the biblical literature it is associated with hostility to Israel , sexual perversity , and idolatry , and Deuteronomy 23 : 3 -- 6 excluded an Ammonite or a Moabite from `` the congregation of the LORD ; even to their tenth generation '' . Despite this , Ruth the Moabitess married a Judahite and even after his death still regarded herself a member of his family ; she then married another Judahite and bore him a son who became an ancestor of David . Contrary to the message of Ezra - Nehemiah , where marriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were broken up , Ruth teaches that foreigners who convert to Judaism can become good Jews , foreign wives can become exemplary followers of Jewish law , and there is no reason to exclude them or their offspring from the community .", "Scholars have increasingly explored Ruth in ways which allow it to address contemporary issues . Feminists , for example , have recast the story as one of the dignity of labour and female self - sufficiency , and even as a model for lesbian relations , while others have seen in it a celebration of the relationship between strong and resourceful women . Others have criticised it for its underlying , and potentially exploitative , acceptance of a system of patriarchy in which a woman 's worth can only be measured through marriage and child - bearing . Others again have seen it as a book that champions outcast and oppressed peoples .", "Elimelech Naomi Boaz Ruth Mahlon Orpah Chilion Obed Jesse David", "", "", "Elimelech Naomi", "", "", "", "Boaz Ruth Mahlon Orpah Chilion", "", "", "Obed", "", "Jesse", "", "David" ]

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[ "The ages of consent in North America for sexual activity vary by jurisdiction .", "The age of consent in Canada is 16 . All U.S. states set their limits between 16 and 18 .", "The age of consent in Mexico is complex . Typically , Mexican states have a `` primary '' age of consent ( which may be as low as 12 ) , and sexual conduct with persons below that age is always illegal . Sexual relations which occur between adults and teenagers under 18 are left in a legal gray area : laws against corruption of minors as well as estupro laws can be applied to such acts , at the discretion of the prosecution . These laws are situational and are subject to interpretation .", "The ages of consent in the countries of Central America range from 14 to 18 .", "The below is a list of all jurisdictions in North America as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America .", "The age of consent is the age at or above which a person is considered to have the legal capacity to consent to sexual activity . Both partners must be of legal age to give consent , although exceptions to the age of consent law exist in some jurisdictions when the minor and his or her partner are within a certain number of years in age or when a minor is married to his / her partner . Persons below the age of consent may not , by law , give consent , and sexual relations involving such persons may be punished by criminal sanctions similar to those for rape or sexual assault . Non-violent sexual contact with persons under the age of consent may be punished with varying degrees of severity , ranging from a misdemeanor with a simple fine , to a felony with a punishment equivalent to rape .", "Different ages may apply if one partner is in a position of power or authority over the other , such as a teacher , manager , coach , parent or stepparent . For example , in Indiana the age of consent is 16 but it is illegal for a person over 18 to have sex with anyone under 18 if they work at their school , are their parent or a stepparent , or are a person recruiting them to join the military .", "Historically , the age of consent applied to male - female relationships ; same - sex relationships were often illegal regardless of the ages of participants . Modern laws vary , and there may be multiple ages that apply in any jurisdiction . For instance , different ages may apply if the relationship is between partners of the same sex , or if the sexual contact is not strictly vaginal intercourse .", "In Antigua and Barbuda , the age of consent is 16 . The Sexual Offences Act of 1995 raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 years of age .", "Sexual Intercourse with female between fourteen and sixteen", "Sexual Intercourse with female between fourteen and sixteen", "6 . ( 1 ) Where a male person has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife with her consent and who has attained the age of fourteen years but has not yet attained the age of sixteen years , he is guilty of an offence , and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for ten years .", "( 2 ) A male person is not guilty of an offence under subsection ( 1 ) --", "( a ) if he honestly believed that the female person was sixteen years of age or more ; or", "( b ) if the male person is not more than three years older than the female person and the court is of the opinion that the evidence discloses that as between the male person and the female person , the male person is not wholly or substantially to blame .", "Sexual intercourse with male under sixteen", "Sexual intercourse with male under sixteen", "7 . ( 1 ) Where a female adult has sexual intercourse with a male person who is not her husband and who is under the age of sixteen years , she is guilty of an offence , whether or not the male person consented to the intercourse , and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for seven years .", "A female adult is not guilty of an offence under subsection ( 1 ) --", "( a ) if she honestly believed that the male person was sixteen years of age or more ; or", "( b ) if the female adult is not more than three years older than the male person and the court is of the opinion that evidence discloses that as between the female adult and the male person , the female adult is not wholly or substantially to blame .", "The age of consent in Anguilla is 16 . It is determined in Part 14 of the Criminal Code - SEXUAL OFFENCES - Sexual Offences Against Minors - by Article 143 . `` Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 years of age '' .", "The age of consent in Aruba is 15 , as specified in Article 251 of the Criminal Code of Aruba ( which Aruba adapted after its secession from the Netherlands Antilles ) which reads :", "Article 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of at most 100 000 florin '' .", "In The Bahamas , the age of consent for opposite - sex activity is 16 and the age of consent for same - sex activity is 18 . Homosexuality was legalized in 1991 , but `` public homosexuality '' is an offense that carries a 20 - year jail term without parole .", "11 . ( 1 ) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with any person being of or above fourteen years of age and under sixteen years of age , whether with or without the consent of the person with whom he had unlawful sexual intercourse , is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for life subject to , on a first conviction for the offence , a term of imprisonment of seven years and , in the case of a second or subsequent conviction for the offence , a term of imprisonment of fourteen years .", "In Barbados the age of consent is 16 .", "Section 5 , part I `` Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 '' of the Sexual Offences Act 1992", "( 1 ) Where a person has sexual intercourse with another with the other 's consent and that other person has attained the age of 14 but has not yet attained the age of 16 that person is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term of 10 years .", "In Belize , the age of consent is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender .", "The legislation reads :", "Criminal Code ( CAP. 101 )", "Section 47.1", "`` Every person who , with or without consent , has sexual intercourse with a person who is under the age of fourteen years commits the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than twelve years but may extend to imprisonment for life . ''", "Section 47.2", "`` Every person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a person who is above the age of fourteen years but under the age of sixteen years , commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than five years but no more than ten years . ''", "Age of sexual consent is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender .", "The Tackling Violent Crime Act took effect on 1 May 2008 , raising the age of consent from 14 to 16 .", "There exist two close - in - age exemptions , depending on the age of the younger partner . A youth of twelve or thirteen can consent to sexual activity with an individual less than two years older than they . A fourteen - or fifteen - year - old can consent to sexual activity with a partner who is less than five years older than they .", "Criminal law ( including the definition of the age of consent ) is in the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government , so the age of consent is uniform throughout Canada . Section 151 of the Criminal Code of Canada makes it a crime to touch , for a sexual purpose , any person under the age of 16 years . Section 153 then goes on to prohibit the sexual touching of a person under 18 by a person in three circumstances : if he or she is in a `` position of trust or authority '' towards the youth , if the youth is in a `` relationship of dependency '' with him or her , or if the relationship is `` exploitative '' . The term `` position of trust or authority '' is not defined in the Code but the courts have ruled that parents , teachers , and medical professionals hold a position of trust or authority towards youth they care for or teach . Section 153 ( 1.2 ) of the Code provides that a judge can infer whether or not a relationship is `` exploitative '' by considering its nature and circumstances including how old the youth is , the difference in ages between the partners , how the relationship evolved , and the degree of control or influence that the older partner has over the youth .", "The `` position of trust under 18 '' anti-exploitation rules were expanded in 2005 by Bill C - 2 where a judge may choose to term a situation to be sexual exploitation based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship including the age of the younger party , age difference , evolution of the relationship ( how it developed , e.g. quickly and secretly over the Internet ) , the control or influence over the young person ( degree of control or influence the other person had over the young person ) . This passed before the 2008 amendments , and they were not repealed so they are still in effect and can apply towards adults in these situations with young persons over the age of consent and under 18 ( 16 - 17 ) .", "Where an accused is charged with an offence under s . 151 ( Sexual Interference ) , s . 152 ( Invitation to sexual touching ) , s . 153 ( 1 ) ( Sexual exploitation ) , s . 160 ( 3 ) ( Bestiality in presence of or by child ) , or s . 173 ( 2 ) ( Indecent acts ) , or is charged with an offence under s . 271 ( Sexual assault ) , s . 272 ( Sexual assault with a weapon , threats to a third party , or causing bodily harm ) , or s . 273 ( Aggravated sexual assault ) in respect of a complainant under the age of sixteen years , it is not a defense that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject - matter of the charge .", "Section 159 of the Criminal Code criminalizes anal intercourse , but provides exceptions for a husband and wife , and any two persons 18 years of age or older . These exceptions do not apply if a third person is present , or if the anal intercourse takes place anywhere but in private . However , courts in Ontario , Quebec , and Alberta have independently declared s . 159 to be unconstitutional as violations of the equality provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms .", "During the 19th century , the age of consent for heterosexual vaginal sex was 12 ; in 1890 , the Parliament raised the age of consent to 14 . The punishment for anyone who had sexual intercourse with someone younger than 14 was life imprisonment and whipping , while the punishment for anyone who attempted to seduce an underage girl was two years ' imprisonment and whipping . Canada had also laws against `` seducing '' minor girls who were over the age of consent . In 1886 , a law was enacted that made the `` seduction '' of a girl over 12 and under 16 `` of previously chaste character '' a criminal offence ; the `` seduction '' of a female under 18 `` under promise of marriage '' was also made illegal in 1886 , and amended in 1887 to apply to females under 21 . After the raising of the age of consent to 14 , the laws against `` seducing '' minor girls were amended to apply to those older than 14 , and various laws of this kind have remained in force through the 20th century . The age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 in the spring of 2008 , when the Tackling Violent Crime Act became effective . The new measures still allow for close - in - age exceptions between 12 and 16 : if there is no more than a two - year gap for those 12 and 13 , or a five - year gap for those 14 and 15 . Anal sex remains illegal with exceptions for those over 18 , if they comply with the restrictions set out under section 159 .", "Female homosexuality was never illegal in the former British colonies ; oral sex was legalized in 1969 with the same age of consent as vaginal sex . Also introduced in 1969 were the exceptions regarding criminal anal sex ( effectively legalizing it ) , but with a higher age barrier set at 21 , under section 159 ; in 1988 , the age barrier for these exceptions was lowered to 18 . As of 2008 there are no plans to repeal section 159 , even though it has been ruled unconstitutional in some Canadian provinces .", "The age of consent in Cayman Islands is 16 .", "Defilement of girls under sixteen years of age , etc .", "134 . ( 1 ) Whoever unlawfully and carnally -", "( a ) knows any girl under the age of twelve years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twenty years ; or", "( b ) knows any girl between the ages of twelve and sixteen years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twelve years .", "Indecent assaults on females", "132 . ( 1 ) It is an offence for a person to make an indecent assault on a woman .", "( 2 ) A girl under the age of sixteen can not in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section .", "The age of consent in the Caribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius ) is 16 , as specified by the Criminal Code BES , Articles 251 , which reads :", "Art 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . Before prosecution , the public attorney will , if possible , allow the minor to indicate if prosecution is deemed desirable .", "Clipperton Island is an uninhabited nine - square - kilometre ( approx . 3.5 - square - mile ) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean , a state private property under the direct authority of the French government , administered by the Minister of Overseas France . The laws of France where applicable apply . See Age of consent Europe # France .", "In Costa Rica under the Penal Code of 2004 , the age of consent is 18 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender Artículo 159. - Será sancionado con pena de prisión de dos a seis años , quien aprovechándose de la edad , se haga acceder o tenga acceso carnal con una persona de uno u otro sexo , mayor de trece años y menor de quince años , por la vía oral , anal o vaginal , con su consentimiento . Igual pena se impondrá si la acción consiste en la introducción de uno o varios dedos , objetos o animales por la vía vaginal o anal .", "Translation : Article 159 . Anyone who , taking advantage of age , attempts to obtain or obtains carnal access , by oral , anal or vaginal penetration , to a person of either sex who is over 13 and under 15 years of age , with his or her consent , shall be punished with two to six years ' imprisonment . A similar penalty shall be imposed if the act involves the introduction of one or more fingers , objects or animals into the vagina or anus .", "The age of consent in Cuba is 16 .", "The age of consent in Curaçao is 15 , as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles ( which Curaçao did n't change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles ) , Articles 251 , which reads :", "Art 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' .", "For children 12 - 14 prosecution only takes place upon a `` complaint '' by the minor , his parents , teacher , or the guardianship board .", "In Dominica the age of consent is 16 .", "`` Defilement of girls between fourteen ( 14 ) and sixteen ( 16 ) years of age '' , Article 4 of the Sexual Offences Act", "`` ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , any person who - a ) unlawfully and carnally knows , or attempts to have unlawful carnal knowledge of any girl of or above the age of fourteen ( 14 ) years and under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years ( ... ) - is liable to imprisonment for seven years .", "The age of consent in the Dominican Republic is 18 .", "In El Salvador , the age of consent appears to be 18 ( although the laws are not clear cut in regard to sexual acts with persons aged between 15 and 18 ) .", "CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 15 :", "CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 15 :", "VIOLACIÓN EN MENOR O INCAPAZ", "Art . 159. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con menor de quince años de edad o con otra persona aprovechándose de su enajenación mental , de su estado de inconsciencia o de su incapacidad de resistir , será sancionado con prisión de catorce a veinte años .", "Approximate translation : `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with a minor younger than fifteen years of age or of another person by taking advantage of their insanity , their state of unconsciousness or inability to resist , shall be punished with imprisonment of fourteen to twenty years . ''", "CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 15 AND 18 :", "CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 15 AND 18 :", "Several laws apply to sex with persons aged between 15 and 18 .", "Article 169 makes it illegal to `` promote , facilitate , manage , finance , instigate or organize in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts individually or organized , publicly or privately '' .", "Art . 169. - El que promoviere , facilitare , administrare , financiare , instigare u organizare de cualquier forma la utilización de personas menores de dieciocho años en actos sexuales o eróticos , de manera individual u organizada , de forma pública o privada , será sancionado con pena de tres a ocho años de prisión .", "En igual responsabilidad incurrirá quien con conocimiento de causa autorizare el uso o arrendare el inmueble para realizar cualquiera de las actividades descritas en el inciso anterior .", "Approximate translation : Article 169 . - Any person who promotes , facilitates , manages , finances , instigates or organizes in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts , individually or organized , publicly or privately , shall be punished with penalty of three to eight years in prison .", "Similarly , anyone who knowingly authorizes the use or rents a property to perform any of the activities described in the preceding paragraph , incurs criminal liability .", "Article 167 makes it illegal to `` promote or facilitate the corruption of a person under eighteen ( ... ) through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge , even if the victim consents to participate in them '' .", "CORRUPCIÓN DE MENORES E INCAPACES", "Art . 167. - El que promoviere o facilitare la corrupción de una persona menor de dieciocho años de edad o de un deficiente mental , mediante actos sexuales diversos del acceso carnal , aunque la víctima consintiere participar en ellos , será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años .", "Approximate translation : Article 167 . - Any person who promotes or facilitates the corruption of a person under eighteen years of age or a mentally handicapped through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge , even if the victim consents to participate in them , shall be punished with imprisonment of six to twelve years .", "Article 171 deals with `` obscene exhibition '' , and also appears to set the age of consent at 18 .", "Art . 171. - El que ejecutare o hiciere ejecutar an otros actos lúbricos o de exhibición obscena , o indecorosa , en lugar público o expuesto al público o bien ante menores de dieciocho años de edad o deficientes mentales , será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años .", "Approximate translation : Art . 171 . Anyone who performs or makes others perform acts of lewd or lascivious exhibition , or indecency in a public place or a place open to the public or to minors under eighteen years of age or mentally handicapped , shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years .", "Articles 163 and 154 of the Penal Code ( Código Penal ) deal with estupro and make it illegal to use deception ( engaño ) or to take advantage of one 's superiority ( superioridad ) that arises from a relationship in order to gain sexual access to teenagers aged between 15 and 18 .", "Art . 163. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal mediante engaño , con persona mayor de quince años y menor de dieciocho años de edad , será sancionado con prisión de cuatro a diez años .", "Approximate translation : Art . 163 . `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse , by using deception , with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age , shall be punished with imprisonment of four to ten years '' .", "ESTUPRO POR PREVALIMIENTO", "Art . 164. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con persona mayor de quince y menor dieciocho años de edad , prevaliéndose de la superioridad originada por cualquier relación , será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años .", "Approximate translation : Art . 164 . `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age , relying on the superiority arising from any relationship , shall be punished with imprisonment from six to twelve years . ''", "The laws of Denmark , where applicable , apply . See Ages of consent in Europe # Denmark .", "The age of consent in Grenada is 16 . Penalties are 30 years ' imprisonment if the victim is less than 14 , and 15 years ' imprisonment if the victim is 14 to 16 years of age .", "In Guatemala , the age of consent is 18 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . The Law against Sexual Violence , Exploitation , and Trafficking in Persons was passed in February 2009 , and provides sentences ranging from 13 to 24 years in prison , depending on the young persons age , for sex with a minor .", "The age of consent in Haiti is 18 .", "Honduras , the age of consent is considered to be 14 .", "Article 142 . The stupor of a person older than fourteen ( 14 ) and under eighteen ( 18 ) years taking advantage of trust , hierarchy or authority , is punishable by six ( 6 ) to eight ( 8 ) years of imprisonment . When rape is committed by deception is punishable by five ( 5 ) to seven ( 7 ) years of imprisonment .", "Article 143 . The sexual intercourse with parents or children , brothers , or relationship between adopter and adopted , with stepparent , when the victim is over eighteen ( 18 ) years constitutes the crime of incest , will be punished with four ( 4 ) to six ( 6 ) years of imprisonment and shall proceed under complaint by the injured party or his legal representative . When the victim is older than fourteen ( 14 ) and under eighteen ( 18 ) years , the penalty shall be increased in a medium ( 1 / 2 ) .", "Article 144 . Whoever for sexual character and by force , intimidation or deceit abducts or retains a person shall be punished by imprisonment of four ( 4 ) to six ( 6 ) years . When the victim of this crime is a person under eighteen ( 18 ) years of age , it is punishable with the penalty prescribed in the preceding paragraph increased by half ( 1 / 2 ) .", "In Jamaica the age of consent is 16 .", "`` Above twelve ( 12 ) and under sixteen ( 16 ) '' , Article 50 , Offences Against the Person", "`` Whosoever shall unlawfully and carnally know and abuse any girl being above the age of twelve ( 12 ) years and under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years shall be guilty of a misdemeanour , and being convicted thereof , shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years ;", "In Mexico , criminal legislation is shared between the federal and state governments . The federal law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age of consent , while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities is 18 ( sex with someone 12 - 18 is not illegal per se , but can still be open to prosecution under certain circumstances ) . Local state laws may override the federal law . In practice , the decision as to whether or not to prosecute is left to state authorities regardless of the younger person 's age . At state level , the minimum ages of consent vary between 12 ( and puberty in a few states ) and 15 , while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities vary from 16 to 18 ( most common 18 ) .", "Estupro is a crime existing across Mexico , as well as in other Latin American jurisdictions . Although the definitions vary by state , it is usually defined as sexual conduct with a child who has reached the minimum age of consent but is under 18 ( 16 or 17 in some states ) when the consent of the child is obtained by seduction and / or deceit . For instance the law of Aguascalientes reads : `` El estupro consiste en realizar cópula con persona mayor de doce y menor de dieciséis años de edad , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de seducción o engaño . '' ( translation : Estupro consists in copulating with a person over twelve and under sixteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through seduction or deceit ) . Traditionally , estupro applied only to acts committed with a girl , and required `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' of the girl . The vast majority of Mexican states have modernized their laws by removing the requirement of `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' and by making the laws gender neutral . However , traditional laws still exist in some states : for instance , the law of Baja California reads : Al que realice cópula con mujer de catorce años de edad y menor de dieciocho , casta y honesta , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño ( translation : `` Whoever copulates with a chaste and honest female over fourteen and under eighteen years old , obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit '' ) . Some states have removed the requirement of `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' , but continue to define estupro as applicable only to girls . For instance , in Campeche the law states : Al que tenga cópula con mujer mayor de doce años pero menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño ( translation : `` Whoever copulates with a female over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit '' ) . The exact type of coercion that must be used varies by state , for example the Federal Law only makes reference to `` deceit '' , omitting `` seduction '' ( it reads : Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño , translation : `` Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through deceit '' ) .", "Article 261 of the Federal Criminal Code ( PDF ) states that : `` Whoever , without the purpose of reaching copulation , performs a sexual act in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist , or demands that the act is performed , will be punished with a term of 2 to 5 years in prison '' . If the offender uses moral or physical violence , an extra half term is added to the initial time .", "Article 266 refers to the previous article 265 , which covers the rape of adults in general and establishes a term of 8 to 14 years in prison for sex obtained through physical or moral violence . Article 266 then states that : `` It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty : ( 1st Clause ) -- who without violence performs a copulation with a person under 12 '' . The 3rd Clause of this article punishes with the same penalties also `` the vaginal or anal introduction of objects , without violence and with lascivious goals '' , in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the fact , or for any reason can not resist . If any of the aforementioned acts is performed with physical or moral violence , the sentence is raised in up to a half .", "A further article , 266 Bis , determines an extra penalty of up to a half under certain circumstances -- ( a ) when there are multiple offenders ; ( b ) when the offense is committed by a parent , legal guardian , stepfather or `` companion '' ( amasio ) of the mother ; ( c ) when there is an abuse of authority of someone as a civil servant ; ( d ) when the crime is committed by a person who has the minor under his or her custody , guard or education , or yet through the abuse of trust .", "There is another crime in Article 262 for consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18 , when consent is obtained through deceit . The penalty is 3 months to 4 years in prison . This crime , however , is prosecuted only through a complaint of the minor or his / her parents or legal guardians , as determined in Article 263 .", "Artículo 262 del Código Penal : `` Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño , se le aplicará de tres meses a cuatro años de prisión . ''", "Translation : Article 262 : `` Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through deceit ''", "Article 201 prohibits the `` corruption '' of a minor under 16 .", "Further reading :", "( PDF ) Official version - Mexican Chamber of Deputies website . ( in Spanish ) Copy in HTML / PDF , browsable by section ( in Spanish ) Interpol website ( in Spanish ) )", "( PDF ) Official version - Mexican Chamber of Deputies website . ( in Spanish )", "Copy in HTML / PDF , browsable by section ( in Spanish )", "Interpol website ( in Spanish ) )", "State Minimum age of consent ( sex with persons under this age is always illegal ) Age at which there are no restrictions ( sex with persons below this age is not illegal per se , but it is still open to prosecution ) `` Violación equiparada '' `` Estupro '' Aguascalientes 12 16 125 122 Baja California 14 18 177 182 Baja California Sur 12 18 286 290 Campeche 12 18 234 230 Chiapas 12 18 157 bis 155 Chihuahua 14 18 172 177 Coahuila 12 16 386 394 Colima 14 18 209 211 Distrito Federal 12 18 181 bis 180 Durango 14 18 394 388 Guanajuato 12 16 181 185 Guerrero 12 18 140 145 Hidalgo 12 18 180 185 Jalisco 12 18 176 142 - I México 15 18 273 271 Michoacán 12 16 240 243 Morelos 12 18 154 159 Nayarit Puberty 18 260 258 Nuevo León 14 18 266 262 Oaxaca 12 18 247 243 Puebla 12 18 272 266 Querétaro 12 18 161 167 Quintana Roo 12 18 127 130 San Luis Potosí 12 16 152 149 Sinaloa 12 18 180 184 Sonora 12 18 219 215 Tabasco 12 17 150 153 Tamaulipas 12 18 275 270 Tlaxcala 14 18 221 291 Veracruz 14 16 182 185 Yucatán 13 16 315 311 Zacatecas 13 18 237 234", "State Minimum age of consent ( sex with persons under this age is always illegal ) Age at which there are no restrictions ( sex with persons below this age is not illegal per se , but it is still open to prosecution ) `` Violación equiparada '' `` Estupro ''", "Aguascalientes 12 16 125 122", "Baja California 14 18 177 182", "Baja California Sur 12 18 286 290", "Campeche 12 18 234 230", "Chiapas 12 18 157 bis 155", "Chihuahua 14 18 172 177", "Coahuila 12 16 386 394", "Colima 14 18 209 211", "Distrito Federal 12 18 181 bis 180", "Durango 14 18 394 388", "Guanajuato 12 16 181 185", "Guerrero 12 18 140 145", "Hidalgo 12 18 180 185", "Jalisco 12 18 176 142 - I", "México 15 18 273 271", "Michoacán 12 16 240 243", "Morelos 12 18 154 159", "Nayarit Puberty 18 260 258", "Nuevo León 14 18 266 262", "Oaxaca 12 18 247 243", "Puebla 12 18 272 266", "Querétaro 12 18 161 167", "Quintana Roo 12 18 127 130", "San Luis Potosí 12 16 152 149", "Sinaloa 12 18 180 184", "Sonora 12 18 219 215", "Tabasco 12 17 150 153", "Tamaulipas 12 18 275 270", "Tlaxcala 14 18 221 291", "Veracruz 14 16 182 185", "Yucatán 13 16 315 311", "Zacatecas 13 18 237 234", "All Mexican states ( as well as Mexico City ) have corruption of minors statutes that can , upon complaint of the family ( or minor ) , be used to punish sexual relations with persons under eighteen . It should be noted that while actual prosecutions for violations of Corruption of Minors statutes ( and age of consent statutes in general ) tend to be sporadic , regional , and very situation dependent , many Mexican states nonetheless classify Corruption of Minors as a `` Delito Grave '' ( Grave Crime ) in their penal codes .", "Additionally , all the states have `` Estupro '' laws that can , upon complaint of the family ( or minor ) , be used to prosecute adults who engage in sexual intercourse with minors by seduction or deceit ( the exact definitions of this crime vary by state , see section estupro , above ) .", "In some Mexican jurisdictions prosecutors have chosen to prosecute consensual sexual activity involving adults and underage minors only upon complaint by the minor , or a custodial complaint .", "The age of consent in the Federal District ( Mexico City ) is 12 , one of the lowest in the world , and the overall criminal legislation of Mexico 's capital is close to that of the federal law regarding this subject , although tougher in some aspects -- higher penalties and broader definitions .", "According to the Estatuto del Gobierno del Distrito Federal ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) ( Government Statute of the Federal District ) , Article 42 , Clause XII , the District 's Legislative Assembly has powers to legislate in criminal law .", "Article 175 of the Federal District Criminal Code refers to the previous Article 174 , which stipulates a term of 6 to 17 years of prison for the rape of adults , while defining copulation as `` the introduction of the penis in the human body through the vagina , anus or mouth '' . Article 175 ( violación ) then states that : `` It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty : '' ( first clause ) -- `` who performs a copulation with a person under 12 years of age or with a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist '' ; the second clause defines whosoever `` introduces in the vagina or anus any element , instrument or any part of the human body different from the penis '' as having committed the same crime , in relation to these same persons .", "Article 177 covers `` sexual abuse '' and punishes other acts referred as `` unintentional '' acts -- `` who without purpose of reaching copulation , performs a sexual act with a person under 12 or a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist it , or that demands that such act is observed or performed , will be punished with 2 to 7 years in prison '' .", "In both Articles ( 175 and 177 ) , there is an extra half term in case of physical or moral violence . And according to Article 178 , there is also a punishment of an extra two thirds of the term under the same circumstances foreseen in Article 266 Bis of the Federal Law ( see above ) , added by two new circumstances -- ( clause V ) when the victim is inside a private vehicle or a public service vehicle ; and ( clause VI ) when the crime is committed in a desert or isolated place .", "There is a crime called estupro stipulated in Article 180 , which refers to consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18 , when consent is obtained through any means of deceit . The penalty is 6 months to 4 years of prison . This crime needs a complaint ( querella ) to be prosecuted .", "There is a Corruption of Minors statute ( Article 184 ) that can be used to punish by imprisonment , for seven to twelve years , adults who engage in sexual relations with persons under eighteen . This situation exists all over Mexico , and can be prosecuted upon complaint of victim or the victim 's family .", "The age of consent in Montserrat is 16 .", "Unlawful sexual intercourse with girl under age of sixteen", "121. ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of the section , a man who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl above the age of thirteen and under the age of sixteen shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for two years .", "( 2 ) It is immaterial in the case of a charge for an offence under this section that the intercourse was had with the consent of the girl concerned .", "Indecent assault on a woman", "122. ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of this section , any man who makes an indecent assault on a woman shall be guilty of an offence and liable -- ( ... )", "( 2 ) A girl under the age of sixteen years can not in law give consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section .", "In Nicaragua , the age of consent is 18 , although , in regard to young people 16 - 17 , the law ( Article 175 ) is not clear cut .", "Article 170 . Statutory rape", "Anyone who is married or in a stable de facto union or who is of age and who , without violence or intimidation , has or allows carnal access with a person aged between 14 and 16 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to four years .", "Article 175 . Sexual exploitation , pornography and paid sexual acts with adolescents", "Anyone who induces , provides , promotes or uses persons aged under 16 or a disabled person for sexual or erotic purposes , forcing them to witness or participate in an act or show in public or in private , even if the victim consents to witness or participate in such an act , shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of five to seven years , or four to six years if the victim is aged between 16 and 18 .", "( ... )", "Article 168 . Rape of children under the age of 14", "Anyone who has or allows carnal access with a person aged under 14 or who , for sexual purposes , inserts or forces the victim to insert a finger , object or instrument , by way of the vagina , anus or mouth , with or without consent , shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 12 to 15 years .", "Article 172 . Sexual abuse", "Anyone who engages in lewd acts with or improper touching of another person , without their consent , ( ... )", "In no circumstances shall the victim be considered to have given consent if the victim is under the age of 14 or has a mental disability or illness .", "In Panama , the age of consent is in general 18 , although sexual conduct with children aged 14 to 18 is not always illegal .", "Artículo 176 . Quien , valiéndose de una condición de ventaja , logre acceso sexual con persona mayor de catorce años y menor de dieciocho , aunque medie consentimiento , será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años", "Translation : Article 176 . Whoever , using a condition of advantage , achieves sexual intercourse with a person over fourteen and under eighteen , even with consent , shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years", "This does not apply if the age difference is less than 5 - years and the partners are in a stable couple relationship .", "No se aplicarán las sanciones señaladas en este artículo cuando entre la víctima y el agente exista una relación de pareja permanente debidamente comprobada y siempre que la diferencia de edad no supere los cinco años .", "Translation : The sanctions provided in this article do not apply if there is a couple relationship duly established between the victim and the agent , and the age difference does not exceed five years .", "The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16 . There is a 4 - year close - in - age exception subject to a minimum age of 14 .", "Article 130. - Sexual Assault. - Any person who performs sexual penetration , whether an orogenital act or vaginal or anal sex penetration , whether genital , digital , or instrumental ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years , except when the victim is over fourteen ( 14 ) years old and the age difference between the victim and the accused is four ( 4 ) years or less .", "Article 133. - Lewd Acts. - Any person who , without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 130 , subjects another person to an act that tends to awaken , excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the act .", "The age of consent in Saint Kitts and Nevis is 16 .", "The age of consent in Saint Lucia is 16 .", "The age of consent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is 15 . The penalty for statutory rape of a girl over 13 but under 15 is five years ' imprisonment ; under 13 it is life imprisonment .", "The age of consent in Sint Maarten is 15 , as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles ( which Sint Maarten did not change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles ) , Articles 251 , which reads :", "Art 251 : 1 . `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' .", "Prosecution for the violation of the above article only takes place upon a `` complaint '' by the minor , his parents , teacher , or the guardianship board ( Art 251 , 2 . 3 . 4 . )", "The age of consent in Trinidad and Tobago is 18 , as per the Children Act , 2012 . It was raised from 16 to 18 in 2015 .", "The Children Act , 2012 defines a `` child '' as `` a person under the age of eighteen years '' .", "18 . Subject to section 20 , a person who sexually penetrates a child commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life .", "19 . ( 1 ) Subject to section 20 , where a person touches a child and -- ( a ) the touching is sexual ; and ( b ) the child is under sixteen years of age , the person commits an offence .", "( 2 ) A person who commits an offence under subsection ( 1 ) is liable -- ( a ) on summary conviction , to a fine of fifty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years ; or ( b ) on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for twenty years . ( 3 ) Where a person commits an offence under subsection ( 1 ) , and the touching involves the placing of any body part or of an object onto the penis or bodily orifice of a child , that person is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life .", "Three close - in - age exemptions exist , as per section 20 :", "20 . ( 1 ) A person sixteen years of age or over but under twenty - one years of age is not liable under section 18 if -- ( a ) he is less than three years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship .", "( 2 ) A person fourteen years of age or over but under sixteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if -- ( a ) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship .", "( 3 ) A person twelve years of age or over but under fourteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if -- ( a ) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship .", "The United States is a federation of states where the age of consent laws are made at the state , territorial , and federal district levels . There exist several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators , but none of them imposes an age limit on sexual acts . On 26 June 2003 , both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal in all U.S. states , territories , and the federal district under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas ( between non-commercial , consenting adults in a private bedroom ) . In State v. Limon ( 2005 ) , the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state 's `` Romeo and Juliet '' law , which proscribed lesser penalties for heterosexuals than homosexuals convicted of similar age of consent related offenses .", "Each U.S. state ( and the District of Columbia ) has its own age of consent . Currently state laws set the age of consent at 16 , 17 , or 18 . The most common age is 16 .", "Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code : V.I.C. § 1700 - 1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI NOTE : `` mistake of fact as to the victim 's age is not a defense '' . The age of consent is 18 . There is however a close - in - age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another , but not with anyone 16 or over .", "Article § 1700 . Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13 . Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force , intimidation , or the perpetrator 's position of authority , and by the fact that the minor , being under 16 and not the perpetrator 's spouse , is residing in the same household as the perpetrator. ( see Article § 1700 , Article § 1702 , Article § 1708 ) .", "Other relevant articles of the criminal code are :", "§ 1702 . Rape in the second degree", "§ 1702 . Rape in the second degree", "( a ) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age , and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim , is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years .", "§ 1703 . Rape in the third degree", "§ 1703 . Rape in the third degree", "Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age , under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court", "`` Sexual contact '' , that is , non-penetrative sex , defined as `` the intentional touching of a person 's intimate parts , whether directly or through clothing , to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person '' is not permitted with children under 16 , but a close - in - age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18 .", "§ 1708 . Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree", "§ 1708 . Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree", "A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) when the other person is under thirteen years of age ;", "§ 1709 . Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree", "§ 1709 . Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree", "A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year" ]

[ [ "Feist" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` 1234 '' Single by Feist from the album The Reminder Released September 5 , 2007 Format CD single Recorded 2007 Genre Indie pop Length 3 : 03 Label Cherrytree / Interscope Arts & Crafts Songwriter ( s ) Sally Seltmann , Feist Producer ( s ) Gonzales , Ben Mink , Feist Feist singles chronology `` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 ) `` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` 1234 ''", "Single by Feist", "from the album The Reminder", "Released September 5 , 2007", "Format CD single", "Recorded 2007", "Genre Indie pop", "Length 3 : 03", "Label Cherrytree / Interscope Arts & Crafts", "Songwriter ( s ) Sally Seltmann , Feist", "Producer ( s ) Gonzales , Ben Mink , Feist", "Feist singles chronology", "`` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` My Moon My Man '' ( 2007 ) `` 1234 '' ( 2007 ) `` I Feel It All '' ( 2008 )", "`` 1234 '' is a song from Feist 's third studio album , The Reminder . The song was co-written by Feist and Sally Seltmann , an Australian singer - songwriter who also recorded under the stage name New Buffalo . It remains Feist 's biggest hit single in the US to date , and her only song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 and UK Top 40 .", "In an interview with Songfacts , Sally Seltmann said :", "I had been listening to Feist 's album Let It Die . I thought my little song about lost love , and the hope to recapture what you once had , sounded too much like a Feist song for me to use for New Buffalo , so I shelved it . Then , in late 2005 I did a tour across Canada supporting Feist , and Broken Social Scene . After meeting Feist , I started to wonder whether she might like to do a cover of `` 1234 , '' but I was too shy to tell her about it . At the last Broken Social Scene show , I plucked up the courage to tell her that I had written a song which I thought she might like to use . We went onto the tour bus , and I recorded a simple version of the song into her laptop , with guitar and vocals . To my surprise , she loved the song , and started playing it live .", "On 14 December 2005 , Feist played the song live at The Trabendo in Paris , France in a show broadcast on Europe2 TV , with the title `` Sally 's Song '' and with somewhat different lyrics than in the commercially released version .", "The original version of the song was mixed by Renaud Letang . It was later remixed by Van She Tech , an offshoot of the band Van She .", "The song was digitally released through iTunes Store . It gained notice after its use in an iPod nano commercial . It also appeared in an Australian commercial for eBay . It has been released in the United Kingdom , in Canada and in other countries digitally .", "Since its digital release , `` 1234 '' peaked at number four on the US Hot Digital Songs chart . The single also reached number eight on the US Hot 100 , number 10 on the US Pop 100 , and number 34 on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart . As of July 25 , 2011 , `` 1234 '' had sold 1.2 million downloads in the US . The single 's unexpected success led to its release worldwide . In the UK it proved to be a huge hit , making the top 10 and peaking at number eight . It had a very successful release in Canada , making it to number two . The song also entered the top 10 in several European countries . The single 's success made Feist famous globally and boosted sales of her other releases . It also managed to debut at number 67 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , as digital tracks were counted towards chart positions from November 5 , 2007 onwards in Australia . It later entered the top 50 of the chart in late December and peaked at number 36 . It also ranked number 34 in the Triple J Hottest 100 .", "In the 28 April 2008 episode of The Colbert Report where she was a guest , Feist said that she had planned to offer `` 1234 '' as the official campaign theme for Stephen Colbert 's Presidential bid , before he dropped out .", "As of 2017 it the single was certified silver by BPI for 200,000 sold copies .", "`` 1234 '' was nominated for Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video . Likewise , the success of the song largely contributed to Feist 's other nominations that year for Best New Artist and Best Pop Vocal Album . It also won the Juno award for Single of the Year on 6 April 2008 in Calgary . Sally Seltmann also received a nomination at the 2008 APRA Awards for Song of the Year .", "This song was number 19 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 , and number nine on the list of Readers ' 25 Best Songs of 2007 . It was also ranked number five on Amazon.com 's Best Songs of 2007 . Pitchfork Media deemed the video the fifth best video of the decade , and named the song number 16 on the top 100 tracks of 2007 . Blender named the video number two on The Top 10 Music Videos of 2007 . In France the video won Music video of the year at the Victoires de la Musique .", "Time magazine named `` 1234 '' one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007 , ranking it at number two after `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse . Writer Josh Tyrangiel called the song a `` masterpiece '' , praising Feist for singing it `` with a mixture of wisdom and exuberance that 's all her own . ''", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 19 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 33 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 50 European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 20 Germany ( GfK Entertainment ) 75 Ireland ( IRMA ) 33 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 97 Scottish Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 43 Slovakia ( IFPI ) 54 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 34 US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 111 Chart ( 2008 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 19 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 33 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 50 European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 20 Germany ( GfK Entertainment ) 75 Ireland ( IRMA ) 33 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 97 Scottish Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 43 Slovakia ( IFPI ) 54 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 34 US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 111 Chart ( 2008 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35", "Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 36 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 19 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 33 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 50 European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 20 Germany ( GfK Entertainment ) 75 Ireland ( IRMA ) 33 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 97 Scottish Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 43 Slovakia ( IFPI ) 54 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63 UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 34 US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA ) 36", "Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA )", "Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 19", "Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 33", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 )", "Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21", "Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 50", "European Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 20", "Germany ( GfK Entertainment ) 75", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 33", "Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 97", "Scottish Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 43", "Slovakia ( IFPI ) 54", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 63", "UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) 8", "US Billboard Hot 100 8", "US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30", "US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 34", "US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2007 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 111 Chart ( 2008 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35", "Chart ( 2007 ) Position", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 111", "Chart ( 2008 ) Position", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 35", "The song was rewritten as a counting song for the 39th season ( 2008 ) of Sesame Street , in which Feist counts chickens , monsters ( Elmo , Rosita , Telly and Zoe ) and penguins to 4 .", "Brooke White of American Idol fame performed a cover of `` 1234 '' during her set on the American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2008 , which ran from 1 July to 13 September .", "Electropop band Joy Electric released a cover of the song in 2009 on their album Favorites at Play .", "It was parodied by MADtv for the continuous releases of new iPods , a commercial in which the song was originally used", "It was sung by the character of Andy Bernard in `` Lecture Circuit '' , an episode of The Office , in an attempt to woo a client he finds attractive . This attempt fails , and Dunder Mifflin loses the account . It was used in a trailer for the 2009 film New York , I Love You . It also features in The Inbetweeners season 1 episode , ' Bunk Off ' .", "Singer - songwriter Kenny Loggins covered the song for his 2009 album All Join In . The lyrics were changed because of dark subject material and the song also featured Kenny 's 11 - year - old daughter Hana .", "Pianist Louis Durra recorded an instrumental trio version released on Mad World EP and Arrogant Doormats ( 2011 ) ." ]

[ [] ]

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[ "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' Single by Belinda Carlisle from the album Heaven on Earth B - side `` We Can Change '' Released September 18 , 1987 Format CD 7 '' 12 '' Recorded Genre Pop rock power pop Length 4 : 06 ( album version ) 3 : 54 ( promo 7 '' edit ) 6 : 00 ( heavenly version ) Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley Producer ( s ) Rick Nowels Belinda Carlisle singles chronology `` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 ) `` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 ) Audio sample file help", "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth ''", "Single by Belinda Carlisle", "from the album Heaven on Earth", "B - side `` We Can Change ''", "Released September 18 , 1987", "Format CD 7 '' 12 ''", "CD 7 '' 12 ''", "Recorded", "Genre Pop rock power pop", "Pop rock power pop", "Length 4 : 06 ( album version ) 3 : 54 ( promo 7 '' edit ) 6 : 00 ( heavenly version )", "Label MCA", "Songwriter ( s ) Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley", "Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley", "Producer ( s ) Rick Nowels", "Belinda Carlisle singles chronology", "`` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 )", "`` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 )", "`` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 )", "`` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 )", "`` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 )", "`` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 )", "Audio sample", "file help", "file help", "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' is a song by American singer Belinda Carlisle , featured on her second studio album , Heaven on Earth ( 1987 ) . Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley , the power ballad was released as the album 's lead single in September 1987 , and it hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 5 , 1987 , becoming Carlisle 's only US chart - topper . A month later it hit number one in the United Kingdom , where it held the top spot of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks .", "The song reached number one in many other countries , among them Switzerland , Ireland , Sweden , South Africa and Norway . The song also reached number three in Germany and Canada , number two in Australia , and number six in Italy . It is widely considered to be Carlisle 's signature song because of its success on the charts and its continued relevance today . The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . It lost to Whitney Houston 's `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . In 2017 , ShortList 's Dave Fawbert listed the song as containing `` one of the greatest key changes in music history '' .", "The song is performed in the key of E major with a tempo of 123 beats per minute in common time . Carlisle 's vocals span from E to D ♯ . In the final chorus of the song , the key is transposed to F ♯ major .", "The promotional video was directed by Academy Award - winning actress Diane Keaton and features an appearance of Carlisle 's husband Morgan Mason . It also features children wearing black masks and a cape while each of them holds an illuminated plastic globe . Carlisle appeared wearing a strapless dress and later changed to a black off - the - shoulder blouse . The video was partially filmed at Six Flags Magic Mountain theme park in Valencia , California , on the now defunct Spin Out ride .", "Carlisle 's backup vocalists on the track include songwriters Nowels and Shipley as well as Michelle Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas and songwriter Diane Warren . It also featured Thomas Dolby on keyboards .", "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' - 4 : 06 `` We Can Change '' - 3 : 45 `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( Heavenly version ) - 6 : 00 `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 49", "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' - 4 : 06", "`` We Can Change '' - 3 : 45", "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( Heavenly version ) - 6 : 00", "`` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 49", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 11 Dutch Singles Chart 81 German Singles Chart 31 Italian Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart 9 Swiss Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart 17 US Billboard Hot 100 7 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 601,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 11 Dutch Singles Chart 81 German Singles Chart 31 Italian Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart 9 Swiss Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart 17 US Billboard Hot 100 7 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 601,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7", "Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders )", "Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5", "Canadian Top Singles ( RPM )", "Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles )", "Germany ( Official German Charts )", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Italy ( FIMI ) 6", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "Spain ( AFYVE ) 10", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7", "Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 11 Dutch Singles Chart 81 German Singles Chart 31 Italian Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart 9 Swiss Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart 17 US Billboard Hot 100 7", "Chart ( 1988 ) Position", "Australian Singles Chart 11", "Dutch Singles Chart 81", "German Singles Chart 31", "Italian Singles Chart 31", "New Zealand Singles Chart 9", "Swiss Singles Chart 8", "UK Singles Chart 17", "US Billboard Hot 100 7", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 601,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 601,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone" ]

[ [] ]

