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[ "Star - Crossed Genre Science fiction Romance Teen drama Created by Meredith Averill Starring Aimee Teegarden Matt Lanter Grey Damon Malese Jow Titus Makin Jr . Natalie Hall Chelsea Gilligan Greg Finley Brina Palencia Composer ( s ) Gabriel Mann Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Andre Nemec Bryan Furst Daniel Gutman Josh Appelbaum Meredith Averill Richard Shepard Scott Rosenberg Sean Furst Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Space Floor Television Olé Productions Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Surround Original release February 17 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) -- May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) External links Website", "Star - Crossed", "Genre Science fiction Romance Teen drama", "Science fiction Romance Teen drama", "Created by Meredith Averill", "Starring Aimee Teegarden Matt Lanter Grey Damon Malese Jow Titus Makin Jr . Natalie Hall Chelsea Gilligan Greg Finley Brina Palencia", "Aimee Teegarden Matt Lanter Grey Damon Malese Jow Titus Makin Jr . Natalie Hall Chelsea Gilligan Greg Finley Brina Palencia", "Titus Makin Jr .", "Composer ( s ) Gabriel Mann", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons", "No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Andre Nemec Bryan Furst Daniel Gutman Josh Appelbaum Meredith Averill Richard Shepard Scott Rosenberg Sean Furst", "Andre Nemec Bryan Furst Daniel Gutman Josh Appelbaum Meredith Averill Richard Shepard Scott Rosenberg Sean Furst", "Running time 42 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Space Floor Television Olé Productions Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios", "Space Floor Television Olé Productions Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios", "Space Floor Television", "Warner Bros. Television", "CBS Television Studios", "Distributor CBS Television Distribution", "Release", "Original network The CW", "Picture format HDTV 1080i", "Audio format Surround", "Original release February 17 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) -- May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 )", "External links", "Website", "Star - Crossed is an American science fiction romantic teen drama television series created by Meredith Averill . Star - Crossed premiered on The CW on February 17 , 2014 . On May 8 , 2014 , The CW cancelled Star - Crossed after one season .", "Set in the near - future in 2024 , the series follows a romance between a human girl named Emery and an alien boy named Roman when he and six others of his kind are integrated into a suburban high school . It is filmed and takes place in Louisiana in the fictional town of Edendale .", "Aimee Teegarden as Emery Whitehill :", "Aimee Teegarden as Emery Whitehill :", "Emery is a 16 - year - old human girl who lives in Edendale , Louisiana and the female protagonist of Star Crossed . She was 6 years old when the Atrians arrived , and on that day , she helped a young Atrian boy ( later found out to have been Roman ) survive . Emery spent 4 years in the hospital due to an immune deficiency and just recently began high school at the beginning of the show . Emery 's first day of high school is also the day the integration program is set into action . She believes strongly in integration and meets Roman during that week . There is an immediate attraction between the two of them as the show 's main love story begins to form . Emery is best friends with Julia , but is also close with Lukas , Taylor , Sophia , and , later on in the show , Eric . Her other love interest in the show is Grayson Montrose , a human boy who is seen to have cared about Emery since the beginning of the show . Her main enemy is Teri , Roman 's ex girlfriend who constantly shows dislike for humans , especially Emery .", "Emery is a 16 - year - old human girl who lives in Edendale , Louisiana and the female protagonist of Star Crossed . She was 6 years old when the Atrians arrived , and on that day , she helped a young Atrian boy ( later found out to have been Roman ) survive . Emery spent 4 years in the hospital due to an immune deficiency and just recently began high school at the beginning of the show . Emery 's first day of high school is also the day the integration program is set into action . She believes strongly in integration and meets Roman during that week . There is an immediate attraction between the two of them as the show 's main love story begins to form . Emery is best friends with Julia , but is also close with Lukas , Taylor , Sophia , and , later on in the show , Eric . Her other love interest in the show is Grayson Montrose , a human boy who is seen to have cared about Emery since the beginning of the show . Her main enemy is Teri , Roman 's ex girlfriend who constantly shows dislike for humans , especially Emery .", "Matt Lanter as Roman :", "Matt Lanter as Roman :", "Roman is a 16 - year - old Atrian boy who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of his race . When Roman was a little boy and had to flee from the chaos of Arrival Day , he took refuge in Emery 's parents ' tool house upon which Emery found him and cared for him until he was found . Roman defends humans and does not despise them , he feels that while they 're very unwelcoming , but knows that just like Emery , there are good people in the world . He is the son of Nox , leader of the Atrians , and is thus a natural born leader . His father dies in the Pilot after being shot by Ray Whitehill ( Emery 's father . ) Roman 's father 's death took a huge toll on him as he now feels it is his job to keep his race alive and protect his mother and his sister , Sophia . Roman notices Emery on the first day of school and immediately recognizes her . Throughout the show , Roman is seen as having to choose between his love for Emery or keeping her safe , being that her father killed his people 's leader . He feels the pressure of having to choose between his people or Emery . Roman is best friends with Drake , and he was once friends with Teri , despite their romantic past , until she betrays him and he decides that they can not be friends . He is also close with Julia , Lukas , and friends with Taylor . His main enemy on the show is Grayson , the human boy who is also in love with Emery , and whose parents are leaders of the Red Hawks , and another concern throughout the show are the Trags a group of rebel Atrians . His uncle that takes over as leader used to be a Trag .", "Roman is a 16 - year - old Atrian boy who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of his race . When Roman was a little boy and had to flee from the chaos of Arrival Day , he took refuge in Emery 's parents ' tool house upon which Emery found him and cared for him until he was found . Roman defends humans and does not despise them , he feels that while they 're very unwelcoming , but knows that just like Emery , there are good people in the world . He is the son of Nox , leader of the Atrians , and is thus a natural born leader . His father dies in the Pilot after being shot by Ray Whitehill ( Emery 's father . ) Roman 's father 's death took a huge toll on him as he now feels it is his job to keep his race alive and protect his mother and his sister , Sophia . Roman notices Emery on the first day of school and immediately recognizes her . Throughout the show , Roman is seen as having to choose between his love for Emery or keeping her safe , being that her father killed his people 's leader . He feels the pressure of having to choose between his people or Emery . Roman is best friends with Drake , and he was once friends with Teri , despite their romantic past , until she betrays him and he decides that they can not be friends . He is also close with Julia , Lukas , and friends with Taylor . His main enemy on the show is Grayson , the human boy who is also in love with Emery , and whose parents are leaders of the Red Hawks , and another concern throughout the show are the Trags a group of rebel Atrians . His uncle that takes over as leader used to be a Trag .", "Grey Damon as Grayson Montrose :", "Grey Damon as Grayson Montrose :", "Grayson is a 16 - year - old human boy who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . He is an average teenage boy ( hangs out with his friends , he 's on the school swim team , etc ... ) except for the fact that his parents are the leaders of a terrorist group against the Atrians inhabiting Earth known as the Red Hawks . Grayson is always shown to be kind and welcoming despite growing up with parents like his , but he is also seen as resolute and stubborn , using any means necessary to get what he wants . Grayson 's main love interest in this show is Emery , whom he 's liked a lot since the beginning of the show . When Emery learned about Grayson 's parents , she was infuriated , however , she eventually forgave them and the two had a very brief romantic relationship . Grayson is best friends with Eric but is also friends with Taylor , Lukas , and Julia . His main enemy in the show is Roman , who is also in love with Emery .", "Grayson is a 16 - year - old human boy who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . He is an average teenage boy ( hangs out with his friends , he 's on the school swim team , etc ... ) except for the fact that his parents are the leaders of a terrorist group against the Atrians inhabiting Earth known as the Red Hawks . Grayson is always shown to be kind and welcoming despite growing up with parents like his , but he is also seen as resolute and stubborn , using any means necessary to get what he wants . Grayson 's main love interest in this show is Emery , whom he 's liked a lot since the beginning of the show . When Emery learned about Grayson 's parents , she was infuriated , however , she eventually forgave them and the two had a very brief romantic relationship . Grayson is best friends with Eric but is also friends with Taylor , Lukas , and Julia . His main enemy in the show is Roman , who is also in love with Emery .", "Malese Jow as Julia Yeung :", "Malese Jow as Julia Yeung :", "Julia is a 16 - year - old human girl who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . Julia was diagnosed with Leukemia at the beginning of the show and since none of the treatments were working she was told she must go home , however Roman saves her by combining his blood with cyper as a favor to Emery . She is a very bubbly , lively young girl who is fascinated with ' all things Atrian . Julia 's main love interest later in the show is Eric , an ex Red Hawk who comes to appreciate having the Atrians around . Her best friend is Emery , but she becomes very close friends with Roman after he saves her life . She is also close friends with Lukas , Taylor , Sophia , and Grayson .", "Julia is a 16 - year - old human girl who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . Julia was diagnosed with Leukemia at the beginning of the show and since none of the treatments were working she was told she must go home , however Roman saves her by combining his blood with cyper as a favor to Emery . She is a very bubbly , lively young girl who is fascinated with ' all things Atrian . Julia 's main love interest later in the show is Eric , an ex Red Hawk who comes to appreciate having the Atrians around . Her best friend is Emery , but she becomes very close friends with Roman after he saves her life . She is also close friends with Lukas , Taylor , Sophia , and Grayson .", "Titus Makin Jr. as Lukas Parnell :", "Titus Makin Jr. as Lukas Parnell :", "Lukas is a 16 - year - old boy who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . He is a very intelligent and kind person who excels in technological advances . Lukas has always fought for the Atrians ' rights and believes in tolerance , however he starts to get a bit iffy about the Atrians ' motives after he is poisoned by black cyper , a poisonous form of the Atrian herb , which was created by the Trags ( Atrian terrorists against the humans ) to extinguish the human race . Lukas had a crush on Sophia , but they 're just friends throughout the series . He is best friends with Emery and close with Julia , Roman , Grayson , Taylor , and Eric .", "Lukas is a 16 - year - old boy who lives in Edendale , Louisiana . He is a very intelligent and kind person who excels in technological advances . Lukas has always fought for the Atrians ' rights and believes in tolerance , however he starts to get a bit iffy about the Atrians ' motives after he is poisoned by black cyper , a poisonous form of the Atrian herb , which was created by the Trags ( Atrian terrorists against the humans ) to extinguish the human race . Lukas had a crush on Sophia , but they 're just friends throughout the series . He is best friends with Emery and close with Julia , Roman , Grayson , Taylor , and Eric .", "Natalie Hall as Taylor Beecham :", "Natalie Hall as Taylor Beecham :", "Taylor is a 16 - year - old girl living in Edendale , Louisiana . She is very much the ' popular socialite ' of this show . She forms an intense relationship with Drake , despite the fact that Sophia is interested in her , and ends up pregnant later on in the show . She is close friends with Emery , Lukas , Julia , Grayson , and Roman .", "Taylor is a 16 - year - old girl living in Edendale , Louisiana . She is very much the ' popular socialite ' of this show . She forms an intense relationship with Drake , despite the fact that Sophia is interested in her , and ends up pregnant later on in the show . She is close friends with Emery , Lukas , Julia , Grayson , and Roman .", "Chelsea Gilligan as Teri :", "Chelsea Gilligan as Teri :", "Teri is a 16 - year - old Atrian who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of her race . She is very much a rebellious Atrian who despises the humans ' intolerance and later becomes a Trag . Teri once had a very serious relationship with Roman until he realized that ' with ( you ) it 's all about mind games ' and ended their relationship . Her main enemy in the show is a Emery , due to the fact that Teri distrusts her as a human , and because Emery is in love with Roman . She is friends with Drake and was friends with Roman . In the beginning of the show she constantly was fighting humans that got in her way . Her mother is the leader of the Trags .", "Teri is a 16 - year - old Atrian who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of her race . She is very much a rebellious Atrian who despises the humans ' intolerance and later becomes a Trag . Teri once had a very serious relationship with Roman until he realized that ' with ( you ) it 's all about mind games ' and ended their relationship . Her main enemy in the show is a Emery , due to the fact that Teri distrusts her as a human , and because Emery is in love with Roman . She is friends with Drake and was friends with Roman . In the beginning of the show she constantly was fighting humans that got in her way . Her mother is the leader of the Trags .", "Greg Finley as Drake :", "Greg Finley as Drake :", "Drake is a 16 - year - old Atrian boy who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of his race . Drake is a very strong , tall Atrian and he is definitely not the passive type . He forms an intense relationship with Taylor , thus resulting in her pregnancy . Drake is best friends with Roman , but also becomes friends with Emery , Julia , and Lukas . He was a Trag but realized he could n't kill people . His mother was imprisoned in the crate which is the jail for the Sector but later released . His mother is forced to build a doomsday device for the Trags .", "Drake is a 16 - year - old Atrian boy who now lives on Earth in a militarized sector with the remaining members of his race . Drake is a very strong , tall Atrian and he is definitely not the passive type . He forms an intense relationship with Taylor , thus resulting in her pregnancy . Drake is best friends with Roman , but also becomes friends with Emery , Julia , and Lukas . He was a Trag but realized he could n't kill people . His mother was imprisoned in the crate which is the jail for the Sector but later released . His mother is forced to build a doomsday device for the Trags .", "Brina Palencia as Sophia :", "Brina Palencia as Sophia :", "Roman 's younger Atrian sister who is always curious about humans . After her father 's death , she became frustrated with Roman as he was being overprotective of her . She tried to form a relationship with Taylor , but is rejected by her . Lukas also shows affection for her , but she is in love with Taylor . Sophia is close friends with Emery , Drake , Julia , and Lukas . She also loves to swim and later tries to join the school swim team .", "Roman 's younger Atrian sister who is always curious about humans . After her father 's death , she became frustrated with Roman as he was being overprotective of her . She tried to form a relationship with Taylor , but is rejected by her . Lukas also shows affection for her , but she is in love with Taylor . Sophia is close friends with Emery , Drake , Julia , and Lukas . She also loves to swim and later tries to join the school swim team .", "Dora Madison Burge as Zoe Jesse Luken as Eric Tahmoh Penikett as SEU Officer Jack Beaumont Jay Huguley as Ray Whitehill Andrea Frankle as Michelle Whitehill Susan Walters as Maia Jason Douglas as Nox Deena Dill as Margaret Montrose Tom Hillmann as Mr. Montrose Victoria Platt as Gloria Garcia Merle Dandridge as Vega Louise Lombard as Saroya Johnathon Schaech as Castor Stephanie Jacobsen as Eva Benton Alec Rayme as Sketchy Atrian", "Dora Madison Burge as Zoe", "Jesse Luken as Eric", "Tahmoh Penikett as SEU Officer Jack Beaumont", "Jay Huguley as Ray Whitehill", "Andrea Frankle as Michelle Whitehill", "Susan Walters as Maia", "Jason Douglas as Nox", "Deena Dill as Margaret Montrose", "Tom Hillmann as Mr. Montrose", "Victoria Platt as Gloria Garcia", "Merle Dandridge as Vega", "Louise Lombard as Saroya", "Johnathon Schaech as Castor", "Stephanie Jacobsen as Eva Benton", "Alec Rayme as Sketchy Atrian", "All the episode titles after the pilot are taken from William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet .", "No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Gary Fleder Meredith Averill February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 101 1.28 On September 17 , 2014 , alien species from Atria , known as `` Atrians '' , arrive on Earth where people 's unwelcoming reactions provoke them , and the two species begin a war . A six - year - old Emery finds Roman , an Atrian who had escaped and has hidden in their shed . The two later become friends ; however , their friendship is cut short when the military shoots him . Ten years later , when Emery goes back to school after spending four years in the hospital dealing with immune deficiency , officials announced seven Atrians will attend the same high school . In order to help her friend Julia , Emery leads her to the Atrians ' Cyper , but are unsuccessful in finding the cure they need . Emery later learns about Roman and how he survived being shot . After a confrontation in school between Roman and Eric , Roman 's friends are on a mission to crash an upcoming party , where Eric is attacked by Drake , while Roman is able to escape with Emery when the police raid the party . In the final scene , Roman heals Julia , while his father is shot by Emery 's father by accident . `` These Violent Delights Have Violent Ends '' Gary Fleder Meredith Averill February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 102 1.14 There is an explosion at the Sector , injuring some of the human personnel . As Roman 's family is preparing for the funeral , they are visited by their Uncle , Castor , who wants to take over where Roman 's father left off . Due to animosity between them , Roman rejects his uncle 's bid to become the new Atrian leader and asserts his birthright , taking on the role himself . At school , Roman avoids Emery after her father 's accidental shooting of his own father . Emery later campaigns against the Red Hawks at a school board meeting to allow the Atrians to attend the school 's homecoming carnival . Roman reluctantly agrees to attend in order to protect Emery , who is being targeted by the Trags , the Atrian extremist group , who are seeking vengeance for Nox 's death . Roman later stops and confronts the Trag assassin , learning that he is an Atrian who has had his markings removed . Roman yields the Atrian leadership to Castor , but indicates that he does not trust him and will not hesitate to have him deposed . `` Our Toil Shall Strive to Mend '' Deran Sarafian Adele Lim March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 103 1.12 With the tenth anniversary of the Atrians ' arrival looming , Gloria arranges for Emery 's class to be permitted inside the Sector to witness a commemoration ceremony . While Roman objects out of concerns for Emery 's welfare , she attends anyway and , with Grayson , attempts to make a video of Atrians telling their Arrival Day stories . Most are hostile , but Sophia agrees to be interviewed , to Roman 's chagrin . The side effects of being cured with Cyper are showing up in Julia ; her veins are turning blue . Roman asks Teri for the cure , a plant called Vire . She refuses , due to her feelings about their shared romantic past . After helping him avoid the wrath of his mother , Teri provides the cure , though warns Roman that it has never been administered to a human before , and that there may be side effects . Julia consumes the Vire , and her veins return to normal . During the ceremony , the Red Hawks hack the video that Grayson and Emery made , and broadcast a racially vilifying message . Roman gives a speech afterwards , while Drake , in an initiation for the Trags , breaks into the Atrian starship and retrieves a hollow , wireframe cube for Teri 's mother Vega , their leader . Emery discovers Grayson 's parents are the Red Hawks and ostracizes Grayson . Vega reveals that the cube produces Black Cyper , a weapon deadly to Atrians and is implied to be deadly to humans . Teri joins the Trags , and Gloria is revealed to have an Atrian child . `` And Left No Friendly Drop '' Harry Sinclair Robert Hewitt Wolfe March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 104 0.99 Roman is furious when the sector guards ransack his family 's pod looking for restricted technology . After the guards leave , Roman 's mother shows Roman a cell phone she found in his father 's things . Roman asks Lukas to try to find out anything he can from the phone and tells his uncle and his family that the phone was destroyed . Roman and Lukas get caught with the phone and Gloria destroys the data from it . Meanwhile , human students learn about Atrian biology . Sophia decides to join the swim team with Emery and Grayson 's support . The team finally agrees , because Atrians have an underwater advantage . Before the meet starts , one of the girls on the other school 's Swim Team learns the Atrians are deadly allergic to caffeine and tricks Sophia into drinking something with caffeine in it . Emery ends up saving Sophie but the Atrians and humans from Marshall HS fight with the opponent school 's team and they end up in the pool area when Gloria stops them and cancels the meet . She praises them for fighting together ( Atrians and Humans ) against the other team and says it shows they are learning to work together . Emery and Grayson work out their issues and have their first kiss which Roman unfortunately watches from the bus . Afterwards , Gloria watches the video that was on the cell phone of her son playing in the water , revealing that Roman 's father , Nox is also her son 's father . 5 `` Dreamers Often Lie '' Michael Pressman Marc Halsey March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 105 1.00 When Gloria tells the Atrian Seven they are allowed to spend one day outside their sector , Roman sees it as an opportunity to further investigate his father 's mysterious past as well as the origins of the mysterious cell phone . Roman later makes a startling discovery about Gloria as well as a location of a potential Atrian safe haven . Meanwhile , Emery and Grayson go out on a date , but their night is ruined after Eric calls Grayson for help involving covering for a group of Red Hawk extremists and ends up putting everyone in danger . Drake mistakes Taylor for an undercover Trag when he is tasked with an assignment to deliver a lethal strain of Black Cyper to a contact outside the sector . Lukas makes his move on Sophia , but she ends up telling him that she is interested in someone of the same sex , and revealing that all Atrians are pansexual . Gloria sents her son away with Jesytur ( the summon gatekeeper of the Atrians ) to the Atrian save haven location Negea and the gatekeeper will protect her son from the humans . 6 `` Stabbed with a White Wench 's Black Eye '' Oz Scott Yolanda E. Lawrence March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 106 0.88 When Emery is confronted by a tabloid reporter with a video of her and her friend Julia talking about Cyper , she enlists her friend 's help to find a replacement story for him to keep him off the track . Meanwhile , Drake tells Roman about how Grayson 's parents are the leaders of the Red Hawks and when Grayson 's parents throw a big charity ball at their house , Drake makes plans to go at Vega 's request : to undertake an important mission . Roman arrives at the party to make sure Drake stays out of trouble and to keep an eye on Emery , however he gets caught in the middle of a kidnapping scheme when Drake and the undercover Trag : Zoe , plot to kidnap Grayson in order to force his parents to give up the location of imprisoned Atrians allegedly held at various black site labs and locations . When the car crashes in the middle of the road , Roman and Drake rescue Grayson , but Zoe escapes allowing them to find her and stop her and Emery puts the replacement story to the reporter and the police arrest Grayson 's mother ( one of the leaders of the Red Hawks ) who setting a meeting for the Red Hawks and destroy the Atrians . 7 `` To Seek a Foe '' Ed Ornelas Jay Faerber March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) 107 1.04 Roman and Drake explain about the Trags ' kidnapping plot after they rescue Grayson from the previous episode , but they must find the person responsible : Zoe . Meanwhile , Emery and Grayson are watching the news after Grayson 's mother is arrested by the police and discuss their relationship fall apart . In town , Lukas is poisoned after he opens the car door of Taylor 's car when a Black Cyper leaf is planted as a trap , and he is sent to the hospital . Later , Roman and Drake try to find out the person who is behind it and discover it is Zoe who is planting the Black Cyper , at the boat house to spread the town , they go to stop her until Emery joins Roman who is also trying to find the cure for Lukas , before it 's too late . After successfully destroying the Black Cyper , Roman and his sister Sophia give the cure to Lukas , after Emery is given the cure by Roman . Emery and Roman kiss after Emery told Roman how she feels about him ; Grayson sees Emery and Roman kiss . 8 `` An Old Accustom 'd Feast '' Michael Zinberg Brian Studler April 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 108 0.95 Roman invites Emery inside the sector to celebrate Dinaskyu , an Atrian holiday that celebrates the family . Emery asks Sophia for tips on how to impress her mother. Vega tells Drake that with Zoe missing , they 've tapped him to be their new undercover operative , which means he 'll be leaving town and getting his markings removed. When Roman goes to Vega and asks her to reconsider sending Drake away , she offers him a way out . Meanwhile , Eva approaches Julia with an offer . When Julia refuses , Eva takes her mission to a dangerous place . Finally , Grayson confronts Emery about her feelings for Roman . 9 `` Some Consequence Yet Hanging in the Stars '' Zetna Fuentes Samantha Stratton April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 109 0.76 Roman argues with Emery about whether he can trust his uncle Castor . However , when Roman asks his uncle about the day their spaceship crashed , Castor 's reaction is far from what he expected . Meanwhile , Grayson tries to remember what happened the night he blacked out , and Taylor throws a `` meteor shower '' party to spend more time with Drake . Sophia finally makes her move on Taylor . Still unable to deny her feelings for Roman , Teri makes a decision that puts her in grave danger . 10 `` What Storm is This That Blows So '' Norman Buckley Robert Hewitt Wolfe & Yolanda E. Lawrence April 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) 110 0.81 A hurricane suddenly hits the town and everyone is trapped inside the school . Teri drugs Roman , which leaves him very paranoid and very angry . While drugged he says some very hurtful things to Emery that alter their relationship . Taylor convinces Drake that they should go public as a couple . However , when Grayson overhears the couple talking , he blackmails Drake into breaking up with Taylor . Meanwhile , Julia turns to Emery for help after Eva threatens her . Sophia and Lukas discover that the hurricane might have originated from the crashed Atrian spaceship . Drake 's rejection of Taylor brings her closer to Sophia . 11 `` Give Me a Torch '' Michael Katleman Marc Halsey & Jay Faerber April 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 28 ) 111 0.83 Sophia suspects Taylor is pregnant with Drake 's baby . Sophia tells Emery and the two research Atrian pregnancies . Red Hawk extremist Vartan stumbles upon the information and mistakenly believes Emery is pregnant , so he kidnaps her . Vega tasks Teri with finding the Iksen 's key , which they need to complete the Suvek . Meanwhile , Roman and Castor testify before the Hwatab about the day the spaceship crashed . Also , Eric shares a pleasant moment with Julia at the school 's Winter Dance . 12 `` This Trick May Chance to Scathe You '' Elizabeth Allen Brian Studler & Samantha Stratton May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 112 0.87 After Roman and Drake discover the Trags are building a bomb known as a Suvek , they realize they need help and Turn to an unexpected source -- Grayson . Emery enlists Sophia and Lukas to help them smuggle the Suvek out of the sector , which ultimately puts all of them in danger . Meanwhile , Teri continues her mission for her mother , Vega , by helping Castor recover from his wounds while plotting to betray him at the same time . 13 `` Passion Lends Them Power '' Ed Omelas Meredith Averill & Adele Lim May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) 113 0.83 After Roman is seriously injured , Emery turns to an unexpected ally ( Teri ) for help . They use cypher to heal him and , when Teri leaves , Emery and Roman engage in sex for the first time . Meanwhile , Grayson , Drake , Sophia , Lukas , Eric and Julia all join forces to race against the clock to find the stolen Suvek before the Trags can activate it . However , Vega is a step ahead of them and plans to set off the Suvek in the middle of a Mardi Gras parade . Teri is shocked when she overhears Vega ordering the death of her friends and makes the painful decision to turn in her mother and the Trags over to the human authorities . Elsewhere , Gloria discovers Taylor 's secret regarding her pregnancy and shares a secret of her own . Roman finally learns about his late father 's illegitimate child and receives a warning about what the Suvek can really do . Zoe is revealed to be alive and finally reveals her Atrian origins to Taylor when she stumbles upon the Suvek . In the final confrontation , Roman , Drake , Emery and Grayson lead an assault on the Trags ' rooftop position where the Suvek is . In the subsequent shootout all of the Trags , including Zoe , are killed , but Grayson is seriously wounded . Roman deactivates the Suvek , but Zoe activates a back - up trigger before she dies , which sets off the Suvek , creating a pulse shockwave which knocks out all the humans in the area . Taylor is trapped in a car overturned by the shock wave . Roman and Drake then discover that the Suvek is not a bomb , but a beacon that sends a signal to a huge battle fleet of Atrian warships in deep space , positioned just outside the Milky Way Galaxy . The fleet heads for Earth , seeking the source of the signal .", "No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions )", "`` Pilot '' Gary Fleder Meredith Averill February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 101 1.28", "On September 17 , 2014 , alien species from Atria , known as `` Atrians '' , arrive on Earth where people 's unwelcoming reactions provoke them , and the two species begin a war . A six - year - old Emery finds Roman , an Atrian who had escaped and has hidden in their shed . The two later become friends ; however , their friendship is cut short when the military shoots him . Ten years later , when Emery goes back to school after spending four years in the hospital dealing with immune deficiency , officials announced seven Atrians will attend the same high school . In order to help her friend Julia , Emery leads her to the Atrians ' Cyper , but are unsuccessful in finding the cure they need . Emery later learns about Roman and how he survived being shot . After a confrontation in school between Roman and Eric , Roman 's friends are on a mission to crash an upcoming party , where Eric is attacked by Drake , while Roman is able to escape with Emery when the police raid the party . In the final scene , Roman heals Julia , while his father is shot by Emery 's father by accident .", "`` These Violent Delights Have Violent Ends '' Gary Fleder Meredith Averill February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 102 1.14", "There is an explosion at the Sector , injuring some of the human personnel . As Roman 's family is preparing for the funeral , they are visited by their Uncle , Castor , who wants to take over where Roman 's father left off . Due to animosity between them , Roman rejects his uncle 's bid to become the new Atrian leader and asserts his birthright , taking on the role himself . At school , Roman avoids Emery after her father 's accidental shooting of his own father . Emery later campaigns against the Red Hawks at a school board meeting to allow the Atrians to attend the school 's homecoming carnival . Roman reluctantly agrees to attend in order to protect Emery , who is being targeted by the Trags , the Atrian extremist group , who are seeking vengeance for Nox 's death . Roman later stops and confronts the Trag assassin , learning that he is an Atrian who has had his markings removed . Roman yields the Atrian leadership to Castor , but indicates that he does not trust him and will not hesitate to have him deposed .", "`` Our Toil Shall Strive to Mend '' Deran Sarafian Adele Lim March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 103 1.12", "With the tenth anniversary of the Atrians ' arrival looming , Gloria arranges for Emery 's class to be permitted inside the Sector to witness a commemoration ceremony . While Roman objects out of concerns for Emery 's welfare , she attends anyway and , with Grayson , attempts to make a video of Atrians telling their Arrival Day stories . Most are hostile , but Sophia agrees to be interviewed , to Roman 's chagrin . The side effects of being cured with Cyper are showing up in Julia ; her veins are turning blue . Roman asks Teri for the cure , a plant called Vire . She refuses , due to her feelings about their shared romantic past . After helping him avoid the wrath of his mother , Teri provides the cure , though warns Roman that it has never been administered to a human before , and that there may be side effects . Julia consumes the Vire , and her veins return to normal . During the ceremony , the Red Hawks hack the video that Grayson and Emery made , and broadcast a racially vilifying message . Roman gives a speech afterwards , while Drake , in an initiation for the Trags , breaks into the Atrian starship and retrieves a hollow , wireframe cube for Teri 's mother Vega , their leader . Emery discovers Grayson 's parents are the Red Hawks and ostracizes Grayson . Vega reveals that the cube produces Black Cyper , a weapon deadly to Atrians and is implied to be deadly to humans . Teri joins the Trags , and Gloria is revealed to have an Atrian child .", "`` And Left No Friendly Drop '' Harry Sinclair Robert Hewitt Wolfe March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 104 0.99", "Roman is furious when the sector guards ransack his family 's pod looking for restricted technology . After the guards leave , Roman 's mother shows Roman a cell phone she found in his father 's things . Roman asks Lukas to try to find out anything he can from the phone and tells his uncle and his family that the phone was destroyed . Roman and Lukas get caught with the phone and Gloria destroys the data from it . Meanwhile , human students learn about Atrian biology . Sophia decides to join the swim team with Emery and Grayson 's support . The team finally agrees , because Atrians have an underwater advantage . Before the meet starts , one of the girls on the other school 's Swim Team learns the Atrians are deadly allergic to caffeine and tricks Sophia into drinking something with caffeine in it . Emery ends up saving Sophie but the Atrians and humans from Marshall HS fight with the opponent school 's team and they end up in the pool area when Gloria stops them and cancels the meet . She praises them for fighting together ( Atrians and Humans ) against the other team and says it shows they are learning to work together . Emery and Grayson work out their issues and have their first kiss which Roman unfortunately watches from the bus . Afterwards , Gloria watches the video that was on the cell phone of her son playing in the water , revealing that Roman 's father , Nox is also her son 's father .", "5 `` Dreamers Often Lie '' Michael Pressman Marc Halsey March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 105 1.00", "When Gloria tells the Atrian Seven they are allowed to spend one day outside their sector , Roman sees it as an opportunity to further investigate his father 's mysterious past as well as the origins of the mysterious cell phone . Roman later makes a startling discovery about Gloria as well as a location of a potential Atrian safe haven . Meanwhile , Emery and Grayson go out on a date , but their night is ruined after Eric calls Grayson for help involving covering for a group of Red Hawk extremists and ends up putting everyone in danger . Drake mistakes Taylor for an undercover Trag when he is tasked with an assignment to deliver a lethal strain of Black Cyper to a contact outside the sector . Lukas makes his move on Sophia , but she ends up telling him that she is interested in someone of the same sex , and revealing that all Atrians are pansexual . Gloria sents her son away with Jesytur ( the summon gatekeeper of the Atrians ) to the Atrian save haven location Negea and the gatekeeper will protect her son from the humans .", "6 `` Stabbed with a White Wench 's Black Eye '' Oz Scott Yolanda E. Lawrence March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 106 0.88", "When Emery is confronted by a tabloid reporter with a video of her and her friend Julia talking about Cyper , she enlists her friend 's help to find a replacement story for him to keep him off the track . Meanwhile , Drake tells Roman about how Grayson 's parents are the leaders of the Red Hawks and when Grayson 's parents throw a big charity ball at their house , Drake makes plans to go at Vega 's request : to undertake an important mission . Roman arrives at the party to make sure Drake stays out of trouble and to keep an eye on Emery , however he gets caught in the middle of a kidnapping scheme when Drake and the undercover Trag : Zoe , plot to kidnap Grayson in order to force his parents to give up the location of imprisoned Atrians allegedly held at various black site labs and locations . When the car crashes in the middle of the road , Roman and Drake rescue Grayson , but Zoe escapes allowing them to find her and stop her and Emery puts the replacement story to the reporter and the police arrest Grayson 's mother ( one of the leaders of the Red Hawks ) who setting a meeting for the Red Hawks and destroy the Atrians .", "7 `` To Seek a Foe '' Ed Ornelas Jay Faerber March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) 107 1.04", "Roman and Drake explain about the Trags ' kidnapping plot after they rescue Grayson from the previous episode , but they must find the person responsible : Zoe . Meanwhile , Emery and Grayson are watching the news after Grayson 's mother is arrested by the police and discuss their relationship fall apart . In town , Lukas is poisoned after he opens the car door of Taylor 's car when a Black Cyper leaf is planted as a trap , and he is sent to the hospital . Later , Roman and Drake try to find out the person who is behind it and discover it is Zoe who is planting the Black Cyper , at the boat house to spread the town , they go to stop her until Emery joins Roman who is also trying to find the cure for Lukas , before it 's too late . After successfully destroying the Black Cyper , Roman and his sister Sophia give the cure to Lukas , after Emery is given the cure by Roman . Emery and Roman kiss after Emery told Roman how she feels about him ; Grayson sees Emery and Roman kiss .", "8 `` An Old Accustom 'd Feast '' Michael Zinberg Brian Studler April 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) 108 0.95", "Roman invites Emery inside the sector to celebrate Dinaskyu , an Atrian holiday that celebrates the family . Emery asks Sophia for tips on how to impress her mother. Vega tells Drake that with Zoe missing , they 've tapped him to be their new undercover operative , which means he 'll be leaving town and getting his markings removed. When Roman goes to Vega and asks her to reconsider sending Drake away , she offers him a way out . Meanwhile , Eva approaches Julia with an offer . When Julia refuses , Eva takes her mission to a dangerous place . Finally , Grayson confronts Emery about her feelings for Roman .", "9 `` Some Consequence Yet Hanging in the Stars '' Zetna Fuentes Samantha Stratton April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) 109 0.76", "Roman argues with Emery about whether he can trust his uncle Castor . However , when Roman asks his uncle about the day their spaceship crashed , Castor 's reaction is far from what he expected . Meanwhile , Grayson tries to remember what happened the night he blacked out , and Taylor throws a `` meteor shower '' party to spend more time with Drake . Sophia finally makes her move on Taylor . Still unable to deny her feelings for Roman , Teri makes a decision that puts her in grave danger .", "10 `` What Storm is This That Blows So '' Norman Buckley Robert Hewitt Wolfe & Yolanda E. Lawrence April 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 21 ) 110 0.81", "A hurricane suddenly hits the town and everyone is trapped inside the school . Teri drugs Roman , which leaves him very paranoid and very angry . While drugged he says some very hurtful things to Emery that alter their relationship . Taylor convinces Drake that they should go public as a couple . However , when Grayson overhears the couple talking , he blackmails Drake into breaking up with Taylor . Meanwhile , Julia turns to Emery for help after Eva threatens her . Sophia and Lukas discover that the hurricane might have originated from the crashed Atrian spaceship . Drake 's rejection of Taylor brings her closer to Sophia .", "11 `` Give Me a Torch '' Michael Katleman Marc Halsey & Jay Faerber April 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 28 ) 111 0.83", "Sophia suspects Taylor is pregnant with Drake 's baby . Sophia tells Emery and the two research Atrian pregnancies . Red Hawk extremist Vartan stumbles upon the information and mistakenly believes Emery is pregnant , so he kidnaps her . Vega tasks Teri with finding the Iksen 's key , which they need to complete the Suvek . Meanwhile , Roman and Castor testify before the Hwatab about the day the spaceship crashed . Also , Eric shares a pleasant moment with Julia at the school 's Winter Dance .", "12 `` This Trick May Chance to Scathe You '' Elizabeth Allen Brian Studler & Samantha Stratton May 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 05 ) 112 0.87", "After Roman and Drake discover the Trags are building a bomb known as a Suvek , they realize they need help and Turn to an unexpected source -- Grayson . Emery enlists Sophia and Lukas to help them smuggle the Suvek out of the sector , which ultimately puts all of them in danger . Meanwhile , Teri continues her mission for her mother , Vega , by helping Castor recover from his wounds while plotting to betray him at the same time .", "13 `` Passion Lends Them Power '' Ed Omelas Meredith Averill & Adele Lim May 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 12 ) 113 0.83", "After Roman is seriously injured , Emery turns to an unexpected ally ( Teri ) for help . They use cypher to heal him and , when Teri leaves , Emery and Roman engage in sex for the first time . Meanwhile , Grayson , Drake , Sophia , Lukas , Eric and Julia all join forces to race against the clock to find the stolen Suvek before the Trags can activate it . However , Vega is a step ahead of them and plans to set off the Suvek in the middle of a Mardi Gras parade . Teri is shocked when she overhears Vega ordering the death of her friends and makes the painful decision to turn in her mother and the Trags over to the human authorities . Elsewhere , Gloria discovers Taylor 's secret regarding her pregnancy and shares a secret of her own . Roman finally learns about his late father 's illegitimate child and receives a warning about what the Suvek can really do . Zoe is revealed to be alive and finally reveals her Atrian origins to Taylor when she stumbles upon the Suvek . In the final confrontation , Roman , Drake , Emery and Grayson lead an assault on the Trags ' rooftop position where the Suvek is . In the subsequent shootout all of the Trags , including Zoe , are killed , but Grayson is seriously wounded . Roman deactivates the Suvek , but Zoe activates a back - up trigger before she dies , which sets off the Suvek , creating a pulse shockwave which knocks out all the humans in the area . Taylor is trapped in a car overturned by the shock wave . Roman and Drake then discover that the Suvek is not a bomb , but a beacon that sends a signal to a huge battle fleet of Atrian warships in deep space , positioned just outside the Milky Way Galaxy . The fleet heads for Earth , seeking the source of the signal .", "The project was originally titled Oxygen while in development at Isla Producciones ( in collaboration with Olé ) . It was then adapted for the American market by Powwow before being acquired by The CW . Star - Crossed premiered on The CW on Monday , February 17 , 2014 , at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central . The series was picked up for a thirteen - episode season .", "In 2013 , it was announced that Natalie Hall and Aimee Teegarden landed roles . On February 25 , 2013 , Grey Damon was cast as Grayson . In February , it was announced that Malese Jow would be joining , playing Julia , a girl who has an illness which may be cured by aliens . On March 5 , 2013 , Matt Lanter was cast as a co-star opposite Aimee Teegarden . It was announced Tahmoh Penikett will appear as SEU Officer Jack Beaumont Deena Dill was cast as Margaret Montrose along with Johnathon Schaech , who was cast as Castor .", "The pilot episode debuted on The CW on February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) , drawing an audience of 1.28 million viewers . The second episode `` These Violent Delights Have Violent Ends '' debuted on February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) , drawing an audience of 1.14 million viewers . As of February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) , the debut episode is the most watched episode which aired March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) , drawing an audience of 1.28 million viewers and the least watched episode `` Some Consequence Yet Hanging in the Stars '' aired on April 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 14 ) drawing an audience of 0.76 million viewers .", "David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the series 4 out of 5 stars , saying `` add forbidden love , which can never escape the shadow of potential doom , and Star - Crossed could become both provocative and entertaining . '' Diana Werts of Newsday gave the series 3 out of 4 stars , saying `` Plenty of potential , if Star - Crossed stops talking down to us '' . Carrie Raisler of The A.V. Club gave the series a positive review . Jeanne Jakle of the San Antonio Express - News gave a positive review , particularly of Aimee Teegarden 's performance , saying `` Just as she was so heartbreakingly natural as young Julie Taylor , she also comes across refreshingly unpretentious in Star - Crossed -- which , actually , may be the best reason of all to watch the CW drama . ''", "Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the series 2 of 4 stars signaling mixed reviews , saying `` Star - Crossed does n't aim as high as those , Lanter does get a few witty lines ( '' One of my hearts stopped beating for a few minutes . Luckily I had a backup ) '' but the tone is mostly dreary and the plot with few exceptions goes precisely where you expect . Only if the romance proves genuinely heart - stopping to young fans ( maybe , the same ones who have embraced Reign ) will this one be a hit . '' Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times gave the series an mixed review , saying `` It 's the usual dance of insiders and outsiders , mean kids and weirdos , of Sharks and Jets , Montagues and Capulets biting their thumbs at one another in the school corridor while one special guy and girl fall in love . There are the good ones and the bad ones , and the bad good ones , and the good bad ones . Adults , as always in these things , are no help at all . ''", "David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle giving it a negative review , saying `` The title is Star - Crossed because it 's about an alien boy who falls in love with a human girl , a repurposed ' Romeo and Juliet ' , without the poetry . Or drama . Or credibility . '' Robert Bianco , of USA Today , saying `` As vapid as it is unoriginal , Star - Crossed is sadly typical of a network that continually underestimates its audience . Teenagers may not be smarter than they were when the WB was at its peak , but it 's unlikely they 're dumber . So why does CW treat them as if they are ? '' Matt Roush of TV Guide gave a negative review , saying `` Star - Crossed lacks humor , suspense or even heat . ''", "Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Best TV Actor : Comedy , Drama or Musical Matt Lanter Won Best TV Actress : Comedy , Drama or Musical Aimee Teegarden Won Outstanding Comedy Series , Drama or Musical Star - Crossed Nominated", "Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result", "2015 Teen Film / TV Series International Awards Best TV Actor : Comedy , Drama or Musical Matt Lanter Won", "Best TV Actress : Comedy , Drama or Musical Aimee Teegarden Won", "Outstanding Comedy Series , Drama or Musical Star - Crossed Nominated", "The series aired in Australia , eight and a half hours behind the East Coast of the United States on Fox8 from Tuesday , February 18 , 2014 , at 8 : 30 p.m. In the United Kingdom , the show aired on Sky 1 on Friday , April 4 , 2014 at 8 p.m." ]

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[ "2017 Colorado Rockies National League Wild Card Major League affiliations National League ( since 1993 ) Western Division ( since 1993 ) Location Coors Field ( since 1995 ) Denver , Colorado ( since 1993 ) Results Record 87 -- 75 (. 537 ) Divisional place 3rd Other information Owner ( s ) Charles & Dick Monfort General manager ( s ) Jeff Bridich Manager ( s ) Bud Black Local television Root Sports Rocky Mountain ( Drew Goodman , Jeff Huson , Ryan Spilborghs ) Local radio KOA ( English ) ( Jack Corrigan , Jerry Schemmel ) KNRV ( Spanish ) ( Salvador Hernandez , Javier Olivas , Carlos Valdez ) < Previous season Next season >", "2017 Colorado Rockies", "National League Wild Card", "Major League affiliations", "National League ( since 1993 )", "National League ( since 1993 )", "National League ( since 1993 )", "Western Division ( since 1993 )", "Western Division ( since 1993 )", "Western Division ( since 1993 )", "Western Division ( since 1993 )", "Western Division ( since 1993 )", "Location", "Coors Field ( since 1995 ) Denver , Colorado ( since 1993 )", "Coors Field ( since 1995 ) Denver , Colorado ( since 1993 )", "Coors Field ( since 1995 )", "Denver , Colorado ( since 1993 )", "Results", "Record 87 -- 75 (. 537 )", "Divisional place 3rd", "Other information", "Owner ( s ) Charles & Dick Monfort", "General manager ( s ) Jeff Bridich", "Manager ( s ) Bud Black", "Local television Root Sports Rocky Mountain ( Drew Goodman , Jeff Huson , Ryan Spilborghs )", "Local radio KOA ( English ) ( Jack Corrigan , Jerry Schemmel ) KNRV ( Spanish ) ( Salvador Hernandez , Javier Olivas , Carlos Valdez )", "< Previous season Next season >", "The 2017 Colorado Rockies season was the franchise 's 25th in Major League Baseball . It was the 23rd season the Rockies played their home games at Coors Field . The Rockies finished the season 87 -- 75 in third place in the National League West Division , 17 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers . They did , however , receive the second wild card spot in the National League and advanced to the playoffs for the first time since 2009 . In the Wild Card Game , they lost to the Arizona Diamondbacks .", "December 13 , 2016 : Ian Desmond was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies . December 15 , 2016 : Mike Dunn was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies . January 17 , 2017 : Alexi Amarista was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies . January 28 , 2017 : Greg Holland was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies . February 1 , 2017 : Eddie Butler was traded by the Colorado Rockies to the Chicago Cubs for James Farris ( minors ) . April 2 , 2017 : Ryan Hanigan was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies .", "December 13 , 2016 : Ian Desmond was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies .", "December 15 , 2016 : Mike Dunn was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies .", "January 17 , 2017 : Alexi Amarista was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies .", "January 28 , 2017 : Greg Holland was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies .", "February 1 , 2017 : Eddie Butler was traded by the Colorado Rockies to the Chicago Cubs for James Farris ( minors ) .", "April 2 , 2017 : Ryan Hanigan was signed as a free agent by the Colorado Rockies .", "For their pre-season spring training , the Rockies participated in the Cactus League , finishing with a 16 -- 15 win -- loss record . In addition , two of their games finished tied and are not included in the standings .", "The Rockies won their Opening Day game on April 3 , defeating the Milwaukee Brewers , 7 − 5 . Relief pitcher Greg Holland , making his Rockies debut , earned the save , his first save since September 17 , 2015 .", "Holland won the National League Reliever of the Month Award for April .", "On Mother 's Day , Holland broke the franchise record of converting 16 consecutive saves to start a season , formerly held by José Jiménez , which he had set in 2002 .", "For the month of May , Charlie Blackmon won his first MLB Player of the Month Award , for the National League . He led the NL in hits ( 42 ) and triples ( five ) , was second in batting average (. 359 ) , fourth in runs scored ( 24 ) , tied for fifth in RBI ( 22 ) , and tied for seventh with a 1.037 OPS . Holland won his second consecutive NL Reliever of the Month Award , going for 20 - for - 20 in save opportunities , a 1.31 ERA and 0.82 WHIP through May .", "On June 18 , 2017 , Nolan Arenado hit for the cycle versus the San Francisco Giants . The home run was a walk off , securing a 7 − 5 win off Giants closer Mark Melancon . The 288th cycle in MLB history , it was the eighth by a Rockies player , and the 17th overall accomplished at Coors Field . It was only the sixth time in MLB history that a cycle included a walk - off home run ; Carlos González did the same on July 31 , 2010 , versus the Chicago Cubs .", "During the June 28 game versus the Giants , Arenado knocked down a line drive batted by pitcher Ty Blach as he was facing third base , spun on his stomach , and , without getting up on his feet , threw out Blach at first base .", "Arenado set career - highs with three home runs and five hits , while tying a career - high seven RBI in an 18 -- 4 rout of the San Diego Padres on July 19 . He tied the franchise record held by Jeff Cirillo and Todd Walker for the number of total bases in a single game with 14 , and became the first player in Rockies history to reach both three home runs and five hits in a single game . He also became the first player in the majors to reach 80 RBI . Named NL Player of the Week for the fourth time of his career on July 23 , Arenado hit . 458 /. 480 / 1.000 with four home runs and 13 RBI in five games . He later won NL Player of the Month Award for July , his second career monthly award , after hitting . 389 /. 423 /. 744 with eight home runs , 35 hits , 15 extra base hits , 30 RBIs and 18 runs scored in 22 games .", "With a two - run home run versus José Ureña of the Miami Marlins on August 11 , Arenado became the first major leaguer of 2017 to reach 100 RBI , doing so in 112 games . He had batted . 