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[ "The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! Cover of the first light novel volume はたらく 魔王 さま ! ( Hataraku Maō - sama ! ) Genre Action , Comedy , Fantasy Light novel Written by Satoshi Wagahara Illustrated by 029 ( Oniku ) Published by ASCII Media Works English publisher Yen Press Demographic Male Imprint Dengeki Bunko Original run February 2011 -- present Volumes 19 ( List of volumes ) Manga Written by Satoshi Wagahara Illustrated by Akio Hiiragi Published by ASCII Media Works English publisher Yen Press Demographic Shōnen Imprint Dengeki Comics Magazine Dengeki Daioh Original run February 2012 -- present Volumes 12 ( List of volumes ) Manga The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! High School ! Written by Satoshi Wagahara Illustrated by Kurone Mishima Published by ASCII Media Works English publisher Yen Press Demographic Shōnen Imprint Dengeki Comics Magazine Dengeki Maoh Original run May 2012 -- February 2015 Volumes 5 Anime television series Directed by Naoto Hosoda Written by Masahiro Yokotani Music by Ryosuke Nakanishi Studio White Fox Licensed by Siren Visual Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Tokyo MX , KBS , SUN , BS Nittele , TVA , AT - X Original run April 4 , 2013 -- June 27 , 2013 Episodes 13 ( List of episodes ) Anime and Manga portal", "The Devil Is a Part - Timer !", "Cover of the first light novel volume", "はたらく 魔王 さま ! ( Hataraku Maō - sama ! )", "Genre Action , Comedy , Fantasy", "Light novel", "Written by Satoshi Wagahara", "Illustrated by 029 ( Oniku )", "Published by ASCII Media Works", "English publisher Yen Press", "Demographic Male", "Imprint Dengeki Bunko", "Original run February 2011 -- present", "Volumes 19 ( List of volumes )", "Manga", "Written by Satoshi Wagahara", "Illustrated by Akio Hiiragi", "Published by ASCII Media Works", "English publisher Yen Press", "Demographic Shōnen", "Imprint Dengeki Comics", "Magazine Dengeki Daioh", "Original run February 2012 -- present", "Volumes 12 ( List of volumes )", "Manga", "The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! High School !", "Written by Satoshi Wagahara", "Illustrated by Kurone Mishima", "Published by ASCII Media Works", "English publisher Yen Press", "Demographic Shōnen", "Imprint Dengeki Comics", "Magazine Dengeki Maoh", "Original run May 2012 -- February 2015", "Volumes 5", "Anime television series", "Directed by Naoto Hosoda", "Written by Masahiro Yokotani", "Music by Ryosuke Nakanishi", "Studio White Fox", "Licensed by Siren Visual Funimation Manga Entertainment", "Original network Tokyo MX , KBS , SUN , BS Nittele , TVA , AT - X", "Original run April 4 , 2013 -- June 27 , 2013", "Episodes 13 ( List of episodes )", "Anime and Manga portal", "The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! ( はたらく 魔王 さま ! , Hataraku Maō - sama ! , literally Working Demon King ! or Demon Lord at Work ! ) is a Japanese light novel series written by Satoshi Wagahara , with illustrations by Oniku ( written as 029 ) . ASCII Media Works has published 18 volumes since February 2011 . The story is about a demon king named Sadao Maou seeking to conquer the world of Ente Isla but , when confronted by the Hero Emilia , he is forced to retreat through a gate that transports him to modern day Tokyo , Japan . To survive and find a way to return to Ente Isla , Satan gains part - time employment at a fast food restaurant called MgRonald . There have been two manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works in Dengeki Daioh and Dengeki Maoh . A 13 - episode anime adaptation produced by White Fox and directed by Naoto Hosoda aired between April and June 2013 .", "The Demon Lord Satan seeks to conquer the world of Ente Isla by annexing its four continents with the help of his demon generals Alciel , Lucifer , Malacoda , and Adramelech . After being confronted by the hero Emilia Justina and her companions after they killed Malacoda and Adramelech , Satan Jacob and Alciel escape the world of Ente Isla through a gate to modern Tokyo , Japan . However , due to the lack of magic in the modern contemporary world , both Satan Jacob and Alciel change into forms representing what they would look like if they were human . In order to survive , Satan Jacob takes a part - time job in a fast food restaurant named MgRonald while Alciel serves as his houseman . One day , Satan Jacob , who now goes by Sadao Maō , meets a girl who is actually Emilia in the form of Emi Yusa . The story then unfolds and explores the personalities of each of the characters and their moral values . More characters show up from Ente Isla and they too face the new world dilemmas , often comically .", "Sadao Maou ( 真 奥 貞夫 , Maō Sadao ) / Satan Jacob ( サタン ・ ジャコブ , Satan Jakobu ) Voiced by : Shinobu Matsumoto ( drama CD ) , Ryōta Ōsaka ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) ( anime ) Satan Jacob is the Demon Lord from Ente Isla . Due to the actions of the Hero Emilia Justina and her companions , he was transported to modern day Japan with Ashiya and changed into human form . To survive in Japan , he adopts a Japanese name similar to his original name called Sadao Maou and works part - time at a MgRonald franchise , eventually being promoted to a full - time position as the Assistant Shift Manager . He and other demons can turn to their original form when people around them are filled with despair . However , when he changes his form to his devil form , he uses his powers for good deeds like repairing the city which always makes the characters confused due to his position as the Devil King . Throughout the series his current personality is often called into question though it is later shown that he had always been like that and was never once this evil `` Overlord '' that the people of Ente Isla had grown to fear and hate ; in actuality he did the `` evil '' things he did to help his people , other demons . Like he told Emilia when he saved Chiho he just wants to protect the people under his care and around him . When he was younger , he was saved and taught by Emi 's mother , Lailah . She also gave him a fragment of Sephiroth that would later become his and Emi 's appointed daughter Alas Ramus .", "Sadao Maou ( 真 奥 貞夫 , Maō Sadao ) / Satan Jacob ( サタン ・ ジャコブ , Satan Jakobu )", "Voiced by : Shinobu Matsumoto ( drama CD ) , Ryōta Ōsaka ( Japanese ) ; Josh Grelle ( English ) ( anime )", "Satan Jacob is the Demon Lord from Ente Isla . Due to the actions of the Hero Emilia Justina and her companions , he was transported to modern day Japan with Ashiya and changed into human form . To survive in Japan , he adopts a Japanese name similar to his original name called Sadao Maou and works part - time at a MgRonald franchise , eventually being promoted to a full - time position as the Assistant Shift Manager . He and other demons can turn to their original form when people around them are filled with despair . However , when he changes his form to his devil form , he uses his powers for good deeds like repairing the city which always makes the characters confused due to his position as the Devil King . Throughout the series his current personality is often called into question though it is later shown that he had always been like that and was never once this evil `` Overlord '' that the people of Ente Isla had grown to fear and hate ; in actuality he did the `` evil '' things he did to help his people , other demons . Like he told Emilia when he saved Chiho he just wants to protect the people under his care and around him . When he was younger , he was saved and taught by Emi 's mother , Lailah . She also gave him a fragment of Sephiroth that would later become his and Emi 's appointed daughter Alas Ramus .", "Emi Yusa ( 遊佐 恵美 , Yusa Emi ) / Emilia Justina ( エミリア ・ ユスティーナ , Emiria Yusutīna ) Voiced by : Yū Asakawa ( drama CD ) , Yōko Hikasa ( Japanese ) ; Felecia Angelle ( English ) ( anime ) Emilia is the hero with thigh - length magenta hair who fended off Satan . After forcing Satan to retreat from Ente Isla , Emilia Justina follows him to modern day Japan to ensure that he is destroyed . Like Maou , she loses most of her magical powers upon her arrival and is forced to assume a Japanese name , Emi Yusa , and find employment as a call center agent . Her father was human and her mother was an archangel . However , during her childhood , Lucifer , one of Maou 's generals , led an army of demons to attack her village , resulting in the death of her father . This is revealed to be the reason she wants to kill Maou . However , it was later revealed that her father was alive . Emi is later fired from her job at the call center and gets a new job at MgRonald where she works with Maou and Chiho . She also later develops feelings for Maou in the light novels .", "Emi Yusa ( 遊佐 恵美 , Yusa Emi ) / Emilia Justina ( エミリア ・ ユスティーナ , Emiria Yusutīna )", "Voiced by : Yū Asakawa ( drama CD ) , Yōko Hikasa ( Japanese ) ; Felecia Angelle ( English ) ( anime )", "Emilia is the hero with thigh - length magenta hair who fended off Satan . After forcing Satan to retreat from Ente Isla , Emilia Justina follows him to modern day Japan to ensure that he is destroyed . Like Maou , she loses most of her magical powers upon her arrival and is forced to assume a Japanese name , Emi Yusa , and find employment as a call center agent . Her father was human and her mother was an archangel . However , during her childhood , Lucifer , one of Maou 's generals , led an army of demons to attack her village , resulting in the death of her father . This is revealed to be the reason she wants to kill Maou . However , it was later revealed that her father was alive . Emi is later fired from her job at the call center and gets a new job at MgRonald where she works with Maou and Chiho . She also later develops feelings for Maou in the light novels .", "Shirō Ashiya ( 芦屋 四郎 , Ashiya Shirō ) / Alciel ( アルシエル , Arushieru ) Voiced by : Takehito Koyasu ( drama CD ) , Yūki Ono ( Japanese ) ; Anthony Bowling ( English ) ( anime ) Ashiya is one of Satan 's Generals , who was also transported to modern day Japan with him . Extremely loyal to Satan , Alsiel takes care of the domestic duties at home and researches ways to regain their magical powers . On Earth , Alsiel assumes the form of Shirō Ashiya who operates as Sadao 's housekeeper . Anytime he fails in his duties , he is extremely disappointed in himself for not doing a better job at helping his master , even suffering emotional breakdowns . He is also extremely frugal in his spending habits , once resorting to eating a large amount of leftover udon that was about to expire ( which resulted in a severely upset stomach ) .", "Shirō Ashiya ( 芦屋 四郎 , Ashiya Shirō ) / Alciel ( アルシエル , Arushieru )", "Voiced by : Takehito Koyasu ( drama CD ) , Yūki Ono ( Japanese ) ; Anthony Bowling ( English ) ( anime )", "Ashiya is one of Satan 's Generals , who was also transported to modern day Japan with him . Extremely loyal to Satan , Alsiel takes care of the domestic duties at home and researches ways to regain their magical powers . On Earth , Alsiel assumes the form of Shirō Ashiya who operates as Sadao 's housekeeper . Anytime he fails in his duties , he is extremely disappointed in himself for not doing a better job at helping his master , even suffering emotional breakdowns . He is also extremely frugal in his spending habits , once resorting to eating a large amount of leftover udon that was about to expire ( which resulted in a severely upset stomach ) .", "Chiho Sasaki ( 佐々木 千穂 , Sasaki Chiho ) Voiced by : Nao Tōyama ( Japanese ) ; Tia Ballard ( English ) Chiho is a high school student who is Sadao 's friend and fellow employee at MgRonald . She has feelings for Sadao . Chiho is an average teenage girl of short stature who sports a highly curvaceous figure , a fact which is noted by several people and envied by other girls , especially Emi . She can hear and understand the language of Ente Isla due to accidentally being targeted with a communication spell intended for Emi , because the spell was set to target those who were thinking about Sadao constantly . She later learns how to use the magic spell Idea Link to allow her to alert the others if she is ever in danger .", "Chiho Sasaki ( 佐々木 千穂 , Sasaki Chiho )", "Voiced by : Nao Tōyama ( Japanese ) ; Tia Ballard ( English )", "Chiho is a high school student who is Sadao 's friend and fellow employee at MgRonald . She has feelings for Sadao . Chiho is an average teenage girl of short stature who sports a highly curvaceous figure , a fact which is noted by several people and envied by other girls , especially Emi . She can hear and understand the language of Ente Isla due to accidentally being targeted with a communication spell intended for Emi , because the spell was set to target those who were thinking about Sadao constantly . She later learns how to use the magic spell Idea Link to allow her to alert the others if she is ever in danger .", "Hanzō Urushihara ( 漆原 半蔵 , Urushihara Hanzō ) / Lucifer ( ルシフェル , Rushiferu ) Voiced by : Hiro Shimono ( Japanese ) ; Aaron Dismuke ( English ) Lucifer is a fallen angel and one of Satan 's generals . After Satan was transported to the human world , Lucifer and Olba struck a deal in order to defeat Satan , with Olba promising to return Lucifer to heaven . After they are defeated by Satan , however , Lucifer moves into the apartment belonging to Sadao and Shirō . He is good with technology and loves playing video games . As a result of committing a series of robberies with Olba before being defeated by Sadao , he must remain in seclusion to avoid the police . To his irritation , he is usually referred to as a hikikomori or NEET , even when guests are present . His mother is the current leader of the angels , Ignora , and his father was the ancient demon lord , Sataniel .", "Hanzō Urushihara ( 漆原 半蔵 , Urushihara Hanzō ) / Lucifer ( ルシフェル , Rushiferu )", "Voiced by : Hiro Shimono ( Japanese ) ; Aaron Dismuke ( English )", "Lucifer is a fallen angel and one of Satan 's generals . After Satan was transported to the human world , Lucifer and Olba struck a deal in order to defeat Satan , with Olba promising to return Lucifer to heaven . After they are defeated by Satan , however , Lucifer moves into the apartment belonging to Sadao and Shirō . He is good with technology and loves playing video games . As a result of committing a series of robberies with Olba before being defeated by Sadao , he must remain in seclusion to avoid the police . To his irritation , he is usually referred to as a hikikomori or NEET , even when guests are present . His mother is the current leader of the angels , Ignora , and his father was the ancient demon lord , Sataniel .", "Suzuno Kamazuki ( 鎌 月 鈴 乃 , Kamazuki Suzuno ) / Crestia Bell ( クレスティア ・ ベル , Kuresutia Beru ) Voiced by : Kanae Itō ( Japanese ) ; Alex Moore ( English ) Sadao 's next door neighbor . She is always wearing a kimono . Suzuno is the grand inquisitor of the Church in Ente Isla that , like Emi , came to kill Sadao . Unlike Emi , she apparently has trouble adjusting to the modern life of Japan and is easily found having trouble , especially with Japan 's technology . She briefly teamed up with Sariel to eliminate both Sadao and Emi after Sariel reminded her of her duties as grand inquisitor , but after seeing Sadao concerned for Chiho and realizing that she values her friendship with Emi and Chiho , she ultimately turns against Sariel by helping Chiho evacuate the area while Satan and Sariel battle one another . She wields a giant mallet , which can be retracted into her flower - shaped hairpin .", "Suzuno Kamazuki ( 鎌 月 鈴 乃 , Kamazuki Suzuno ) / Crestia Bell ( クレスティア ・ ベル , Kuresutia Beru )", "Voiced by : Kanae Itō ( Japanese ) ; Alex Moore ( English )", "Sadao 's next door neighbor . She is always wearing a kimono . Suzuno is the grand inquisitor of the Church in Ente Isla that , like Emi , came to kill Sadao . Unlike Emi , she apparently has trouble adjusting to the modern life of Japan and is easily found having trouble , especially with Japan 's technology . She briefly teamed up with Sariel to eliminate both Sadao and Emi after Sariel reminded her of her duties as grand inquisitor , but after seeing Sadao concerned for Chiho and realizing that she values her friendship with Emi and Chiho , she ultimately turns against Sariel by helping Chiho evacuate the area while Satan and Sariel battle one another . She wields a giant mallet , which can be retracted into her flower - shaped hairpin .", "Rika Suzuki ( 鈴木 梨香 , Suzuki Rika ) Voiced by : Asuka Nishi ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Tipton ( English ) Emi 's friend and co-worker at the call center who develops romantic feelings for Ashiya . She later learns the truth about everyone and gets involved in their problems .", "Rika Suzuki ( 鈴木 梨香 , Suzuki Rika )", "Voiced by : Asuka Nishi ( Japanese ) ; Alexis Tipton ( English )", "Emi 's friend and co-worker at the call center who develops romantic feelings for Ashiya . She later learns the truth about everyone and gets involved in their problems .", "Mayumi Kisaki ( 木崎 真弓 , Kisaki Mayumi ) Voiced by : Yumi Uchiyama ( Japanese ) ; Caitlin Glass ( English ) The manager of MgRonald where Sadao and Chiho work .", "Mayumi Kisaki ( 木崎 真弓 , Kisaki Mayumi )", "Voiced by : Yumi Uchiyama ( Japanese ) ; Caitlin Glass ( English )", "The manager of MgRonald where Sadao and Chiho work .", "Emeralda Etuva ( エメラダ ・ エトゥーヴァ , Emerada Etūva ) Voiced by : Azumi Asakura ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English ) Emilia 's friend and comrade from Ente Isla . She is proficient in alchemy and is a court magician . Emeralda is the highest - ranked official who serves directly under the ruler of the Holy Saint Aire Empire , the greatest nation on the Western Continent . After returning from earth , she appears to have developed a liking for Pocky and modern conveniences such as the telephone .", "Emeralda Etuva ( エメラダ ・ エトゥーヴァ , Emerada Etūva )", "Voiced by : Azumi Asakura ( Japanese ) ; Monica Rial ( English )", "Emilia 's friend and comrade from Ente Isla . She is proficient in alchemy and is a court magician . Emeralda is the highest - ranked official who serves directly under the ruler of the Holy Saint Aire Empire , the greatest nation on the Western Continent . After returning from earth , she appears to have developed a liking for Pocky and modern conveniences such as the telephone .", "Albertio Ende ( アルバート ・ エンデ , Arubāto Ende , Albert ) Voiced by : Hiroki Yasumoto ( Japanese ) ; Christopher R. Sabat ( English ) Emilia 's friend and comrade from Ente Isla with enhanced strength and speed .", "Albertio Ende ( アルバート ・ エンデ , Arubāto Ende , Albert )", "Voiced by : Hiroki Yasumoto ( Japanese ) ; Christopher R. Sabat ( English )", "Emilia 's friend and comrade from Ente Isla with enhanced strength and speed .", "Olba Meyer ( オルバ ・ メイヤー , Oruba Meiyā ) Voiced by : Katsuhisa Hōki ( Japanese ) ; Mark Stoddard ( English ) The rogue Archbishop of the Church of Ente Isla . He betrayed Emilia and temporarily joined forces with Lucifer to kill Emilia and Satan Jacob . Following the failure of his plans , he is arrested by the police . He had been working with the corrupt Church of Ente Isla to kill those who opposed them , such as the members of the Allied Knight Order and anyone affiliated with them . He was Crestia 's superior and would frequently give her assignments involving the brutal slaughter of the Church 's enemies . Following his loss to Satan in Sasakuza , he is placed under guard in a hospital , where he regains consciousness after some time . After he escapes , he attempts to reestablish his contract with Lucifer and proceeds to aid Sariel in his battle against Satan by casting a spell to increase his power . It turns out that he had been tricked by Lucifer into creating a panic with the Moon spell , which causes Satan to regain his magic and defeat Sariel . Following Sariel 's defeat , he is once again defeated and restrained , this time by Lucifer .", "Olba Meyer ( オルバ ・ メイヤー , Oruba Meiyā )", "Voiced by : Katsuhisa Hōki ( Japanese ) ; Mark Stoddard ( English )", "The rogue Archbishop of the Church of Ente Isla . He betrayed Emilia and temporarily joined forces with Lucifer to kill Emilia and Satan Jacob . Following the failure of his plans , he is arrested by the police . He had been working with the corrupt Church of Ente Isla to kill those who opposed them , such as the members of the Allied Knight Order and anyone affiliated with them . He was Crestia 's superior and would frequently give her assignments involving the brutal slaughter of the Church 's enemies . Following his loss to Satan in Sasakuza , he is placed under guard in a hospital , where he regains consciousness after some time . After he escapes , he attempts to reestablish his contract with Lucifer and proceeds to aid Sariel in his battle against Satan by casting a spell to increase his power . It turns out that he had been tricked by Lucifer into creating a panic with the Moon spell , which causes Satan to regain his magic and defeat Sariel . Following Sariel 's defeat , he is once again defeated and restrained , this time by Lucifer .", "Mitsuki Sarue ( 猿江 三 月 , Sarue Mitsuki ) / Sariel ( サリエル , Sarieru ) Voiced by : Yūichi Iguchi ( Japanese ) ; Scott Freeman ( English ) An Archangel used by the Church of Ente Isla as part of their Execution Inquisition along with Crestia Bell . He first attacks Emilia at a convenience store while in disguise . In order to learn about Satan Jacob and Emilia in the human world , he forges the identity of `` Mitsuki Sarue '' , claiming to be the manager of the newly opened Sentucky Fried Chicken franchise in Hatagaya . He eventually teams up with Crestia in order to kill Emilia and Satan Jacob . His weapon is a large scythe , and he possesses a power called the `` Wicked Light of the Fallen '' , a magic capable of nullifying all sacred powers , as shown when he battles Emilia . During his battle with Emilia , he demands that she return the holy sword `` Better Half '' to Heaven . He defeats and tortures Emilia while taking Chiho hostage , but he is ultimately defeated by Satan Jacob . He draws his magic from the Moon , with his power increasing the closer he is to it . He also has perverted tendencies , shown when he expresses a desire to strip Chiho down in his experiments to learn how she has been influenced by Satan 's magic . After his defeat he develops an immediate infatuation with the manager of MgRonalds , much to Emilia 's annoyance .", "Mitsuki Sarue ( 猿江 三 月 , Sarue Mitsuki ) / Sariel ( サリエル , Sarieru )", "Voiced by : Yūichi Iguchi ( Japanese ) ; Scott Freeman ( English )", "An Archangel used by the Church of Ente Isla as part of their Execution Inquisition along with Crestia Bell . He first attacks Emilia at a convenience store while in disguise . In order to learn about Satan Jacob and Emilia in the human world , he forges the identity of `` Mitsuki Sarue '' , claiming to be the manager of the newly opened Sentucky Fried Chicken franchise in Hatagaya . He eventually teams up with Crestia in order to kill Emilia and Satan Jacob . His weapon is a large scythe , and he possesses a power called the `` Wicked Light of the Fallen '' , a magic capable of nullifying all sacred powers , as shown when he battles Emilia . During his battle with Emilia , he demands that she return the holy sword `` Better Half '' to Heaven . He defeats and tortures Emilia while taking Chiho hostage , but he is ultimately defeated by Satan Jacob . He draws his magic from the Moon , with his power increasing the closer he is to it . He also has perverted tendencies , shown when he expresses a desire to strip Chiho down in his experiments to learn how she has been influenced by Satan 's magic . After his defeat he develops an immediate infatuation with the manager of MgRonalds , much to Emilia 's annoyance .", "Miki Shiba ( 志波 美輝 , Shiba Miki ) Voiced by : Kimiko Saitō ( Japanese ) ; Cynthia Cranz ( English ) She is the owner of the `` Villa Rosa Sasazuka '' apartment building where Sadao Maō and Suzuno Kamazuki live . She is very obese and seems to know more than a Japanese person should about the visitors from Ente Isla . It is later revealed that she and her niece are God - like guardians of Earth .", "Miki Shiba ( 志波 美輝 , Shiba Miki )", "Voiced by : Kimiko Saitō ( Japanese ) ; Cynthia Cranz ( English )", "She is the owner of the `` Villa Rosa Sasazuka '' apartment building where Sadao Maō and Suzuno Kamazuki live . She is very obese and seems to know more than a Japanese person should about the visitors from Ente Isla . It is later revealed that she and her niece are God - like guardians of Earth .", "Yuki Mizushima ( 水島 由姫 , Mizushima Yuki ) Voiced by : Mamiko Noto ( Japanese ) ; Rachel Robinson ( English ) The manager of Fushima Park 's MgRonald branch .", "Yuki Mizushima ( 水島 由姫 , Mizushima Yuki )", "Voiced by : Mamiko Noto ( Japanese ) ; Rachel Robinson ( English )", "The manager of Fushima Park 's MgRonald branch .", "Acies Ara ( アシエス ・ アーラ , Ashiesu āra ) Alas Ramus ' younger sister and another fragment of `` Yesod '' . She lives with Emi 's father , Nord Justinia . She later fuses with Maou to help him become more powerful .", "Acies Ara ( アシエス ・ アーラ , Ashiesu āra )", "Alas Ramus ' younger sister and another fragment of `` Yesod '' . She lives with Emi 's father , Nord Justinia . She later fuses with Maou to help him become more powerful .", "Alas Ramus ( アラス ・ ラムス , Arasu Ramusu ) The `` daughter '' of Satan and Emilia . She was formed by `` Yesod '' and brought to Japan by Lailah , Emilia 's mother and Satan 's savior . She later fuses with Emi 's sword to help Emi become more powerful .", "Alas Ramus ( アラス ・ ラムス , Arasu Ramusu )", "The `` daughter '' of Satan and Emilia . She was formed by `` Yesod '' and brought to Japan by Lailah , Emilia 's mother and Satan 's savior . She later fuses with Emi 's sword to help Emi become more powerful .", "The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! began as a light novel series written by Satoshi Wagahara , with illustrations by the artist 029 ( Oniku ) . Wagahara originally entered the first novel in the series , originally titled Maōjō wa Rokujō Hitoma ! ( 魔王 城 は 六 畳 一 間 ! ) , into ASCII Media Works ' 17th Dengeki Novel Prize in 2010 and the novel won the Silver Prize . The first novel was published by ASCII Media Works on February 10 , 2011 , under their Dengeki Bunko imprint , and 18 main novels have been released as of January 10 , 2018 . Two prequel novels have also been published . In an interview with Publishers Weekly , Yen Press announced their plans to publish the light novels in 2015 .", "No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN February 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870270 - 6 April 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38312 - 7 `` The Devil Focuses on His Career for Monetary Purposes '' `` The Devil Goes on a Date in Shinjuku with This Girl from Work '' `` The Devil and The Hero Stand Strong in Sasazuka '' June 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870547 - 9 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38501 - 5 `` The Devil 's Finances are Shored Up by a Helpful Neighbor '' `` The Hero Owes a Favor Following a Wild Chain of Misunderstandings '' `` The Devil and The Hero Risk Their Lives for Their Work Responsibilities '' November 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870815 - 9 December 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38502 - 2 `` Introduction '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Unexpectedly Become Parents '' `` The Devil King Experiences a Lifestyle Change '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Take a Hint and Hit the Theme Park '' `` The Devil King Feels the Pain of Loss '' February 10 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886344 - 5 April 19 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38503 - 9 `` Prologue '' `` The Devil King Finds Himself Jobless , Then Homeless '' `` The Hero Helps The Devil King Remodel His Workplace '' `` The Devil King Marvels at the Wide World ( and Choshi ) '' `` Epilogue '' 5 June 10 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886654 - 5 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38504 - 6 `` Prologue '' `` The Devil Strongly Demands TV Privileges '' `` The Devil Explains Human Relations '' `` The Devil and The Hero Decide to Focus on More Important Matters '' `` Epilogue '' 6 October 10 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886990 - 4 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38506 - 0 `` Prologue '' `` The Devil Clocks Back In '' `` The Hero and The Devil Wonder What the Hell They 're Doing With Their Lives '' `` The Hero and The Devil Take a Step Toward a New Dream '' `` Epilogue '' 7 February 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891406 - 2 April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 46936 - 4 `` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate '' `` The Devil Plucks a Cat Off the Street '' `` The Devil and The Hero Go Futon Shopping '' `` A Few Days Before : The Teenager is a Part - Timer ! '' 8 April 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891580 - 9 August 22 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47391 - 0 `` Prologue '' `` The Hero Demands a Little Time Off '' `` The Devil Has an Encounter '' `` The Devil is a Little Late to the Punch '' `` Extra Chapter : The Hero Has a Cry '' 9 August 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891854 - 1 December 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47418 - 4 `` Prologue '' `` The Devil Devises a Full Military Expedition '' `` The Hero Discovers She Ca n't Come Home Again '' `` The Devil Makes Every Preparation Possible '' `` The Devil , Once Upon a Time '' `` Extra Chapter : The Devil Blows Chunks '' 10 December 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866161 - 4 April 17 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47420 - 7 11 May 10 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866554 - 4 August 21 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47423 - 8 0 September 10 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866900 - 9 -- -- 12 February 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 869252 - 6 December 11 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31 - 647425 - 2 13 June 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865205 - 6 -- -- 14 September 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865379 - 4 -- -- 15 February 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865750 - 1 -- -- 16 June 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892118 - 3 -- -- 0 - II September 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892358 - 3 -- -- 17 May 10 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892892 - 2 -- -- 18 January 10 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 893572 - 2 -- --", "No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN", "February 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870270 - 6 April 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38312 - 7", "`` The Devil Focuses on His Career for Monetary Purposes '' `` The Devil Goes on a Date in Shinjuku with This Girl from Work '' `` The Devil and The Hero Stand Strong in Sasazuka ''", "`` The Devil Focuses on His Career for Monetary Purposes '' `` The Devil Goes on a Date in Shinjuku with This Girl from Work '' `` The Devil and The Hero Stand Strong in Sasazuka ''", "`` The Devil Focuses on His Career for Monetary Purposes '' `` The Devil Goes on a Date in Shinjuku with This Girl from Work '' `` The Devil and The Hero Stand Strong in Sasazuka ''", "`` The Devil Focuses on His Career for Monetary Purposes '' `` The Devil Goes on a Date in Shinjuku with This Girl from Work '' `` The Devil and The Hero Stand Strong in Sasazuka ''", "`` The Devil Focuses on His Career for Monetary Purposes ''", "`` The Devil Goes on a Date in Shinjuku with This Girl from Work ''", "`` The Devil and The Hero Stand Strong in Sasazuka ''", "June 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870547 - 9 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38501 - 5", "`` The Devil 's Finances are Shored Up by a Helpful Neighbor '' `` The Hero Owes a Favor Following a Wild Chain of Misunderstandings '' `` The Devil and The Hero Risk Their Lives for Their Work Responsibilities ''", "`` The Devil 's Finances are Shored Up by a Helpful Neighbor '' `` The Hero Owes a Favor Following a Wild Chain of Misunderstandings '' `` The Devil and The Hero Risk Their Lives for Their Work Responsibilities ''", "`` The Devil 's Finances are Shored Up by a Helpful Neighbor '' `` The Hero Owes a Favor Following a Wild Chain of Misunderstandings '' `` The Devil and The Hero Risk Their Lives for Their Work Responsibilities ''", "`` The Devil 's Finances are Shored Up by a Helpful Neighbor '' `` The Hero Owes a Favor Following a Wild Chain of Misunderstandings '' `` The Devil and The Hero Risk Their Lives for Their Work Responsibilities ''", "`` The Devil 's Finances are Shored Up by a Helpful Neighbor ''", "`` The Hero Owes a Favor Following a Wild Chain of Misunderstandings ''", "`` The Devil and The Hero Risk Their Lives for Their Work Responsibilities ''", "November 10 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 870815 - 9 December 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38502 - 2", "`` Introduction '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Unexpectedly Become Parents '' `` The Devil King Experiences a Lifestyle Change '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Take a Hint and Hit the Theme Park '' `` The Devil King Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` Introduction '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Unexpectedly Become Parents '' `` The Devil King Experiences a Lifestyle Change '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Take a Hint and Hit the Theme Park '' `` The Devil King Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` Introduction '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Unexpectedly Become Parents '' `` The Devil King Experiences a Lifestyle Change '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Take a Hint and Hit the Theme Park '' `` The Devil King Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` Introduction '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Unexpectedly Become Parents '' `` The Devil King Experiences a Lifestyle Change '' `` The Devil King and The Hero Take a Hint and Hit the Theme Park '' `` The Devil King Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` Introduction ''", "`` The Devil King and The Hero Unexpectedly Become Parents ''", "`` The Devil King Experiences a Lifestyle Change ''", "`` The Devil King and The Hero Take a Hint and Hit the Theme Park ''", "`` The Devil King Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "February 10 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886344 - 5 April 19 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38503 - 9", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil King Finds Himself Jobless , Then Homeless '' `` The Hero Helps The Devil King Remodel His Workplace '' `` The Devil King Marvels at the Wide World ( and Choshi ) '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil King Finds Himself Jobless , Then Homeless '' `` The Hero Helps The Devil King Remodel His Workplace '' `` The Devil King Marvels at the Wide World ( and Choshi ) '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil King Finds Himself Jobless , Then Homeless '' `` The Hero Helps The Devil King Remodel His Workplace '' `` The Devil King Marvels at the Wide World ( and Choshi ) '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil King Finds Himself Jobless , Then Homeless '' `` The Hero Helps The Devil King Remodel His Workplace '' `` The Devil King Marvels at the Wide World ( and Choshi ) '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue ''", "`` The Devil King Finds Himself Jobless , Then Homeless ''", "`` The Hero Helps The Devil King Remodel His Workplace ''", "`` The Devil King Marvels at the Wide World ( and Choshi ) ''", "`` Epilogue ''", "5 June 10 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886654 - 5 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38504 - 6", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Strongly Demands TV Privileges '' `` The Devil Explains Human Relations '' `` The Devil and The Hero Decide to Focus on More Important Matters '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Strongly Demands TV Privileges '' `` The Devil Explains Human Relations '' `` The Devil and The Hero Decide to Focus on More Important Matters '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Strongly Demands TV Privileges '' `` The Devil Explains Human Relations '' `` The Devil and The Hero Decide to Focus on More Important Matters '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Strongly Demands TV Privileges '' `` The Devil Explains Human Relations '' `` The Devil and The Hero Decide to Focus on More Important Matters '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue ''", "`` The Devil Strongly Demands TV Privileges ''", "`` The Devil Explains Human Relations ''", "`` The Devil and The Hero Decide to Focus on More Important Matters ''", "`` Epilogue ''", "6 October 10 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886990 - 4 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38506 - 0", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Clocks Back In '' `` The Hero and The Devil Wonder What the Hell They 're Doing With Their Lives '' `` The Hero and The Devil Take a Step Toward a New Dream '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Clocks Back In '' `` The Hero and The Devil Wonder What the Hell They 're Doing With Their Lives '' `` The Hero and The Devil Take a Step Toward a New Dream '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Clocks Back In '' `` The Hero and The Devil Wonder What the Hell They 're Doing With Their Lives '' `` The Hero and The Devil Take a Step Toward a New Dream '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Clocks Back In '' `` The Hero and The Devil Wonder What the Hell They 're Doing With Their Lives '' `` The Hero and The Devil Take a Step Toward a New Dream '' `` Epilogue ''", "`` Prologue ''", "`` The Devil Clocks Back In ''", "`` The Hero and The Devil Wonder What the Hell They 're Doing With Their Lives ''", "`` The Hero and The Devil Take a Step Toward a New Dream ''", "`` Epilogue ''", "7 February 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891406 - 2 April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 46936 - 4", "`` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate '' `` The Devil Plucks a Cat Off the Street '' `` The Devil and The Hero Go Futon Shopping '' `` A Few Days Before : The Teenager is a Part - Timer ! ''", "`` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate '' `` The Devil Plucks a Cat Off the Street '' `` The Devil and The Hero Go Futon Shopping '' `` A Few Days Before : The Teenager is a Part - Timer ! ''", "`` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate '' `` The Devil Plucks a Cat Off the Street '' `` The Devil and The Hero Go Futon Shopping '' `` A Few Days Before : The Teenager is a Part - Timer ! ''", "`` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate '' `` The Devil Plucks a Cat Off the Street '' `` The Devil and The Hero Go Futon Shopping '' `` A Few Days Before : The Teenager is a Part - Timer ! ''", "`` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate ''", "`` The Devil Plucks a Cat Off the Street ''", "`` The Devil and The Hero Go Futon Shopping ''", "`` A Few Days Before : The Teenager is a Part - Timer ! ''", "8 April 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891580 - 9 August 22 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47391 - 0", "`` Prologue '' `` The Hero Demands a Little Time Off '' `` The Devil Has an Encounter '' `` The Devil is a Little Late to the Punch '' `` Extra Chapter : The Hero Has a Cry ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Hero Demands a Little Time Off '' `` The Devil Has an Encounter '' `` The Devil is a Little Late to the Punch '' `` Extra Chapter : The Hero Has a Cry ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Hero Demands a Little Time Off '' `` The Devil Has an Encounter '' `` The Devil is a Little Late to the Punch '' `` Extra Chapter : The Hero Has a Cry ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Hero Demands a Little Time Off '' `` The Devil Has an Encounter '' `` The Devil is a Little Late to the Punch '' `` Extra Chapter : The Hero Has a Cry ''", "`` Prologue ''", "`` The Hero Demands a Little Time Off ''", "`` The Devil Has an Encounter ''", "`` The Devil is a Little Late to the Punch ''", "`` Extra Chapter : The Hero Has a Cry ''", "9 August 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891854 - 1 December 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47418 - 4", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Devises a Full Military Expedition '' `` The Hero Discovers She Ca n't Come Home Again '' `` The Devil Makes Every Preparation Possible '' `` The Devil , Once Upon a Time '' `` Extra Chapter : The Devil Blows Chunks ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Devises a Full Military Expedition '' `` The Hero Discovers She Ca n't Come Home Again '' `` The Devil Makes Every Preparation Possible '' `` The Devil , Once Upon a Time '' `` Extra Chapter : The Devil Blows Chunks ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Devises a Full Military Expedition '' `` The Hero Discovers She Ca n't Come Home Again '' `` The Devil Makes Every Preparation Possible '' `` The Devil , Once Upon a Time '' `` Extra Chapter : The Devil Blows Chunks ''", "`` Prologue '' `` The Devil Devises a Full Military Expedition '' `` The Hero Discovers She Ca n't Come Home Again '' `` The Devil Makes Every Preparation Possible '' `` The Devil , Once Upon a Time '' `` Extra Chapter : The Devil Blows Chunks ''", "`` Prologue ''", "`` The Devil Devises a Full Military Expedition ''", "`` The Hero Discovers She Ca n't Come Home Again ''", "`` The Devil Makes Every Preparation Possible ''", "`` The Devil , Once Upon a Time ''", "`` Extra Chapter : The Devil Blows Chunks ''", "10 December 10 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866161 - 4 April 17 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47420 - 7", "11 May 10 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866554 - 4 August 21 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 47423 - 8", "0 September 10 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866900 - 9 -- --", "12 February 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 869252 - 6 December 11 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 0 - 31 - 647425 - 2", "13 June 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865205 - 6 -- --", "14 September 10 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865379 - 4 -- --", "15 February 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865750 - 1 -- --", "16 June 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892118 - 3 -- --", "0 - II September 10 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892358 - 3 -- --", "17 May 10 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892892 - 2 -- --", "18 January 10 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 893572 - 2 -- --", "A manga adaptation , illustrated by Akio Hiiragi , started serialization in the February 2012 issue of ASCII Media Works ' shōnen manga magazine Dengeki Daioh . The first tankōbon volume was published on June 27 , 2012 . Yen Press began publishing the manga in North America in 2015 . A spin - off manga series , illustrated by Kurone Mishima and titled The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! High School ! ( はたらく 魔王 さま ! ハイ スクール ! , Hataraku Maō - sama ! Hai Sukūru ! ) , began serialization in the July 2012 issue of ASCII Media Works ' Dengeki Maoh magazine . Its chapters have been compiled in five tankōbon volumes , released between January 26 , 2013 and April 24 , 2015 . A four - panel manga anthology volume was published by ASCII Media Works on June 27 , 2013 .", "No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN June 27 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886721 - 4 March 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38313 - 4 `` The Devil Works Part - Time in Sasazuka '' ( 魔王 、 笹塚 で バイト を する ) `` The Devil Receives an Ominous Text Message '' ( 魔王 、 謎 の メール を 受 言 する ) `` The Devil Goes on a Date with This Girl from Work '' ( 魔王 、 後輩 と デート する ) `` The Devil and the Hero Are Trapped '' ( 魔王 と 勇者 、 閉じ込め られる ) `` The Hero Experiences a Little Human Kindness '' ( 勇者 、 人 の 優し さ に 触れる ) Chapter X : The Demon Lord is Blessed by Some Pork December 15 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891272 - 3 July 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38507 - 7 `` The Devil Is Gravely Misunderstood '' `` The Devil Inadvertently Makes a Girl Cry '' `` The Devil Reveals All '' `` The Devil Falls '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Trivial Role '' `` The Devil Heads Off for Work '' May 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891688 - 2 October 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38508 - 4 `` The Devil Gets Friendly with His Neighbor '' `` The Devil Does a Little Detective Work '' `` The Devil Feels Safe in Bragging a Little '' `` The Devil Is Asked a Favor '' `` The Devil Is Tormented by Teenage Love '' Chapter X : The Hero Shops with Her Coworker Chapter X : The Hero Uses a Photo Sticker Booth November 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866084 - 6 January 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38509 - 1 `` The Hero Unravels a Major Misunderstanding '' `` The Hero Builds a Raid Party Bound for Hatagaya '' `` The Hero Learns About Her Past Career '' `` The Hero Reveals Her Work Obligations '' `` The Devil Sets Off atop His Trusty Steed '' Chapter X : The Unemployed Bum Attempts an Honest Career Chapter X : The Teenage Girl Prepares for Her Hot Date 5 March 27 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866394 - 6 April 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 31489 - 3 `` The Devil Explains Matters to the Cleric '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Assistant Manager Duties '' `` The Devil Sits at His Dinner Table in Sasazuka '' `` The Devil Grants His Servant a Break '' `` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate '' 6 August 27 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886990 - 4 July 19 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 36014 - 2 `` The Devil and the Hero Encounter Something Totally Unexpected '' `` The Devil and the Hero Gain New Titles '' `` The Devil Asks His Work Friend for a Little Help '' `` The Hero Hits the Amusement Park Fully Equipped '' `` The Devil Marvels at a Finely Hones Military Performance '' 7 February 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 869209 - 0 October 25 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 36015 - 9 `` The Devil and the Hero Converse on the Ferris Wheel '' `` The Devil Is Asked for His Child Back '' `` The Devil and the Hero Share the Floor for the Night '' `` The Hero Declares She Will Clean Up Her Own Messes '' `` The Hero Kicks Out an Uninvited Guest '' `` The Devil Feels the Pain of Loss '' 8 September 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865350 - 3 March 21 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 55316 - 2 `` The Devil Loses His Job and Home '' `` The Devil Gets a Hot Work Trip '' `` The Devil Lands a New Job '' `` The Devil Remodels a Seaside Snack Bar '' `` The Devil Runs Into Something a Tad Unexpected on Kimigahama Beach '' 9 March 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865805 - 8 June 20 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 55848 - 8 `` The Hero Lands a Telling Blow at the Beach House '' `` The Devil Has a Proposal for His Boss '' `` The Devil Throws His Weight Around a Little '' `` The Devil Basks in the Glories of Choushi '' Chapter X : `` The Cleric Becomes a Samurai - Drama Ronin '' 10 September 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892290 - 6 September 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 56267 - 6 `` The Devil Demands a Rather Expensive Purchase '' `` The Hero Makes Her Own Key Ring '' `` The Devil Drops a Favor to the Noodle - Shop Clerk '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 1 ) '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 2 ) '' 11 March 27 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892768 - 0 May 22 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 975 - 32643 - 2 12 October 27 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 893424 - 4 -- --", "No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN", "June 27 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886721 - 4 March 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38313 - 4", "`` The Devil Works Part - Time in Sasazuka '' ( 魔王 、 笹塚 で バイト を する ) `` The Devil Receives an Ominous Text Message '' ( 魔王 、 謎 の メール を 受 言 する ) `` The Devil Goes on a Date with This Girl from Work '' ( 魔王 、 後輩 と デート する ) `` The Devil and the Hero Are Trapped '' ( 魔王 と 勇者 、 閉じ込め られる ) `` The Hero Experiences a Little Human Kindness '' ( 勇者 、 人 の 優し さ に 触れる ) Chapter X : The Demon Lord is Blessed by Some Pork", "`` The Devil Works Part - Time in Sasazuka '' ( 魔王 、 笹塚 で バイト を する ) `` The Devil Receives an Ominous Text Message '' ( 魔王 、 謎 の メール を 受 言 する ) `` The Devil Goes on a Date with This Girl from Work '' ( 魔王 、 後輩 と デート する ) `` The Devil and the Hero Are Trapped '' ( 魔王 と 勇者 、 閉じ込め られる ) `` The Hero Experiences a Little Human Kindness '' ( 勇者 、 人 の 優し さ に 触れる ) Chapter X : The Demon Lord is Blessed by Some Pork", "`` The Devil Works Part - Time in Sasazuka '' ( 魔王 、 笹塚 で バイト を する ) `` The Devil Receives an Ominous Text Message '' ( 魔王 、 謎 の メール を 受 言 する ) `` The Devil Goes on a Date with This Girl from Work '' ( 魔王 、 後輩 と デート する ) `` The Devil and the Hero Are Trapped '' ( 魔王 と 勇者 、 閉じ込め られる ) `` The Hero Experiences a Little Human Kindness '' ( 勇者 、 人 の 優し さ に 触れる ) Chapter X : The Demon Lord is Blessed by Some Pork", "`` The Devil Works Part - Time in Sasazuka '' ( 魔王 、 笹塚 で バイト を する ) `` The Devil Receives an Ominous Text Message '' ( 魔王 、 謎 の メール を 受 言 する ) `` The Devil Goes on a Date with This Girl from Work '' ( 魔王 、 後輩 と デート する )", "`` The Devil Works Part - Time in Sasazuka '' ( 魔王 、 笹塚 で バイト を する )", "`` The Devil Receives an Ominous Text Message '' ( 魔王 、 謎 の メール を 受 言 する )", "`` The Devil Goes on a Date with This Girl from Work '' ( 魔王 、 後輩 と デート する )", "`` The Devil and the Hero Are Trapped '' ( 魔王 と 勇者 、 閉じ込め られる ) `` The Hero Experiences a Little Human Kindness '' ( 勇者 、 人 の 優し さ に 触れる )", "`` The Devil and the Hero Are Trapped '' ( 魔王 と 勇者 、 閉じ込め られる )", "`` The Hero Experiences a Little Human Kindness '' ( 勇者 、 人 の 優し さ に 触れる )", "Chapter X : The Demon Lord is Blessed by Some Pork", "Chapter X : The Demon Lord is Blessed by Some Pork", "December 15 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891272 - 3 July 21 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38507 - 7", "`` The Devil Is Gravely Misunderstood '' `` The Devil Inadvertently Makes a Girl Cry '' `` The Devil Reveals All '' `` The Devil Falls '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Trivial Role '' `` The Devil Heads Off for Work ''", "`` The Devil Is Gravely Misunderstood '' `` The Devil Inadvertently Makes a Girl Cry '' `` The Devil Reveals All '' `` The Devil Falls '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Trivial Role '' `` The Devil Heads Off for Work ''", "`` The Devil Is Gravely Misunderstood '' `` The Devil Inadvertently Makes a Girl Cry '' `` The Devil Reveals All '' `` The Devil Falls '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Trivial Role '' `` The Devil Heads Off for Work ''", "`` The Devil Is Gravely Misunderstood '' `` The Devil Inadvertently Makes a Girl Cry '' `` The Devil Reveals All ''", "`` The Devil Is Gravely Misunderstood ''", "`` The Devil Inadvertently Makes a Girl Cry ''", "`` The Devil Reveals All ''", "`` The Devil Falls '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Trivial Role '' `` The Devil Heads Off for Work ''", "`` The Devil Falls ''", "`` The Devil Fulfills His Trivial Role ''", "`` The Devil Heads Off for Work ''", "May 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 891688 - 2 October 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38508 - 4", "`` The Devil Gets Friendly with His Neighbor '' `` The Devil Does a Little Detective Work '' `` The Devil Feels Safe in Bragging a Little '' `` The Devil Is Asked a Favor '' `` The Devil Is Tormented by Teenage Love '' Chapter X : The Hero Shops with Her Coworker Chapter X : The Hero Uses a Photo Sticker Booth", "`` The Devil Gets Friendly with His Neighbor '' `` The Devil Does a Little Detective Work '' `` The Devil Feels Safe in Bragging a Little '' `` The Devil Is Asked a Favor '' `` The Devil Is Tormented by Teenage Love '' Chapter X : The Hero Shops with Her Coworker Chapter X : The Hero Uses a Photo Sticker Booth", "`` The Devil Gets Friendly with His Neighbor '' `` The Devil Does a Little Detective Work '' `` The Devil Feels Safe in Bragging a Little '' `` The Devil Is Asked a Favor '' `` The Devil Is Tormented by Teenage Love '' Chapter X : The Hero Shops with Her Coworker Chapter X : The Hero Uses a Photo Sticker Booth", "`` The Devil Gets Friendly with His Neighbor '' `` The Devil Does a Little Detective Work '' `` The Devil Feels Safe in Bragging a Little '' `` The Devil Is Asked a Favor ''", "`` The Devil Gets Friendly with His Neighbor ''", "`` The Devil Does a Little Detective Work ''", "`` The Devil Feels Safe in Bragging a Little ''", "`` The Devil Is Asked a Favor ''", "`` The Devil Is Tormented by Teenage Love ''", "`` The Devil Is Tormented by Teenage Love ''", "Chapter X : The Hero Shops with Her Coworker Chapter X : The Hero Uses a Photo Sticker Booth", "Chapter X : The Hero Shops with Her Coworker", "Chapter X : The Hero Uses a Photo Sticker Booth", "November 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866084 - 6 January 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 38509 - 1", "`` The Hero Unravels a Major Misunderstanding '' `` The Hero Builds a Raid Party Bound for Hatagaya '' `` The Hero Learns About Her Past Career '' `` The Hero Reveals Her Work Obligations '' `` The Devil Sets Off atop His Trusty Steed '' Chapter X : The Unemployed Bum Attempts an Honest Career Chapter X : The Teenage Girl Prepares for Her Hot Date", "`` The Hero Unravels a Major Misunderstanding '' `` The Hero Builds a Raid Party Bound for Hatagaya '' `` The Hero Learns About Her Past Career '' `` The Hero Reveals Her Work Obligations '' `` The Devil Sets Off atop His Trusty Steed '' Chapter X : The Unemployed Bum Attempts an Honest Career Chapter X : The Teenage Girl Prepares for Her Hot Date", "`` The Hero Unravels a Major Misunderstanding '' `` The Hero Builds a Raid Party Bound for Hatagaya '' `` The Hero Learns About Her Past Career '' `` The Hero Reveals Her Work Obligations '' `` The Devil Sets Off atop His Trusty Steed '' Chapter X : The Unemployed Bum Attempts an Honest Career Chapter X : The Teenage Girl Prepares for Her Hot Date", "`` The Hero Unravels a Major Misunderstanding '' `` The Hero Builds a Raid Party Bound for Hatagaya '' `` The Hero Learns About Her Past Career '' `` The Hero Reveals Her Work Obligations ''", "`` The Hero Unravels a Major Misunderstanding ''", "`` The Hero Builds a Raid Party Bound for Hatagaya ''", "`` The Hero Learns About Her Past Career ''", "`` The Hero Reveals Her Work Obligations ''", "`` The Devil Sets Off atop His Trusty Steed ''", "`` The Devil Sets Off atop His Trusty Steed ''", "Chapter X : The Unemployed Bum Attempts an Honest Career Chapter X : The Teenage Girl Prepares for Her Hot Date", "Chapter X : The Unemployed Bum Attempts an Honest Career", "Chapter X : The Teenage Girl Prepares for Her Hot Date", "5 March 27 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 866394 - 6 April 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 31489 - 3", "`` The Devil Explains Matters to the Cleric '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Assistant Manager Duties '' `` The Devil Sits at His Dinner Table in Sasazuka '' `` The Devil Grants His Servant a Break '' `` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate ''", "`` The Devil Explains Matters to the Cleric '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Assistant Manager Duties '' `` The Devil Sits at His Dinner Table in Sasazuka '' `` The Devil Grants His Servant a Break '' `` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate ''", "`` The Devil Explains Matters to the Cleric '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Assistant Manager Duties '' `` The Devil Sits at His Dinner Table in Sasazuka '' `` The Devil Grants His Servant a Break '' `` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate ''", "`` The Devil Explains Matters to the Cleric '' `` The Devil Fulfills His Assistant Manager Duties '' `` The Devil Sits at His Dinner Table in Sasazuka ''", "`` The Devil Explains Matters to the Cleric ''", "`` The Devil Fulfills His Assistant Manager Duties ''", "`` The Devil Sits at His Dinner Table in Sasazuka ''", "`` The Devil Grants His Servant a Break '' `` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate ''", "`` The Devil Grants His Servant a Break ''", "`` The Devil Pledges to Stay Legitimate ''", "6 August 27 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 886990 - 4 July 19 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 36014 - 2", "`` The Devil and the Hero Encounter Something Totally Unexpected '' `` The Devil and the Hero Gain New Titles '' `` The Devil Asks His Work Friend for a Little Help '' `` The Hero Hits the Amusement Park Fully Equipped '' `` The Devil Marvels at a Finely Hones Military Performance ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Encounter Something Totally Unexpected '' `` The Devil and the Hero Gain New Titles '' `` The Devil Asks His Work Friend for a Little Help '' `` The Hero Hits the Amusement Park Fully Equipped '' `` The Devil Marvels at a Finely Hones Military Performance ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Encounter Something Totally Unexpected '' `` The Devil and the Hero Gain New Titles '' `` The Devil Asks His Work Friend for a Little Help '' `` The Hero Hits the Amusement Park Fully Equipped '' `` The Devil Marvels at a Finely Hones Military Performance ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Encounter Something Totally Unexpected '' `` The Devil and the Hero Gain New Titles '' `` The Devil Asks His Work Friend for a Little Help ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Encounter Something Totally Unexpected ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Gain New Titles ''", "`` The Devil Asks His Work Friend for a Little Help ''", "`` The Hero Hits the Amusement Park Fully Equipped '' `` The Devil Marvels at a Finely Hones Military Performance ''", "`` The Hero Hits the Amusement Park Fully Equipped ''", "`` The Devil Marvels at a Finely Hones Military Performance ''", "7 February 27 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 869209 - 0 October 25 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 36015 - 9", "`` The Devil and the Hero Converse on the Ferris Wheel '' `` The Devil Is Asked for His Child Back '' `` The Devil and the Hero Share the Floor for the Night '' `` The Hero Declares She Will Clean Up Her Own Messes '' `` The Hero Kicks Out an Uninvited Guest '' `` The Devil Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Converse on the Ferris Wheel '' `` The Devil Is Asked for His Child Back '' `` The Devil and the Hero Share the Floor for the Night '' `` The Hero Declares She Will Clean Up Her Own Messes '' `` The Hero Kicks Out an Uninvited Guest '' `` The Devil Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Converse on the Ferris Wheel '' `` The Devil Is Asked for His Child Back '' `` The Devil and the Hero Share the Floor for the Night '' `` The Hero Declares She Will Clean Up Her Own Messes '' `` The Hero Kicks Out an Uninvited Guest '' `` The Devil Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Converse on the Ferris Wheel '' `` The Devil Is Asked for His Child Back '' `` The Devil and the Hero Share the Floor for the Night ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Converse on the Ferris Wheel ''", "`` The Devil Is Asked for His Child Back ''", "`` The Devil and the Hero Share the Floor for the Night ''", "`` The Hero Declares She Will Clean Up Her Own Messes '' `` The Hero Kicks Out an Uninvited Guest '' `` The Devil Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "`` The Hero Declares She Will Clean Up Her Own Messes ''", "`` The Hero Kicks Out an Uninvited Guest ''", "`` The Devil Feels the Pain of Loss ''", "8 September 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865350 - 3 March 21 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 55316 - 2", "`` The Devil Loses His Job and Home '' `` The Devil Gets a Hot Work Trip '' `` The Devil Lands a New Job '' `` The Devil Remodels a Seaside Snack Bar '' `` The Devil Runs Into Something a Tad Unexpected on Kimigahama Beach ''", "`` The Devil Loses His Job and Home '' `` The Devil Gets a Hot Work Trip '' `` The Devil Lands a New Job '' `` The Devil Remodels a Seaside Snack Bar '' `` The Devil Runs Into Something a Tad Unexpected on Kimigahama Beach ''", "`` The Devil Loses His Job and Home '' `` The Devil Gets a Hot Work Trip '' `` The Devil Lands a New Job '' `` The Devil Remodels a Seaside Snack Bar '' `` The Devil Runs Into Something a Tad Unexpected on Kimigahama Beach ''", "`` The Devil Loses His Job and Home '' `` The Devil Gets a Hot Work Trip '' `` The Devil Lands a New Job ''", "`` The Devil Loses His Job and Home ''", "`` The Devil Gets a Hot Work Trip ''", "`` The Devil Lands a New Job ''", "`` The Devil Remodels a Seaside Snack Bar '' `` The Devil Runs Into Something a Tad Unexpected on Kimigahama Beach ''", "`` The Devil Remodels a Seaside Snack Bar ''", "`` The Devil Runs Into Something a Tad Unexpected on Kimigahama Beach ''", "9 March 26 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 865805 - 8 June 20 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 55848 - 8", "`` The Hero Lands a Telling Blow at the Beach House '' `` The Devil Has a Proposal for His Boss '' `` The Devil Throws His Weight Around a Little '' `` The Devil Basks in the Glories of Choushi '' Chapter X : `` The Cleric Becomes a Samurai - Drama Ronin ''", "`` The Hero Lands a Telling Blow at the Beach House '' `` The Devil Has a Proposal for His Boss '' `` The Devil Throws His Weight Around a Little '' `` The Devil Basks in the Glories of Choushi '' Chapter X : `` The Cleric Becomes a Samurai - Drama Ronin ''", "`` The Hero Lands a Telling Blow at the Beach House '' `` The Devil Has a Proposal for His Boss '' `` The Devil Throws His Weight Around a Little '' `` The Devil Basks in the Glories of Choushi '' Chapter X : `` The Cleric Becomes a Samurai - Drama Ronin ''", "`` The Hero Lands a Telling Blow at the Beach House '' `` The Devil Has a Proposal for His Boss '' `` The Devil Throws His Weight Around a Little ''", "`` The Hero Lands a Telling Blow at the Beach House ''", "`` The Devil Has a Proposal for His Boss ''", "`` The Devil Throws His Weight Around a Little ''", "`` The Devil Basks in the Glories of Choushi ''", "`` The Devil Basks in the Glories of Choushi ''", "Chapter X : `` The Cleric Becomes a Samurai - Drama Ronin ''", "Chapter X : `` The Cleric Becomes a Samurai - Drama Ronin ''", "10 September 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892290 - 6 September 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 56267 - 6", "`` The Devil Demands a Rather Expensive Purchase '' `` The Hero Makes Her Own Key Ring '' `` The Devil Drops a Favor to the Noodle - Shop Clerk '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 1 ) '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 2 ) ''", "`` The Devil Demands a Rather Expensive Purchase '' `` The Hero Makes Her Own Key Ring '' `` The Devil Drops a Favor to the Noodle - Shop Clerk '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 1 ) '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 2 ) ''", "`` The Devil Demands a Rather Expensive Purchase '' `` The Hero Makes Her Own Key Ring '' `` The Devil Drops a Favor to the Noodle - Shop Clerk '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 1 ) '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 2 ) ''", "`` The Devil Demands a Rather Expensive Purchase '' `` The Hero Makes Her Own Key Ring '' `` The Devil Drops a Favor to the Noodle - Shop Clerk ''", "`` The Devil Demands a Rather Expensive Purchase ''", "`` The Hero Makes Her Own Key Ring ''", "`` The Devil Drops a Favor to the Noodle - Shop Clerk ''", "Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 1 ) '' Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 2 ) ''", "Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 1 ) ''", "Chapter X : `` The Devil and the Hero Buy a Children 's Futon ( Part 2 ) ''", "11 March 27 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 892768 - 0 May 22 , 2018 ISBN 978 - 1 - 975 - 32643 - 2", "12 October 27 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 04 - 893424 - 4 -- --", "A 13 - episode anime television series adaptation of The Devil Is a Part - Timer ! , produced by White Fox and directed by Naoto Hosoda , aired between April 4 and June 27 , 2013 . The anime has Masahiro Yokotani as the script supervisor and Atsushi Ikariya adapts 029 's characters designs . Funimation streamed the series as it aired and released it on home video in summer 2014 . The opening theme is `` Zero ! ! '' by Minami Kuribayashi . There are three ending theme songs , `` Gekka '' ( 月 花 , lit . `` Moon Flower '' ) , `` Star Chart '' ( スター チャート , Sutā Chāto ) , and `` Tsumabiku Hitori '' ( ツマビクヒトリ ) , all by Nano Ripe ." ]