441 and 77 RBI with runners in scoring position ( RISP ) .", "On September 16 versus the Padres , Arenado drove in his 125th run of the season , becoming the first third baseman and first Rockies player to do so in three consecutive seasons . Later that September , he became the 11th player in major league history to drive in 130 or more runs in three successive seasons . Writing for The Sporting News , Joe Rivera noted that per Fangraphs Arenado was the fourth player in history to net at least 100 defensive runs saved within his first five seasons ( 103 ) .", "On September 29 , 2017 , Blackmon homered versus Hyun - Jin Ryu of the Los Angeles Dodgers to reach 102 RBI , surpassing Darin Erstad in 2000 for the major league record of RBI by a leadoff hitter in one season .", "National League West Pct . GB Home Road Los Angeles Dodgers 104 58 0.642 -- 57 -- 24 47 -- 34 Arizona Diamondbacks 93 69 0.574 11 52 -- 29 41 -- 40 Colorado Rockies 87 75 0.537 17 46 -- 35 41 -- 40 San Diego Padres 71 91 0.438 33 43 -- 38 28 -- 53 San Francisco Giants 64 98 0.395 40 38 -- 43 26 -- 55", "National League West Pct . GB Home Road", "", "Los Angeles Dodgers 104 58 0.642 -- 57 -- 24 47 -- 34", "Arizona Diamondbacks 93 69 0.574 11 52 -- 29 41 -- 40", "Colorado Rockies 87 75 0.537 17 46 -- 35 41 -- 40", "San Diego Padres 71 91 0.438 33 43 -- 38 28 -- 53", "San Francisco Giants 64 98 0.395 40 38 -- 43 26 -- 55", "Division Leaders Pct . Los Angeles Dodgers 104 58 0.642 Washington Nationals 97 65 0.599 Chicago Cubs 92 70 0.568", "Division Leaders Pct .", "", "Los Angeles Dodgers 104 58 0.642", "Washington Nationals 97 65 0.599", "Chicago Cubs 92 70 0.568", "Wild Card teams ( Top 2 qualify for 1 - game playoff ) Pct . GB Arizona Diamondbacks 93 69 0.574 + 6 Colorado Rockies 87 75 0.537 -- Milwaukee Brewers 86 76 0.531 St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 0.512 Miami Marlins 77 85 0.475 10 Pittsburgh Pirates 75 87 0.463 12 Atlanta Braves 72 90 0.444 15 San Diego Padres 71 91 0.438 16 New York Mets 70 92 0.432 17 Cincinnati Reds 68 94 0.420 19 Philadelphia Phillies 66 96 0.407 21 San Francisco Giants 64 98 0.395 23", "Wild Card teams ( Top 2 qualify for 1 - game playoff ) Pct . GB", "", "Arizona Diamondbacks 93 69 0.574 + 6", "Colorado Rockies 87 75 0.537 --", "Milwaukee Brewers 86 76 0.531", "St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 0.512", "Miami Marlins 77 85 0.475 10", "Pittsburgh Pirates 75 87 0.463 12", "Atlanta Braves 72 90 0.444 15", "San Diego Padres 71 91 0.438 16", "New York Mets 70 92 0.432 17", "Cincinnati Reds 68 94 0.420 19", "Philadelphia Phillies 66 96 0.407 21", "San Francisco Giants 64 98 0.395 23", "2017 National League Records Source : NL Standings Head - to - Head Team ARI ATL CHC CIN COL LAD MIA MIL NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL WSH AL Arizona -- 2 -- 4 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 11 -- 8 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 11 -- 8 12 -- 7 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 12 -- 8 Atlanta 4 -- 2 -- 1 -- 6 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 4 -- 2 7 -- 12 6 -- 13 2 -- 5 5 -- 2 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 9 -- 10 9 -- 11 Chicago 3 -- 3 6 -- 1 -- 12 -- 7 2 -- 5 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 14 -- 5 3 -- 4 12 -- 8 Cincinnati 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 7 -- 12 -- 3 -- 4 0 -- 6 2 -- 5 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 4 -- 2 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 4 -- 3 9 -- 10 1 -- 6 5 -- 15 Colorado 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 5 -- 2 4 -- 3 -- 10 -- 9 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 12 -- 7 12 -- 7 2 -- 4 3 -- 4 10 -- 10 Los Angeles 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 4 -- 2 6 -- 0 9 -- 10 -- 6 -- 1 3 -- 3 7 -- 0 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 13 -- 6 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 16 -- 4 Miami 4 -- 3 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 12 -- 7 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 5 6 -- 13 9 -- 11 Milwaukee 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 9 -- 10 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 3 -- 3 4 -- 2 -- 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 9 -- 10 5 -- 2 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 11 -- 9 New York 1 -- 6 12 -- 7 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 0 -- 7 7 -- 12 2 -- 5 -- 12 -- 7 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 3 -- 4 6 -- 13 7 -- 13 Philadelphia 1 -- 6 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 2 -- 5 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 3 -- 3 7 -- 12 -- 2 -- 5 1 -- 5 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 8 -- 11 5 -- 15 Pittsburgh 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 9 -- 10 6 -- 13 3 -- 3 1 -- 6 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 3 -- 3 5 -- 2 -- 3 -- 3 1 -- 5 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 10 -- 10 San Diego 8 -- 11 2 -- 5 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 7 -- 12 6 -- 13 1 -- 5 2 -- 5 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 12 -- 7 3 -- 4 2 -- 5 8 -- 12 San Francisco 7 -- 12 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 7 -- 12 8 -- 11 1 -- 5 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 7 -- 12 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 5 8 -- 12 St. Louis 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 5 -- 14 10 -- 9 4 -- 2 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 4 -- 3 -- 3 -- 3 8 -- 12 Washington 4 -- 2 10 -- 9 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 13 -- 6 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 10 -- 10", "2017 National League Records Source : NL Standings Head - to - Head", "", "Team ARI ATL CHC CIN COL LAD MIA MIL NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL WSH AL", "Arizona -- 2 -- 4 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 11 -- 8 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 11 -- 8 12 -- 7 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 12 -- 8", "Atlanta 4 -- 2 -- 1 -- 6 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 4 -- 2 7 -- 12 6 -- 13 2 -- 5 5 -- 2 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 9 -- 10 9 -- 11", "Chicago 3 -- 3 6 -- 1 -- 12 -- 7 2 -- 5 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 14 -- 5 3 -- 4 12 -- 8", "Cincinnati 3 -- 3 3 -- 3 7 -- 12 -- 3 -- 4 0 -- 6 2 -- 5 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 4 -- 2 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 4 -- 3 9 -- 10 1 -- 6 5 -- 15", "Colorado 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 5 -- 2 4 -- 3 -- 10 -- 9 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 12 -- 7 12 -- 7 2 -- 4 3 -- 4 10 -- 10", "Los Angeles 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 4 -- 2 6 -- 0 9 -- 10 -- 6 -- 1 3 -- 3 7 -- 0 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 13 -- 6 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 16 -- 4", "Miami 4 -- 3 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 4 -- 2 1 -- 6 -- 2 -- 4 12 -- 7 8 -- 11 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 5 -- 1 2 -- 5 6 -- 13 9 -- 11", "Milwaukee 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 9 -- 10 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 3 -- 3 4 -- 2 -- 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 9 -- 10 5 -- 2 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 11 -- 9", "New York 1 -- 6 12 -- 7 2 -- 4 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 0 -- 7 7 -- 12 2 -- 5 -- 12 -- 7 3 -- 3 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 3 -- 4 6 -- 13 7 -- 13", "Philadelphia 1 -- 6 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 2 -- 4 2 -- 5 3 -- 4 11 -- 8 3 -- 3 7 -- 12 -- 2 -- 5 1 -- 5 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 8 -- 11 5 -- 15", "Pittsburgh 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 9 -- 10 6 -- 13 3 -- 3 1 -- 6 4 -- 3 10 -- 9 3 -- 3 5 -- 2 -- 3 -- 3 1 -- 5 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 10 -- 10", "San Diego 8 -- 11 2 -- 5 4 -- 2 4 -- 3 7 -- 12 6 -- 13 1 -- 5 2 -- 5 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 12 -- 7 3 -- 4 2 -- 5 8 -- 12", "San Francisco 7 -- 12 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 3 -- 4 7 -- 12 8 -- 11 1 -- 5 4 -- 3 1 -- 5 3 -- 4 5 -- 1 7 -- 12 -- 3 -- 4 1 -- 5 8 -- 12", "St. Louis 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 5 -- 14 10 -- 9 4 -- 2 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 8 -- 11 4 -- 3 5 -- 1 11 -- 8 4 -- 3 4 -- 3 -- 3 -- 3 8 -- 12", "Washington 4 -- 2 10 -- 9 4 -- 3 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 13 -- 6 3 -- 4 13 -- 6 11 -- 8 3 -- 4 5 -- 2 5 -- 1 3 -- 3 -- 10 -- 10", "April 5 , 2017 : Jason Motte was released by the Colorado Rockies . July 5 , 2017 : Chad Qualls was released by the Colorado Rockies . July 26 , 2017 : Pat Neshek was traded by the Philadelphia Phillies to the Colorado Rockies for Jose Gomez ( minors ) , J.D. Hammer ( minors ) , and Alejenadro Requena ( minors ) . July 30 , 2017 : Jonathan Lucroy was traded by the Texas Rangers to the Colorado Rockies for a player to be named later . The Colorado Rockies sent Pedro Gonzalez ( minors ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) to the Texas Rangers to complete the trade . August 1 , 2017 : Jordan Lyles was released by the Colorado Rockies .", "April 5 , 2017 : Jason Motte was released by the Colorado Rockies .", "July 5 , 2017 : Chad Qualls was released by the Colorado Rockies .", "July 26 , 2017 : Pat Neshek was traded by the Philadelphia Phillies to the Colorado Rockies for Jose Gomez ( minors ) , J.D. Hammer ( minors ) , and Alejenadro Requena ( minors ) .", "July 30 , 2017 : Jonathan Lucroy was traded by the Texas Rangers to the Colorado Rockies for a player to be named later . The Colorado Rockies sent Pedro Gonzalez ( minors ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) to the Texas Rangers to complete the trade .", "August 1 , 2017 : Jordan Lyles was released by the Colorado Rockies .", "Batters Mike Tauchman ( Jun 27 ) Ryan McMahon ( Aug 12 ) Pitchers Antonio Senzatela ( Apr 6 ) Kyle Freeland ( Apr 7 ) Shane Carle ( Apr 14 )", "Batters Mike Tauchman ( Jun 27 ) Ryan McMahon ( Aug 12 )", "Mike Tauchman ( Jun 27 ) Ryan McMahon ( Aug 12 )", "Mike Tauchman ( Jun 27 )", "Ryan McMahon ( Aug 12 )", "Pitchers Antonio Senzatela ( Apr 6 ) Kyle Freeland ( Apr 7 ) Shane Carle ( Apr 14 )", "Antonio Senzatela ( Apr 6 ) Kyle Freeland ( Apr 7 ) Shane Carle ( Apr 14 )", "Antonio Senzatela ( Apr 6 )", "Kyle Freeland ( Apr 7 )", "Shane Carle ( Apr 14 )", "2017 Colorado Rockies Roster Pitchers 44 Tyler Anderson 35 Chad Bettis 29 Shane Carle 32 Tyler Chatwood 47 Jairo Díaz 38 Mike Dunn 54 Carlos Estévez 31 Kyle Freeland 55 Jon Gray 34 Jeff Hoffman 56 Greg Holland 24 Jordan Lyles 48 Germán Márquez 51 Jake McGee 38 Pat Neshek 45 Scott Oberg 0 Adam Ottavino 50 Chad Qualls 60 Zac Rosscup 52 Chris Rusin 49 Antonio Senzatela Catchers 13 Dustin Garneau 30 Ryan Hanigan 21 Jonathan Lucroy 23 Tom Murphy 14 Tony Wolters Infielders 18 Cristhian Adames 2 Alexi Amarista 28 Nolan Arenado 20 Ian Desmond 9 DJ LeMahieu 1 , 24 Ryan McMahon 12 Mark Reynolds 27 Trevor Story 4 Pat Valaika Outfielders 19 Charlie Blackmon 16 Stephen Cardullo 5 Carlos González 8 Gerardo Parra 7 Raimel Tapia 3 Mike Tauchman Manager 10 Bud Black Coaches 39 Stu Cole ( third base ) 43 Tony Diaz ( first base ) 58 Duane Espy ( hitting ) 36 Steve Foster ( pitching ) 53 Ron Gideon ( coach ) 40 Darren Holmes ( bullpen ) 66 Aaron Muñoz ( bullpen catcher ) 11 Mike Redmond ( bench ) 41 Jeff Salazar ( assistant hitting )", "2017 Colorado Rockies", "Roster", "Pitchers 44 Tyler Anderson 35 Chad Bettis 29 Shane Carle 32 Tyler Chatwood 47 Jairo Díaz 38 Mike Dunn 54 Carlos Estévez 31 Kyle Freeland 55 Jon Gray 34 Jeff Hoffman 56 Greg Holland 24 Jordan Lyles 48 Germán Márquez 51 Jake McGee 38 Pat Neshek 45 Scott Oberg 0 Adam Ottavino 50 Chad Qualls 60 Zac Rosscup 52 Chris Rusin 49 Antonio Senzatela Catchers 13 Dustin Garneau 30 Ryan Hanigan 21 Jonathan Lucroy 23 Tom Murphy 14 Tony Wolters Infielders 18 Cristhian Adames 2 Alexi Amarista 28 Nolan Arenado 20 Ian Desmond 9 DJ LeMahieu 1 , 24 Ryan McMahon 12 Mark Reynolds 27 Trevor Story 4 Pat Valaika Outfielders 19 Charlie Blackmon 16 Stephen Cardullo 5 Carlos González 8 Gerardo Parra 7 Raimel Tapia 3 Mike Tauchman Manager 10 Bud Black Coaches 39 Stu Cole ( third base ) 43 Tony Diaz ( first base ) 58 Duane Espy ( hitting ) 36 Steve Foster ( pitching ) 53 Ron Gideon ( coach ) 40 Darren Holmes ( bullpen ) 66 Aaron Muñoz ( bullpen catcher ) 11 Mike Redmond ( bench ) 41 Jeff Salazar ( assistant hitting )", "44 Tyler Anderson 35 Chad Bettis 29 Shane Carle 32 Tyler Chatwood 47 Jairo Díaz 38 Mike Dunn 54 Carlos Estévez 31 Kyle Freeland 55 Jon Gray 34 Jeff Hoffman 56 Greg Holland 24 Jordan Lyles 48 Germán Márquez 51 Jake McGee 38 Pat Neshek 45 Scott Oberg 0 Adam Ottavino 50 Chad Qualls 60 Zac Rosscup 52 Chris Rusin 49 Antonio Senzatela", "44 Tyler Anderson", "35 Chad Bettis", "29 Shane Carle", "32 Tyler Chatwood", "47 Jairo Díaz", "38 Mike Dunn", "54 Carlos Estévez", "31 Kyle Freeland", "55 Jon Gray", "34 Jeff Hoffman", "56 Greg Holland", "24 Jordan Lyles", "48 Germán Márquez", "51 Jake McGee", "38 Pat Neshek", "45 Scott Oberg", "0 Adam Ottavino", "50 Chad Qualls", "60 Zac Rosscup", "52 Chris Rusin", "49 Antonio Senzatela", "13 Dustin Garneau 30 Ryan Hanigan 21 Jonathan Lucroy 23 Tom Murphy 14 Tony Wolters", "13 Dustin Garneau", "30 Ryan Hanigan", "21 Jonathan Lucroy", "23 Tom Murphy", "14 Tony Wolters", "18 Cristhian Adames 2 Alexi Amarista 28 Nolan Arenado 20 Ian Desmond 9 DJ LeMahieu 1 , 24 Ryan McMahon 12 Mark Reynolds 27 Trevor Story 4 Pat Valaika", "18 Cristhian Adames", "2 Alexi Amarista", "28 Nolan Arenado", "20 Ian Desmond", "9 DJ LeMahieu", "1 , 24 Ryan McMahon", "12 Mark Reynolds", "27 Trevor Story", "4 Pat Valaika", "19 Charlie Blackmon 16 Stephen Cardullo 5 Carlos González 8 Gerardo Parra 7 Raimel Tapia 3 Mike Tauchman", "19 Charlie Blackmon", "16 Stephen Cardullo", "5 Carlos González", "8 Gerardo Parra", "7 Raimel Tapia", "3 Mike Tauchman", "10 Bud Black", "10 Bud Black", "39 Stu Cole ( third base ) 43 Tony Diaz ( first base ) 58 Duane Espy ( hitting ) 36 Steve Foster ( pitching ) 53 Ron Gideon ( coach ) 40 Darren Holmes ( bullpen ) 66 Aaron Muñoz ( bullpen catcher ) 11 Mike Redmond ( bench ) 41 Jeff Salazar ( assistant hitting )", "39 Stu Cole ( third base )", "43 Tony Diaz ( first base )", "58 Duane Espy ( hitting )", "36 Steve Foster ( pitching )", "53 Ron Gideon ( coach )", "40 Darren Holmes ( bullpen )", "66 Aaron Muñoz ( bullpen catcher )", "11 Mike Redmond ( bench )", "41 Jeff Salazar ( assistant hitting )", "( hide ) 2017 game log : 87 -- 75 ( Home : 46 -- 35 ; Away : 41 -- 40 ) April : 16 -- 10 ( Home : 7 -- 6 ; Away : 9 -- 4 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak April 3 @ Brewers 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 1 -- 0 ) Mariñez ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 1 ) 43,336 1 -- 0 W1 April 4 @ Brewers 6 -- 5 Anderson ( 1 -- 0 ) Davies ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 2 ) 21,458 2 -- 0 W2 April 5 @ Brewers 6 -- 1 Peralta ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 1 ) Feliz ( 1 ) 21,824 2 -- 1 L1 April 6 @ Brewers 2 -- 1 Dunn ( 1 -- 0 ) Feliz ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 3 ) 23,828 3 -- 1 W1 5 April 7 Dodgers 2 -- 1 Freeland ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 1 ) McGee ( 1 ) 49,169 4 -- 1 W2 6 April 8 Dodgers 4 -- 2 Dunn ( 2 -- 0 ) Kershaw ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 4 ) 48,012 5 -- 1 W3 7 April 9 Dodgers 10 -- 6 Maeda ( 1 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 1 ) 33,529 5 -- 2 L1 8 April 10 Padres 5 -- 3 Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 2 ) 20,504 5 -- 3 L2 9 April 11 Padres 3 -- 2 Senzatela ( 1 -- 0 ) Díaz ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 5 ) 20,664 6 -- 3 W1 10 April 12 Padres 6 -- 0 Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 1 -- 1 ) 20,968 6 -- 4 L1 11 April 13 @ Giants 3 -- 1 Rusin ( 1 -- 0 ) Bumgarner ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 6 ) 41,915 7 -- 4 W1 12 April 14 @ Giants 8 -- 2 Cueto ( 3 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,738 7 -- 5 L1 13 April 15 @ Giants 5 -- 0 Chatwood ( 1 -- 2 ) Moore ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,371 8 -- 5 W1 14 April 16 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Senzatela ( 2 -- 0 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 7 ) 41,455 9 -- 5 W2 15 April 18 @ Dodgers 4 -- 3 Rusin ( 2 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 8 ) 37,960 10 -- 5 W3 16 April 19 @ Dodgers 4 -- 2 Kershaw ( 3 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 4 ) 45,474 10 -- 6 L1 17 April 21 Giants 6 -- 5 Chatwood ( 2 -- 2 ) Cueto ( 3 -- 1 ) Holland ( 9 ) 27,663 11 -- 6 W1 18 April 22 Giants 12 -- 3 Senzatela ( 3 -- 0 ) Moore ( 1 -- 3 ) 39,239 12 -- 6 W2 19 April 23 Giants 8 -- 0 Freeland ( 2 -- 1 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 4 ) 42,011 13 -- 6 W3 20 April 24 Nationals 8 -- 4 Estévez ( 2 -- 0 ) Romero ( 1 -- 1 ) 23,019 14 -- 6 W4 21 April 25 Nationals 15 -- 12 Romero ( 2 -- 1 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 1 ) 21,340 14 -- 7 L1 22 April 26 Nationals 11 -- 4 Roark ( 3 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 3 ) 22,461 14 -- 8 L2 23 April 27 Nationals 16 -- 5 González ( 3 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 3 -- 1 ) 34,929 14 -- 9 L3 24 April 28 @ Diamondbacks 3 -- 1 Freeland ( 3 -- 1 ) Ray ( 2 -- 1 ) Holland ( 10 ) 19,300 15 -- 9 W1 25 April 29 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 6 Estévez ( 3 -- 0 ) Rodney ( 1 -- 2 ) Holland ( 11 ) 30,445 16 -- 9 W2 26 April 30 @ Diamondbacks 2 -- 0 ( 13 ) Delgado ( 1 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 1 ) 23,613 16 -- 10 L1 May : 17 -- 12 ( Home : 8 -- 7 ; Away : 9 -- 5 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 27 May 2 @ Padres 6 -- 2 Cahill ( 2 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 4 ) 18,910 16 -- 11 L2 28 May 3 @ Padres 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 4 -- 1 ) Weaver ( 0 -- 3 ) 16,487 17 -- 11 W1 29 May 4 @ Padres 3 -- 2 ( 11 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 0 ) Hand ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 12 ) 16,356 18 -- 11 W2 30 May 5 Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Greinke ( 3 -- 2 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 2 ) Rodney ( 8 ) 30,030 18 -- 12 L1 31 May 6 Diamondbacks 9 -- 1 Anderson ( 2 -- 3 ) Corbin ( 2 -- 4 ) Rusin ( 1 ) 36,165 19 -- 12 W1 32 May 7 Diamondbacks 5 -- 2 Chatwood ( 3 -- 4 ) Walker ( 3 -- 2 ) Holland ( 13 ) 39,175 20 -- 12 W2 -- May 8 Cubs Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 9 33 May 9 Cubs 10 -- 4 Senzatela ( 5 -- 1 ) Arrieta ( 4 -- 2 ) 34,779 21 -- 12 W3 34 May 9 Cubs 8 -- 1 Lackey ( 3 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 3 -- 2 ) 36,563 21 -- 13 L1 35 May 10 Cubs 3 -- 0 Márquez ( 1 -- 2 ) Hendricks ( 2 -- 2 ) Holland ( 14 ) 35,213 22 -- 13 W1 36 May 11 Dodgers 10 -- 7 Hoffman ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 1 -- 5 ) Holland ( 15 ) 27,265 23 -- 13 W2 37 May 12 Dodgers 6 -- 2 Kershaw ( 6 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 5 ) 40,146 23 -- 14 L1 38 May 13 Dodgers 4 -- 0 Wood ( 4 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 2 -- 4 ) 43,534 23 -- 15 L2 39 May 14 Dodgers 9 -- 6 Senzatela ( 6 -- 1 ) Urías ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 16 ) 41,051 24 -- 15 W1 40 May 16 @ Twins 7 -- 3 Freeland ( 4 -- 2 ) Hughes ( 4 -- 2 ) Holland ( 17 ) 24,295 25 -- 15 W2 -- May 17 @ Twins Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 18 41 May 18 @ Twins 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 2 -- 2 ) Santana ( 6 -- 2 ) Holland ( 18 ) 20,603 26 -- 15 W3 42 May 18 @ Twins 2 -- 0 Berríos ( 2 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 6 ) Kintzler ( 11 ) 17,140 26 -- 16 L1 43 May 19 @ Reds 12 -- 6 Anderson ( 3 -- 4 ) Bonilla ( 0 -- 2 ) 23,184 27 -- 16 W1 44 May 20 @ Reds 12 -- 8 Wojciechowski ( 1 -- 0 ) Dunn ( 2 -- 1 ) 25,188 27 -- 17 L1 45 May 21 @ Reds 6 -- 4 Freeland ( 5 -- 2 ) Arroyo ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 19 ) 23,352 28 -- 17 W1 46 May 22 @ Phillies 8 -- 1 Hoffman ( 2 -- 0 ) Eickhoff ( 0 -- 5 ) 21,251 29 -- 17 W2 47 May 23 @ Phillies 8 -- 2 Márquez ( 3 -- 2 ) Eflin ( 0 -- 2 ) 17,109 30 -- 17 W3 48 May 24 @ Phillies 7 -- 2 Chatwood ( 4 -- 6 ) Hellickson ( 5 -- 2 ) 19,160 31 -- 17 W4 49 May 25 @ Phillies 2 -- 1 ( 11 ) Gómez ( 3 -- 1 ) Oberg ( 0 -- 1 ) 18,143 31 -- 18 L1 50 May 26 Cardinals 10 -- 0 Senzatela ( 7 -- 1 ) Martínez ( 3 -- 4 ) 40,312 32 -- 18 W1 51 May 27 Cardinals 3 -- 0 Wainwright ( 5 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 5 -- 3 ) Oh ( 11 ) 48,106 32 -- 19 L1 52 May 28 Cardinals 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 4 -- 2 ) Lynn ( 4 -- 3 ) 48,372 33 -- 19 W1 53 May 29 Mariners 6 -- 5 Gaviglio ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 4 -- 7 ) Díaz ( 9 ) 40,298 33 -- 20 L1 54 May 30 Mariners 10 -- 4 Miranda ( 5 -- 2 ) Anderson ( 3 -- 5 ) 33,258 33 -- 21 L2 55 May 31 @ Mariners 5 -- 0 Paxton ( 4 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 7 -- 2 ) 16,750 33 -- 22 L3 June : 15 -- 12 ( Home : 7 -- 2 ; Away : 8 -- 10 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 56 June 1 @ Mariners 6 -- 3 Freeland ( 6 -- 3 ) Gallardo ( 2 -- 6 ) Holland ( 20 ) 21,536 34 -- 22 W1 57 June 2 @ Padres 8 -- 5 Richard ( 4 -- 6 ) Márquez ( 4 -- 3 ) Maurer ( 9 ) 20,932 34 -- 23 L1 58 June 3 @ Padres 10 -- 1 Chatwood ( 5 -- 7 ) Chacín ( 4 -- 5 ) 20,996 35 -- 23 W1 59 June 4 @ Padres 3 -- 1 Hoffman ( 3 -- 0 ) Cosart ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 21 ) 24,763 36 -- 23 W2 60 June 6 Indians 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 8 -- 2 ) Clevinger ( 2 -- 3 ) 39,508 37 -- 23 W3 61 June 7 Indians 8 -- 1 Freeland ( 7 -- 3 ) Bauer ( 5 -- 5 ) 36,909 38 -- 23 W4 62 June 8 @ Cubs 4 -- 1 Chatwood ( 6 -- 7 ) Lester ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 22 ) 39,385 39 -- 23 W5 63 June 9 @ Cubs 5 -- 3 Rusin ( 3 -- 0 ) Frankoff ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 23 ) 41,229 40 -- 23 W6 64 June 10 @ Cubs 9 -- 1 Hoffman ( 4 -- 0 ) Butler ( 3 -- 2 ) 41,226 41 -- 23 W7 65 June 11 @ Cubs 7 -- 5 Edwards Jr. ( 2 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 2 ) Davis ( 13 ) 41,116 41 -- 24 L1 66 June 12 @ Pirates 7 -- 2 Taillon ( 3 -- 1 ) Freeland ( 7 -- 4 ) 16,320 41 -- 25 L2 67 June 13 @ Pirates 5 -- 2 Cole ( 4 -- 6 ) Ottavino ( 0 -- 1 ) 16,764 41 -- 26 L3 68 June 14 @ Pirates 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 5 -- 3 ) Kuhl ( 1 -- 6 ) 17,308 42 -- 26 W1 69 June 15 Giants 10 -- 9 Holland ( 1 -- 0 ) Strickland ( 1 -- 2 ) 40,747 43 -- 26 W2 70 June 16 Giants 10 -- 8 Senzatela ( 9 -- 2 ) Samardzija ( 2 -- 9 ) Holland ( 24 ) 46,632 44 -- 26 W3 71 June 17 Giants 5 -- 1 Freeland ( 8 -- 4 ) Cain ( 3 -- 6 ) 