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[ "Crystal City , Texas City and county seat Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Crystal City Nickname ( s ) : Spinach Capital of the World Location of Crystal City , Texas Coordinates : 28 ° 41 ′ 4 '' N 99 ° 49 ′ 40 '' W  /  28.68444 ° N 99.82778 ° W  / 28.68444 ; - 99.82778 Coordinates : 28 ° 41 ′ 4 '' N 99 ° 49 ′ 40 '' W  /  28.68444 ° N 99.82778 ° W  / 28.68444 ; - 99.82778 Country United States State Texas County Zavala Government Mayor Frank Moreno Junior Area Total 3.6 sq mi ( 9.4 km ) Land 3.6 sq mi ( 9.4 km ) Water 0.0 sq mi ( 0.0 km ) Elevation 558 ft ( 170 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 7,138 Estimate ( 2014 ) 7,513 Density 2,000 / sq mi ( 760 / km ) Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP code 78839 Area code ( s ) 830 FIPS code 48 - 18020 GNIS feature ID 1355449 Website cityofcc.org", "Crystal City , Texas", "City and county seat", "Sacred Heart Catholic Church in Crystal City", "Nickname ( s ) : Spinach Capital of the World", "Location of Crystal City , Texas", "Coordinates : 28 ° 41 ′ 4 '' N 99 ° 49 ′ 40 '' W  /  28.68444 ° N 99.82778 ° W  / 28.68444 ; - 99.82778 Coordinates : 28 ° 41 ′ 4 '' N 99 ° 49 ′ 40 '' W  /  28.68444 ° N 99.82778 ° W  / 28.68444 ; - 99.82778", "Country United States", "State Texas", "County Zavala", "Government", "Mayor Frank Moreno Junior", "Area", "Total 3.6 sq mi ( 9.4 km )", "Land 3.6 sq mi ( 9.4 km )", "Water 0.0 sq mi ( 0.0 km )", "Elevation 558 ft ( 170 m )", "Population ( 2010 )", "Total 7,138", "Estimate ( 2014 ) 7,513", "Density 2,000 / sq mi ( 760 / km )", "Time zone Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 )", "Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 )", "ZIP code 78839", "Area code ( s ) 830", "FIPS code 48 - 18020", "GNIS feature ID 1355449", "Website cityofcc.org", "Crystal City is a city in and the county seat of Zavala County , Texas , United States . The population was 7,138 at the 2010 census . It was settled as a farming and ranching community and was a major railroad stop being 110 miles ( 180 km ) from San Antonio . Spinach became a major crop and the city has promoted itself as `` Spinach Capital of the World . '' During World War II , a large internment camp was located here . The town is also noteworthy in the history of Mexican American political self - determination for the founding of the La Raza Unida Party .", "Crystal City was originally settled by American farmers and ranchers producing cattle and various crops . Crystal City was a major stop along with San Antonio , Uvalde , Carrizo Springs , and Corpus Christi on the defunct San Antonio , Uvalde and Gulf Railroad , which operated from 1909 until it was merged into the Missouri Pacific Railroad in 1956 . From 1909 to 1912 , the SAU&G was known as the Crystal City and Uvalde Railroad . There was also an eastern link to Fowlerton near Cotulla in La Salle County . The remaining San Antonio - to - Corpus Christi route is now under the Union Pacific system .", "The successful production of spinach evolved into a dominant industry . By March 26 , 1937 , the growers had erected a statue of the cartoon character Popeye in the town because his reliance on spinach for strength led to greater popularity for the vegetable , which had become a staple cash crop of the local economy . Early in its history , the area known as the `` Winter Garden District '' was deemed the `` Spinach Capital of the World '' ( a title contested by Alma , Arkansas ) . The first Spinach Festival was held in 1936 . It was put on hold during World War II and later years . The Festival was resumed in 1982 . The Spinach Festival is traditionally held on the second weekend in November , and draws former residents ( many of them former migrant farm workers ) from Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , California , Washington State , and beyond .", "During World War II , Crystal City was home to the largest of the World War II internment camps , having housed American civilians of German , Japanese , and Italian ancestry .", "With the stream of refugees fleeing the Mexican Revolution of 1910 , and later added to by Mexican migrant workers lured by the local spinach industry , the demographics of the small rural city began to shift over the years since its 1910 incorporation , due to its proximity to the U.S. / Mexico border . By 1963 , Crystal City experienced a tumultuous Mexican American electoral victory , as the swiftly emerging Mexican American majority elected fellow Mexican American to the city council , led by Juan Cornejo , a local representative of the Teamsters Union at the Del Monte cannery in Crystal City . The newly elected all Mexican American city council , and the succeeding administration , had trouble governing the city because of political factions among the new officials . Cornejo was selected mayor from among the five new council members . His quest for control of the city government eventually led to his loss of political support . Although these five elected officials known as `` Los Cinco '' only held office for two years , many consider this moment the `` spark '' or starting point of what became known as the Chicano Movement . A new group made up of both Anglos and Mexican Americans , the Citizens Association Serving All Americans , announced its plans to run candidates for countywide offices in 1964 , and won .", "By the late 1960s , Crystal City would become the location of continued activism in the civil rights movement among its Mexican American majority population , and the birthplace of the third party political movement known as La Raza Unida Party founded by three Chicanos , including José Ángel Gutiérrez over a conflict about the ethnicity of cheerleaders at Crystal City High School . 200 Mexican American students went out on strike with their parents ' support . La Raza Unida , and related organizations , then won election to most offices in Crystal City and Zavala County in the periods between 1969 and 1980 , when the party declined at the local level .", "In the 1970s , following protests of charges ( essentially non-payment of services ) on the part of La Raza Unida , Crystal City 's natural gas supply was shut off by its only supplier . Crystal City residents were forced to resort to mostly wood burning stoves and individual propane gas tanks for cooking . To this day , there is no natural gas supplier in the Crystal City area , although most residents purchase propane from the city .", "In 1976 , eleven officials in Crystal City were indicted on various counts . Angel Noe Gonzalez , the former Crystal City Independent School District superintendent who later worked in the United States Department of Education in Washington , D.C. , upon his indictment retained the San Antonio lawyer and later mayor , Phil Hardberger . Gonzalez was charged with paying Adan Cantu for doing no work . Hardberger , however , documented to the court specific duties that Cantu had performed and disputed all the witnesses called against Cantu . The jury unanimously acquitted Gonzalez . Many newspapers reported on the indictments but not on the acquittal . John Luke Hill , the 1978 Democratic gubernatorial nominee , had sought to weaken La Raza Unida so that he would not lose general election votes to a third party candidate . Victory , however , went not to Hill but narrowly to his successful Republican rival , Bill Clements . Compean received only 15,000 votes , or 0.6 percent , just under Clements 's 17,000 - vote plurality over Hill .", "In February 2016 , almost every top official of the city was arrested under a federal indictment accusing them of taking bribes from contractors and providing city workers to assist an illegal gambling operator , Ngoc Tri Nguyen . Mayor Ricardo Lopez , city attorney William Jonas , Mayor Pro Tem Rogelio Mata , council member Roel Mata. and former council member Gilbert Urrabazo . A second councilman , Marco Rodriguez was already charged in a separate case with smuggling Mexican immigrants . A week earlier Lopez was taken into custody for assault and disorderly conduct during a city council meeting in which a recall election to remove himself and two other city council members was discussed . In December , Jonas surrendered to authorities after being charged with assault for allegedly manhandling an elderly woman who was trying to enter a city council meeting . That left one councilman free of federal charges .", "According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 3.6 square miles ( 9.4 km2 ) , all of it land . Major bodies of water near Crystal City include the Nueces River and Averhoff Reservoir . Soils are well drained reddish brown to grayish brown sandy loam or clay loam of the Brystal , Pryor and Tonio series ; the Brystal is neutral to mildly alkaline and the other two tend to be moderately alkaline .", "Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1930 6,609 -- 1940 6,529 − 1.2 % 1950 7,198 10.2 % 1960 9,101 26.4 % 1970 8,104 − 11.0 % 1980 8,334 2.8 % 8,263 − 0.9 % 2000 7,190 − 13.0 % 7,138 − 0.7 % Est. 2016 7,359 3.1 % U.S. Decennial Census", "Historical population", "Census Pop . % ±", "1930 6,609 --", "1940 6,529 − 1.2 %", "1950 7,198 10.2 %", "1960 9,101 26.4 %", "1970 8,104 − 11.0 %", "1980 8,334 2.8 %", "8,263 − 0.9 %", "2000 7,190 − 13.0 %", "7,138 − 0.7 %", "Est. 2016 7,359 3.1 %", "U.S. Decennial Census", "As of the census of 2000 , there were 7,190 people , 2,183 households , and 1,781 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,974.1 people per square mile ( 762.7 / km2 ) . There were 2,500 housing units at an average density of 686.4 per square mile ( 265.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 67.96 % White , 0.67 % African American , 0.39 % Native American , 0.10 % Asian , 0.06 % Pacific Islander , 28.33 % from other races , and 2.50 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 94.97 % of the population .", "There were 2,183 households out of which 43.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 51.9 % were married couples living together , 25.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 18.4 % were non-families. 16.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 3.25 and the average family size was 3.67 .", "In the city , the population was spread out with 34.9 % under the age of 18 , 9.6 % from 18 to 24 , 24.2 % from 25 to 44 , 18.7 % from 45 to 64 , and 12.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 29 years . For every 100 females , there were 91.2 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 86.1 males .", "The median income for a household in the city was $15,400 , and the median income for a family was $17,555 . Males had a median income of $22,217 versus $14,591 for females . The per capita income for the city was $8,899 . About 39.8 % of families and 44.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 51.3 % of those under age 18 and 43.2 % of those age 65 or over .", "The Crystal City Correctional Center , a private prison , was previously one of the largest employers in the Crystal City area when it housed prisoners from a variety of jurisdictions , including federal prisoners .", "South of Crystal City on U.S. Highway 83 is Ecoloclean Industries , founded in 2001 . The company engages in the manufacture and sale of machines for the treatment of contaminated water . In 2005 , the company was retained by officials in Biloxi , Mississippi , to provide drinking water to Hurricane Katrina victims and to establish water remediation needed in the aftermath of the storm along the Mississippi Gulf Coast .", "Crystal City is served by the Crystal City Independent School District . The high school teams are known as the Javelinas .", "There is also a branch of Southwest Texas Junior College , of which the main campus is to the north in Uvalde ." ]

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[ "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Genre Sitcom Created by Danny Kallis Jim Geoghan Starring Cole Sprouse Dylan Sprouse Brenda Song Ashley Tisdale Phill Lewis Kim Rhodes Theme music composer Gary Scott ( music ) John Adair & Steve Hampton ( lyrics ) Opening theme `` Here I Am '' performed by Loren Ellis and The Drew Davis Band Ending theme `` Here I Am '' ( instrumental ) ( episodes 1 -- 34 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 87 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Kallis Irene Dreayer Pamela Eells O'Connell ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Jim Geoghan ( season 3 ) Camera setup Videotape , multi-camera Running time 22 -- 23 minutes Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Television Group Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 480i SD Original release March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) -- September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) Chronology Followed by The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) External links Website disneychannel.disney.com/the-suite-life-of-zack-and-cody", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", "Genre Sitcom", "Created by Danny Kallis Jim Geoghan", "Starring Cole Sprouse Dylan Sprouse Brenda Song Ashley Tisdale Phill Lewis Kim Rhodes", "Cole Sprouse Dylan Sprouse Brenda Song Ashley Tisdale Phill Lewis Kim Rhodes", "Cole Sprouse Dylan Sprouse", "Theme music composer Gary Scott ( music ) John Adair & Steve Hampton ( lyrics )", "Opening theme `` Here I Am '' performed by Loren Ellis and The Drew Davis Band", "Ending theme `` Here I Am '' ( instrumental ) ( episodes 1 -- 34 )", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 87 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Danny Kallis Irene Dreayer Pamela Eells O'Connell ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Jim Geoghan ( season 3 )", "Danny Kallis Irene Dreayer Pamela Eells O'Connell ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Jim Geoghan ( season 3 )", "Pamela Eells O'Connell ( seasons 2 -- 3 )", "Jim Geoghan ( season 3 )", "Camera setup Videotape , multi-camera", "Running time 22 -- 23 minutes", "Production company ( s ) It 's a Laugh Productions", "Distributor Disney -- ABC Television Group", "Release", "Original network Disney Channel", "Picture format 480i SD", "Original release March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) -- September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 )", "Chronology", "Followed by The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 )", "External links", "Website disneychannel.disney.com/the-suite-life-of-zack-and-cody", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is an American sitcom created by Danny Kallis and Jim Geoghan . The series was first broadcast on Disney Channel on March 18 , 2005 , with 4 million viewers , making it the most successful premiere for Disney Channel in 2005 . It was one of their first five shows available on the iTunes Store . The series was nominated for an Emmy Award three times and was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award three times . The show was also a long - standing staple of the now defunct ABC Kids Saturday morning block on ABC .", "The series is set in the Tipton Hotel in Boston and centers on Zack Martin and Cody Martin ( Dylan and Cole Sprouse ) , troublesome twins who live at the Tipton Hotel . The series ' other main characters include the Tipton hotel 's ditzy heiress London Tipton ( Brenda Song ) , the hotel 's candy counter girl Maddie Fitzpatrick ( Ashley Tisdale ) , the manager , Mr. Marion Moseby ( Phill Lewis ) , and the boys ' single mother who is also the Hotel 's lounge singer , Carey Martin ( Kim Rhodes ) . The series is the third Disney Channel Original to have more than 65 episodes , after That 's So Raven and Kim Possible . Reruns aired on Disney XD and on the Watch Disney XD app . Reruns of the show aired on Disney Channel until April 14 , 2017 .", "The Suite Life spawned a sequel series , also starring the Sprouse twins in their respective roles as Zack and Cody , called The Suite Life on Deck , which aired on the Disney Channel from 2008 to 2011 . A TV movie based on both series , The Suite Life Movie , premiered on Disney Channel on March 25 , 2011 .", "The show centers upon Zack and Cody Martin , twin brothers who live in the Tipton Hotel ( parody of the Hilton Hotel ) in Boston , where their mother , Carey , sings and performs in the hotel lounge . However , it also centers upon the hotel owner 's teenage daughter , London Tipton ( A parody of Paris Hilton ) , who is very wealthy and ditzy , the hotel 's down - to - earth candy - counter girl , Maddie Fitzpatrick , and Mr. Moseby , the strict , dutiful , and serious manager , who is often the foil to Zack and Cody 's schemes and has a liking to the piano , pocket hankies and ballet . The show is often set at the Tipton Hotel , but have other settings such as Zack and Cody 's school , Cheevers High , and Maddie and London 's private school , Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic . Zack and Cody often get in trouble ( sometimes unintentionally ) and come up with witty ideas to get out of it .", "Cole Sprouse portrays Cody Martin , the calm , mature , and smarter twin . He is a `` straight A '' student ( except for wood shop , in which he receives a C , but uses Pass Fail ) , making him better , academically , than his brother Zack , who gets `` D '' s . In the first season of the show , it was revealed that Cody is ten minutes younger than Zack . Janice and Jessica seem to like Cody more ( due to his sensitive nature ) . Cody has an on - again , off - again girlfriend named Barbara . Cody has attended a Week in Washington program and math camp . Cody is the more gentle twin compared to his brother and somehow always gets talked into going along with Zack 's schemes . In The Fairest of Them All , he dressed as a girl to win money . He never drinks soda after 9 : 30 ( unless he is at a bachelor party ) . Dylan Sprouse portrays Zack Martin , the self - centered , outgoing , immature twin , who usually dresses in skater and baggy - camo clothes . At school , he is a straight `` D '' student , although he does well in wood shop . In the first season of the show it was revealed that Zack is ten minutes older than Cody , as he was born at 6 : 30 and Cody at 6 : 40 which he uses against Cody , normally telling him , since he 's older , to do some sort of job that he does n't want to do . Or in some cases , give him `` brotherly '' advice because , `` I 'm the older twin . '' He has a big crush on Maddie , but after the first season , he was showing this less frequently . He has also taken advantage of his teachers and has faked conditions like dyslexia ( in Smart and Smarterer ) . Brenda Song portrays London Tipton , the only daughter of Wilfred Tipton , the owner of the Tipton Hotel . London is a rich , dimwitted teenager with her own private suite at the Tipton Hotel in Boston , complete with a large wardrobe with several divisions ( each with their own talking mirror ) and a kitchen . London loves fashion ; she only wears designer clothes and hates plaid , especially the plaid Catholic school uniforms . She does not have a nanny , or any other adult , to help her but relies on the Tipton Hotel Staff for any assistance or guidance . In the episode Forever Plaid , due to her poor attendance at her old school , she transferred to the same Catholic girls ' school , `` Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow , '' that Maddie attends . In the episode First Day of High School , London transfers to Zack and Cody 's public school , `` Cheevers High , '' due to being expelled from all of the private schools she had previously attended . She dislikes her step - moms ( previous and current ) and usually talks to Mr. Moseby and Maddie about her problems . When happy she always claps her hands repeatedly while saying her catchphrase , `` Yay me ! '' She also has her own web show called Yay Me ! Starring London Tipton that exists both within the program and in the real world . London often refuses to go to school and even skipped detention twice . Though it seems like London may lead the ultimate rich - girl life , her childhood was not perfect . In the episode Arwinstein , she states she is allergic to lobster , although in one episode she asked Maddie for a lobster dinner . However , it is possible that she developed an allergy to lobster after the earlier episodes and before the later ones . It is also revealed in one episode that she must think about what she does before doing it . For example , she was walking through the lobby while thinking `` left , right , blink , breathe '' in the episode Super Twins ( although this was Zack 's dream ) . London is a shopaholic who shops to fill the void of lack of attention from her father . Ashley Tisdale portrays Maddie Fitzpatrick , the teenage candy - counter girl at the Tipton Hotel , who throughout the series holds several other jobs / positions including a cashier at the Cluck Bucket , manager on the Camp Tipton Daycare Center , and counselor for her school 's summer camp program -- Camp Heaven on Earth . She also visits Antarctica during the series to help save the penguins . While she comes from a lower - class family , Maddie is very hard - working , outspoken , and intelligent . On the occasions that her selfish side comes out , she can be a bigger opportunist than London , though she always loses out when this side of her personality is shown . Like Esteban , it is shown she has an incredibly long name ; in the episode `` Pilot Your Own Life , '' it is revealed to be Madeline Margaret Genevieve Miranda Catherine Fitzpatrick . She attends private school at `` Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow '' and later attends `` Cheevers High . '' Maddie is London 's closest friend , though London often treats her like a servant , as in the episode Footloser , usually bribing her with money . Maddie also babysat Zack and Cody throughout season one . Zack has a huge crush on her in Season One , however the crush is less visible during the other two seasons . She is a strong supporter of environmental causes . She is left - handed . It is revealed that she has asthma . She also plays volleyball as seen in the episode `` Volley Dad . She appeared sporadically throughout Season 3 . Phill Lewis portrays Mr. Marion Moseby , the stern and uptight manager of the Tipton Hotel , who speaks with a large vocabulary and an urbane vernacular , and is often annoyed by Zack 's and Cody 's schemes . It is later revealed that his first name is Marion and the majority of the other characters often made fun of his masculinity because of his feminine name , as well as his experience as a ballet dancer . His repeated catch phrases , `` Good luck with that '' or `` Pish posh '' have become his trademark . Though he acts as though he does not care about the boys , he actually has a great deal of affection for them . For example , when Mr. Moseby took the boys to a baseball game , he caught a ball for Cody , ultimately making Mr. Moseby `` the most hated man in Boston '' . In the episode `` The Ghost of 613 , '' it is revealed that he started out at the Tipton as a bellhop back in the 1970s , and had a `` voluminous ' fro '' . Mr. Moseby is more of a father to London than her own , because Mr. Tipton is seldom around . Moseby even taught London how to walk , her ABCs , and tried to teach her how to drive . He cares for London and treats her like his own child . He also helps London with any problems she is having . He was also known as the `` Meanager , '' due to his stern persona . He has an older brother named Spencer , who is a little person ( played by Dana Michael Woods ) , who is very wealthy and lactose intolerant . His mother 's ' name is Beulah Moseby , who favors Spencer , but still likes Marion . His grandmother is Rose Moseby ( whom Phill Lewis also plays ) who visits him in the episode `` Nugget of History '' . He has a 16 - year - old niece named Nia Moseby ( played by Giovonnie Samuels ) who comes to stay with him during the third season and temporarily replaces Maddie as candy counter girl , while she is in Antarctica .", "Cole Sprouse portrays Cody Martin , the calm , mature , and smarter twin . He is a `` straight A '' student ( except for wood shop , in which he receives a C , but uses Pass Fail ) , making him better , academically , than his brother Zack , who gets `` D '' s . In the first season of the show , it was revealed that Cody is ten minutes younger than Zack . Janice and Jessica seem to like Cody more ( due to his sensitive nature ) . Cody has an on - again , off - again girlfriend named Barbara . Cody has attended a Week in Washington program and math camp . Cody is the more gentle twin compared to his brother and somehow always gets talked into going along with Zack 's schemes . In The Fairest of Them All , he dressed as a girl to win money . He never drinks soda after 9 : 30 ( unless he is at a bachelor party ) .", "Dylan Sprouse portrays Zack Martin , the self - centered , outgoing , immature twin , who usually dresses in skater and baggy - camo clothes . At school , he is a straight `` D '' student , although he does well in wood shop . In the first season of the show it was revealed that Zack is ten minutes older than Cody , as he was born at 6 : 30 and Cody at 6 : 40 which he uses against Cody , normally telling him , since he 's older , to do some sort of job that he does n't want to do . Or in some cases , give him `` brotherly '' advice because , `` I 'm the older twin . '' He has a big crush on Maddie , but after the first season , he was showing this less frequently . He has also taken advantage of his teachers and has faked conditions like dyslexia ( in Smart and Smarterer ) .", "Brenda Song portrays London Tipton , the only daughter of Wilfred Tipton , the owner of the Tipton Hotel . London is a rich , dimwitted teenager with her own private suite at the Tipton Hotel in Boston , complete with a large wardrobe with several divisions ( each with their own talking mirror ) and a kitchen . London loves fashion ; she only wears designer clothes and hates plaid , especially the plaid Catholic school uniforms . She does not have a nanny , or any other adult , to help her but relies on the Tipton Hotel Staff for any assistance or guidance . In the episode Forever Plaid , due to her poor attendance at her old school , she transferred to the same Catholic girls ' school , `` Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow , '' that Maddie attends . In the episode First Day of High School , London transfers to Zack and Cody 's public school , `` Cheevers High , '' due to being expelled from all of the private schools she had previously attended . She dislikes her step - moms ( previous and current ) and usually talks to Mr. Moseby and Maddie about her problems . When happy she always claps her hands repeatedly while saying her catchphrase , `` Yay me ! '' She also has her own web show called Yay Me ! Starring London Tipton that exists both within the program and in the real world . London often refuses to go to school and even skipped detention twice . Though it seems like London may lead the ultimate rich - girl life , her childhood was not perfect . In the episode Arwinstein , she states she is allergic to lobster , although in one episode she asked Maddie for a lobster dinner . However , it is possible that she developed an allergy to lobster after the earlier episodes and before the later ones . It is also revealed in one episode that she must think about what she does before doing it . For example , she was walking through the lobby while thinking `` left , right , blink , breathe '' in the episode Super Twins ( although this was Zack 's dream ) . London is a shopaholic who shops to fill the void of lack of attention from her father .", "Ashley Tisdale portrays Maddie Fitzpatrick , the teenage candy - counter girl at the Tipton Hotel , who throughout the series holds several other jobs / positions including a cashier at the Cluck Bucket , manager on the Camp Tipton Daycare Center , and counselor for her school 's summer camp program -- Camp Heaven on Earth . She also visits Antarctica during the series to help save the penguins . While she comes from a lower - class family , Maddie is very hard - working , outspoken , and intelligent . On the occasions that her selfish side comes out , she can be a bigger opportunist than London , though she always loses out when this side of her personality is shown . Like Esteban , it is shown she has an incredibly long name ; in the episode `` Pilot Your Own Life , '' it is revealed to be Madeline Margaret Genevieve Miranda Catherine Fitzpatrick . She attends private school at `` Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow '' and later attends `` Cheevers High . '' Maddie is London 's closest friend , though London often treats her like a servant , as in the episode Footloser , usually bribing her with money . Maddie also babysat Zack and Cody throughout season one . Zack has a huge crush on her in Season One , however the crush is less visible during the other two seasons . She is a strong supporter of environmental causes . She is left - handed . It is revealed that she has asthma . She also plays volleyball as seen in the episode `` Volley Dad . She appeared sporadically throughout Season 3 .", "Phill Lewis portrays Mr. Marion Moseby , the stern and uptight manager of the Tipton Hotel , who speaks with a large vocabulary and an urbane vernacular , and is often annoyed by Zack 's and Cody 's schemes . It is later revealed that his first name is Marion and the majority of the other characters often made fun of his masculinity because of his feminine name , as well as his experience as a ballet dancer . His repeated catch phrases , `` Good luck with that '' or `` Pish posh '' have become his trademark . Though he acts as though he does not care about the boys , he actually has a great deal of affection for them . For example , when Mr. Moseby took the boys to a baseball game , he caught a ball for Cody , ultimately making Mr. Moseby `` the most hated man in Boston '' . In the episode `` The Ghost of 613 , '' it is revealed that he started out at the Tipton as a bellhop back in the 1970s , and had a `` voluminous ' fro '' . Mr. Moseby is more of a father to London than her own , because Mr. Tipton is seldom around . Moseby even taught London how to walk , her ABCs , and tried to teach her how to drive . He cares for London and treats her like his own child . He also helps London with any problems she is having . He was also known as the `` Meanager , '' due to his stern persona . He has an older brother named Spencer , who is a little person ( played by Dana Michael Woods ) , who is very wealthy and lactose intolerant . His mother 's ' name is Beulah Moseby , who favors Spencer , but still likes Marion . His grandmother is Rose Moseby ( whom Phill Lewis also plays ) who visits him in the episode `` Nugget of History '' . He has a 16 - year - old niece named Nia Moseby ( played by Giovonnie Samuels ) who comes to stay with him during the third season and temporarily replaces Maddie as candy counter girl , while she is in Antarctica .", "A running gag of the series is that Mr. Moseby often makes a fool of himself in front of people ( e.g. : hitting a baby doll that would n't stop crying against a chair when a woman with a baby walked by ) , or making a sarcastic comment about himself ( that the customers think is true , and not sarcastic ) . Another running joke is that he often just barely catches a vase on the center table of the lobby from falling , although he fails to do that in the series ' finale . In his schooling he was captain of the cheerleading squad ; his experience with cheering comes in useful in a cheer - off . He also was a junior putt - putt champion and taught Zack how to succeed in playing mini-golf . Mr. Moseby also took ballet lessons and is a very good dancer . When he practiced and participated in Esteban 's dance school , he was temporarily partnered with Carey , but found it hard to dance with her since she is much taller than he is , which all the other characters made fun of much to his dismay . He also takes advantage of Zack and Cody in some cases , like in the episode `` Heck 's Kitchen '' he treats them with room service so they will find a food critic . He makes a brief appearance in the Disney Channel sitcom Jessie where it is revealed that he now manages the Tipton Hotel in New York .", "A running gag of the series is that Mr. Moseby often makes a fool of himself in front of people ( e.g. : hitting a baby doll that would n't stop crying against a chair when a woman with a baby walked by ) , or making a sarcastic comment about himself ( that the customers think is true , and not sarcastic ) . Another running joke is that he often just barely catches a vase on the center table of the lobby from falling , although he fails to do that in the series ' finale . In his schooling he was captain of the cheerleading squad ; his experience with cheering comes in useful in a cheer - off . He also was a junior putt - putt champion and taught Zack how to succeed in playing mini-golf . Mr. Moseby also took ballet lessons and is a very good dancer . When he practiced and participated in Esteban 's dance school , he was temporarily partnered with Carey , but found it hard to dance with her since she is much taller than he is , which all the other characters made fun of much to his dismay . He also takes advantage of Zack and Cody in some cases , like in the episode `` Heck 's Kitchen '' he treats them with room service so they will find a food critic . He makes a brief appearance in the Disney Channel sitcom Jessie where it is revealed that he now manages the Tipton Hotel in New York .", "Kim Rhodes portrays Carey Martin , the single working mother of Zack and Cody . She is the hotel 's lounge singer , who sings beautifully . She and her sons traveled to several cities before arriving at the Boston Tipton Hotel , which she called the `` best gig we 've ever had . '' She was married to Kurt Martin , but they divorced after the twins were born for unstated reasons . Arwin has made it known on several occasions that he has a massive crush on her ( a crush that did n't wane during the series ' course ) . Whenever Carey kisses Arwin , he faints . When Zack and Cody have an argument , she tells them stories about her ex-boyfriends , much to their dismay .", "Kim Rhodes portrays Carey Martin , the single working mother of Zack and Cody . She is the hotel 's lounge singer , who sings beautifully . She and her sons traveled to several cities before arriving at the Boston Tipton Hotel , which she called the `` best gig we 've ever had . '' She was married to Kurt Martin , but they divorced after the twins were born for unstated reasons . Arwin has made it known on several occasions that he has a massive crush on her ( a crush that did n't wane during the series ' course ) . Whenever Carey kisses Arwin , he faints . When Zack and Cody have an argument , she tells them stories about her ex-boyfriends , much to their dismay .", "Throughout the series ' run , Brenda Song was absent for two episodes while Ashley Tisdale was absent from twelve episodes . All other main cast members appeared in all 87 episodes .", "Below is a list of cast members who have appeared in significant roles as recurring characters throughout the series . Each of the cast members listed has appeared in between 6 and 45 episodes and the list is ordered according to the number of episodes credited ( highest number first ) . A complete list of all characters who have appeared more than once is included at list of recurring characters in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody .", "Actor Character Seasons Adrian R'Mante Esteban Ramirez Recurring Brian Stepanek Arwin Hawkhauser Recurring Charlie Stewart Bob Recurring Estelle Harris Muriel Recurring Guest Aaron Musicant Lance Fishman Recurring Sophie Oda Barbara Brownstein Recurring Kara Taitz Millicent Recurring Patrick Bristow Patrick Recurring Adam Tait Various characters Recurring Anthony Acker Norman Recurring Camilla and Rebecca Rosso Janice and Jessica Recurring Giovonnie Samuels Nia Moseby Recurring Monique Coleman Mary Margaret Recurring Alyson Stoner Max Recurring Robert Torti Kurt Martin Recurring Sharon Jordan Irene Recurring", "Actor Character Seasons", "", "Adrian R'Mante Esteban Ramirez Recurring", "Brian Stepanek Arwin Hawkhauser Recurring", "Charlie Stewart Bob Recurring", "Estelle Harris Muriel Recurring Guest", "Aaron Musicant Lance Fishman Recurring", "Sophie Oda Barbara Brownstein Recurring", "Kara Taitz Millicent Recurring", "Patrick Bristow Patrick Recurring", "Adam Tait Various characters Recurring", "Anthony Acker Norman Recurring", "Camilla and Rebecca Rosso Janice and Jessica Recurring", "Giovonnie Samuels Nia Moseby Recurring", "Monique Coleman Mary Margaret Recurring", "Alyson Stoner Max Recurring", "Robert Torti Kurt Martin Recurring", "Sharon Jordan Irene Recurring", "Actor Appearing as Season Episode Moises Arias Randall Day Care Cheryl Burke Shannon Loosely Ballroom The Cheetah Girls Themselves Doin ' Time in Suite 2330 Chris Brown Himself Doin ' Time in Suite 2330 Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana Michael Clarke Duncan Coach Little Benchwarmers Daniella Monet Dana Benchwarmers Zac Efron Trevor Odd Couples Tony Hawk Himself Foiled Again Mark Indelicato Antonio Lip Synchin ' in the Rain Kathryn Joosten Grandma Marilyn Not So Suite 16 Victoria Justice Rebecca The Fairest of Them All Nathan Kress Jamie Back in the Game Meaghan Jette Martin Stacey Sleepover Suite Jesse McCartney Himself Rock Star in the House Daryl Mitchell Daryl Back in the Game Tahj Mowry Brandon Scary Movie Kathy Najimy Principal Milletidge First Day of High School Kay Panabaker Amber First Day of High School Tom Poston Merle Ah ! Wilderness Raven - Symoné Raven Baxter That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana Drew Seeley Geoffrey Romancing the Phone Jaden Smith Travis Romancing the Phone Mindy Sterling Sister Rose Volley Dad The Veronicas Themselves The Suite Life Goes Hollywood Part 2 D.C. Douglas Snooty Interviewer Books & Birdhouses", "Actor Appearing as Season Episode", "Moises Arias Randall Day Care", "Cheryl Burke Shannon Loosely Ballroom", "The Cheetah Girls Themselves Doin ' Time in Suite 2330", "Chris Brown Himself Doin ' Time in Suite 2330", "Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana", "Michael Clarke Duncan Coach Little Benchwarmers", "Daniella Monet Dana Benchwarmers", "Zac Efron Trevor Odd Couples", "Tony Hawk Himself Foiled Again", "Mark Indelicato Antonio Lip Synchin ' in the Rain", "Kathryn Joosten Grandma Marilyn Not So Suite 16", "Victoria Justice Rebecca The Fairest of Them All", "Nathan Kress Jamie Back in the Game", "Meaghan Jette Martin Stacey Sleepover Suite", "Jesse McCartney Himself Rock Star in the House", "Daryl Mitchell Daryl Back in the Game", "Tahj Mowry Brandon Scary Movie", "Kathy Najimy Principal Milletidge First Day of High School", "Kay Panabaker Amber First Day of High School", "Tom Poston Merle Ah ! Wilderness", "Raven - Symoné Raven Baxter That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana", "Drew Seeley Geoffrey Romancing the Phone", "Jaden Smith Travis Romancing the Phone", "Mindy Sterling Sister Rose Volley Dad", "The Veronicas Themselves The Suite Life Goes Hollywood Part 2", "D.C. Douglas Snooty Interviewer Books & Birdhouses", "The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike resulted in the series being on hiatus . When the strike ended , new episodes began airing on April 19 , 2008 . The show eventually ended for good with its series finale , a total of three seasons and 87 episodes on September 1 , 2008 .", "Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) January 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 27 ) 39 February 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) June 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 02 ) 22 June 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 )", "Season Episodes Originally aired", "First aired Last aired", "26 March 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 18 ) January 27 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 27 )", "39 February 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 03 ) June 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 02 )", "22 June 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 )", "The episode `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' is the second part of a three - way crossover that begins on That 's So Raven and concludes on Hannah Montana . Raven Baxter meets Zack and Cody as she visits the Tipton Hotel to do a photo shoot promoting a new fashion line for boys , only to have a troubling psychic vision of Cody . In the meantime , London refuses to wear one of Raven 's original designs until Hannah Montana stops by and shows an interest in the fashions .", "Tipton Hotel", "The Tipton Hotel is where Zack , Cody , Carey , and London all live , and where the majority of the other characters in the series work . It is the main setting for the series . The Tipton Hotel is located in Boston , Massachusetts . Hotel Vancouver is used for the exterior of the hotel .", "The SS Tipton", "The SS Tipton", "In the episode `` Let Us Entertain You '' , Zack , Cody , and Carey spent a week vacationing on board the SS Tipton . It is also the setting of the sequel series , The Suite Life on Deck . The first time the SS Tipton is referenced is in the episode , `` To Catch a Thief '' . While Maddie talks to London on the phone a life preserver with the words `` S.S. Tipton '' can be seen in the background .", "Buckner Middle School", "Buckner Middle School", "The twins ' Middle School . The school 's mascot is a badger .", "In the scene outside of the school where a few students are walking between two buildings shows `` The Mall '' area that 's located in Lincoln Park High School , in Chicago , Illinois . Some of the students that attend Buckner were Max , Bob , and Agnes . Carey would come sit outside of the detention area while Zack was being punished . She said when she was outside the principal 's office at Cheevers High that , `` Thanks to Zack , I knitted 32 sweaters and an afghan . ''", "The name comes from former - Boston Red Sox first baseman Bill Buckner .", "Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic School", "Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic School", "Maddie and Mary Margaret ( Monique Coleman ) attended this private school in season one . Later in season two , Corrie ( Vanessa Hudgens ) and Leslie ( Kaycee Stroh ) were added to the minor cast , with London also attending the school in season two . In season three , London , Maddie , and Leslie no longer attend Our Lady . External shots of Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow Catholic School are of University College at the University of Toronto in Canada .", "Paul Revere Mini Mart", "Paul Revere Mini Mart", "Zack and Cody work at the Paul Revere mini mart for the manager , Wayne Wormser . The mini mart 's motto is , `` The savings are coming ! The savings are coming ! '' It is across the street from another mini mart with a patriotic name and theme , The Betsy Ross Stop and Shop , which is run by Wormser 's business enemy and fierce rival .", "Camp Heaven on Earth", "Camp Heaven on Earth", "The summer camp where Maddie works over the summer . The only part of the camp shown is the cabin in which Maddie and the young girls stay .", "Cheevers High School", "Cheevers High School", "Where Zack , Cody , London , Maddie , and Nia attend along with other students including Barbara , Bob , and Mark . This setting was used in `` Lip Synchin ' in the Rain , '' `` First Day of High School , '' `` Orchestra , '' and `` Benchwarmers . '' John Marshall High School ( Los Angeles , California ) is shown in a snapshot as Cheevers High School .", "Other places in Boston", "Other places in Boston", "Scenes also take place in several other places in Boston , including Fenway Park , a movie theater , Maddie 's apartment , the local shopping mall , a bowling alley ( The same bowling alley was used to film a scene from the Hannah Montana episode , `` People Who Use People '' ) , a miniature golf course , Kurt 's apartment , Mr. Moseby 's condo , the Goose Lodge , Liberty Park , an apartment where Maddie and her friends painted for a poor family for community service , Arwin 's apartment , camp Knock - a-Number , the forest that has Merele 's cabin , Kurt 's tour bus , the shop where Maddie demanded London give her inhaler , an art museum , a dance club , an alley with a garbage container , a pizza restaurant , Theo 's home , the `` Risk It All '' studio , the Cluck Bucket , an aptitude company , and the restaurant where Wayne `` dates '' London . There are even two episodes that take place in Hollywood , which includes a movie studio , LAX , a beach , Sunset Blvd , Hollywood Blvd , and the Tipton Los Angeles .", "The show 's theme song , `` Here I Am , '' was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton ( who also wrote the theme for the show 's spinoff The Suite Life on Deck , as well as for fellow Disney Channel series Phil of the Future , Wizards of Waverly Place , Good Luck Charlie , Shake It Up , Sonny with a Chance , Jonas , So Random ! , A.N.T. Farm , PrankStars , and Austin & Ally and the ABC Kids series Power Rangers : RPM ) , with music composed by Gary Scott ( who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks , which are styled similarly to the theme ) , and is performed by Loren Ellis and the Drew Davis Band ( who also performed the theme to Phil of the Future , and whose performance is uncredited ) . The theme was remixed for the ending credits of `` Rock Star in the House '' in a form similar to `` Beautiful Soul '' to accompany the episode 's guest appearance of Jesse McCartney .", "The opening title sequence to the show begins with a shot of the Tipton Hotel 's ground floor exterior , which then zooms to a window on what is presumed to be the 23rd Floor of the hotel ( where Zack , Cody and Carey 's suite is ) , which then displays clips from various episodes ( which were updated for each season ) , with five clips featuring each cast member being shown after the computerized Tipton hotel exterior shoots from window to window . The sequence then closes with the show 's title logo ( a door plaque with the words `` The Suite Life '' with a piece of paper with the words `` of Zack and Cody '' , made to look as if drawn by differently colored crayons , attached to it ) , which was accompanied by the Disney logo atop the title logo for the third season ( all Disney Channel sitcoms made from 2007 onwards feature the Disney logo above the title logo ) . Starting with season two , the cast members and creators ' names were displayed with a yellow glow around the text .", "The Suite Life on Deck is a sequel to The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , that debuted on Disney Channel on September 26 , 2008 , set on a cruise ship with Zack , Cody , and London attending a semester - at - sea program , while Mr. Moseby manages the ship . Debby Ryan joins the cast as Bailey Pickett , who becomes Zack and Cody 's friend ( and Cody 's girlfriend ) and London 's friend and roommate . The series also introduces Doc Shaw as Marcus Little , a former superstar who lost his fame after his voice changed . While an attempted spin - off , Arwin ! , which was to star Selena Gomez and Brian Stepanek , was not picked up by Disney Channel , The Suite Life on Deck skipped the pilot process and went straight to the series .", "On September 20 , 2010 , Disney Channel announced that production has begun for a Disney Channel Original Movie based on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck .", "The Suite Life Movie premiered on the Disney Channel in the United States and Canada on March 25 , 2011 . The Suite Life on Deck eventually ended on May 6 , 2011 .", "Year Award Recipient Result 2006 Young Hollywood Awards Superstar of Tomorrow Brenda Song Won Role Model Award Brenda Song Won Asian Excellence Awards Outstanding Newcomer Award Brenda Song Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Cole & Dylan Sprouse Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography Travis Payne ( Episode Commercial Breaks ) Nominated 2007 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Dylan Sprouse Nominated Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Guest Starring Young Actress Alyson Stoner Nominated Sammi Hanratty Nominated Monet Monico Won Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actor Charley Stewart Nominated Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actress Sophie Oda Nominated Best Family Television Series ( Comedy ) The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Won Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated 2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Dylan Sprouse Nominated 2008 UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Kids ' TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite Male TV Star Dylan Sprouse Nominated 2008 Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Fave International TV Star Ashley Tisdale Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series -- Recurring Young Actress Sammi Hanratty Nominated Alyson Stoner Nominated Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Nominated 2009 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated Dylan Sprouse Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Hunter Gomez Nominated The 10th Annual Crown Awards Best Hairstyle on Television Brenda Song Won", "Year Award Recipient Result", "2006 Young Hollywood Awards Superstar of Tomorrow Brenda Song Won", "Role Model Award Brenda Song Won", "Asian Excellence Awards Outstanding Newcomer Award Brenda Song Nominated", "Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Cole & Dylan Sprouse Nominated", "Emmy Awards Outstanding Choreography Travis Payne ( Episode Commercial Breaks ) Nominated", "2007 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated", "Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated", "Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated", "Dylan Sprouse Nominated", "Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Guest Starring Young Actress Alyson Stoner Nominated", "Sammi Hanratty Nominated", "Monet Monico Won", "Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actor Charley Stewart Nominated", "Best Performance In A TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Recurring Young Actress Sophie Oda Nominated", "Best Family Television Series ( Comedy ) The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Won", "Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated", "2008 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated", "Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated", "Dylan Sprouse Nominated", "2008 UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Kids ' TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated", "Favorite Male TV Star Dylan Sprouse Nominated", "2008 Australian Kids ' Choice Awards Fave International TV Star Ashley Tisdale Nominated", "Young Artist Awards Best Performance In A TV Series -- Recurring Young Actress Sammi Hanratty Nominated", "Alyson Stoner Nominated", "Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program The Suite Life of Zack and Cody Nominated", "2009 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Nominated", "Favorite TV Actor Cole Sprouse Nominated", "Dylan Sprouse Won", "Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV series -- Guest Starring Young Actor Hunter Gomez Nominated", "The 10th Annual Crown Awards Best Hairstyle on Television Brenda Song Won", "An Indian adaptation of the show , titled The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir , premiered on Disney Channel India on April 8 , 2012 . It ran for two seasons and ended on January 19 , 2014 .", "In 2005 , ABC 's child block ABC Kids aired The Suite Life of Zack and Cody until its closing in 2011 . Then it become Toon Disney 's first live - action comedy program in 2008 . After Toon Disney 's closing , they showed reruns on Disney XD . As of June 22 , 2015 , re-runs air on Disney Channel from 1 - 2 am eastern and from 4 - 5 am eastern . As of Fall 2015 , re-runs air on Disney Channel at 1 : 30am eastern and 4 : 30am eastern .", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is broadcast on the following stations ( and many others ) around the world :", "Country / region Network ( s ) Series premiere Title in country Source ( s ) Australia New Zealand Disney Channel Australia & New Zealand April 15 , 2005 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Canada Family Channel September 3 , 2005 Disney XD ( Canada ) June 1 , 2011 United States Disney Channel March 18 , 2005 N / A ABC Kids September 17 , 2005 Toon Disney September 1 , 2008 Disney XD February 13 , 2009", "Country / region Network ( s ) Series premiere Title in country Source ( s )", "Australia New Zealand Disney Channel Australia & New Zealand April 15 , 2005 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", "Canada Family Channel September 3 , 2005", "Disney XD ( Canada ) June 1 , 2011", "United States Disney Channel March 18 , 2005 N / A", "ABC Kids September 17 , 2005", "Toon Disney September 1 , 2008", "Disney XD February 13 , 2009", "DVD Title Release Date Episodes Featured Bonus Features Disney Channel Holiday November 1 , 2005 * Christmas at the Tipton ( Season 1 ) Plus episodes from Phil of the Future , Lizzie McGuire , That 's So Raven , Even Stevens and Kim Possible . Volume 1 : Taking Over the Tipton USA : July 18 , 2006 AUS : July 1 , 2008 * Rock Star in the House ( Season 1 ) * Kisses & Basketball ( Season 1 ) * Odd Couples ( Season 2 ) * French 101 ( Season 2 ) * Never Before Seen Episode : A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( Season 2 ) * Behind The Scenes Featurette That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana USA : January 16 , 2007 AUS : July 2 , 2008 * Checkin ' Out ( That 's So Raven , Season 4 ) * That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana ( The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , Season 2 ) * On The Road Again ( Hannah Montana , Season 1 ) * So You Think You Know Raven Challenge , Volume 2 * Never Before Seen Episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( Health and Fitness , Season 2 ) * Who Said by Miley Cyrus Volume 2 : Sweet Suite Victory USA : August 7 , 2007 AUS : October 21 , 2008 * Band In Boston ( Season 1 ) * Election ( Season 2 ) * Not So Suite 16 ( Season 2 ) The Suite Life 's Sweet Lift Challenge hosted by Brenda Song Gag reel Wish Gone Amiss USA : November 27 , 2007 AUS : October 21 , 2008 * Gone Wishin ' ( Cory in the House , Season 1 ) * Super Twins ( The Suite Life of Zack and Cody , Season 3 ) * When You Wish You Were the Star ( Hannah Montana , Season 2 ) * I Wish I May , I Wish I Might : A Guide to Making Wishes hosted by Jason Earles Volume 3 : Lip Synchin ' in the Rain June 17 , 2008 * Lip Synchin ' in the Rain ( Season 3 ) * The Arwin That Came to Dinner ( Season 3 ) * A Tale of Two Houses ( Season 3 ) * Orchestra ( Season 3 ) * ' Twin - Tastic ' -- Get the 411 on everything twins * Gag reel", "DVD Title Release Date Episodes Featured Bonus Features", "Disney Channel Holiday November 1 , 2005 * Christmas at the Tipton ( Season 1 ) Plus episodes from Phil of the Future , Lizzie McGuire , That 's So Raven , Even Stevens and Kim Possible .", "Volume 1 : Taking Over the Tipton USA : July 18 , 2006 AUS : July 1 , 2008 * Rock Star in the House ( Season 1 ) * Kisses & Basketball ( Season 1 ) * Odd Couples ( Season 2 ) * French 101 ( Season 2 ) * Never Before Seen Episode : A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( Season 2 ) * Behind The Scenes Featurette", "That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana USA : January 16 , 2007 AUS : July 2 , 2008 * Checkin ' Out ( That 's So Raven , Season 4 ) * That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana ( The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , Season 2 ) * On The Road Again ( Hannah Montana , Season 1 ) * So You Think You Know Raven Challenge , Volume 2 * Never Before Seen Episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( Health and Fitness , Season 2 ) * Who Said by Miley Cyrus", "Volume 2 : Sweet Suite Victory USA : August 7 , 2007 AUS : October 21 , 2008 * Band In Boston ( Season 1 ) * Election ( Season 2 ) * Not So Suite 16 ( Season 2 ) The Suite Life 's Sweet Lift Challenge hosted by Brenda Song Gag reel", "Wish Gone Amiss USA : November 27 , 2007 AUS : October 21 , 2008 * Gone Wishin ' ( Cory in the House , Season 1 ) * Super Twins ( The Suite Life of Zack and Cody , Season 3 ) * When You Wish You Were the Star ( Hannah Montana , Season 2 ) * I Wish I May , I Wish I Might : A Guide to Making Wishes hosted by Jason Earles", "Volume 3 : Lip Synchin ' in the Rain June 17 , 2008 * Lip Synchin ' in the Rain ( Season 3 ) * The Arwin That Came to Dinner ( Season 3 ) * A Tale of Two Houses ( Season 3 ) * Orchestra ( Season 3 ) * ' Twin - Tastic ' -- Get the 411 on everything twins * Gag reel", "All episodes of the show are available on iTunes and Zune .", "The Complete First Season was released to Germany and Brazil on November 13 , 2008 . Turkey on December 30 , 2009 by Disney DVD. and Greece on September 9 , 2010 by Sony Pictures .", "According to Amazon.com , all three seasons of the show will be released , however no release dates have been announced .", "Episodes in the DVD `` Lip Syncin ' in the Rain '' include a French Language dub for French Canadians", "Like many Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody had a number of novels based on episodes of the series , as well as original books . The following list of novels is based on information from the Barnes & Noble website and List of The Suite Life of Zack and Cody episodes . A inspired stories book set , based on the show was released in 2007 .", "# Novel title Published Based on episode Hotel Hangout May 2006 Hotel Hangout Double Trouble May 2006 Maddie Checks In The Room of Doom August 2006 The Ghost of Suite 613 Zack Attack November 2006 Footloser 5 Check It Out February 2007 Hotel Inspector 6 Star Crazy November 2007 Rock Star in the House", "# Novel title Published Based on episode", "Hotel Hangout May 2006 Hotel Hangout", "Double Trouble May 2006 Maddie Checks In", "The Room of Doom August 2006 The Ghost of Suite 613", "Zack Attack November 2006 Footloser", "5 Check It Out February 2007 Hotel Inspector", "6 Star Crazy November 2007 Rock Star in the House", "The series has spawned three video games entitled The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Caper for the Game Boy Advance , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Trouble , and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Circle of Spies for the Nintendo DS . They were developed by Artificial Mind and Movement and published by Buena Vista Games , with the exception of Circle of Spies , which was published by Disney Interactive Studios .", "Disney Press has released several books based on the shows including The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Caper , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Tipton Trouble , and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody : Circle of Spies novels based on the television episode and the video game . A calendar for the show , Disney The Suite Life of Zack and Cody 2008 Calendar has been released . Merchandise based on the series are sold exclusively at Amazon.com , Wal - Mart , Sears , Macy 's , and several other retailers . They include clothing ( such as pajamas and tee shirts ) , bags ( tote bags , backpacks , etc . ) , bedding collection , and toys ." ]

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[ "`` ( With ) a grain of salt '' , ( or `` a pinch of salt '' ) is an idiom of the English language , which means to view something with skepticism or not to interpret something literally .", "Hypotheses of the phrase 's origin include Pliny the Elder 's Naturalis Historia , regarding the discovery of a recipe for an antidote to a poison . In the antidote , one of the ingredients was a grain of salt . Threats involving the poison were thus to be taken `` with a grain of salt '' , and therefore less seriously .", "The phrase cum grano salis ( `` with a grain of salt '' ) is not what Pliny wrote . It is constructed according to the grammar of modern European languages rather than Classical Latin . Pliny 's actual words were addito salis grano ( `` after having added a grain of salt '' ) .", "An alternative account says that the Roman general Pompey believed he could make himself immune to poison by ingesting small amounts of various poisons , and he took this treatment with a grain of salt to help him swallow the poison . In this version , the salt is not the antidote . It was taken merely to assist in swallowing the poison .", "The Latin word salis means both `` salt '' and `` wit '' , so that the Latin phrase `` cum grano salis '' could be translated as both `` with a grain of salt '' and `` with a grain ( small amount ) of wit '' .", "The phrase is said `` with a pinch of salt '' in British English and said `` with a grain of salt '' in American English ." ]