48,035 45 -- 26 W4 72 June 18 Giants 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 4 -- 0 ) Melancon ( 1 -- 2 ) 48,341 46 -- 26 W5 73 June 20 Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Ottavino ( 1 -- 1 ) Greinke ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 25 ) 35,016 47 -- 26 W6 74 June 21 Diamondbacks 16 -- 5 Walker ( 6 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 4 -- 1 ) 40,918 47 -- 27 L1 75 June 22 Diamondbacks 10 -- 3 Godley ( 3 -- 1 ) Senzatela ( 9 -- 3 ) 40,681 47 -- 28 L2 76 June 23 @ Dodgers 6 -- 1 Wood ( 8 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 5 ) 43.787 47 -- 29 L3 77 June 24 @ Dodgers 4 -- 0 Kershaw ( 11 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 8 ) 50,403 47 -- 30 L4 78 June 25 @ Dodgers 12 -- 6 Báez ( 2 -- 0 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 17 ) 41,605 47 -- 31 L5 79 June 26 @ Giants 9 -- 2 Samardzija ( 3 -- 9 ) Márquez ( 5 -- 4 ) 41,388 47 -- 32 L6 80 June 27 @ Giants 4 -- 3 ( 14 ) Gearrin ( 2 -- 2 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 1 ) 41,331 47 -- 33 L7 81 June 28 @ Giants 5 -- 3 Blach ( 5 -- 5 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 6 ) Strickland ( 1 ) 41,286 47 -- 34 L8 82 June 30 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Gray ( 1 -- 0 ) Ray ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 26 ) 23,275 48 -- 34 W1 July : 12 -- 12 ( Home : 9 -- 4 ; Away : 3 -- 8 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 83 July 1 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Greinke ( 10 -- 4 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 9 ) 46,338 48 -- 35 L1 84 July 2 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Rodney ( 3 -- 2 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 3 ) 34,556 48 -- 36 L2 85 July 3 Reds 5 -- 3 Hoffman ( 5 -- 1 ) Castillo ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 27 ) 49,131 49 -- 36 W1 86 July 4 Reds 8 -- 1 Bailey ( 1 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 7 ) 48,338 49 -- 37 L1 87 July 5 Reds 5 -- 3 Gray ( 2 -- 0 ) Feldman ( 7 -- 6 ) Holland ( 28 ) 32,188 50 -- 37 W1 88 July 6 Reds 6 -- 3 Romano ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 10 ) 27,328 50 -- 38 L1 89 July 7 White Sox 12 -- 4 Márquez ( 6 -- 4 ) Holland ( 5 -- 9 ) 38,386 51 -- 38 W1 90 July 8 White Sox 5 -- 4 Kahnle ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 1 -- 1 ) Robertson ( 13 ) 48,118 51 -- 39 L1 91 July 9 White Sox 10 -- 0 Freeland ( 9 -- 7 ) Rodon ( 1 -- 2 ) 36,541 52 -- 39 W1 88th All - Star Game in Miami , Florida 92 July 14 @ Mets 14 -- 2 deGrom ( 10 -- 3 ) Gray ( 2 -- 1 ) 27,582 52 -- 40 L1 93 July 15 @ Mets 9 -- 3 Lugo ( 4 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 11 ) 34,783 52 -- 41 L2 94 July 16 @ Mets 13 -- 4 Hoffman ( 6 -- 1 ) Matz ( 2 -- 3 ) 28,745 53 -- 41 W1 95 July 17 Padres 9 -- 6 Márquez ( 7 -- 4 ) Perdomo ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 29 ) 37,561 54 -- 41 W2 96 July 18 Padres 9 -- 7 Senzatela ( 10 -- 3 ) Lamet ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 30 ) 40,101 55 -- 41 W3 97 July 19 Padres 18 -- 4 Gray ( 3 -- 1 ) Richard ( 5 -- 10 ) 37,128 56 -- 41 W4 98 July 21 Pirates 13 -- 5 Williams ( 4 -- 4 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 2 ) 41,192 56 -- 42 L1 99 July 22 Pirates 7 -- 3 Márquez ( 8 -- 4 ) Kuhl ( 3 -- 7 ) Holland ( 31 ) 48,235 57 -- 42 W1 100 July 23 Pirates 13 -- 3 Freeland ( 10 -- 7 ) Nova ( 10 -- 7 ) 40,118 58 -- 42 W2 101 July 24 @ Cardinals 8 -- 2 Leake ( 7 -- 8 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 4 ) 40,486 58 -- 43 L1 102 July 25 @ Cardinals 3 -- 2 Rosenthal ( 3 -- 4 ) McGee ( 0 -- 1 ) 41,514 58 -- 44 L2 103 July 26 @ Cardinals 10 -- 5 Martinez ( 7 -- 8 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 3 ) 38,162 58 -- 45 L3 -- July 28 @ Nationals Postponed ( rain ) ; Rescheduled for July 30 104 July 29 @ Nationals 4 -- 2 Márquez ( 9 -- 4 ) Roark ( 8 -- 7 ) Holland ( 32 ) 33,989 59 -- 45 W1 105 July 30 @ Nationals 10 -- 6 Freeland ( 11 -- 7 ) Fedde ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 33 ) 33,248 60 -- 45 W2 106 July 30 @ Nationals 3 -- 1 Jackson ( 2 -- 1 ) Gray ( 3 -- 2 ) Doolittle ( 6 ) 31,118 60 -- 46 L1 August : 12 -- 15 ( Home : 8 -- 8 ; Away : 4 -- 7 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 107 August 1 Mets 5 -- 4 Dunn ( 3 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 2 ) 36,698 61 -- 46 W1 108 August 2 Mets 10 -- 5 Bradford ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 12 ) 36,945 61 -- 47 L1 109 August 3 Mets 5 -- 4 Holland ( 2 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 3 ) 35,276 62 -- 47 W1 110 August 4 Phillies 4 -- 3 Dunn ( 4 -- 1 ) García ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 34 ) 35,092 63 -- 47 W2 111 August 5 Phillies 8 -- 5 Gray ( 4 -- 2 ) Pivetta ( 4 -- 7 ) 40,563 64 -- 47 W3 112 August 6 Phillies 3 -- 2 Ramos ( 1 -- 7 ) Holland ( 2 -- 2 ) Neris ( 11 ) 48,069 64 -- 48 L1 113 August 8 @ Indians 4 -- 1 Kluber ( 10 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 3 ) -- 26,088 64 -- 49 L2 114 August 9 @ Indians 3 -- 2 ( 12 ) Estévez ( 5 -- 0 ) McAllister ( 1 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 1 ) 25,539 65 -- 49 W1 115 August 11 @ Marlins 6 -- 3 Tazawa ( 2 -- 2 ) McGee ( 0 -- 2 ) Ziegler ( 3 ) 20,096 65 -- 50 L1 116 August 12 @ Marlins 4 -- 3 Nicolino ( 1 -- 1 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 4 ) Ziegler ( 4 ) 20,399 65 -- 51 L2 117 August 13 @ Marlins 5 -- 3 Guerra ( 1 -- 0 ) Márquez ( 9 -- 5 ) Despaigne ( 1 ) 20,769 65 -- 52 L3 118 August 14 Braves 3 -- 0 Dunn ( 5 -- 1 ) Brothers ( 2 -- 3 ) Holland ( 35 ) 33,641 66 -- 52 W1 119 August 15 Braves 4 -- 3 Freeman ( 2 -- 0 ) Neshek ( 3 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 7 ) 28,655 66 -- 53 L1 120 August 16 Braves 17 -- 2 Gray ( 5 -- 2 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 8 ) -- 30,695 67 -- 53 W1 121 August 17 Braves 10 -- 4 Sims ( 1 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 5 ) -- 30,020 67 -- 54 L1 122 August 18 Brewers 8 -- 4 Marquez ( 10 -- 5 ) Garza ( 6 -- 7 ) -- 32,385 68 -- 54 W1 123 August 19 Brewers 6 -- 3 Swarzak ( 6 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 4 ) Knebel ( 25 ) 47,216 68 -- 55 L1 124 August 20 Brewers 8 -- 4 Anderson ( 7 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 8 ) Knebel ( 26 ) 32,426 68 -- 56 L2 125 August 22 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Duffy ( 8 -- 8 ) Gray ( 5 -- 3 ) Alexander ( 1 ) 22,868 68 -- 57 L3 126 August 23 @ Royals 6 -- 4 Maurer ( 3 -- 5 ) Holland ( 2 -- 5 ) -- 25,752 68 -- 58 L4 127 August 24 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Ottavino ( 2 -- 3 ) Minor ( 5 -- 6 ) Holland ( 36 ) 25,314 69 -- 58 W1 128 August 25 @ Braves 2 -- 5 Teheran ( 8 -- 11 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 1 ) Vizcaíno ( 8 ) 33,577 69 -- 59 L1 129 August 26 @ Braves 7 -- 6 Neshek ( 4 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 3 -- 3 ) McGee ( 2 ) 32,448 70 -- 59 W1 130 August 27 @ Braves 3 -- 0 Gray ( 6 -- 3 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 10 ) McGee ( 3 ) 28,154 71 -- 59 W2 131 August 28 Tigers 4 -- 3 Zimmermann ( 8 -- 11 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 5 ) Greene ( 6 ) 30,754 71 -- 60 L1 132 August 29 Tigers 7 -- 3 Neshek ( 5 -- 3 ) Fulmer ( 10 -- 12 ) -- 30,721 72 -- 60 W1 133 August 30 Tigers 2 -- 6 Verlander ( 10 -- 8 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 29,281 72 -- 61 L1 September / October : 15 -- 14 ( Home : 7 -- 8 ; Away : 8 -- 6 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 134 September 1 Diamondbacks 9 -- 5 Walker ( 8 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 9 ) -- 29,628 72 -- 62 L2 135 September 2 Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Corbin ( 13 -- 11 ) Gray ( 6 -- 4 ) -- 39,442 72 -- 63 L3 136 September 3 Diamondbacks 5 -- 1 Godley ( 7 -- 7 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 6 ) Sherfy ( 1 ) 33,838 72 -- 64 L4 137 September 4 Giants 4 -- 3 Holland ( 3 -- 5 ) Okert ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 28,300 73 -- 64 W1 138 September 5 Giants 9 -- 6 Rusin ( 4 -- 0 ) Blach ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 37 ) 24,245 74 -- 64 W2 139 September 6 Giants 11 -- 3 Cueto ( 7 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 10 ) -- 26,674 74 -- 65 L1 140 September 7 @ Dodgers 9 -- 1 Gray ( 7 -- 4 ) Kershaw ( 16 -- 3 ) -- 51,492 75 -- 65 W1 141 September 8 @ Dodgers 5 -- 4 Rusin ( 5 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 38 ) 53,632 76 -- 65 W2 142 September 9 @ Dodgers 6 -- 5 Bettis ( 1 -- 2 ) Wood ( 14 -- 3 ) Holland ( 39 ) 52,884 77 -- 65 W3 143 September 10 @ Dodgers 8 -- 1 Chatwood ( 7 -- 12 ) Hill ( 9 -- 8 ) -- 50,161 78 -- 65 W4 144 September 11 @ Diamondbacks 5 -- 4 Anderson ( 4 -- 5 ) Barrett ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 40 ) 24,178 79 -- 65 W5 145 September 12 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 2 Gray ( 8 -- 4 ) Hernandez ( 3 -- 1 ) Rusin ( 2 ) 27,526 80 -- 65 W6 146 September 13 @ Diamondbacks 8 -- 1 Corbin ( 14 -- 12 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 7 ) -- 26,714 80 -- 66 L1 147 September 14 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 0 Godley ( 8 -- 7 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 20,317 80 -- 67 L2 148 September 15 Padres 6 -- 1 Chatwood ( 8 -- 12 ) Richard ( 7 -- 14 ) -- 39,243 81 -- 67 W1 149 September 16 Padres 16 -- 0 Anderson ( 5 -- 5 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 48,247 82 -- 67 W2 150 September 17 Padres 4 -- 3 Yates ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 3 -- 6 ) -- 34,634 82 -- 68 L1 151 September 19 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Dyson ( 4 -- 8 ) Rusin ( 5 -- 1 ) -- 40,686 82 -- 69 L2 152 September 20 @ Giants 4 -- 0 Moore ( 6 -- 14 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 13 ) -- 39,775 82 -- 70 L3 153 September 21 @ Padres 3 -- 0 Richard ( 8 -- 14 ) Anderson ( 5 -- 6 ) Hand ( 20 ) 30,944 82 -- 71 L4 154 September 22 @ Padres 4 -- 1 Gray ( 9 -- 4 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 4 ) Holland ( 41 ) 25,273 83 -- 71 W1 155 September 23 @ Padres 5 -- 0 Chacín ( 13 -- 10 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 4 ) -- 33,899 83 -- 72 L1 156 September 24 @ Padres 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 11 -- 7 ) Perdomo ( 8 -- 11 ) -- 28,339 84 -- 72 W1 157 September 25 Marlins 5 -- 4 Despaigne ( 1 -- 3 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 14 ) Barraclough ( 1 ) 24,685 84 -- 73 L1 158 September 26 Marlins 6 -- 0 Anderson ( 6 -- 6 ) Urena ( 14 -- 7 ) -- 30,409 85 -- 73 W1 159 September 27 Marlins 15 -- 9 Gray ( 10 -- 4 ) Conley ( 7 -- 8 ) -- 27,497 86 -- 73 W2 160 September 29 Dodgers 9 -- 1 Bettis ( 2 -- 4 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 9 ) -- 48,395 87 -- 73 W3 161 September 30 Dodgers 5 -- 3 Morrow ( 6 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 15 ) Jansen ( 41 ) 48,103 87 -- 74 L1 162 October 1 Dodgers 3 -- 6 Maeda ( 13 -- 6 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 11 ) Fields ( 2 ) 32,946 87 -- 75 L2 Legend : = Win = Loss = Postponement Bold = Rockies team member", "( hide ) 2017 game log : 87 -- 75 ( Home : 46 -- 35 ; Away : 41 -- 40 )", "April : 16 -- 10 ( Home : 7 -- 6 ; Away : 9 -- 4 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak April 3 @ Brewers 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 1 -- 0 ) Mariñez ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 1 ) 43,336 1 -- 0 W1 April 4 @ Brewers 6 -- 5 Anderson ( 1 -- 0 ) Davies ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 2 ) 21,458 2 -- 0 W2 April 5 @ Brewers 6 -- 1 Peralta ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 1 ) Feliz ( 1 ) 21,824 2 -- 1 L1 April 6 @ Brewers 2 -- 1 Dunn ( 1 -- 0 ) Feliz ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 3 ) 23,828 3 -- 1 W1 5 April 7 Dodgers 2 -- 1 Freeland ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 1 ) McGee ( 1 ) 49,169 4 -- 1 W2 6 April 8 Dodgers 4 -- 2 Dunn ( 2 -- 0 ) Kershaw ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 4 ) 48,012 5 -- 1 W3 7 April 9 Dodgers 10 -- 6 Maeda ( 1 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 1 ) 33,529 5 -- 2 L1 8 April 10 Padres 5 -- 3 Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 2 ) 20,504 5 -- 3 L2 9 April 11 Padres 3 -- 2 Senzatela ( 1 -- 0 ) Díaz ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 5 ) 20,664 6 -- 3 W1 10 April 12 Padres 6 -- 0 Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 1 -- 1 ) 20,968 6 -- 4 L1 11 April 13 @ Giants 3 -- 1 Rusin ( 1 -- 0 ) Bumgarner ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 6 ) 41,915 7 -- 4 W1 12 April 14 @ Giants 8 -- 2 Cueto ( 3 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,738 7 -- 5 L1 13 April 15 @ Giants 5 -- 0 Chatwood ( 1 -- 2 ) Moore ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,371 8 -- 5 W1 14 April 16 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Senzatela ( 2 -- 0 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 7 ) 41,455 9 -- 5 W2 15 April 18 @ Dodgers 4 -- 3 Rusin ( 2 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 8 ) 37,960 10 -- 5 W3 16 April 19 @ Dodgers 4 -- 2 Kershaw ( 3 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 4 ) 45,474 10 -- 6 L1 17 April 21 Giants 6 -- 5 Chatwood ( 2 -- 2 ) Cueto ( 3 -- 1 ) Holland ( 9 ) 27,663 11 -- 6 W1 18 April 22 Giants 12 -- 3 Senzatela ( 3 -- 0 ) Moore ( 1 -- 3 ) 39,239 12 -- 6 W2 19 April 23 Giants 8 -- 0 Freeland ( 2 -- 1 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 4 ) 42,011 13 -- 6 W3 20 April 24 Nationals 8 -- 4 Estévez ( 2 -- 0 ) Romero ( 1 -- 1 ) 23,019 14 -- 6 W4 21 April 25 Nationals 15 -- 12 Romero ( 2 -- 1 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 1 ) 21,340 14 -- 7 L1 22 April 26 Nationals 11 -- 4 Roark ( 3 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 3 ) 22,461 14 -- 8 L2 23 April 27 Nationals 16 -- 5 González ( 3 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 3 -- 1 ) 34,929 14 -- 9 L3 24 April 28 @ Diamondbacks 3 -- 1 Freeland ( 3 -- 1 ) Ray ( 2 -- 1 ) Holland ( 10 ) 19,300 15 -- 9 W1 25 April 29 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 6 Estévez ( 3 -- 0 ) Rodney ( 1 -- 2 ) Holland ( 11 ) 30,445 16 -- 9 W2 26 April 30 @ Diamondbacks 2 -- 0 ( 13 ) Delgado ( 1 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 1 ) 23,613 16 -- 10 L1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak April 3 @ Brewers 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 1 -- 0 ) Mariñez ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 1 ) 43,336 1 -- 0 W1 April 4 @ Brewers 6 -- 5 Anderson ( 1 -- 0 ) Davies ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 2 ) 21,458 2 -- 0 W2 April 5 @ Brewers 6 -- 1 Peralta ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 1 ) Feliz ( 1 ) 21,824 2 -- 1 L1 April 6 @ Brewers 2 -- 1 Dunn ( 1 -- 0 ) Feliz ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 3 ) 23,828 3 -- 1 W1 5 April 7 Dodgers 2 -- 1 Freeland ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 1 ) McGee ( 1 ) 49,169 4 -- 1 W2 6 April 8 Dodgers 4 -- 2 Dunn ( 2 -- 0 ) Kershaw ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 4 ) 48,012 5 -- 1 W3 7 April 9 Dodgers 10 -- 6 Maeda ( 1 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 1 ) 33,529 5 -- 2 L1 8 April 10 Padres 5 -- 3 Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 2 ) 20,504 5 -- 3 L2 9 April 11 Padres 3 -- 2 Senzatela ( 1 -- 0 ) Díaz ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 5 ) 20,664 6 -- 3 W1 10 April 12 Padres 6 -- 0 Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 1 -- 1 ) 20,968 6 -- 4 L1 11 April 13 @ Giants 3 -- 1 Rusin ( 1 -- 0 ) Bumgarner ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 6 ) 41,915 7 -- 4 W1 12 April 14 @ Giants 8 -- 2 Cueto ( 3 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,738 7 -- 5 L1 13 April 15 @ Giants 5 -- 0 Chatwood ( 1 -- 2 ) Moore ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,371 8 -- 5 W1 14 April 16 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Senzatela ( 2 -- 0 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 7 ) 41,455 9 -- 5 W2 15 April 18 @ Dodgers 4 -- 3 Rusin ( 2 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 8 ) 37,960 10 -- 5 W3 16 April 19 @ Dodgers 4 -- 2 Kershaw ( 3 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 4 ) 45,474 10 -- 6 L1 17 April 21 Giants 6 -- 5 Chatwood ( 2 -- 2 ) Cueto ( 3 -- 1 ) Holland ( 9 ) 27,663 11 -- 6 W1 18 April 22 Giants 12 -- 3 Senzatela ( 3 -- 0 ) Moore ( 1 -- 3 ) 39,239 12 -- 6 W2 19 April 23 Giants 8 -- 0 Freeland ( 2 -- 1 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 4 ) 42,011 13 -- 6 W3 20 April 24 Nationals 8 -- 4 Estévez ( 2 -- 0 ) Romero ( 1 -- 1 ) 23,019 14 -- 6 W4 21 April 25 Nationals 15 -- 12 Romero ( 2 -- 1 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 1 ) 21,340 14 -- 7 L1 22 April 26 Nationals 11 -- 4 Roark ( 3 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 3 ) 22,461 14 -- 8 L2 23 April 27 Nationals 16 -- 5 González ( 3 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 3 -- 1 ) 34,929 14 -- 9 L3 24 April 28 @ Diamondbacks 3 -- 1 Freeland ( 3 -- 1 ) Ray ( 2 -- 1 ) Holland ( 10 ) 19,300 15 -- 9 W1 25 April 29 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 6 Estévez ( 3 -- 0 ) Rodney ( 1 -- 2 ) Holland ( 11 ) 30,445 16 -- 9 W2 26 April 30 @ Diamondbacks 2 -- 0 ( 13 ) Delgado ( 1 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 1 ) 23,613 16 -- 10 L1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak", "April 3 @ Brewers 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 1 -- 0 ) Mariñez ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 1 ) 43,336 1 -- 0 W1", "April 4 @ Brewers 6 -- 5 Anderson ( 1 -- 0 ) Davies ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 2 ) 21,458 2 -- 0 W2", "April 5 @ Brewers 6 -- 1 Peralta ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 1 ) Feliz ( 1 ) 21,824 2 -- 1 L1", "April 6 @ Brewers 2 -- 1 Dunn ( 1 -- 0 ) Feliz ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 3 ) 23,828 3 -- 1 W1", "5 April 7 Dodgers 2 -- 1 Freeland ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 1 ) McGee ( 1 ) 49,169 4 -- 1 W2", "6 April 8 Dodgers 4 -- 2 Dunn ( 2 -- 0 ) Kershaw ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 4 ) 48,012 5 -- 1 W3", "7 April 9 Dodgers 10 -- 6 Maeda ( 1 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 1 ) 33,529 5 -- 2 L1", "8 April 10 Padres 5 -- 3 Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 0 -- 2 ) 20,504 5 -- 3 L2", "9 April 11 Padres 3 -- 2 Senzatela ( 1 -- 0 ) Díaz ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 5 ) 20,664 6 -- 3 W1", "10 April 12 Padres 6 -- 0 Lee ( 1 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 1 -- 1 ) 20,968 6 -- 4 L1", "11 April 13 @ Giants 3 -- 1 Rusin ( 1 -- 0 ) Bumgarner ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 6 ) 41,915 7 -- 4 W1", "12 April 14 @ Giants 8 -- 2 Cueto ( 3 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,738 7 -- 5 L1", "13 April 15 @ Giants 5 -- 0 Chatwood ( 1 -- 2 ) Moore ( 1 -- 2 ) 42,371 8 -- 5 W1", "14 April 16 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Senzatela ( 2 -- 0 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 7 ) 41,455 9 -- 5 W2", "15 April 18 @ Dodgers 4 -- 3 Rusin ( 2 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 0 -- 3 ) Holland ( 8 ) 37,960 10 -- 5 W3", "16 April 19 @ Dodgers 4 -- 2 Kershaw ( 3 -- 1 ) Anderson ( 1 -- 3 ) Jansen ( 4 ) 45,474 10 -- 6 L1", "17 April 21 Giants 6 -- 5 Chatwood ( 2 -- 2 ) Cueto ( 3 -- 1 ) Holland ( 9 ) 27,663 11 -- 6 W1", "18 April 22 Giants 12 -- 3 Senzatela ( 3 -- 0 ) Moore ( 1 -- 3 ) 39,239 12 -- 6 W2", "19 April 23 Giants 8 -- 0 Freeland ( 2 -- 1 ) Samardzija ( 0 -- 4 ) 42,011 13 -- 6 W3", "20 April 24 Nationals 8 -- 4 Estévez ( 2 -- 0 ) Romero ( 1 -- 1 ) 23,019 14 -- 6 W4", "21 April 25 Nationals 15 -- 12 Romero ( 2 -- 1 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 1 ) 21,340 14 -- 7 L1", "22 April 26 Nationals 11 -- 4 Roark ( 3 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 3 ) 22,461 14 -- 8 L2", "23 April 27 Nationals 16 -- 5 González ( 3 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 3 -- 1 ) 34,929 14 -- 9 L3", "24 April 28 @ Diamondbacks 3 -- 1 Freeland ( 3 -- 1 ) Ray ( 2 -- 1 ) Holland ( 10 ) 19,300 15 -- 9 W1", "25 April 29 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 6 Estévez ( 3 -- 0 ) Rodney ( 1 -- 2 ) Holland ( 11 ) 30,445 16 -- 9 W2", "26 April 30 @ Diamondbacks 2 -- 0 ( 13 ) Delgado ( 1 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 1 ) 23,613 16 -- 10 L1", "May : 17 -- 12 ( Home : 8 -- 7 ; Away : 9 -- 5 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 27 May 2 @ Padres 6 -- 2 Cahill ( 2 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 4 ) 18,910 16 -- 11 L2 28 May 3 @ Padres 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 4 -- 1 ) Weaver ( 0 -- 3 ) 16,487 17 -- 11 W1 29 May 4 @ Padres 3 -- 2 ( 11 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 0 ) Hand ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 12 ) 16,356 18 -- 11 W2 30 May 5 Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Greinke ( 3 -- 2 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 2 ) Rodney ( 8 ) 30,030 18 -- 12 L1 31 May 6 Diamondbacks 9 -- 1 Anderson ( 2 -- 3 ) Corbin ( 2 -- 4 ) Rusin ( 1 ) 36,165 19 -- 12 W1 32 May 7 Diamondbacks 5 -- 2 Chatwood ( 3 -- 4 ) Walker ( 3 -- 2 ) Holland ( 13 ) 39,175 20 -- 12 W2 -- May 8 Cubs Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 9 33 May 9 Cubs 10 -- 4 Senzatela ( 5 -- 1 ) Arrieta ( 4 -- 2 ) 34,779 21 -- 12 W3 34 May 9 Cubs 8 -- 1 Lackey ( 3 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 3 -- 2 ) 36,563 21 -- 13 L1 35 May 10 Cubs 3 -- 0 Márquez ( 1 -- 2 ) Hendricks ( 2 -- 2 ) Holland ( 14 ) 35,213 22 -- 13 W1 36 May 11 Dodgers 10 -- 7 Hoffman ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 1 -- 5 ) Holland ( 15 ) 27,265 23 -- 13 W2 37 May 12 Dodgers 6 -- 2 Kershaw ( 6 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 5 ) 40,146 23 -- 14 L1 38 May 13 Dodgers 4 -- 0 Wood ( 4 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 2 -- 4 ) 43,534 23 -- 15 L2 39 May 14 Dodgers 9 -- 6 Senzatela ( 6 -- 1 ) Urías ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 16 ) 41,051 24 -- 15 W1 40 May 16 @ Twins 7 -- 3 Freeland ( 4 -- 2 ) Hughes ( 4 -- 2 ) Holland ( 17 ) 24,295 25 -- 15 W2 -- May 17 @ Twins Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 18 41 May 18 @ Twins 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 2 -- 2 ) Santana ( 6 -- 2 ) Holland ( 18 ) 20,603 26 -- 15 W3 42 May 18 @ Twins 2 -- 0 Berríos ( 2 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 6 ) Kintzler ( 11 ) 17,140 26 -- 16 L1 43 May 19 @ Reds 12 -- 6 Anderson ( 3 -- 4 ) Bonilla ( 0 -- 2 ) 23,184 27 -- 16 W1 44 May 20 @ Reds 12 -- 8 Wojciechowski ( 1 -- 0 ) Dunn ( 2 -- 1 ) 25,188 27 -- 17 L1 45 May 21 @ Reds 6 -- 4 Freeland ( 5 -- 2 ) Arroyo ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 19 ) 23,352 28 -- 17 W1 46 May 22 @ Phillies 8 -- 1 Hoffman ( 2 -- 0 ) Eickhoff ( 0 -- 5 ) 21,251 29 -- 17 W2 47 May 23 @ Phillies 8 -- 2 Márquez ( 3 -- 2 ) Eflin ( 0 -- 2 ) 17,109 30 -- 17 W3 48 May 24 @ Phillies 7 -- 2 Chatwood ( 4 -- 6 ) Hellickson ( 5 -- 2 ) 19,160 31 -- 17 W4 49 May 25 @ Phillies 2 -- 1 ( 11 ) Gómez ( 3 -- 1 ) Oberg ( 0 -- 1 ) 18,143 31 -- 18 L1 50 May 26 Cardinals 10 -- 0 Senzatela ( 7 -- 1 ) Martínez ( 3 -- 4 ) 40,312 32 -- 18 W1 51 May 27 Cardinals 3 -- 0 Wainwright ( 5 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 5 -- 3 ) Oh ( 11 ) 48,106 32 -- 19 L1 52 May 28 Cardinals 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 4 -- 2 ) Lynn ( 4 -- 3 ) 48,372 33 -- 19 W1 53 May 29 Mariners 6 -- 5 Gaviglio ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 4 -- 7 ) Díaz ( 9 ) 40,298 33 -- 20 L1 54 May 30 Mariners 10 -- 4 Miranda ( 5 -- 2 ) Anderson ( 3 -- 5 ) 33,258 33 -- 21 L2 55 May 31 @ Mariners 5 -- 0 Paxton ( 4 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 7 -- 2 ) 16,750 33 -- 22 L3", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 27 May 2 @ Padres 6 -- 2 Cahill ( 2 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 4 ) 18,910 16 -- 11 L2 28 May 3 @ Padres 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 4 -- 1 ) Weaver ( 0 -- 3 ) 16,487 17 -- 11 W1 29 May 4 @ Padres 3 -- 2 ( 11 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 0 ) Hand ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 12 ) 16,356 18 -- 11 W2 30 May 5 Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Greinke ( 3 -- 2 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 2 ) Rodney ( 8 ) 30,030 18 -- 12 L1 31 May 6 Diamondbacks 9 -- 1 Anderson ( 2 -- 3 ) Corbin ( 2 -- 4 ) Rusin ( 1 ) 36,165 19 -- 12 W1 32 May 7 Diamondbacks 5 -- 2 Chatwood ( 3 -- 4 ) Walker ( 3 -- 2 ) Holland ( 13 ) 39,175 20 -- 12 W2 -- May 8 Cubs Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 9 33 May 9 Cubs 10 -- 4 Senzatela ( 5 -- 1 ) Arrieta ( 4 -- 2 ) 34,779 21 -- 12 W3 34 May 9 Cubs 8 -- 1 Lackey ( 3 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 3 -- 2 ) 36,563 21 -- 13 L1 35 May 10 Cubs 3 -- 0 Márquez ( 1 -- 2 ) Hendricks ( 2 -- 2 ) Holland ( 14 ) 35,213 22 -- 13 W1 36 May 11 Dodgers 10 -- 7 Hoffman ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 1 -- 5 ) Holland ( 15 ) 27,265 23 -- 13 W2 37 May 12 Dodgers 6 -- 2 Kershaw ( 6 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 5 ) 40,146 23 -- 14 L1 38 May 13 Dodgers 4 -- 0 Wood ( 4 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 2 -- 4 ) 43,534 23 -- 15 L2 39 May 14 Dodgers 9 -- 6 Senzatela ( 6 -- 1 ) Urías ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 16 ) 41,051 24 -- 15 W1 40 May 16 @ Twins 7 -- 3 Freeland ( 4 -- 2 ) Hughes ( 4 -- 2 ) Holland ( 17 ) 24,295 25 -- 15 W2 -- May 17 @ Twins Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 18 41 May 18 @ Twins 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 2 -- 2 ) Santana ( 6 -- 2 ) Holland ( 18 ) 20,603 26 -- 15 W3 42 May 18 @ Twins 2 -- 0 Berríos ( 2 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 6 ) Kintzler ( 11 ) 17,140 26 -- 16 L1 43 May 19 @ Reds 12 -- 6 Anderson ( 3 -- 4 ) Bonilla ( 0 -- 2 ) 23,184 27 -- 16 W1 44 May 20 @ Reds 12 -- 8 Wojciechowski ( 1 -- 0 ) Dunn ( 2 -- 1 ) 25,188 27 -- 17 L1 45 May 21 @ Reds 6 -- 4 Freeland ( 5 -- 2 ) Arroyo ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 19 ) 23,352 28 -- 17 W1 46 May 22 @ Phillies 8 -- 1 Hoffman ( 2 -- 0 ) Eickhoff ( 0 -- 5 ) 21,251 29 -- 17 W2 47 May 23 @ Phillies 8 -- 2 Márquez ( 3 -- 2 ) Eflin ( 0 -- 2 ) 17,109 30 -- 17 W3 48 May 24 @ Phillies 7 -- 2 Chatwood ( 4 -- 6 ) Hellickson ( 5 -- 2 ) 19,160 31 -- 17 W4 49 May 25 @ Phillies 2 -- 1 ( 11 ) Gómez ( 3 -- 1 ) Oberg ( 0 -- 1 ) 18,143 31 -- 18 L1 50 May 26 Cardinals 10 -- 0 Senzatela ( 7 -- 1 ) Martínez ( 3 -- 4 ) 40,312 32 -- 18 W1 51 May 27 Cardinals 3 -- 0 Wainwright ( 5 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 5 -- 3 ) Oh ( 11 ) 48,106 32 -- 19 L1 52 May 28 Cardinals 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 4 -- 2 ) Lynn ( 4 -- 3 ) 48,372 33 -- 19 W1 53 May 29 Mariners 6 -- 5 Gaviglio ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 4 -- 7 ) Díaz ( 9 ) 40,298 33 -- 20 L1 54 May 30 Mariners 10 -- 4 Miranda ( 5 -- 2 ) Anderson ( 3 -- 5 ) 33,258 33 -- 21 L2 55 May 31 @ Mariners 5 -- 0 Paxton ( 4 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 7 -- 2 ) 16,750 33 -- 22 L3", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak", "27 May 2 @ Padres 6 -- 2 Cahill ( 2 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 2 -- 4 ) 18,910 16 -- 11 L2", "28 May 3 @ Padres 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 4 -- 1 ) Weaver ( 0 -- 3 ) 16,487 17 -- 11 W1", "29 May 4 @ Padres 3 -- 2 ( 11 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 0 ) Hand ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 12 ) 16,356 18 -- 11 W2", "30 May 5 Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Greinke ( 3 -- 2 ) Márquez ( 0 -- 2 ) Rodney ( 8 ) 30,030 18 -- 12 L1", "31 May 6 Diamondbacks 9 -- 1 Anderson ( 2 -- 3 ) Corbin ( 2 -- 4 ) Rusin ( 1 ) 36,165 19 -- 12 W1", "32 May 7 Diamondbacks 5 -- 2 Chatwood ( 3 -- 4 ) Walker ( 3 -- 2 ) Holland ( 13 ) 39,175 20 -- 12 W2", "-- May 8 Cubs Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 9", "33 May 9 Cubs 10 -- 4 Senzatela ( 5 -- 1 ) Arrieta ( 4 -- 2 ) 34,779 21 -- 12 W3", "34 May 9 Cubs 8 -- 1 Lackey ( 3 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 3 -- 2 ) 36,563 21 -- 13 L1", "35 May 10 Cubs 3 -- 0 Márquez ( 1 -- 2 ) Hendricks ( 2 -- 2 ) Holland ( 14 ) 35,213 22 -- 13 W1", "36 May 11 Dodgers 10 -- 7 Hoffman ( 1 -- 0 ) Ryu ( 1 -- 5 ) Holland ( 15 ) 27,265 23 -- 13 W2", "37 May 12 Dodgers 6 -- 2 Kershaw ( 6 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 5 ) 40,146 23 -- 14 L1", "38 May 13 Dodgers 4 -- 0 Wood ( 4 -- 0 ) Anderson ( 2 -- 4 ) 43,534 23 -- 15 L2", "39 May 14 Dodgers 9 -- 6 Senzatela ( 6 -- 1 ) Urías ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 16 ) 41,051 24 -- 15 W1", "40 May 16 @ Twins 7 -- 3 Freeland ( 4 -- 2 ) Hughes ( 4 -- 2 ) Holland ( 17 ) 24,295 25 -- 15 W2", "-- May 17 @ Twins Postponed ( rain ) Rescheduled for May 18", "41 May 18 @ Twins 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 2 -- 2 ) Santana ( 6 -- 2 ) Holland ( 18 ) 20,603 26 -- 15 W3", "42 May 18 @ Twins 2 -- 0 Berríos ( 2 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 3 -- 6 ) Kintzler ( 11 ) 17,140 26 -- 16 L1", "43 May 19 @ Reds 12 -- 6 Anderson ( 3 -- 4 ) Bonilla ( 0 -- 2 ) 23,184 27 -- 16 W1", "44 May 20 @ Reds 12 -- 8 Wojciechowski ( 1 -- 0 ) Dunn ( 2 -- 1 ) 25,188 27 -- 17 L1", "45 May 21 @ Reds 6 -- 4 Freeland ( 5 -- 2 ) Arroyo ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 19 ) 23,352 28 -- 17 W1", "46 May 22 @ Phillies 8 -- 1 Hoffman ( 2 -- 0 ) Eickhoff ( 0 -- 5 ) 21,251 29 -- 17 W2", "47 May 23 @ Phillies 8 -- 2 Márquez ( 3 -- 2 ) Eflin ( 0 -- 2 ) 17,109 30 -- 17 W3", "48 May 24 @ Phillies 7 -- 2 Chatwood ( 4 -- 6 ) Hellickson ( 5 -- 2 ) 19,160 31 -- 17 W4", "49 May 25 @ Phillies 2 -- 1 ( 11 ) Gómez ( 3 -- 1 ) Oberg ( 0 -- 1 ) 18,143 31 -- 18 L1", "50 May 26 Cardinals 10 -- 0 Senzatela ( 7 -- 1 ) Martínez ( 3 -- 4 ) 40,312 32 -- 18 W1", "51 May 27 Cardinals 3 -- 0 Wainwright ( 5 -- 3 ) Freeland ( 5 -- 3 ) Oh ( 11 ) 48,106 32 -- 19 L1", "52 May 28 Cardinals 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 4 -- 2 ) Lynn ( 4 -- 3 ) 48,372 33 -- 19 W1", "53 May 29 Mariners 6 -- 5 Gaviglio ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 4 -- 7 ) Díaz ( 9 ) 40,298 33 -- 20 L1", "54 May 30 Mariners 10 -- 4 Miranda ( 5 -- 2 ) Anderson ( 3 -- 5 ) 33,258 33 -- 21 L2", "55 May 31 @ Mariners 5 -- 0 Paxton ( 4 -- 0 ) Senzatela ( 7 -- 2 ) 16,750 33 -- 22 L3", "June : 15 -- 12 ( Home : 7 -- 2 ; Away : 8 -- 10 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 56 June 1 @ Mariners 6 -- 3 Freeland ( 6 -- 3 ) Gallardo ( 2 -- 6 ) Holland ( 20 ) 21,536 34 -- 22 W1 57 June 2 @ Padres 8 -- 5 Richard ( 4 -- 6 ) Márquez ( 4 -- 3 ) Maurer ( 9 ) 20,932 34 -- 23 L1 58 June 3 @ Padres 10 -- 1 Chatwood ( 5 -- 7 ) Chacín ( 4 -- 5 ) 20,996 35 -- 23 W1 59 June 4 @ Padres 3 -- 1 Hoffman ( 3 -- 0 ) Cosart ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 21 ) 24,763 36 -- 23 W2 60 June 6 Indians 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 8 -- 2 ) Clevinger ( 2 -- 3 ) 39,508 37 -- 23 W3 61 June 7 Indians 8 -- 1 Freeland ( 7 -- 3 ) Bauer ( 5 -- 5 ) 36,909 38 -- 23 W4 62 June 8 @ Cubs 4 -- 1 Chatwood ( 6 -- 7 ) Lester ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 22 ) 39,385 39 -- 23 W5 63 June 9 @ Cubs 5 -- 3 Rusin ( 3 -- 0 ) Frankoff ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 23 ) 41,229 40 -- 23 W6 64 June 10 @ Cubs 9 -- 1 Hoffman ( 4 -- 0 ) Butler ( 3 -- 2 ) 41,226 41 -- 23 W7 65 June 11 @ Cubs 7 -- 5 Edwards Jr. ( 2 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 2 ) Davis ( 13 ) 41,116 41 -- 24 L1 66 June 12 @ Pirates 7 -- 2 Taillon ( 3 -- 1 ) Freeland ( 7 -- 4 ) 16,320 41 -- 25 L2 67 June 13 @ Pirates 5 -- 2 Cole ( 4 -- 6 ) Ottavino ( 0 -- 1 ) 16,764 41 -- 26 L3 68 June 14 @ Pirates 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 5 -- 3 ) Kuhl ( 1 -- 6 ) 17,308 42 -- 26 W1 69 June 15 Giants 10 -- 9 Holland ( 1 -- 0 ) Strickland ( 1 -- 2 ) 40,747 43 -- 26 W2 70 June 16 Giants 10 -- 8 Senzatela ( 9 -- 2 ) Samardzija ( 2 -- 9 ) Holland ( 24 ) 46,632 44 -- 26 W3 71 June 17 Giants 5 -- 1 Freeland ( 8 -- 4 ) Cain ( 3 -- 6 ) 48,035 45 -- 26 W4 72 June 18 Giants 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 4 -- 0 ) Melancon ( 1 -- 2 ) 48,341 46 -- 26 W5 73 June 20 Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Ottavino ( 1 -- 1 ) Greinke ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 25 ) 35,016 47 -- 26 W6 74 June 21 Diamondbacks 16 -- 5 Walker ( 6 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 4 -- 1 ) 40,918 47 -- 27 L1 75 June 22 Diamondbacks 10 -- 3 Godley ( 3 -- 1 ) Senzatela ( 9 -- 3 ) 40,681 47 -- 28 L2 76 June 23 @ Dodgers 6 -- 1 Wood ( 8 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 5 ) 43.787 47 -- 29 L3 77 June 24 @ Dodgers 4 -- 0 Kershaw ( 11 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 8 ) 50,403 47 -- 30 L4 78 June 25 @ Dodgers 12 -- 6 Báez ( 2 -- 0 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 17 ) 41,605 47 -- 31 L5 79 June 26 @ Giants 9 -- 2 Samardzija ( 3 -- 9 ) Márquez ( 5 -- 4 ) 41,388 47 -- 32 L6 80 June 27 @ Giants 4 -- 3 ( 14 ) Gearrin ( 2 -- 2 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 1 ) 41,331 47 -- 33 L7 81 June 28 @ Giants 5 -- 3 Blach ( 5 -- 5 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 6 ) Strickland ( 1 ) 41,286 47 -- 34 L8 82 June 30 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Gray ( 1 -- 0 ) Ray ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 26 ) 23,275 48 -- 34 W1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 56 June 1 @ Mariners 6 -- 3 Freeland ( 6 -- 3 ) Gallardo ( 2 -- 6 ) Holland ( 20 ) 21,536 34 -- 22 W1 57 June 2 @ Padres 8 -- 5 Richard ( 4 -- 6 ) Márquez ( 4 -- 3 ) Maurer ( 9 ) 20,932 34 -- 23 L1 58 June 3 @ Padres 10 -- 1 Chatwood ( 5 -- 7 ) Chacín ( 4 -- 5 ) 20,996 35 -- 23 W1 59 June 4 @ Padres 3 -- 1 Hoffman ( 3 -- 0 ) Cosart ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 21 ) 24,763 36 -- 23 W2 60 June 6 Indians 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 8 -- 2 ) Clevinger ( 2 -- 3 ) 39,508 37 -- 23 W3 61 June 7 Indians 8 -- 1 Freeland ( 7 -- 3 ) Bauer ( 5 -- 5 ) 36,909 38 -- 23 W4 62 June 8 @ Cubs 4 -- 1 Chatwood ( 6 -- 7 ) Lester ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 22 ) 39,385 39 -- 23 W5 63 June 9 @ Cubs 5 -- 3 Rusin ( 3 -- 0 ) Frankoff ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 23 ) 41,229 40 -- 23 W6 64 June 10 @ Cubs 9 -- 1 Hoffman ( 4 -- 0 ) Butler ( 3 -- 2 ) 41,226 41 -- 23 W7 65 June 11 @ Cubs 7 -- 5 Edwards Jr. ( 2 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 2 ) Davis ( 13 ) 41,116 41 -- 24 L1 66 June 12 @ Pirates 7 -- 2 Taillon ( 3 -- 1 ) Freeland ( 7 -- 4 ) 16,320 41 -- 25 L2 67 June 13 @ Pirates 5 -- 2 Cole ( 4 -- 6 ) Ottavino ( 0 -- 1 ) 16,764 41 -- 26 L3 68 June 14 @ Pirates 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 5 -- 3 ) Kuhl ( 1 -- 6 ) 17,308 42 -- 26 W1 69 June 15 Giants 10 -- 9 Holland ( 1 -- 0 ) Strickland ( 1 -- 2 ) 40,747 43 -- 26 W2 70 June 16 Giants 10 -- 8 Senzatela ( 9 -- 2 ) Samardzija ( 2 -- 9 ) Holland ( 24 ) 46,632 44 -- 26 W3 71 June 17 Giants 5 -- 1 Freeland ( 8 -- 4 ) Cain ( 3 -- 6 ) 48,035 45 -- 26 W4 72 June 18 Giants 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 4 -- 0 ) Melancon ( 1 -- 2 ) 48,341 46 -- 26 W5 73 June 20 Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Ottavino ( 1 -- 1 ) Greinke ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 25 ) 35,016 47 -- 26 W6 74 June 21 Diamondbacks 16 -- 5 Walker ( 6 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 4 -- 1 ) 40,918 47 -- 27 L1 75 June 22 Diamondbacks 10 -- 3 Godley ( 3 -- 1 ) Senzatela ( 9 -- 3 ) 40,681 47 -- 28 L2 76 June 23 @ Dodgers 6 -- 1 Wood ( 8 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 5 ) 43.787 47 -- 29 L3 77 June 24 @ Dodgers 4 -- 0 Kershaw ( 11 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 8 ) 50,403 47 -- 30 L4 78 June 25 @ Dodgers 12 -- 6 Báez ( 2 -- 0 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 17 ) 41,605 47 -- 31 L5 79 June 26 @ Giants 9 -- 2 Samardzija ( 3 -- 9 ) Márquez ( 5 -- 4 ) 41,388 47 -- 32 L6 80 June 27 @ Giants 4 -- 3 ( 14 ) Gearrin ( 2 -- 2 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 1 ) 41,331 47 -- 33 L7 81 June 28 @ Giants 5 -- 3 Blach ( 5 -- 5 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 6 ) Strickland ( 1 ) 41,286 47 -- 34 L8 82 June 30 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Gray ( 1 -- 0 ) Ray ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 26 ) 23,275 48 -- 34 W1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak", "56 June 1 @ Mariners 6 -- 3 Freeland ( 6 -- 3 ) Gallardo ( 2 -- 6 ) Holland ( 20 ) 21,536 34 -- 22 W1", "57 June 2 @ Padres 8 -- 5 Richard ( 4 -- 6 ) Márquez ( 4 -- 3 ) Maurer ( 9 ) 20,932 34 -- 23 L1", "58 June 3 @ Padres 10 -- 1 Chatwood ( 5 -- 7 ) Chacín ( 4 -- 5 ) 20,996 35 -- 23 W1", "59 June 4 @ Padres 3 -- 1 Hoffman ( 3 -- 0 ) Cosart ( 0 -- 2 ) Holland ( 21 ) 24,763 36 -- 23 W2", "60 June 6 Indians 11 -- 3 Senzatela ( 8 -- 2 ) Clevinger ( 2 -- 3 ) 39,508 37 -- 23 W3", "61 June 7 Indians 8 -- 1 Freeland ( 7 -- 3 ) Bauer ( 5 -- 5 ) 36,909 38 -- 23 W4", "62 June 8 @ Cubs 4 -- 1 Chatwood ( 6 -- 7 ) Lester ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 22 ) 39,385 39 -- 23 W5", "63 June 9 @ Cubs 5 -- 3 Rusin ( 3 -- 0 ) Frankoff ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 23 ) 41,229 40 -- 23 W6", "64 June 10 @ Cubs 9 -- 1 Hoffman ( 4 -- 0 ) Butler ( 3 -- 2 ) 41,226 41 -- 23 W7", "65 June 11 @ Cubs 7 -- 5 Edwards Jr. ( 2 -- 0 ) Lyles ( 0 -- 2 ) Davis ( 13 ) 41,116 41 -- 24 L1", "66 June 12 @ Pirates 7 -- 2 Taillon ( 3 -- 1 ) Freeland ( 7 -- 4 ) 16,320 41 -- 25 L2", "67 June 13 @ Pirates 5 -- 2 Cole ( 4 -- 6 ) Ottavino ( 0 -- 1 ) 16,764 41 -- 26 L3", "68 June 14 @ Pirates 5 -- 1 Márquez ( 5 -- 3 ) Kuhl ( 1 -- 6 ) 17,308 42 -- 26 W1", "69 June 15 Giants 10 -- 9 Holland ( 1 -- 0 ) Strickland ( 1 -- 2 ) 40,747 43 -- 26 W2", "70 June 16 Giants 10 -- 8 Senzatela ( 9 -- 2 ) Samardzija ( 2 -- 9 ) Holland ( 24 ) 46,632 44 -- 26 W3", "71 June 17 Giants 5 -- 1 Freeland ( 8 -- 4 ) Cain ( 3 -- 6 ) 48,035 45 -- 26 W4", "72 June 18 Giants 7 -- 5 Estévez ( 4 -- 0 ) Melancon ( 1 -- 2 ) 48,341 46 -- 26 W5", "73 June 20 Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Ottavino ( 1 -- 1 ) Greinke ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 25 ) 35,016 47 -- 26 W6", "74 June 21 Diamondbacks 16 -- 5 Walker ( 6 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 4 -- 1 ) 40,918 47 -- 27 L1", "75 June 22 Diamondbacks 10 -- 3 Godley ( 3 -- 1 ) Senzatela ( 9 -- 3 ) 40,681 47 -- 28 L2", "76 June 23 @ Dodgers 6 -- 1 Wood ( 8 -- 0 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 5 ) 43.787 47 -- 29 L3", "77 June 24 @ Dodgers 4 -- 0 Kershaw ( 11 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 8 ) 50,403 47 -- 30 L4", "78 June 25 @ Dodgers 12 -- 6 Báez ( 2 -- 0 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 2 ) Jansen ( 17 ) 41,605 47 -- 31 L5", "79 June 26 @ Giants 9 -- 2 Samardzija ( 3 -- 9 ) Márquez ( 5 -- 4 ) 41,388 47 -- 32 L6", "80 June 27 @ Giants 4 -- 3 ( 14 ) Gearrin ( 2 -- 2 ) Qualls ( 1 -- 1 ) 41,331 47 -- 33 L7", "81 June 28 @ Giants 5 -- 3 Blach ( 5 -- 5 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 6 ) Strickland ( 1 ) 41,286 47 -- 34 L8", "82 June 30 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 3 Gray ( 1 -- 0 ) Ray ( 8 -- 4 ) Holland ( 26 ) 23,275 48 -- 34 W1", "July : 12 -- 12 ( Home : 9 -- 4 ; Away : 3 -- 8 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 83 July 1 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Greinke ( 10 -- 4 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 9 ) 46,338 48 -- 35 L1 84 July 2 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Rodney ( 3 -- 2 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 3 ) 34,556 48 -- 36 L2 85 July 3 Reds 5 -- 3 Hoffman ( 5 -- 1 ) Castillo ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 27 ) 49,131 49 -- 36 W1 86 July 4 Reds 8 -- 1 Bailey ( 1 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 7 ) 48,338 49 -- 37 L1 87 July 5 Reds 5 -- 3 Gray ( 2 -- 0 ) Feldman ( 7 -- 6 ) Holland ( 28 ) 32,188 50 -- 37 W1 88 July 6 Reds 6 -- 3 Romano ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 