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[ "Momentum Momentum of a pool cue ball is transferred to the racked balls after collision . Common symbols p , p SI unit kilogram meter per second kg ⋅ m / s Other units slug ⋅ ft / s Conserved ? Yes Dimension MLT", "Momentum", "Momentum of a pool cue ball is transferred to the racked balls after collision .", "Common symbols p , p", "SI unit kilogram meter per second kg ⋅ m / s", "Other units slug ⋅ ft / s", "Conserved ? Yes", "Dimension MLT", "Part of a series of articles about Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( hide ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy", "Part of a series of articles about", "Classical mechanics", "F → = m a → ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \\ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion", "History Timeline", "History Timeline", "Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical", "Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical", "Fundamentals ( hide ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work", "Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Inertial frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work", "Energy kinetic potential", "kinetic potential", "Frame of reference", "Inertial frame of reference", "Inertia / Moment of inertia", "Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Newton 's laws of motion", "Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Hamilton -- Jacobi equation", "Appell 's equation of motion", "Udwadia -- Kalaba equation", "Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics", "Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration", "Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator", "Damping ( ratio )", "Equations of motion", "Euler 's laws of motion", "Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion", "Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame", "Mechanics of planar particle motion", "Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration", "Motion ( linear )", "Newton 's law of universal gravitation", "Newton 's laws of motion", "Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations", "dynamics Euler 's equations", "Euler 's equations", "Simple harmonic motion", "Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity", "Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed", "Rotating reference frame", "Centrifugal force reactive", "reactive", "Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity", "Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity", "Scientists ( show ) Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy", "Galileo Huygens Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy", "", "", "In Newtonian mechanics , linear momentum , translational momentum , or simply momentum ( pl . momenta ) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object . It is a vector quantity , possessing a magnitude and a direction in three - dimensional space . If m is an object 's mass and v is the velocity ( also a vector ) , then the momentum is", "p = m v , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = m \\ mathbf ( v ) , )", "p = m v , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = m \\ mathbf ( v ) , )", "In SI units , it is measured in kilogram meters per second ( kg ⋅ m / s ) . Newton 's second law of motion states that a body 's rate of change in momentum is equal to the net force acting on it .", "Momentum depends on the frame of reference , but in any inertial frame it is a conserved quantity , meaning that if a closed system is not affected by external forces , its total linear momentum does not change . Momentum is also conserved in special relativity , ( with a modified formula ) and , in a modified form , in electrodynamics , quantum mechanics , quantum field theory , and general relativity . It is an expression of one of the fundamental symmetries of space and time : translational symmetry .", "Advanced formulations of classical mechanics , Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics , allow one to choose coordinate systems that incorporate symmetries and constraints . In these systems the conserved quantity is generalized momentum , and in general this is different from the kinetic momentum defined above . The concept of generalized momentum is carried over into quantum mechanics , where it becomes an operator on a wave function . The momentum and position operators are related by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle .", "In continuous systems such as electromagnetic fields , fluids and deformable bodies , a momentum density can be defined , and a continuum version of the conservation of momentum leads to equations such as the Navier -- Stokes equations for fluids or the Cauchy momentum equation for deformable solids or fluids .", "Momentum is a vector quantity : it has both magnitude and direction . Since momentum has a direction , it can be used to predict the resulting direction and speed of motion of objects after they collide . Below , the basic properties of momentum are described in one dimension . The vector equations are almost identical to the scalar equations ( see multiple dimensions ) .", "The momentum of a particle is conventionally represented by the letter p . It is the product of two quantities , the particle 's mass ( represented by the letter m ) and its velocity ( v ) :", "p = m v . ( \\ displaystyle p = mv . )", "p = m v . ( \\ displaystyle p = mv . )", "The unit of momentum is the product of the units of mass and velocity . In SI units , if the mass is in kilograms and the velocity is in meters per second then the momentum is in kilogram meters per second ( kg ⋅ m / s ) . In cgs units , if the mass is in grams and the velocity in centimeters per second , then the momentum is in gram centimeters per second ( g ⋅ cm / s ) .", "Being a vector , momentum has magnitude and direction . For example , a 1 kg model airplane , traveling due north at 1 m / s in straight and level flight , has a momentum of 1 kg ⋅ m / s due north measured with reference to the ground .", "The momentum of a system of particles is the sum of their momenta . If two particles have respective masses m and m , and velocities v and v , the total momentum is", "p = p 1 + p 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p& = p_ ( 1 ) + p_ ( 2 ) \\ \\ & = m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "p = p 1 + p 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p& = p_ ( 1 ) + p_ ( 2 ) \\ \\ & = m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "The momenta of more than two particles can be added more generally with the following :", "p = ∑ i m i v i . ( \\ displaystyle p = \\ sum _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) v_ ( i ) . )", "p = ∑ i m i v i . ( \\ displaystyle p = \\ sum _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) v_ ( i ) . )", "A system of particles has a center of mass , a point determined by the weighted sum of their positions :", "r cm = m 1 r 1 + m 2 r 2 + ⋯ m 1 + m 2 + ⋯ = ∑ i m i r i ∑ i m i . ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( \\ text ( cm ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) r_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) r_ ( 2 ) + \\ cdots ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + \\ cdots ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ limits _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) r_ ( i ) ) ( \\ sum \\ limits _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) ) ) . )", "r cm = m 1 r 1 + m 2 r 2 + ⋯ m 1 + m 2 + ⋯ = ∑ i m i r i ∑ i m i . ( \\ displaystyle r_ ( \\ text ( cm ) ) = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) r_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) r_ ( 2 ) + \\ cdots ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) + \\ cdots ) ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ sum \\ limits _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) r_ ( i ) ) ( \\ sum \\ limits _ ( i ) m_ ( i ) ) ) . )", "If all the particles are moving , the center of mass will generally be moving as well ( unless the system is in pure rotation around it ) . If the center of mass is moving at velocity v , the momentum is :", "p = m v cm . ( \\ displaystyle p = mv_ ( \\ text ( cm ) ) . )", "p = m v cm . ( \\ displaystyle p = mv_ ( \\ text ( cm ) ) . )", "This is known as Euler 's first law .", "If the net force applied to a particle is a constant F , and is applied for a time interval Δt , the momentum of the particle changes by an amount", "Δ p = F Δ t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta p = F \\ Delta t \\ , . )", "Δ p = F Δ t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta p = F \\ Delta t \\ , . )", "In differential form , this is Newton 's second law ; the rate of change of the momentum of a particle is equal to the instantaneous force F acting on it ,", "F = d p d t . ( \\ displaystyle F = ( \\ frac ( dp ) ( dt ) ) . )", "F = d p d t . ( \\ displaystyle F = ( \\ frac ( dp ) ( dt ) ) . )", "If the net force experienced by a particle changes as a function of time , F ( t ) , the change in momentum ( or impulse J ) between times t and t is", "Δ p = J = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ( t ) d t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta p = J = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F ( t ) \\ , dt \\ , . )", "Δ p = J = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ( t ) d t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ Delta p = J = \\ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F ( t ) \\ , dt \\ , . )", "Impulse is measured in the derived units of the newton second ( 1 N ⋅ s = 1 kg ⋅ m / s ) or dyne second ( 1 dyne ⋅ s = 1 g ⋅ m / s )", "Under the assumption of constant mass m , it is equivalent to write", "F = d ( m v ) d t = m d v d t = m a , ( \\ displaystyle F = ( \\ frac ( d ( mv ) ) ( dt ) ) = m ( \\ frac ( dv ) ( dt ) ) = ma , )", "F = d ( m v ) d t = m d v d t = m a , ( \\ displaystyle F = ( \\ frac ( d ( mv ) ) ( dt ) ) = m ( \\ frac ( dv ) ( dt ) ) = ma , )", "hence the net force is equal to the mass of the particle , times its acceleration .", "Example : A model airplane of mass 1 kg accelerates from rest to a velocity of 6 m / s due north in 2 s . The net force required to produce this acceleration is 3 newtons due north . The change in momentum is 6 kg ⋅ m / s . The rate of change of momentum is 3 ( kg ⋅ m / s ) / s = 3 N .", "In a closed system ( one that does not exchange any matter with its surroundings and is not acted on by external forces ) the total momentum is constant . This fact , known as the law of conservation of momentum , is implied by Newton 's laws of motion . Suppose , for example , that two particles interact . Because of the third law , the forces between them are equal and opposite . If the particles are numbered 1 and 2 , the second law states that F = dp / dt and F = dp / dt . Therefore ,", "d p 1 d t = − d p 2 d t , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dp_ ( 1 ) ) ( dt ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( dp_ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) , )", "d p 1 d t = − d p 2 d t , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( dp_ ( 1 ) ) ( dt ) ) = - ( \\ frac ( dp_ ( 2 ) ) ( dt ) ) , )", "with the negative sign indicating that the forces oppose . Equivalently ,", "d d t ( p 1 + p 2 ) = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( p_ ( 1 ) + p_ ( 2 ) \\ right ) = 0 . )", "d d t ( p 1 + p 2 ) = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( p_ ( 1 ) + p_ ( 2 ) \\ right ) = 0 . )", "If the velocities of the particles are u and u before the interaction , and afterwards they are v and v , then", "m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 . ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) u_ ( 2 ) = m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) . )", "m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 . ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) u_ ( 2 ) = m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) . )", "This law holds no matter how complicated the force is between particles . Similarly , if there are several particles , the momentum exchanged between each pair of particles adds up to zero , so the total change in momentum is zero . This conservation law applies to all interactions , including collisions and separations caused by explosive forces . It can also be generalized to situations where Newton 's laws do not hold , for example in the theory of relativity and in electrodynamics .", "Momentum is a measurable quantity , and the measurement depends on the motion of the observer . For example : if an apple is sitting in a glass elevator that is descending , an outside observer , looking into the elevator , sees the apple moving , so , to that observer , the apple has a non-zero momentum . To someone inside the elevator , the apple does not move , so , it has zero momentum . The two observers each have a frame of reference , in which , they observe motions , and , if the elevator is descending steadily , they will see behavior that is consistent with those same physical laws .", "Suppose a particle has position x in a stationary frame of reference . From the point of view of another frame of reference , moving at a uniform speed u , the position ( represented by a primed coordinate ) changes with time as", "x ′ = x − u t . ( \\ displaystyle x ' = x-ut \\ , . )", "x ′ = x − u t . ( \\ displaystyle x ' = x-ut \\ , . )", "This is called a Galilean transformation . If the particle is moving at speed dx / dt = v in the first frame of reference , in the second , it is moving at speed", "v ′ = d x ′ d t = v − u . ( \\ displaystyle v ' = ( \\ frac ( dx ' ) ( dt ) ) = v-u \\ , . )", "v ′ = d x ′ d t = v − u . ( \\ displaystyle v ' = ( \\ frac ( dx ' ) ( dt ) ) = v-u \\ , . )", "Since u does not change , the accelerations are the same :", "a ′ = d v ′ d t = a . ( \\ displaystyle a ' = ( \\ frac ( dv ' ) ( dt ) ) = a \\ , . )", "a ′ = d v ′ d t = a . ( \\ displaystyle a ' = ( \\ frac ( dv ' ) ( dt ) ) = a \\ , . )", "Thus , momentum is conserved in both reference frames . Moreover , as long as the force has the same form , in both frames , Newton 's second law is unchanged . Forces such as Newtonian gravity , which depend only on the scalar distance between objects , satisfy this criterion . This independence of reference frame is called Newtonian relativity or Galilean invariance .", "A change of reference frame , can , often , simplify calculations of motion . For example , in a collision of two particles , a reference frame can be chosen , where , one particle begins at rest . Another , commonly used reference frame , is the center of mass frame -- one that is moving with the center of mass . In this frame , the total momentum is zero .", "By itself , the law of conservation of momentum is not enough to determine the motion of particles after a collision . Another property of the motion , kinetic energy , must be known . This is not necessarily conserved . If it is conserved , the collision is called an elastic collision ; if not , it is an inelastic collision .", "An elastic collision is one in which no kinetic energy is absorbed in the collision . Perfectly elastic `` collisions '' can occur when the objects do not touch each other , as for example in atomic or nuclear scattering where electric repulsion keeps them apart . A slingshot maneuver of a satellite around a planet can also be viewed as a perfectly elastic collision . A collision between two pool balls is a good example of an almost totally elastic collision , due to their high rigidity , but when bodies come in contact there is always some dissipation .", "A head - on elastic collision between two bodies can be represented by velocities in one dimension , along a line passing through the bodies . If the velocities are u and u before the collision and v and v after , the equations expressing conservation of momentum and kinetic energy are :", "m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 1 2 m 1 u 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 u 2 2 = 1 2 m 1 v 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 v 2 2 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) u_ ( 2 ) & = m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) \\ \\ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 2 ) u_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) & = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 1 2 m 1 u 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 u 2 2 = 1 2 m 1 v 1 2 + 1 2 m 2 v 2 2 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) u_ ( 2 ) & = m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) \\ \\ ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 2 ) u_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) & = ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 1 ) v_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( \\ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m_ ( 2 ) v_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "A change of reference frame can simplify analysis of a collision . For example , suppose there are two bodies of equal mass m , one stationary and one approaching the other at a speed v ( as in the figure ) . The center of mass is moving at speed v / 2 and both bodies are moving towards it at speed v / 2 . Because of the symmetry , after the collision both must be moving away from the center of mass at the same speed . Adding the speed of the center of mass to both , we find that the body that was moving is now stopped and the other is moving away at speed v . The bodies have exchanged their velocities . Regardless of the velocities of the bodies , a switch to the center of mass frame leads us to the same conclusion . Therefore , the final velocities are given by", "v 1 = u 2 v 2 = u 1 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) v_ ( 1 ) & = u_ ( 2 ) \\ \\ v_ ( 2 ) & = u_ ( 1 ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "v 1 = u 2 v 2 = u 1 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) v_ ( 1 ) & = u_ ( 2 ) \\ \\ v_ ( 2 ) & = u_ ( 1 ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "In general , when the initial velocities are known , the final velocities are given by", "v 1 = ( m 1 − m 2 m 1 + m 2 ) u 1 + ( 2 m 2 m 1 + m 2 ) u 2 ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 1 ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 1 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2m_ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 2 ) \\ , ) v 2 = ( m 2 − m 1 m 1 + m 2 ) u 2 + ( 2 m 1 m 1 + m 2 ) u 1 . ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 2 ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 2 ) - m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 1 ) \\ , . )", "v 1 = ( m 1 − m 2 m 1 + m 2 ) u 1 + ( 2 m 2 m 1 + m 2 ) u 2 ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 1 ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 1 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2m_ ( 2 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 2 ) \\ , )", "v 2 = ( m 2 − m 1 m 1 + m 2 ) u 2 + ( 2 m 1 m 1 + m 2 ) u 1 . ( \\ displaystyle v_ ( 2 ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 2 ) - m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 2 ) + \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( 2m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) u_ ( 1 ) \\ , . )", "If one body has much greater mass than the other , its velocity will be little affected by a collision while the other body will experience a large change .", "In an inelastic collision , some of the kinetic energy of the colliding bodies is converted into other forms of energy ( such as heat or sound ) . Examples include traffic collisions , in which the effect of lost kinetic energy can be seen in the damage to the vehicles ; electrons losing some of their energy to atoms ( as in the Franck -- Hertz experiment ) ; and particle accelerators in which the kinetic energy is converted into mass in the form of new particles .", "In a perfectly inelastic collision ( such as a bug hitting a windshield ) , both bodies have the same motion afterwards . If one body is motionless to begin with , the equation for conservation of momentum is", "m 1 u 1 = ( m 1 + m 2 ) v , ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) = \\ left ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) \\ right ) v \\ , , )", "m 1 u 1 = ( m 1 + m 2 ) v , ( \\ displaystyle m_ ( 1 ) u_ ( 1 ) = \\ left ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) \\ right ) v \\ , , )", "v = m 1 m 1 + m 2 u 1 . ( \\ displaystyle v = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) u_ ( 1 ) \\ , . )", "v = m 1 m 1 + m 2 u 1 . ( \\ displaystyle v = ( \\ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) ) ( m_ ( 1 ) + m_ ( 2 ) ) ) u_ ( 1 ) \\ , . )", "In a frame of reference moving at the speed v ) , the objects are brought to rest by the collision and 100 % of the kinetic energy is converted to other forms of energy .", "One measure of the inelasticity of the collision is the coefficient of restitution C , defined as the ratio of relative velocity of separation to relative velocity of approach . In applying this measure to a ball bouncing from a solid surface , this can be easily measured using the following formula :", "C R = bounce height drop height . ( \\ displaystyle C_ ( \\ text ( R ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( \\ text ( bounce height ) ) ( \\ text ( drop height ) ) ) ) \\ , . )", "C R = bounce height drop height . ( \\ displaystyle C_ ( \\ text ( R ) ) = ( \\ sqrt ( \\ frac ( \\ text ( bounce height ) ) ( \\ text ( drop height ) ) ) ) \\ , . )", "The momentum and energy equations also apply to the motions of objects that begin together and then move apart . For example , an explosion is the result of a chain reaction that transforms potential energy stored in chemical , mechanical , or nuclear form into kinetic energy , acoustic energy , and electromagnetic radiation . Rockets also make use of conservation of momentum : propellant is thrust outward , gaining momentum , and an equal and opposite momentum is imparted to the rocket .", "Real motion has both direction and velocity and must be represented by a vector . In a coordinate system with x , y , z axes , velocity has components v in the x-direction , v in the y - direction , v in the z - direction . The vector is represented by a boldface symbol :", "v = ( v x , v y , v z ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) = \\ left ( v_ ( x ) , v_ ( y ) , v_ ( z ) \\ right ) . )", "v = ( v x , v y , v z ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( v ) = \\ left ( v_ ( x ) , v_ ( y ) , v_ ( z ) \\ right ) . )", "Similarly , the momentum is a vector quantity and is represented by a boldface symbol :", "p = ( p x , p y , p z ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = \\ left ( p_ ( x ) , p_ ( y ) , p_ ( z ) \\ right ) . )", "p = ( p x , p y , p z ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = \\ left ( p_ ( x ) , p_ ( y ) , p_ ( z ) \\ right ) . )", "The equations in the previous sections , work in vector form if the scalars p and v are replaced by vectors p and v. Each vector equation represents three scalar equations . For example ,", "p = m v ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = m \\ mathbf ( v ) )", "p = m v ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = m \\ mathbf ( v ) )", "represents three equations :", "p x = m v x p y = m v y p z = m v z . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p_ ( x ) & = mv_ ( x ) \\ \\ p_ ( y ) & = mv_ ( y ) \\ \\ p_ ( z ) & = mv_ ( z ). \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "p x = m v x p y = m v y p z = m v z . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) p_ ( x ) & = mv_ ( x ) \\ \\ p_ ( y ) & = mv_ ( y ) \\ \\ p_ ( z ) & = mv_ ( z ). \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "The kinetic energy equations are exceptions to the above replacement rule . The equations are still one - dimensional , but each scalar represents the magnitude of the vector , for example ,", "v 2 = v x 2 + v y 2 + v z 2 . ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( 2 ) = v_ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( z ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ , . )", "v 2 = v x 2 + v y 2 + v z 2 . ( \\ displaystyle v ^ ( 2 ) = v_ ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( y ) ^ ( 2 ) + v_ ( z ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ , . )", "Each vector equation represents three scalar equations . Often coordinates can be chosen so that only two components are needed , as in the figure . Each component can be obtained separately and the results combined to produce a vector result .", "A simple construction involving the center of mass frame can be used to show that if a stationary elastic sphere is struck by a moving sphere , the two will head off at right angles after the collision ( as in the figure ) .", "The concept of momentum plays a fundamental role in explaining the behavior of variable - mass objects such as a rocket ejecting fuel or a star accreting gas . In analyzing such an object , one treats the object 's mass as a function that varies with time : m ( t ) . The momentum of the object at time t is therefore p ( t ) = m ( t ) v ( t ) . One might then try to invoke Newton 's second law of motion by saying that the external force F on the object is related to its momentum p ( t ) by F = dp / dt , but this is incorrect , as is the related expression found by applying the product rule to d ( mv ) / dt :", "F = m ( t ) d v d t + v ( t ) d m d t . ( \\ displaystyle F = m ( t ) ( \\ frac ( dv ) ( dt ) ) + v ( t ) ( \\ frac ( dm ) ( dt ) ) . ) ( incorrect )", "F = m ( t ) d v d t + v ( t ) d m d t . ( \\ displaystyle F = m ( t ) ( \\ frac ( dv ) ( dt ) ) + v ( t ) ( \\ frac ( dm ) ( dt ) ) . ) ( incorrect )", "This equation does not correctly describe the motion of variable - mass objects . The correct equation is", "F = m ( t ) d v d t − u d m d t , ( \\ displaystyle F = m ( t ) ( \\ frac ( dv ) ( dt ) ) - u ( \\ frac ( dm ) ( dt ) ) , )", "F = m ( t ) d v d t − u d m d t , ( \\ displaystyle F = m ( t ) ( \\ frac ( dv ) ( dt ) ) - u ( \\ frac ( dm ) ( dt ) ) , )", "where u is the velocity of the ejected / accreted mass as seen in the object 's rest frame . This is distinct from v , which is the velocity of the object itself as seen in an inertial frame .", "This equation is derived by keeping track of both the momentum of the object as well as the momentum of the ejected / accreted mass ( dm ) . When considered together , the object and the mass ( dm ) constitute a closed system in which total momentum is conserved .", "P ( t + d t ) = ( m − d m ) ( v + d v ) + d m ( v − u ) = m v + m d v − u d m = P ( t ) + m d v − u d m ( \\ displaystyle P ( t + dt ) = ( m - dm ) ( v + dv ) + dm ( v-u ) = mv + mdv - udm = P ( t ) + mdv - udm )", "P ( t + d t ) = ( m − d m ) ( v + d v ) + d m ( v − u ) = m v + m d v − u d m = P ( t ) + m d v − u d m ( \\ displaystyle P ( t + dt ) = ( m - dm ) ( v + dv ) + dm ( v-u ) = mv + mdv - udm = P ( t ) + mdv - udm )", "Newtonian physics assumes that absolute time and space exist outside of any observer ; this gives rise to Galilean invariance . It also results in a prediction that the speed of light can vary from one reference frame to another . This is contrary to observation . In the special theory of relativity , Einstein keeps the postulate that the equations of motion do not depend on the reference frame , but assumes that the speed of light c is invariant . As a result , position and time in two reference frames are related by the Lorentz transformation instead of the Galilean transformation .", "Consider , for example , a reference frame moving relative to another at velocity v in the x direction . The Galilean transformation gives the coordinates of the moving frame as", "t ′ = t x ′ = x − v t ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) t ' & = t \\ \\ x ' & = x-vt \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "t ′ = t x ′ = x − v t ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) t ' & = t \\ \\ x ' & = x-vt \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "while the Lorentz transformation gives", "t ′ = γ ( t − v x c 2 ) x ′ = γ ( x − v t ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) t ' & = \\ gamma \\ left ( t - ( \\ frac ( vx ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) \\ \\ x ' & = \\ gamma \\ left ( x-vt \\ right ) \\ , \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "t ′ = γ ( t − v x c 2 ) x ′ = γ ( x − v t ) ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) t ' & = \\ gamma \\ left ( t - ( \\ frac ( vx ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ right ) \\ \\ x ' & = \\ gamma \\ left ( x-vt \\ right ) \\ , \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "where γ is the Lorentz factor :", "γ = 1 1 − v 2 / c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - v ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . )", "γ = 1 1 − v 2 / c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ gamma = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ sqrt ( 1 - v ^ ( 2 ) / c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . )", "Newton 's second law , with mass fixed , is not invariant under a Lorentz transformation . However , it can be made invariant by making the inertial mass m of an object a function of velocity :", "m = γ m 0 ; ( \\ displaystyle m = \\ gamma m_ ( 0 ) \\ , ; )", "m = γ m 0 ; ( \\ displaystyle m = \\ gamma m_ ( 0 ) \\ , ; )", "m is the object 's invariant mass .", "The modified momentum ,", "p = γ m 0 v , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = \\ gamma m_ ( 0 ) \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ , , )", "p = γ m 0 v , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = \\ gamma m_ ( 0 ) \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ , , )", "obeys Newton 's second law :", "F = d p d t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ , . )", "F = d p d t . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ , . )", "Within the domain of classical mechanics , relativistic momentum closely approximates Newtonian momentum : at low velocity , γm v is approximately equal to m v , the Newtonian expression for momentum .", "In the theory of special relativity , physical quantities are expressed in terms of four - vectors that include time as a fourth coordinate along with the three space coordinates . These vectors are generally represented by capital letters , for example R for position . The expression for the four - momentum depends on how the coordinates are expressed . Time may be given in its normal units or multiplied by the speed of light so that all the components of the four - vector have dimensions of length . If the latter scaling is used , an interval of proper time , τ , defined by", "c 2 d τ 2 = c 2 d t 2 − d x 2 − d y 2 − d z 2 , ( \\ displaystyle c ^ ( 2 ) d \\ tau ^ ( 2 ) = c ^ ( 2 ) dt ^ ( 2 ) - dx ^ ( 2 ) - dy ^ ( 2 ) - dz ^ ( 2 ) \\ , , )", "c 2 d τ 2 = c 2 d t 2 − d x 2 − d y 2 − d z 2 , ( \\ displaystyle c ^ ( 2 ) d \\ tau ^ ( 2 ) = c ^ ( 2 ) dt ^ ( 2 ) - dx ^ ( 2 ) - dy ^ ( 2 ) - dz ^ ( 2 ) \\ , , )", "is invariant under Lorentz transformations ( in this expression and in what follows the ( + − − − ) metric signature has been used , different authors use different conventions ) . Mathematically this invariance can be ensured in one of two ways : by treating the four - vectors as Euclidean vectors and multiplying time by √ − 1 ; or by keeping time a real quantity and embedding the vectors in a Minkowski space . In a Minkowski space , the scalar product of two four - vectors U = ( U , U , U , U ) and V = ( V , V , V , V ) is defined as", "U ⋅ V = U 0 V 0 − U 1 V 1 − U 2 V 2 − U 3 V 3 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( U ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) = U_ ( 0 ) V_ ( 0 ) - U_ ( 1 ) V_ ( 1 ) - U_ ( 2 ) V_ ( 2 ) - U_ ( 3 ) V_ ( 3 ) \\ , . )", "U ⋅ V = U 0 V 0 − U 1 V 1 − U 2 V 2 − U 3 V 3 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( U ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( V ) = U_ ( 0 ) V_ ( 0 ) - U_ ( 1 ) V_ ( 1 ) - U_ ( 2 ) V_ ( 2 ) - U_ ( 3 ) V_ ( 3 ) \\ , . )", "In all the coordinate systems , the ( contravariant ) relativistic four - velocity is defined by", "U ≡ d R d τ = γ d R d t , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( U ) \\ equiv ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( R ) ) ( d \\ tau ) ) = \\ gamma ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( R ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ , , )", "U ≡ d R d τ = γ d R d t , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( U ) \\ equiv ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( R ) ) ( d \\ tau ) ) = \\ gamma ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( R ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ , , )", "and the ( contravariant ) four - momentum is", "P = m 0 U , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = m_ ( 0 ) \\ mathbf ( U ) \\ , , )", "P = m 0 U , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = m_ ( 0 ) \\ mathbf ( U ) \\ , , )", "where m is the invariant mass . If R = ( ct , x , y , z ) ( in Minkowski space ) , then", "P = γ m 0 ( c , v ) = ( m c , p ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ gamma m_ ( 0 ) \\ left ( c , \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right ) = ( mc , \\ mathbf ( p ) ) \\ , . )", "P = γ m 0 ( c , v ) = ( m c , p ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ gamma m_ ( 0 ) \\ left ( c , \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ right ) = ( mc , \\ mathbf ( p ) ) \\ , . )", "Using Einstein 's mass - energy equivalence , E = mc , this can be rewritten as", "P = ( E c , p ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( E ) ( c ) ) , \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ right ) \\ , . )", "P = ( E c , p ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( E ) ( c ) ) , \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ right ) \\ , . )", "Thus , conservation of four - momentum is Lorentz - invariant and implies conservation of both mass and energy .", "The magnitude of the momentum four - vector is equal to m c :", "P 2 = P ⋅ P = γ 2 m 0 2 ( c 2 − v 2 ) = ( m 0 c ) 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) ^ ( 2 ) = \\ mathbf ( P ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ gamma ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) - v ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( m_ ( 0 ) c ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ , , )", "P 2 = P ⋅ P = γ 2 m 0 2 ( c 2 − v 2 ) = ( m 0 c ) 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) ^ ( 2 ) = \\ mathbf ( P ) \\ cdot \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ gamma ^ ( 2 ) m_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) - v ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( m_ ( 0 ) c ) ^ ( 2 ) \\ , , )", "and is invariant across all reference frames .", "The relativistic energy -- momentum relationship holds even for massless particles such as photons ; by setting m = 0 it follows that", "E = p c . ( \\ displaystyle E = pc \\ , . )", "E = p c . ( \\ displaystyle E = pc \\ , . )", "In a game of relativistic `` billiards '' , if a stationary particle is hit by a moving particle in an elastic collision , the paths formed by the two afterwards will form an acute angle . This is unlike the non-relativistic case where they travel at right angles .", "The four - momentum of a planar wave can be related to a wave four - vector", "P = ( E c , p → ) = ħ K = ħ ( ω c , k → ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( E ) ( c ) ) , ( \\ vec ( \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ) \\ right ) = \\ hbar \\ mathbf ( K ) = \\ hbar \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ omega ) ( c ) ) , ( \\ vec ( \\ mathbf ( k ) ) ) \\ right ) )", "P = ( E c , p → ) = ħ K = ħ ( ω c , k → ) ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( E ) ( c ) ) , ( \\ vec ( \\ mathbf ( p ) ) ) \\ right ) = \\ hbar \\ mathbf ( K ) = \\ hbar \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ omega ) ( c ) ) , ( \\ vec ( \\ mathbf ( k ) ) ) \\ right ) )", "For a particle , the relationship between temporal components , E = ħ ω , is the Planck -- Einstein relation , and the relation between spatial components , p = ħ k , describes a de Broglie matter wave .", "Newton 's laws can be difficult to apply to many kinds of motion because the motion is limited by constraints . For example , a bead on an abacus is constrained to move along its wire and a pendulum bob is constrained to swing at a fixed distance from the pivot . Many such constraints can be incorporated by changing the normal Cartesian coordinates to a set of generalized coordinates that may be fewer in number . Refined mathematical methods have been developed for solving mechanics problems in generalized coordinates . They introduce a generalized momentum , also known as the canonical or conjugate momentum , that extends the concepts of both linear momentum and angular momentum . To distinguish it from generalized momentum , the product of mass and velocity is also referred to as mechanical , kinetic or kinematic momentum . The two main methods are described below .", "In Lagrangian mechanics , a Lagrangian is defined as the difference between the kinetic energy T and the potential energy V :", "L = T − V . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) = T-V \\ , . )", "L = T − V . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) = T-V \\ , . )", "If the generalized coordinates are represented as a vector q = ( q , q , ... , q ) and time differentiation is represented by a dot over the variable , then the equations of motion ( known as the Lagrange or Euler -- Lagrange equations ) are a set of N equations :", "d d t ( ∂ L ∂ q ̇ j ) − ∂ L ∂ q j = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial ( \\ dot ( q ) ) _ ( j ) ) ) \\ right ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial q_ ( j ) ) ) = 0 \\ , . )", "d d t ( ∂ L ∂ q ̇ j ) − ∂ L ∂ q j = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial ( \\ dot ( q ) ) _ ( j ) ) ) \\ right ) - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial q_ ( j ) ) ) = 0 \\ , . )", "If a coordinate q is not a Cartesian coordinate , the associated generalized momentum component p does not necessarily have the dimensions of linear momentum . Even if q is a Cartesian coordinate , p will not be the same as the mechanical momentum if the potential depends on velocity . Some sources represent the kinematic momentum by the symbol Π .", "In this mathematical framework , a generalized momentum is associated with the generalized coordinates . Its components are defined as", "p j = ∂ L ∂ q ̇ j . ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial ( \\ dot ( q ) ) _ ( j ) ) ) \\ , . )", "p j = ∂ L ∂ q ̇ j . ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( j ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial ( \\ dot ( q ) ) _ ( j ) ) ) \\ , . )", "Each component p is said to be the conjugate momentum for the coordinate q .", "Now if a given coordinate q does not appear in the Lagrangian ( although its time derivative might appear ) , then", "p j = constant . ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( j ) = ( \\ text ( constant ) ) \\ , . )", "p j = constant . ( \\ displaystyle p_ ( j ) = ( \\ text ( constant ) ) \\ , . )", "This is the generalization of the conservation of momentum .", "Even if the generalized coordinates are just the ordinary spatial coordinates , the conjugate momenta are not necessarily the ordinary momentum coordinates . An example is found in the section on electromagnetism .", "In Hamiltonian mechanics , the Lagrangian ( a function of generalized coordinates and their derivatives ) is replaced by a Hamiltonian that is a function of generalized coordinates and momentum . The Hamiltonian is defined as", "H ( q , p , t ) = p ⋅ q ̇ − L ( q , q ̇ , t ) , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ) , \\ mathbf ( p ) , t \\ right ) = \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) - ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ) , ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) , t \\ right ) \\ , , )", "H ( q , p , t ) = p ⋅ q ̇ − L ( q , q ̇ , t ) , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ) , \\ mathbf ( p ) , t \\ right ) = \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ cdot ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) - ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( q ) , ( \\ dot ( \\ mathbf ( q ) ) ) , t \\ right ) \\ , , )", "where the momentum is obtained by differentiating the Lagrangian as above . The Hamiltonian equations of motion are", "q ̇ i = ∂ H ∂ p i − p ̇ i = ∂ H ∂ q i − ∂ L ∂ t = d H d t . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) ( \\ dot ( q ) ) _ ( i ) & = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) ) ( \\ partial p_ ( i ) ) ) \\ \\ - ( \\ dot ( p ) ) _ ( i ) & = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) ) ( \\ partial q_ ( i ) ) ) \\ \\ - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial t ) ) & = ( \\ frac ( d ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "q ̇ i = ∂ H ∂ p i − p ̇ i = ∂ H ∂ q i − ∂ L ∂ t = d H d t . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ begin ( aligned ) ( \\ dot ( q ) ) _ ( i ) & = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) ) ( \\ partial p_ ( i ) ) ) \\ \\ - ( \\ dot ( p ) ) _ ( i ) & = ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) ) ( \\ partial q_ ( i ) ) ) \\ \\ - ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ( \\ mathcal ( L ) ) ) ( \\ partial t ) ) & = ( \\ frac ( d ( \\ mathcal ( H ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \\ ,. \\ end ( aligned ) ) )", "As in Lagrangian mechanics , if a generalized coordinate does not appear in the Hamiltonian , its conjugate momentum component is conserved .", "Conservation of momentum is a mathematical consequence of the homogeneity ( shift symmetry ) of space ( position in space is the canonical conjugate quantity to momentum ) . That is , conservation of momentum is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not depend on position ; this is a special case of Noether 's theorem .", "In Maxwell 's equations , the forces between particles are mediated by electric and magnetic fields . The electromagnetic force ( Lorentz force ) on a particle with charge q due to a combination of electric field E and magnetic field B is", "F = q ( E + v × B ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = q ( \\ mathbf ( E ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) ) . )", "F = q ( E + v × B ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( F ) = q ( \\ mathbf ( E ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) ) . )", "( in SI units ) . It has an electric potential φ ( r , t ) and magnetic vector potential A ( r , t ) . In the non-relativistic regime , its generalized momentum is", "P = m v + q A , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = m \\ mathbf ( \\ mathbf ( v ) ) + q \\ mathbf ( A ) , )", "P = m v + q A , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = m \\ mathbf ( \\ mathbf ( v ) ) + q \\ mathbf ( A ) , )", "while in relativistic mechanics this becomes", "P = γ m v + q A . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ gamma m \\ mathbf ( \\ mathbf ( v ) ) + q \\ mathbf ( A ) . )", "P = γ m v + q A . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) = \\ gamma m \\ mathbf ( \\ mathbf ( v ) ) + q \\ mathbf ( A ) . )", "In Newtonian mechanics , the law of conservation of momentum can be derived from the law of action and reaction , which states that every force has a reciprocating equal and opposite force . Under some circumstances , moving charged particles can exert forces on each other in non-opposite directions . Nevertheless , the combined momentum of the particles and the electromagnetic field is conserved .", "The Lorentz force imparts a momentum to the particle , so by Newton 's second law the particle must impart a momentum to the electromagnetic fields .", "In a vacuum , the momentum per unit volume is", "g = 1 μ 0 c 2 E × B , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ mu _ ( 0 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( E ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ , , )", "g = 1 μ 0 c 2 E × B , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ mu _ ( 0 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( E ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ , , )", "where μ is the vacuum permeability and c is the speed of light . The momentum density is proportional to the Poynting vector S which gives the directional rate of energy transfer per unit area :", "g = S c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( S ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , . )", "g = S c 2 . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( S ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , . )", "If momentum is to be conserved over the volume V over a region Q , changes in the momentum of matter through the Lorentz force must be balanced by changes in the momentum of the electromagnetic field and outflow of momentum . If P is the momentum of all the particles in Q , and the particles are treated as a continuum , then Newton 's second law gives", "d P mech d t = ∫∫∫ Q ( ρ E + J × B ) d V . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( mech ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = \\ iiint \\ limits _ ( Q ) \\ left ( \\ rho \\ mathbf ( E ) + \\ mathbf ( J ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ right ) dV \\ , . )", "d P mech d t = ∫∫∫ Q ( ρ E + J × B ) d V . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( mech ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = \\ iiint \\ limits _ ( Q ) \\ left ( \\ rho \\ mathbf ( E ) + \\ mathbf ( J ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ right ) dV \\ , . )", "The electromagnetic momentum is", "P field = 1 μ 0 c 2 ∫∫∫ Q E × B d V , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( field ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ mu _ ( 0 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ iiint \\ limits _ ( Q ) \\ mathbf ( E ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ , dV \\ , , )", "P field = 1 μ 0 c 2 ∫∫∫ Q E × B d V , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( field ) ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ mu _ ( 0 ) c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ iiint \\ limits _ ( Q ) \\ mathbf ( E ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( B ) \\ , dV \\ , , )", "and the equation for conservation of each component i of the momentum is", "d d t ( P mech + P field ) i = ∫∫ σ ( ∑ j T i j n j ) d Σ . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( mech ) ) + \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( field ) ) \\ right ) _ ( i ) = \\ iint \\ limits _ ( \\ sigma ) \\ left ( \\ sum \\ limits _ ( j ) T_ ( ij ) n_ ( j ) \\ right ) d \\ Sigma \\ , . )", "d d t ( P mech + P field ) i = ∫∫ σ ( ∑ j T i j n j ) d Σ . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( mech ) ) + \\ mathbf ( P ) _ ( \\ text ( field ) ) \\ right ) _ ( i ) = \\ iint \\ limits _ ( \\ sigma ) \\ left ( \\ sum \\ limits _ ( j ) T_ ( ij ) n_ ( j ) \\ right ) d \\ Sigma \\ , . )", "The term on the right is an integral over the surface area Σ of the surface σ representing momentum flow into and out of the volume , and n is a component of the surface normal of S . The quantity T is called the Maxwell stress tensor , defined as", "T i j ≡ ε 0 ( E i E j − 1 2 δ i j E 2 ) + 1 μ 0 ( B i B j − 1 2 δ i j B 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( ij ) \\ equiv \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) \\ left ( E_ ( i ) E_ ( j ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ delta _ ( ij ) E ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) + ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ left ( B_ ( i ) B_ ( j ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ delta _ ( ij ) B ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) \\ , . )", "T i j ≡ ε 0 ( E i E j − 1 2 δ i j E 2 ) + 1 μ 0 ( B i B j − 1 2 δ i j B 2 ) . ( \\ displaystyle T_ ( ij ) \\ equiv \\ epsilon _ ( 0 ) \\ left ( E_ ( i ) E_ ( j ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ delta _ ( ij ) E ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) + ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( \\ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ) \\ left ( B_ ( i ) B_ ( j ) - ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \\ delta _ ( ij ) B ^ ( 2 ) \\ right ) \\ , . )", "The above results are for the microscopic Maxwell equations , applicable to electromagnetic forces in a vacuum ( or on a very small scale in media ) . It is more difficult to define momentum density in media because the division into electromagnetic and mechanical is arbitrary . The definition of electromagnetic momentum density is modified to", "g = 1 c 2 E × H = S c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( E ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( H ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( S ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , , )", "g = 1 c 2 E × H = S c 2 , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( g ) = ( \\ frac ( 1 ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ mathbf ( E ) \\ times \\ mathbf ( H ) = ( \\ frac ( \\ mathbf ( S ) ) ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \\ , , )", "where the H - field H is related to the B - field and the magnetization M by", "B = μ 0 ( H + M ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( B ) = \\ mu _ ( 0 ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( H ) + \\ mathbf ( M ) \\ right ) \\ , . )", "B = μ 0 ( H + M ) . ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( B ) = \\ mu _ ( 0 ) \\ left ( \\ mathbf ( H ) + \\ mathbf ( M ) \\ right ) \\ , . )", "The electromagnetic stress tensor depends on the properties of the media .", "In quantum mechanics , momentum is defined as a self - adjoint operator on the wave function . The Heisenberg uncertainty principle defines limits on how accurately the momentum and position of a single observable system can be known at once . In quantum mechanics , position and momentum are conjugate variables .", "For a single particle described in the position basis the momentum operator can be written as", "p = ħ i ∇ = − i ħ ∇ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = ( \\ hbar \\ over i ) \\ nabla = - i \\ hbar \\ nabla \\ , , )", "p = ħ i ∇ = − i ħ ∇ , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) = ( \\ hbar \\ over i ) \\ nabla = - i \\ hbar \\ nabla \\ , , )", "where ∇ is the gradient operator , ħ is the reduced Planck constant , and i is the imaginary unit . This is a commonly encountered form of the momentum operator , though the momentum operator in other bases can take other forms . For example , in momentum space the momentum operator is represented as", "p ψ ( p ) = p ψ ( p ) , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ psi ( p ) = p \\ psi ( p ) \\ , , )", "p ψ ( p ) = p ψ ( p ) , ( \\ displaystyle \\ mathbf ( p ) \\ psi ( p ) = p \\ psi ( p ) \\ , , )", "where the operator p acting on a wave function ψ ( p ) yields that wave function multiplied by the value p , in an analogous fashion to the way that the position operator acting on a wave function ψ ( x ) yields that wave function multiplied by the value x .", "For both massive and massless objects , relativistic momentum is related to the phase constant β ( \\ displaystyle \\ beta ) by", "p = ħ β ( \\ displaystyle p = \\ hbar \\ beta )", "p = ħ β ( \\ displaystyle p = \\ hbar \\ beta )", "Electromagnetic radiation ( including visible light , ultraviolet light , and radio waves ) is carried by photons . Even though photons ( the particle aspect of light ) have no mass , they still carry momentum . This leads to applications such as the solar sail . The calculation of the momentum of light within dielectric media is somewhat controversial ( see Abraham -- Minkowski controversy ) .", "In fields such as fluid dynamics and solid mechanics , it is not feasible to follow the motion of individual atoms or molecules . Instead , the materials must be approximated by a continuum in which there is a particle or fluid parcel at each point that is assigned the average of the properties of atoms in a small region nearby . In particular , it has a density ρ and velocity v that depend on time t and position r . The momentum per unit volume is ρv .", "Consider a column of water in hydrostatic equilibrium . All the forces on the water are in balance and the water is motionless . On any given drop of water , two forces are balanced . The first is gravity , which acts directly on each atom and molecule inside . The gravitational force per unit volume is ρg , where g is the gravitational acceleration . The second force is the sum of all the forces exerted on its surface by the surrounding water . The force from below is greater than the force from above by just the amount needed to balance gravity . The normal force per unit area is the pressure p . The average force per unit volume inside the droplet is the gradient of the pressure , so the force balance equation is", "− ∇ p + ρ g = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle - \\ nabla p+ \\ rho \\ mathbf ( g ) = 0 \\ , . )", "− ∇ p + ρ g = 0 . ( \\ displaystyle - \\ nabla p+ \\ rho \\ mathbf ( g ) = 0 \\ , . )", "If the forces are not balanced , the droplet accelerates . This acceleration is not simply the partial derivative ∂ v / ∂ t because the fluid in a given volume changes with time . Instead , the material derivative is needed :", "D D t ≡ ∂ ∂ t + v ⋅ ∇ . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( D ) ( Dt ) ) \\ equiv ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial t ) ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ nabla ) ) \\ , . )", "D D t ≡ ∂ ∂ t + v ⋅ ∇ . ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( D ) ( Dt ) ) \\ equiv ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ) ( \\ partial t ) ) + \\ mathbf ( v ) \\ cdot ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ nabla ) ) \\ , . )", "Applied to any physical quantity , the material derivative includes the rate of change at a point and the changes due to advection as fluid is carried past the point . Per unit volume , the rate of change in momentum is equal to ρDv / Dt . This is equal to the net force on the droplet .", "Forces that can change the momentum of a droplet include the gradient of the pressure and gravity , as above . In addition , surface forces can deform the droplet . In the simplest case , a shear stress τ , exerted by a force parallel to the surface of the droplet , is proportional to the rate of deformation or strain rate . Such a shear stress occurs if the fluid has a velocity gradient because the fluid is moving faster on one side than another . If the speed in the x direction varies with z , the tangential force in direction x per unit area normal to the z direction is", "σ zx = − μ ∂ v x ∂ z , ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma _ ( \\ text ( zx ) ) = - \\ mu ( \\ frac ( \\ partial v_ ( x ) ) ( \\ partial z ) ) \\ , , )", "σ zx = − μ ∂ v x ∂ z , ( \\ displaystyle \\ sigma _ ( \\ text ( zx ) ) = - \\ mu ( \\ frac ( \\ partial v_ ( x ) ) ( \\ partial z ) ) \\ , , )", "where μ is the viscosity . This is also a flux , or flow per unit area , of x-momentum through the surface .", "Including the effect of viscosity , the momentum balance equations for the incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid are", "ρ D v D t = − ∇ p + μ ∇ 2 v + ρ g . ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ( \\ frac ( D \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( Dt ) ) = - ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ nabla ) ) p+ \\ mu \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( v ) + \\ rho \\ mathbf ( g ) . \\ , )", "ρ D v D t = − ∇ p + μ ∇ 2 v + ρ g . ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ( \\ frac ( D \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( Dt ) ) = - ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ nabla ) ) p+ \\ mu \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \\ mathbf ( v ) + \\ rho \\ mathbf ( g ) . \\ , )", "These are known as the Navier -- Stokes equations .", "The momentum balance equations can be extended to more general materials , including solids . For each surface with normal in direction i and force in direction j , there is a stress component σ . The nine components make up the Cauchy stress tensor σ , which includes both pressure and shear . The local conservation of momentum is expressed by the Cauchy momentum equation :", "ρ D v D t = ∇ ⋅ σ + f , ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ( \\ frac ( D \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( Dt ) ) = ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ nabla ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ sigma ) ) + \\ mathbf ( f ) \\ , , )", "ρ D v D t = ∇ ⋅ σ + f , ( \\ displaystyle \\ rho ( \\ frac ( D \\ mathbf ( v ) ) ( Dt ) ) = ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ nabla ) ) \\ cdot ( \\ boldsymbol ( \\ sigma ) ) + \\ mathbf ( f ) \\ , , )", "where f is the body force .", "The Cauchy momentum equation is broadly applicable to deformations of solids and liquids . The relationship between the stresses and the strain rate depends on the properties of the material ( see Types of viscosity ) .", "A disturbance in a medium gives rise to oscillations , or waves , that propagate away from their source . In a fluid , small changes in pressure p can often be described by the acoustic wave equation :", "∂ 2 p ∂ t 2 = c 2 ∇ 2 p , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) p ) ( \\ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = c ^ ( 2 ) \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) p \\ , , )", "∂ 2 p ∂ t 2 = c 2 ∇ 2 p , ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ frac ( \\ partial ^ ( 2 ) p ) ( \\ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = c ^ ( 2 ) \\ nabla ^ ( 2 ) p \\ , , )", "where c is the speed of sound . In a solid , similar equations can be obtained for propagation of pressure ( P - waves ) and shear ( S - waves ) .", "The flux , or transport per unit area , of a momentum component ρv by a velocity v is equal to ρ v v. In the linear approximation that leads to the above acoustic equation , the time average of this flux is zero . However , nonlinear effects can give rise to a nonzero average . It is possible for momentum flux to occur even though the wave itself does not have a mean momentum .", "In about 530 AD , working in Alexandria , Byzantine philosopher John Philoponus developed a concept of momentum in his commentary to Aristotle 's Physics . Aristotle claimed that everything that is moving must be kept moving by something . For example , a thrown ball must be kept moving by motions of the air . Most writers continued to accept Aristotle 's theory until the time of Galileo , but a few were skeptical . Philoponus pointed out the absurdity in Aristotle 's claim that motion of an object is promoted by the same air that is resisting its passage . He proposed instead that an impetus was imparted to the object in the act of throwing it . Ibn Sīnā ( also known by his Latinized name Avicenna ) read Philoponus and published his own theory of motion in The Book of Healing in 1020 . He agreed that an impetus is imparted to a projectile by the thrower ; but unlike Philoponus , who believed that it was a temporary virtue that would decline even in a vacuum , he viewed it as a persistent , requiring external forces such as air resistance to dissipate it . The work of Philoponus , and possibly that of Ibn Sīnā , was read and refined by the European philosophers Peter Olivi and Jean Buridan . Buridan , who in about 1350 was made rector of the University of Paris , referred to impetus being proportional to the weight times the speed . Moreover , Buridan 's theory was different from his predecessor 's in that he did not consider impetus to be self - dissipating , asserting that a body would be arrested by the forces of air resistance and gravity which might be opposing its impetus .", "René Descartes believed that the total `` quantity of motion '' ( Latin : quantitas motus ) in the universe is conserved , where the quantity of motion is understood as the product of size and speed . This should not be read as a statement of the modern law of momentum , since he had no concept of mass as distinct from weight and size , and more importantly he believed that it is speed rather than velocity that is conserved . So for Descartes if a moving object were to bounce off a surface , changing its direction but not its speed , there would be no change in its quantity of motion . Galileo , in his Two New Sciences , used the Italian word impeto to similarly describe Descarte 's quantity of motion .", "Leibniz , in his `` Discourse on Metaphysics '' , gave an argument against Descartes ' construction of the conservation of the `` quantity of motion '' using an example of dropping blocks of different sizes different distances . He points out that force is conserved but quantity of motion , construed as the product of size and speed of an object , is not conserved .", "The first correct statement of the law of conservation of momentum was by English mathematician John Wallis in his 1670 work , Mechanica sive De Motu , Tractatus Geometricus : `` the initial state of the body , either of rest or of motion , will persist '' and `` If the force is greater than the resistance , motion will result '' . Wallis uses momentum and vis for force . Newton 's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , when it was first published in 1687 , showed a similar casting around for words to use for the mathematical momentum . His Definition II defines quantitas motus , `` quantity of motion '' , as `` arising from the velocity and quantity of matter conjointly '' , which identifies it as momentum . Thus when in Law II he refers to mutatio motus , `` change of motion '' , being proportional to the force impressed , he is generally taken to mean momentum and not motion . It remained only to assign a standard term to the quantity of motion . The first use of `` momentum '' in its proper mathematical sense is not clear but by the time of Jenning 's Miscellanea in 1721 , five years before the final edition of Newton 's Principia Mathematica , momentum M or `` quantity of motion '' was being defined for students as `` a rectangle '' , the product of Q and V , where Q is `` quantity of material '' and V is `` velocity '' , s / t ." ]