10 ) 27,328 50 -- 38 L1 89 July 7 White Sox 12 -- 4 Márquez ( 6 -- 4 ) Holland ( 5 -- 9 ) 38,386 51 -- 38 W1 90 July 8 White Sox 5 -- 4 Kahnle ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 1 -- 1 ) Robertson ( 13 ) 48,118 51 -- 39 L1 91 July 9 White Sox 10 -- 0 Freeland ( 9 -- 7 ) Rodon ( 1 -- 2 ) 36,541 52 -- 39 W1 88th All - Star Game in Miami , Florida 92 July 14 @ Mets 14 -- 2 deGrom ( 10 -- 3 ) Gray ( 2 -- 1 ) 27,582 52 -- 40 L1 93 July 15 @ Mets 9 -- 3 Lugo ( 4 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 11 ) 34,783 52 -- 41 L2 94 July 16 @ Mets 13 -- 4 Hoffman ( 6 -- 1 ) Matz ( 2 -- 3 ) 28,745 53 -- 41 W1 95 July 17 Padres 9 -- 6 Márquez ( 7 -- 4 ) Perdomo ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 29 ) 37,561 54 -- 41 W2 96 July 18 Padres 9 -- 7 Senzatela ( 10 -- 3 ) Lamet ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 30 ) 40,101 55 -- 41 W3 97 July 19 Padres 18 -- 4 Gray ( 3 -- 1 ) Richard ( 5 -- 10 ) 37,128 56 -- 41 W4 98 July 21 Pirates 13 -- 5 Williams ( 4 -- 4 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 2 ) 41,192 56 -- 42 L1 99 July 22 Pirates 7 -- 3 Márquez ( 8 -- 4 ) Kuhl ( 3 -- 7 ) Holland ( 31 ) 48,235 57 -- 42 W1 100 July 23 Pirates 13 -- 3 Freeland ( 10 -- 7 ) Nova ( 10 -- 7 ) 40,118 58 -- 42 W2 101 July 24 @ Cardinals 8 -- 2 Leake ( 7 -- 8 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 4 ) 40,486 58 -- 43 L1 102 July 25 @ Cardinals 3 -- 2 Rosenthal ( 3 -- 4 ) McGee ( 0 -- 1 ) 41,514 58 -- 44 L2 103 July 26 @ Cardinals 10 -- 5 Martinez ( 7 -- 8 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 3 ) 38,162 58 -- 45 L3 -- July 28 @ Nationals Postponed ( rain ) ; Rescheduled for July 30 104 July 29 @ Nationals 4 -- 2 Márquez ( 9 -- 4 ) Roark ( 8 -- 7 ) Holland ( 32 ) 33,989 59 -- 45 W1 105 July 30 @ Nationals 10 -- 6 Freeland ( 11 -- 7 ) Fedde ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 33 ) 33,248 60 -- 45 W2 106 July 30 @ Nationals 3 -- 1 Jackson ( 2 -- 1 ) Gray ( 3 -- 2 ) Doolittle ( 6 ) 31,118 60 -- 46 L1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 83 July 1 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Greinke ( 10 -- 4 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 9 ) 46,338 48 -- 35 L1 84 July 2 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Rodney ( 3 -- 2 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 3 ) 34,556 48 -- 36 L2 85 July 3 Reds 5 -- 3 Hoffman ( 5 -- 1 ) Castillo ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 27 ) 49,131 49 -- 36 W1 86 July 4 Reds 8 -- 1 Bailey ( 1 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 7 ) 48,338 49 -- 37 L1 87 July 5 Reds 5 -- 3 Gray ( 2 -- 0 ) Feldman ( 7 -- 6 ) Holland ( 28 ) 32,188 50 -- 37 W1 88 July 6 Reds 6 -- 3 Romano ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 10 ) 27,328 50 -- 38 L1 89 July 7 White Sox 12 -- 4 Márquez ( 6 -- 4 ) Holland ( 5 -- 9 ) 38,386 51 -- 38 W1 90 July 8 White Sox 5 -- 4 Kahnle ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 1 -- 1 ) Robertson ( 13 ) 48,118 51 -- 39 L1 91 July 9 White Sox 10 -- 0 Freeland ( 9 -- 7 ) Rodon ( 1 -- 2 ) 36,541 52 -- 39 W1 88th All - Star Game in Miami , Florida 92 July 14 @ Mets 14 -- 2 deGrom ( 10 -- 3 ) Gray ( 2 -- 1 ) 27,582 52 -- 40 L1 93 July 15 @ Mets 9 -- 3 Lugo ( 4 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 11 ) 34,783 52 -- 41 L2 94 July 16 @ Mets 13 -- 4 Hoffman ( 6 -- 1 ) Matz ( 2 -- 3 ) 28,745 53 -- 41 W1 95 July 17 Padres 9 -- 6 Márquez ( 7 -- 4 ) Perdomo ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 29 ) 37,561 54 -- 41 W2 96 July 18 Padres 9 -- 7 Senzatela ( 10 -- 3 ) Lamet ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 30 ) 40,101 55 -- 41 W3 97 July 19 Padres 18 -- 4 Gray ( 3 -- 1 ) Richard ( 5 -- 10 ) 37,128 56 -- 41 W4 98 July 21 Pirates 13 -- 5 Williams ( 4 -- 4 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 2 ) 41,192 56 -- 42 L1 99 July 22 Pirates 7 -- 3 Márquez ( 8 -- 4 ) Kuhl ( 3 -- 7 ) Holland ( 31 ) 48,235 57 -- 42 W1 100 July 23 Pirates 13 -- 3 Freeland ( 10 -- 7 ) Nova ( 10 -- 7 ) 40,118 58 -- 42 W2 101 July 24 @ Cardinals 8 -- 2 Leake ( 7 -- 8 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 4 ) 40,486 58 -- 43 L1 102 July 25 @ Cardinals 3 -- 2 Rosenthal ( 3 -- 4 ) McGee ( 0 -- 1 ) 41,514 58 -- 44 L2 103 July 26 @ Cardinals 10 -- 5 Martinez ( 7 -- 8 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 3 ) 38,162 58 -- 45 L3 -- July 28 @ Nationals Postponed ( rain ) ; Rescheduled for July 30 104 July 29 @ Nationals 4 -- 2 Márquez ( 9 -- 4 ) Roark ( 8 -- 7 ) Holland ( 32 ) 33,989 59 -- 45 W1 105 July 30 @ Nationals 10 -- 6 Freeland ( 11 -- 7 ) Fedde ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 33 ) 33,248 60 -- 45 W2 106 July 30 @ Nationals 3 -- 1 Jackson ( 2 -- 1 ) Gray ( 3 -- 2 ) Doolittle ( 6 ) 31,118 60 -- 46 L1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak", "83 July 1 @ Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Greinke ( 10 -- 4 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 9 ) 46,338 48 -- 35 L1", "84 July 2 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 3 Rodney ( 3 -- 2 ) Ottavino ( 1 -- 3 ) 34,556 48 -- 36 L2", "85 July 3 Reds 5 -- 3 Hoffman ( 5 -- 1 ) Castillo ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 27 ) 49,131 49 -- 36 W1", "86 July 4 Reds 8 -- 1 Bailey ( 1 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 8 -- 7 ) 48,338 49 -- 37 L1", "87 July 5 Reds 5 -- 3 Gray ( 2 -- 0 ) Feldman ( 7 -- 6 ) Holland ( 28 ) 32,188 50 -- 37 W1", "88 July 6 Reds 6 -- 3 Romano ( 1 -- 1 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 10 ) 27,328 50 -- 38 L1", "89 July 7 White Sox 12 -- 4 Márquez ( 6 -- 4 ) Holland ( 5 -- 9 ) 38,386 51 -- 38 W1", "90 July 8 White Sox 5 -- 4 Kahnle ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 1 -- 1 ) Robertson ( 13 ) 48,118 51 -- 39 L1", "91 July 9 White Sox 10 -- 0 Freeland ( 9 -- 7 ) Rodon ( 1 -- 2 ) 36,541 52 -- 39 W1", "88th All - Star Game in Miami , Florida", "92 July 14 @ Mets 14 -- 2 deGrom ( 10 -- 3 ) Gray ( 2 -- 1 ) 27,582 52 -- 40 L1", "93 July 15 @ Mets 9 -- 3 Lugo ( 4 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 11 ) 34,783 52 -- 41 L2", "94 July 16 @ Mets 13 -- 4 Hoffman ( 6 -- 1 ) Matz ( 2 -- 3 ) 28,745 53 -- 41 W1", "95 July 17 Padres 9 -- 6 Márquez ( 7 -- 4 ) Perdomo ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 29 ) 37,561 54 -- 41 W2", "96 July 18 Padres 9 -- 7 Senzatela ( 10 -- 3 ) Lamet ( 3 -- 4 ) Holland ( 30 ) 40,101 55 -- 41 W3", "97 July 19 Padres 18 -- 4 Gray ( 3 -- 1 ) Richard ( 5 -- 10 ) 37,128 56 -- 41 W4", "98 July 21 Pirates 13 -- 5 Williams ( 4 -- 4 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 2 ) 41,192 56 -- 42 L1", "99 July 22 Pirates 7 -- 3 Márquez ( 8 -- 4 ) Kuhl ( 3 -- 7 ) Holland ( 31 ) 48,235 57 -- 42 W1", "100 July 23 Pirates 13 -- 3 Freeland ( 10 -- 7 ) Nova ( 10 -- 7 ) 40,118 58 -- 42 W2", "101 July 24 @ Cardinals 8 -- 2 Leake ( 7 -- 8 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 4 ) 40,486 58 -- 43 L1", "102 July 25 @ Cardinals 3 -- 2 Rosenthal ( 3 -- 4 ) McGee ( 0 -- 1 ) 41,514 58 -- 44 L2", "103 July 26 @ Cardinals 10 -- 5 Martinez ( 7 -- 8 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 3 ) 38,162 58 -- 45 L3", "-- July 28 @ Nationals Postponed ( rain ) ; Rescheduled for July 30", "104 July 29 @ Nationals 4 -- 2 Márquez ( 9 -- 4 ) Roark ( 8 -- 7 ) Holland ( 32 ) 33,989 59 -- 45 W1", "105 July 30 @ Nationals 10 -- 6 Freeland ( 11 -- 7 ) Fedde ( 0 -- 1 ) Holland ( 33 ) 33,248 60 -- 45 W2", "106 July 30 @ Nationals 3 -- 1 Jackson ( 2 -- 1 ) Gray ( 3 -- 2 ) Doolittle ( 6 ) 31,118 60 -- 46 L1", "August : 12 -- 15 ( Home : 8 -- 8 ; Away : 4 -- 7 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 107 August 1 Mets 5 -- 4 Dunn ( 3 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 2 ) 36,698 61 -- 46 W1 108 August 2 Mets 10 -- 5 Bradford ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 12 ) 36,945 61 -- 47 L1 109 August 3 Mets 5 -- 4 Holland ( 2 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 3 ) 35,276 62 -- 47 W1 110 August 4 Phillies 4 -- 3 Dunn ( 4 -- 1 ) García ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 34 ) 35,092 63 -- 47 W2 111 August 5 Phillies 8 -- 5 Gray ( 4 -- 2 ) Pivetta ( 4 -- 7 ) 40,563 64 -- 47 W3 112 August 6 Phillies 3 -- 2 Ramos ( 1 -- 7 ) Holland ( 2 -- 2 ) Neris ( 11 ) 48,069 64 -- 48 L1 113 August 8 @ Indians 4 -- 1 Kluber ( 10 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 3 ) -- 26,088 64 -- 49 L2 114 August 9 @ Indians 3 -- 2 ( 12 ) Estévez ( 5 -- 0 ) McAllister ( 1 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 1 ) 25,539 65 -- 49 W1 115 August 11 @ Marlins 6 -- 3 Tazawa ( 2 -- 2 ) McGee ( 0 -- 2 ) Ziegler ( 3 ) 20,096 65 -- 50 L1 116 August 12 @ Marlins 4 -- 3 Nicolino ( 1 -- 1 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 4 ) Ziegler ( 4 ) 20,399 65 -- 51 L2 117 August 13 @ Marlins 5 -- 3 Guerra ( 1 -- 0 ) Márquez ( 9 -- 5 ) Despaigne ( 1 ) 20,769 65 -- 52 L3 118 August 14 Braves 3 -- 0 Dunn ( 5 -- 1 ) Brothers ( 2 -- 3 ) Holland ( 35 ) 33,641 66 -- 52 W1 119 August 15 Braves 4 -- 3 Freeman ( 2 -- 0 ) Neshek ( 3 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 7 ) 28,655 66 -- 53 L1 120 August 16 Braves 17 -- 2 Gray ( 5 -- 2 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 8 ) -- 30,695 67 -- 53 W1 121 August 17 Braves 10 -- 4 Sims ( 1 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 5 ) -- 30,020 67 -- 54 L1 122 August 18 Brewers 8 -- 4 Marquez ( 10 -- 5 ) Garza ( 6 -- 7 ) -- 32,385 68 -- 54 W1 123 August 19 Brewers 6 -- 3 Swarzak ( 6 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 4 ) Knebel ( 25 ) 47,216 68 -- 55 L1 124 August 20 Brewers 8 -- 4 Anderson ( 7 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 8 ) Knebel ( 26 ) 32,426 68 -- 56 L2 125 August 22 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Duffy ( 8 -- 8 ) Gray ( 5 -- 3 ) Alexander ( 1 ) 22,868 68 -- 57 L3 126 August 23 @ Royals 6 -- 4 Maurer ( 3 -- 5 ) Holland ( 2 -- 5 ) -- 25,752 68 -- 58 L4 127 August 24 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Ottavino ( 2 -- 3 ) Minor ( 5 -- 6 ) Holland ( 36 ) 25,314 69 -- 58 W1 128 August 25 @ Braves 2 -- 5 Teheran ( 8 -- 11 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 1 ) Vizcaíno ( 8 ) 33,577 69 -- 59 L1 129 August 26 @ Braves 7 -- 6 Neshek ( 4 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 3 -- 3 ) McGee ( 2 ) 32,448 70 -- 59 W1 130 August 27 @ Braves 3 -- 0 Gray ( 6 -- 3 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 10 ) McGee ( 3 ) 28,154 71 -- 59 W2 131 August 28 Tigers 4 -- 3 Zimmermann ( 8 -- 11 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 5 ) Greene ( 6 ) 30,754 71 -- 60 L1 132 August 29 Tigers 7 -- 3 Neshek ( 5 -- 3 ) Fulmer ( 10 -- 12 ) -- 30,721 72 -- 60 W1 133 August 30 Tigers 2 -- 6 Verlander ( 10 -- 8 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 29,281 72 -- 61 L1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 107 August 1 Mets 5 -- 4 Dunn ( 3 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 2 ) 36,698 61 -- 46 W1 108 August 2 Mets 10 -- 5 Bradford ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 12 ) 36,945 61 -- 47 L1 109 August 3 Mets 5 -- 4 Holland ( 2 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 3 ) 35,276 62 -- 47 W1 110 August 4 Phillies 4 -- 3 Dunn ( 4 -- 1 ) García ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 34 ) 35,092 63 -- 47 W2 111 August 5 Phillies 8 -- 5 Gray ( 4 -- 2 ) Pivetta ( 4 -- 7 ) 40,563 64 -- 47 W3 112 August 6 Phillies 3 -- 2 Ramos ( 1 -- 7 ) Holland ( 2 -- 2 ) Neris ( 11 ) 48,069 64 -- 48 L1 113 August 8 @ Indians 4 -- 1 Kluber ( 10 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 3 ) -- 26,088 64 -- 49 L2 114 August 9 @ Indians 3 -- 2 ( 12 ) Estévez ( 5 -- 0 ) McAllister ( 1 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 1 ) 25,539 65 -- 49 W1 115 August 11 @ Marlins 6 -- 3 Tazawa ( 2 -- 2 ) McGee ( 0 -- 2 ) Ziegler ( 3 ) 20,096 65 -- 50 L1 116 August 12 @ Marlins 4 -- 3 Nicolino ( 1 -- 1 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 4 ) Ziegler ( 4 ) 20,399 65 -- 51 L2 117 August 13 @ Marlins 5 -- 3 Guerra ( 1 -- 0 ) Márquez ( 9 -- 5 ) Despaigne ( 1 ) 20,769 65 -- 52 L3 118 August 14 Braves 3 -- 0 Dunn ( 5 -- 1 ) Brothers ( 2 -- 3 ) Holland ( 35 ) 33,641 66 -- 52 W1 119 August 15 Braves 4 -- 3 Freeman ( 2 -- 0 ) Neshek ( 3 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 7 ) 28,655 66 -- 53 L1 120 August 16 Braves 17 -- 2 Gray ( 5 -- 2 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 8 ) -- 30,695 67 -- 53 W1 121 August 17 Braves 10 -- 4 Sims ( 1 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 5 ) -- 30,020 67 -- 54 L1 122 August 18 Brewers 8 -- 4 Marquez ( 10 -- 5 ) Garza ( 6 -- 7 ) -- 32,385 68 -- 54 W1 123 August 19 Brewers 6 -- 3 Swarzak ( 6 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 4 ) Knebel ( 25 ) 47,216 68 -- 55 L1 124 August 20 Brewers 8 -- 4 Anderson ( 7 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 8 ) Knebel ( 26 ) 32,426 68 -- 56 L2 125 August 22 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Duffy ( 8 -- 8 ) Gray ( 5 -- 3 ) Alexander ( 1 ) 22,868 68 -- 57 L3 126 August 23 @ Royals 6 -- 4 Maurer ( 3 -- 5 ) Holland ( 2 -- 5 ) -- 25,752 68 -- 58 L4 127 August 24 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Ottavino ( 2 -- 3 ) Minor ( 5 -- 6 ) Holland ( 36 ) 25,314 69 -- 58 W1 128 August 25 @ Braves 2 -- 5 Teheran ( 8 -- 11 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 1 ) Vizcaíno ( 8 ) 33,577 69 -- 59 L1 129 August 26 @ Braves 7 -- 6 Neshek ( 4 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 3 -- 3 ) McGee ( 2 ) 32,448 70 -- 59 W1 130 August 27 @ Braves 3 -- 0 Gray ( 6 -- 3 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 10 ) McGee ( 3 ) 28,154 71 -- 59 W2 131 August 28 Tigers 4 -- 3 Zimmermann ( 8 -- 11 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 5 ) Greene ( 6 ) 30,754 71 -- 60 L1 132 August 29 Tigers 7 -- 3 Neshek ( 5 -- 3 ) Fulmer ( 10 -- 12 ) -- 30,721 72 -- 60 W1 133 August 30 Tigers 2 -- 6 Verlander ( 10 -- 8 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 29,281 72 -- 61 L1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak", "107 August 1 Mets 5 -- 4 Dunn ( 3 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 2 ) 36,698 61 -- 46 W1", "108 August 2 Mets 10 -- 5 Bradford ( 1 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 6 -- 12 ) 36,945 61 -- 47 L1", "109 August 3 Mets 5 -- 4 Holland ( 2 -- 1 ) Robles ( 6 -- 3 ) 35,276 62 -- 47 W1", "110 August 4 Phillies 4 -- 3 Dunn ( 4 -- 1 ) García ( 1 -- 3 ) Holland ( 34 ) 35,092 63 -- 47 W2", "111 August 5 Phillies 8 -- 5 Gray ( 4 -- 2 ) Pivetta ( 4 -- 7 ) 40,563 64 -- 47 W3", "112 August 6 Phillies 3 -- 2 Ramos ( 1 -- 7 ) Holland ( 2 -- 2 ) Neris ( 11 ) 48,069 64 -- 48 L1", "113 August 8 @ Indians 4 -- 1 Kluber ( 10 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 3 ) -- 26,088 64 -- 49 L2", "114 August 9 @ Indians 3 -- 2 ( 12 ) Estévez ( 5 -- 0 ) McAllister ( 1 -- 2 ) Chatwood ( 1 ) 25,539 65 -- 49 W1", "115 August 11 @ Marlins 6 -- 3 Tazawa ( 2 -- 2 ) McGee ( 0 -- 2 ) Ziegler ( 3 ) 20,096 65 -- 50 L1", "116 August 12 @ Marlins 4 -- 3 Nicolino ( 1 -- 1 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 4 ) Ziegler ( 4 ) 20,399 65 -- 51 L2", "117 August 13 @ Marlins 5 -- 3 Guerra ( 1 -- 0 ) Márquez ( 9 -- 5 ) Despaigne ( 1 ) 20,769 65 -- 52 L3", "118 August 14 Braves 3 -- 0 Dunn ( 5 -- 1 ) Brothers ( 2 -- 3 ) Holland ( 35 ) 33,641 66 -- 52 W1", "119 August 15 Braves 4 -- 3 Freeman ( 2 -- 0 ) Neshek ( 3 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 7 ) 28,655 66 -- 53 L1", "120 August 16 Braves 17 -- 2 Gray ( 5 -- 2 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 8 ) -- 30,695 67 -- 53 W1", "121 August 17 Braves 10 -- 4 Sims ( 1 -- 3 ) Hoffman ( 6 -- 5 ) -- 30,020 67 -- 54 L1", "122 August 18 Brewers 8 -- 4 Marquez ( 10 -- 5 ) Garza ( 6 -- 7 ) -- 32,385 68 -- 54 W1", "123 August 19 Brewers 6 -- 3 Swarzak ( 6 -- 3 ) Holland ( 2 -- 4 ) Knebel ( 25 ) 47,216 68 -- 55 L1", "124 August 20 Brewers 8 -- 4 Anderson ( 7 -- 2 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 8 ) Knebel ( 26 ) 32,426 68 -- 56 L2", "125 August 22 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Duffy ( 8 -- 8 ) Gray ( 5 -- 3 ) Alexander ( 1 ) 22,868 68 -- 57 L3", "126 August 23 @ Royals 6 -- 4 Maurer ( 3 -- 5 ) Holland ( 2 -- 5 ) -- 25,752 68 -- 58 L4", "127 August 24 @ Royals 3 -- 2 Ottavino ( 2 -- 3 ) Minor ( 5 -- 6 ) Holland ( 36 ) 25,314 69 -- 58 W1", "128 August 25 @ Braves 2 -- 5 Teheran ( 8 -- 11 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 1 ) Vizcaíno ( 8 ) 33,577 69 -- 59 L1", "129 August 26 @ Braves 7 -- 6 Neshek ( 4 -- 3 ) Vizcaíno ( 3 -- 3 ) McGee ( 2 ) 32,448 70 -- 59 W1", "130 August 27 @ Braves 3 -- 0 Gray ( 6 -- 3 ) Foltynewicz ( 10 -- 10 ) McGee ( 3 ) 28,154 71 -- 59 W2", "131 August 28 Tigers 4 -- 3 Zimmermann ( 8 -- 11 ) Senzatela ( 10 -- 5 ) Greene ( 6 ) 30,754 71 -- 60 L1", "132 August 29 Tigers 7 -- 3 Neshek ( 5 -- 3 ) Fulmer ( 10 -- 12 ) -- 30,721 72 -- 60 W1", "133 August 30 Tigers 2 -- 6 Verlander ( 10 -- 8 ) Bettis ( 0 -- 2 ) -- 29,281 72 -- 61 L1", "September / October : 15 -- 14 ( Home : 7 -- 8 ; Away : 8 -- 6 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 134 September 1 Diamondbacks 9 -- 5 Walker ( 8 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 9 ) -- 29,628 72 -- 62 L2 135 September 2 Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Corbin ( 13 -- 11 ) Gray ( 6 -- 4 ) -- 39,442 72 -- 63 L3 136 September 3 Diamondbacks 5 -- 1 Godley ( 7 -- 7 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 6 ) Sherfy ( 1 ) 33,838 72 -- 64 L4 137 September 4 Giants 4 -- 3 Holland ( 3 -- 5 ) Okert ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 28,300 73 -- 64 W1 138 September 5 Giants 9 -- 6 Rusin ( 4 -- 0 ) Blach ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 37 ) 24,245 74 -- 64 W2 139 September 6 Giants 11 -- 3 Cueto ( 7 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 10 ) -- 26,674 74 -- 65 L1 140 September 7 @ Dodgers 9 -- 1 Gray ( 7 -- 4 ) Kershaw ( 16 -- 3 ) -- 51,492 75 -- 65 W1 141 September 8 @ Dodgers 5 -- 4 Rusin ( 5 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 38 ) 53,632 76 -- 65 W2 142 September 9 @ Dodgers 6 -- 5 Bettis ( 1 -- 2 ) Wood ( 14 -- 3 ) Holland ( 39 ) 52,884 77 -- 65 W3 143 September 10 @ Dodgers 8 -- 1 Chatwood ( 7 -- 12 ) Hill ( 9 -- 8 ) -- 50,161 78 -- 65 W4 144 September 11 @ Diamondbacks 5 -- 4 Anderson ( 4 -- 5 ) Barrett ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 40 ) 24,178 79 -- 65 W5 145 September 12 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 2 Gray ( 8 -- 4 ) Hernandez ( 3 -- 1 ) Rusin ( 2 ) 27,526 80 -- 65 W6 146 September 13 @ Diamondbacks 8 -- 1 Corbin ( 14 -- 12 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 7 ) -- 26,714 80 -- 66 L1 147 September 14 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 0 Godley ( 8 -- 7 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 20,317 80 -- 67 L2 148 September 15 Padres 6 -- 1 Chatwood ( 8 -- 12 ) Richard ( 7 -- 14 ) -- 39,243 81 -- 67 W1 149 September 16 Padres 16 -- 0 Anderson ( 5 -- 5 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 48,247 82 -- 67 W2 150 September 17 Padres 4 -- 3 Yates ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 3 -- 6 ) -- 34,634 82 -- 68 L1 151 September 19 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Dyson ( 4 -- 8 ) Rusin ( 5 -- 1 ) -- 40,686 82 -- 69 L2 152 September 20 @ Giants 4 -- 0 Moore ( 6 -- 14 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 13 ) -- 39,775 82 -- 70 L3 153 September 21 @ Padres 3 -- 0 Richard ( 8 -- 14 ) Anderson ( 5 -- 6 ) Hand ( 20 ) 30,944 82 -- 71 L4 154 September 22 @ Padres 4 -- 1 Gray ( 9 -- 4 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 4 ) Holland ( 41 ) 25,273 83 -- 71 W1 155 September 23 @ Padres 5 -- 0 Chacín ( 13 -- 10 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 4 ) -- 33,899 83 -- 72 L1 156 September 24 @ Padres 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 11 -- 7 ) Perdomo ( 8 -- 11 ) -- 28,339 84 -- 72 W1 157 September 25 Marlins 5 -- 4 Despaigne ( 1 -- 3 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 14 ) Barraclough ( 1 ) 24,685 84 -- 73 L1 158 September 26 Marlins 6 -- 0 Anderson ( 6 -- 6 ) Urena ( 14 -- 7 ) -- 30,409 85 -- 73 W1 159 September 27 Marlins 15 -- 9 Gray ( 10 -- 4 ) Conley ( 7 -- 8 ) -- 27,497 86 -- 73 W2 160 September 29 Dodgers 9 -- 1 Bettis ( 2 -- 4 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 9 ) -- 48,395 87 -- 73 W3 161 September 30 Dodgers 5 -- 3 Morrow ( 6 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 15 ) Jansen ( 41 ) 48,103 87 -- 74 L1 162 October 1 Dodgers 3 -- 6 Maeda ( 13 -- 6 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 11 ) Fields ( 2 ) 32,946 87 -- 75 L2", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak 134 September 1 Diamondbacks 9 -- 5 Walker ( 8 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 9 ) -- 29,628 72 -- 62 L2 135 September 2 Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Corbin ( 13 -- 11 ) Gray ( 6 -- 4 ) -- 39,442 72 -- 63 L3 136 September 3 Diamondbacks 5 -- 1 Godley ( 7 -- 7 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 6 ) Sherfy ( 1 ) 33,838 72 -- 64 L4 137 September 4 Giants 4 -- 3 Holland ( 3 -- 5 ) Okert ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 28,300 73 -- 64 W1 138 September 5 Giants 9 -- 6 Rusin ( 4 -- 0 ) Blach ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 37 ) 24,245 74 -- 64 W2 139 September 6 Giants 11 -- 3 Cueto ( 7 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 10 ) -- 26,674 74 -- 65 L1 140 September 7 @ Dodgers 9 -- 1 Gray ( 7 -- 4 ) Kershaw ( 16 -- 3 ) -- 51,492 75 -- 65 W1 141 September 8 @ Dodgers 5 -- 4 Rusin ( 5 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 38 ) 53,632 76 -- 65 W2 142 September 9 @ Dodgers 6 -- 5 Bettis ( 1 -- 2 ) Wood ( 14 -- 3 ) Holland ( 39 ) 52,884 77 -- 65 W3 143 September 10 @ Dodgers 8 -- 1 Chatwood ( 7 -- 12 ) Hill ( 9 -- 8 ) -- 50,161 78 -- 65 W4 144 September 11 @ Diamondbacks 5 -- 4 Anderson ( 4 -- 5 ) Barrett ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 40 ) 24,178 79 -- 65 W5 145 September 12 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 2 Gray ( 8 -- 4 ) Hernandez ( 3 -- 1 ) Rusin ( 2 ) 27,526 80 -- 65 W6 146 September 13 @ Diamondbacks 8 -- 1 Corbin ( 14 -- 12 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 7 ) -- 26,714 80 -- 66 L1 147 September 14 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 0 Godley ( 8 -- 7 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 20,317 80 -- 67 L2 148 September 15 Padres 6 -- 1 Chatwood ( 8 -- 12 ) Richard ( 7 -- 14 ) -- 39,243 81 -- 67 W1 149 September 16 Padres 16 -- 0 Anderson ( 5 -- 5 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 48,247 82 -- 67 W2 150 September 17 Padres 4 -- 3 Yates ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 3 -- 6 ) -- 34,634 82 -- 68 L1 151 September 19 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Dyson ( 4 -- 8 ) Rusin ( 5 -- 1 ) -- 40,686 82 -- 69 L2 152 September 20 @ Giants 4 -- 0 Moore ( 6 -- 14 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 13 ) -- 39,775 82 -- 70 L3 153 September 21 @ Padres 3 -- 0 Richard ( 8 -- 14 ) Anderson ( 5 -- 6 ) Hand ( 20 ) 30,944 82 -- 71 L4 154 September 22 @ Padres 4 -- 1 Gray ( 9 -- 4 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 4 ) Holland ( 41 ) 25,273 83 -- 71 W1 155 September 23 @ Padres 5 -- 0 Chacín ( 13 -- 10 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 4 ) -- 33,899 83 -- 72 L1 156 September 24 @ Padres 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 11 -- 7 ) Perdomo ( 8 -- 11 ) -- 28,339 84 -- 72 W1 157 September 25 Marlins 5 -- 4 Despaigne ( 1 -- 3 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 14 ) Barraclough ( 1 ) 24,685 84 -- 73 L1 158 September 26 Marlins 6 -- 0 Anderson ( 6 -- 6 ) Urena ( 14 -- 7 ) -- 30,409 85 -- 73 W1 159 September 27 Marlins 15 -- 9 Gray ( 10 -- 4 ) Conley ( 7 -- 8 ) -- 27,497 86 -- 73 W2 160 September 29 Dodgers 9 -- 1 Bettis ( 2 -- 4 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 9 ) -- 48,395 87 -- 73 W3 161 September 30 Dodgers 5 -- 3 Morrow ( 6 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 15 ) Jansen ( 41 ) 48,103 87 -- 74 L1 162 October 1 Dodgers 3 -- 6 Maeda ( 13 -- 6 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 11 ) Fields ( 2 ) 32,946 87 -- 75 L2", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record Streak", "134 September 1 Diamondbacks 9 -- 5 Walker ( 8 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 9 ) -- 29,628 72 -- 62 L2", "135 September 2 Diamondbacks 6 -- 2 Corbin ( 13 -- 11 ) Gray ( 6 -- 4 ) -- 39,442 72 -- 63 L3", "136 September 3 Diamondbacks 5 -- 1 Godley ( 7 -- 7 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 6 ) Sherfy ( 1 ) 33,838 72 -- 64 L4", "137 September 4 Giants 4 -- 3 Holland ( 3 -- 5 ) Okert ( 1 -- 1 ) -- 28,300 73 -- 64 W1", "138 September 5 Giants 9 -- 6 Rusin ( 4 -- 0 ) Blach ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 37 ) 24,245 74 -- 64 W2", "139 September 6 Giants 11 -- 3 Cueto ( 7 -- 7 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 10 ) -- 26,674 74 -- 65 L1", "140 September 7 @ Dodgers 9 -- 1 Gray ( 7 -- 4 ) Kershaw ( 16 -- 3 ) -- 51,492 75 -- 65 W1", "141 September 8 @ Dodgers 5 -- 4 Rusin ( 5 -- 0 ) Darvish ( 8 -- 12 ) Holland ( 38 ) 53,632 76 -- 65 W2", "142 September 9 @ Dodgers 6 -- 5 Bettis ( 1 -- 2 ) Wood ( 14 -- 3 ) Holland ( 39 ) 52,884 77 -- 65 W3", "143 September 10 @ Dodgers 8 -- 1 Chatwood ( 7 -- 12 ) Hill ( 9 -- 8 ) -- 50,161 78 -- 65 W4", "144 September 11 @ Diamondbacks 5 -- 4 Anderson ( 4 -- 5 ) Barrett ( 1 -- 1 ) Holland ( 40 ) 24,178 79 -- 65 W5", "145 September 12 @ Diamondbacks 4 -- 2 Gray ( 8 -- 4 ) Hernandez ( 3 -- 1 ) Rusin ( 2 ) 27,526 80 -- 65 W6", "146 September 13 @ Diamondbacks 8 -- 1 Corbin ( 14 -- 12 ) Marquez ( 10 -- 7 ) -- 26,714 80 -- 66 L1", "147 September 14 @ Diamondbacks 7 -- 0 Godley ( 8 -- 7 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 20,317 80 -- 67 L2", "148 September 15 Padres 6 -- 1 Chatwood ( 8 -- 12 ) Richard ( 7 -- 14 ) -- 39,243 81 -- 67 W1", "149 September 16 Padres 16 -- 0 Anderson ( 5 -- 5 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 3 ) -- 48,247 82 -- 67 W2", "150 September 17 Padres 4 -- 3 Yates ( 4 -- 5 ) Holland ( 3 -- 6 ) -- 34,634 82 -- 68 L1", "151 September 19 @ Giants 4 -- 3 Dyson ( 4 -- 8 ) Rusin ( 5 -- 1 ) -- 40,686 82 -- 69 L2", "152 September 20 @ Giants 4 -- 0 Moore ( 6 -- 14 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 13 ) -- 39,775 82 -- 70 L3", "153 September 21 @ Padres 3 -- 0 Richard ( 8 -- 14 ) Anderson ( 5 -- 6 ) Hand ( 20 ) 30,944 82 -- 71 L4", "154 September 22 @ Padres 4 -- 1 Gray ( 9 -- 4 ) Lyles ( 1 -- 4 ) Holland ( 41 ) 25,273 83 -- 71 W1", "155 September 23 @ Padres 5 -- 0 Chacín ( 13 -- 10 ) Bettis ( 1 -- 4 ) -- 33,899 83 -- 72 L1", "156 September 24 @ Padres 8 -- 4 Márquez ( 11 -- 7 ) Perdomo ( 8 -- 11 ) -- 28,339 84 -- 72 W1", "157 September 25 Marlins 5 -- 4 Despaigne ( 1 -- 3 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 14 ) Barraclough ( 1 ) 24,685 84 -- 73 L1", "158 September 26 Marlins 6 -- 0 Anderson ( 6 -- 6 ) Urena ( 14 -- 7 ) -- 30,409 85 -- 73 W1", "159 September 27 Marlins 15 -- 9 Gray ( 10 -- 4 ) Conley ( 7 -- 8 ) -- 27,497 86 -- 73 W2", "160 September 29 Dodgers 9 -- 1 Bettis ( 2 -- 4 ) Ryu ( 5 -- 9 ) -- 48,395 87 -- 73 W3", "161 September 30 Dodgers 5 -- 3 Morrow ( 6 -- 0 ) Chatwood ( 8 -- 15 ) Jansen ( 41 ) 48,103 87 -- 74 L1", "162 October 1 Dodgers 3 -- 6 Maeda ( 13 -- 6 ) Freeland ( 11 -- 11 ) Fields ( 2 ) 32,946 87 -- 75 L2", "Legend : = Win = Loss = Postponement Bold = Rockies team member", "2017 Postseason Game Log ( 0 -- 1 ) NL Wild Card Game ( 0 -- 1 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record October 4 @ Diamondbacks 11 -- 8 Chafin ( 1 -- 0 ) Gray ( 0 -- 1 ) 48,803 0 -- 1", "2017 Postseason Game Log ( 0 -- 1 )", "NL Wild Card Game ( 0 -- 1 ) ( show ) # Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record October 4 @ Diamondbacks 11 -- 8 Chafin ( 1 -- 0 ) Gray ( 0 -- 1 ) 48,803 0 -- 1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record October 4 @ Diamondbacks 11 -- 8 Chafin ( 1 -- 0 ) Gray ( 0 -- 1 ) 48,803 0 -- 1", "# Date Opponent Score Win Loss Save Attendance Record", "October 4 @ Diamondbacks 11 -- 8 Chafin ( 1 -- 0 ) Gray ( 0 -- 1 ) 48,803 0 -- 1", "= Indicates team leader", "= Indicates team leader", "Note : Pos = Position ; G = Games played ; AB = At bats ; H = Hits ; Avg . = Batting average ; HR = Home runs ; RBI = Runs batted in", "Pos Player AB Avg . HR RBI Tony Wolters 83 229 55 . 240 0 16 1B Mark Reynolds 148 520 139 . 267 30 97 2B DJ LeMahieu 155 609 189 . 310 8 64 SS Trevor Story 145 503 120 . 239 24 82 3B Nolan Arenado 159 606 187 . 309 37 130 LF Gerardo Parra 115 392 121 . 309 10 71 CF Charlie Blackmon 159 644 213 . 331 37 104 RF Carlos González 136 470 123 . 262 14 57", "Pos Player AB Avg . HR RBI", "Tony Wolters 83 229 55 . 240 0 16", "1B Mark Reynolds 148 520 139 . 267 30 97", "2B DJ LeMahieu 155 609 189 . 310 8 64", "SS Trevor Story 145 503 120 . 239 24 82", "3B Nolan Arenado 159 606 187 . 309 37 130", "LF Gerardo Parra 115 392 121 . 309 10 71", "CF Charlie Blackmon 159 644 213 . 331 37 104", "RF Carlos González 136 470 123 . 262 14 57", "Note : G = Games played ; AB = At bats ; H = Hits ; Avg . = Batting average ; HR = Home runs ; RBI = Runs batted in", "Player AB Avg . HR RBI Desmond , Ian Ian Desmond 95 339 93 . 274 7 40 Valaika , Pat Pat Valaika 110 182 47 . 258 13 40 Amarista , Alexi Alexi Amarista 96 168 40 . 238 19 Tapia , Raimel Raimel Tapia 70 160 46 . 288 16 Lucroy , Jonathan Jonathan Lucroy 46 142 44 . 310 13 Hanigan , Ryan Ryan Hanigan 33 101 27 . 267 12 Garneau , Dustin Dustin Garneau 22 68 14 . 206 6", "Player AB Avg . HR RBI", "Desmond , Ian Ian Desmond 95 339 93 . 274 7 40", "Valaika , Pat Pat Valaika 110 182 47 . 258 13 40", "Amarista , Alexi Alexi Amarista 96 168 40 . 238 19", "Tapia , Raimel Raimel Tapia 70 160 46 . 288 16", "Lucroy , Jonathan Jonathan Lucroy 46 142 44 . 310 13", "Hanigan , Ryan Ryan Hanigan 33 101 27 . 267 12", "Garneau , Dustin Dustin Garneau 22 68 14 . 206 6", "Note : G = Games pitched ; IP = Innings pitched ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; ERA = Earned run average ; SO = Strikeouts", "Player IP ERA SO Márquez , Germán Germán Márquez 29 162.0 11 7 4.39 147 Freeland , Kyle Kyle Freeland 33 156.0 11 11 4.10 107 Chatwood , Tyler Tyler Chatwood 33 147.2 8 15 4.69 120 Senzatela , Antonio Antonio Senzatela 36 134.2 10 5 4.68 102 Gray , Jon Jon Gray 20 110.1 10 3.67 112 Hoffman , Jeff Jeff Hoffman 23 99.1 6 5 5.89 82", "Player IP ERA SO", "Márquez , Germán Germán Márquez 29 162.0 11 7 4.39 147", "Freeland , Kyle Kyle Freeland 33 156.0 11 11 4.10 107", "Chatwood , Tyler Tyler Chatwood 33 147.2 8 15 4.69 120", "Senzatela , Antonio Antonio Senzatela 36 134.2 10 5 4.68 102", "Gray , Jon Jon Gray 20 110.1 10 3.67 112", "Hoffman , Jeff Jeff Hoffman 23 99.1 6 5 5.89 82", "Note : G = Games pitched ; IP = Innings pitched ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; ERA = Earned run average ; SO = Strikeouts", "Player IP ERA SO Anderson , Tyler Tyler Anderson 17 86.0 6 6 4.81 81 Rusin , Chris Chris Rusin 60 85.0 5 2.65 71 Lyles , Jordan Jordan Lyles 33 46.2 0 6.94 33 Bettis , Chad Chad Bettis 9 46.1 5.05 30 Estévez , Carlos Carlos Estévez 35 32.1 5 0 5.57 31", "Player IP ERA SO", "Anderson , Tyler Tyler Anderson 17 86.0 6 6 4.81 81", "Rusin , Chris Chris Rusin 60 85.0 5 2.65 71", "Lyles , Jordan Jordan Lyles 33 46.2 0 6.94 33", "Bettis , Chad Chad Bettis 9 46.1 5.05 30", "Estévez , Carlos Carlos Estévez 35 32.1 5 0 5.57 31", "Note : G = Games pitched ; W = Wins ; L = Losses ; SV = Saves ; ERA = Earned run average ; SO = Strikeouts", "Player SV ERA SO Dunn , Mike Mike Dunn 68 5 0 4.47 57 Oberg , Scott Scott Oberg 66 0 0 4.94 55 Ottavino , Adam Adam Ottavino 63 0 5.06 63 McGee , Jake Jake McGee 62 0 3.61 58 Holland , Greg Greg Holland 61 6 41 3.61 70", "Player SV ERA SO", "Dunn , Mike Mike Dunn 68 5 0 4.47 57", "Oberg , Scott Scott Oberg 66 0 0 4.94 55", "Ottavino , Adam Adam Ottavino 63 0 5.06 63", "McGee , Jake Jake McGee 62 0 3.61 58", "Holland , Greg Greg Holland 61 6 41 3.61 70", "Fielding Bible Awards : Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B ) National League All - Stars : Nolan Arenado ( 3B -- starter ) Charlie Blackmon ( CF -- starter ) Greg Holland ( RHP ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B ) National League Player of the Month Awards : May : Charlie Blackmon July : Nolan Arenado Players Choice for Majestic Athletic Always Game Award : Nolan Arenado Rawlings Gold Glove Awards : Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B ) Rawlings Platinum Glove Award for the National League : Nolan Arenado Silver Slugger Awards : Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) Charlie Blackmon ( CF )", "Fielding Bible Awards : Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B )", "DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "National League All - Stars : Nolan Arenado ( 3B -- starter ) Charlie Blackmon ( CF -- starter ) Greg Holland ( RHP ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B -- starter ) Charlie Blackmon ( CF -- starter ) Greg Holland ( RHP ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B -- starter )", "Charlie Blackmon ( CF -- starter )", "Greg Holland ( RHP )", "DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "National League Player of the Month Awards : May : Charlie Blackmon July : Nolan Arenado", "May : Charlie Blackmon July : Nolan Arenado", "May : Charlie Blackmon", "July : Nolan Arenado", "Players Choice for Majestic Athletic Always Game Award : Nolan Arenado", "Rawlings Gold Glove Awards : Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B )", "DJ LeMahieu ( 2B )", "Rawlings Platinum Glove Award for the National League : Nolan Arenado", "Silver Slugger Awards : Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) Charlie Blackmon ( CF )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B ) Charlie Blackmon ( CF )", "Nolan Arenado ( 3B )", "Charlie Blackmon ( CF )", "Batting champion : Charlie Blackmon Doubles leader : Nolan Arenado Hits leader : Charlie Blackmon Runs scored leader : Charlie Blackmon Strikeouts leader : Trevor Story Triples leader : Charlie Blackmon Total bases leader : Charlie Blackmon Ref :", "Batting champion : Charlie Blackmon", "Doubles leader : Nolan Arenado", "Hits leader : Charlie Blackmon", "Runs scored leader : Charlie Blackmon", "Strikeouts leader : Trevor Story", "Triples leader : Charlie Blackmon", "Total bases leader : Charlie Blackmon", "Level Team League Manager AAA Albuquerque Isotopes Pacific Coast League Glenallen Hill AA Hartford Yard Goats Eastern League Jerry Weinstein A-Advanced Lancaster JetHawks California League Fred Ocasio Asheville Tourists South Atlantic League Warren Schaeffer A-Short Season Boise Hawks Northwest League Scott Little Rookie Grand Junction Rockies Pioneer League Frank Gonzales", "Level Team League Manager", "AAA Albuquerque Isotopes Pacific Coast League Glenallen Hill", "AA Hartford Yard Goats Eastern League Jerry Weinstein", "A-Advanced Lancaster JetHawks California League Fred Ocasio", "Asheville Tourists South Atlantic League Warren Schaeffer", "A-Short Season Boise Hawks Northwest League Scott Little", "Rookie Grand Junction Rockies Pioneer League Frank Gonzales" ]

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[ "Little River Band 1976 -- 78 line - up of Little River Band ( rear , left to right ) : Graeham Goble , Beeb Birtles , George McArdle , Glenn Shorrock and David Briggs ; ( front ) : Derek Pellicci Background information Origin Melbourne , Victoria , Australia Genres Rock , soft rock , pop rock Years active 1975 ( 1975 ) -- present Labels EMI , Harvest , Capitol , WEA , MCA Associated acts Mississippi , Birtles & Goble , Birtles Shorrock Goble Website littleriverband.com Members Wayne Nelson Greg Hind Chris Marion Rich Herring Ryan Ricks Past members See Band personnel", "Little River Band", "1976 -- 78 line - up of Little River Band ( rear , left to right ) : Graeham Goble , Beeb Birtles , George McArdle , Glenn Shorrock and David Briggs ; ( front ) : Derek Pellicci", "Background information", "Origin Melbourne , Victoria , Australia", "Genres Rock , soft rock , pop rock", "Years active 1975 ( 1975 ) -- present", "Labels EMI , Harvest , Capitol , WEA , MCA", "Associated acts Mississippi , Birtles & Goble , Birtles Shorrock Goble", "Website littleriverband.com", "Members Wayne Nelson Greg Hind Chris Marion Rich Herring Ryan Ricks", "Past members See Band personnel", "Little River Band ( LRB ) are a rock band originally formed in Melbourne , Australia , in March 1975 . The band achieved commercial success in both Australia and the United States . They have sold more than 30 million records ; six studio albums reached the top 10 on the Australian Kent Music Report albums chart including Diamantina Cocktail ( April 1977 ) and First Under the Wire ( July 1979 ) , which both peaked at No. 2 . Nine singles appeared in the top 20 on the related singles chart , with `` Help Is on Its Way '' ( 1977 ) as their only number - one hit . Ten singles reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 with `` Reminiscing '' their highest , peaking at No. 3 . Only First Under the Wire appeared in the top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 .", "Early members were Beeb Birtles , Ric Formosa , Graeham Goble , Roger McLachlan , Derek Pellicci and Glenn Shorrock . Most of the group 's 1970s and 1980s material was written by Goble and / or Shorrock , Birtles and David Briggs ( who replaced Formosa ) .", "Little River Band have received many music awards in Australia . In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) , as part of its 75th anniversary celebrations , named `` Cool Change '' , written by Shorrock , as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time . The 1976 line - up of Birtles , Briggs , Goble , Pellicci , Shorrock and George McArdle ( who replaced McLachlan ) , were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Hall of Fame at the 18th Annual ARIA Music Awards of 2004 .", "Little River Band have undergone numerous personnel changes , with over 30 members since their formation . None of the musicians now performing as Little River Band are original members , nor did they contribute to the success the band had in the 1970s . In the 1980s , members included John Farnham , David Hirschfelder , Stephen Housden , Wayne Nelson and Steve Prestwich . Currently the line - up is Nelson with Rich Herring , Greg Hind , Chris Marion and Ryan Ricks . Two former members have died , Barry Sullivan in October 2003 ( aged 57 ) and Steve Prestwich in January 2011 ( aged 56 ) .", "Little River Band were formed in March 1975 in Melbourne as a harmony rock group with Glenn Shorrock on lead vocals , Beeb Birtles on guitar and vocals , Graeham Goble on guitar and vocals , Derek Pellicci on drums and session players Graham Davidge on lead guitar and Dave Orams on bass guitar . Upon formation they were an Australian super group , with Birtles , Goble , Pellicci and Shorrock each from prominent local bands . Birtles had been the bass guitarist in the 1960s pop - rock band Zoot ( which launched the career of singer - guitarist Rick Springfield ) . Goble had led Adelaide - formed folk rock group Allison Gros before forming the harmony country rock band Mississippi ( joined by Birtles and Pellicci ) which had chart success in Australia and built up a strong following on the concert and festival circuit . During 1971 -- 72 the original members of Mississippi also recorded as a studio band under the pseudonym Drummond . They achieved a number - one hit , for eight consecutive weeks , on the Go - Set National Top 40 with a novelty cover version of the Rays ' song `` Daddy Cool '' .", "Shorrock had been the lead singer of a 1960s pop band , the Twilights , and an early 1970s country rock group , Axiom ( alongside singer - songwriter Brian Cadd ) . Both Axiom and Mississippi had tried to break into the United Kingdom record market without success . Axiom disbanded after moving to the UK , and Shorrock sang for a short period with a more progressive rock outfit , Esperanto .", "In 1974 Birtles , Goble , Pellicci and Shorrock met in London with Glenn Wheatley ( ex-The Masters Apprentices ) . With Wheatley as manager , they agreed to reconvene in Melbourne in early 1975 . Due to the indifferent reception they had each received in the UK , they decided their new band would establish itself in the United States . Wheatley 's first - hand experiences of the rip - offs in the 1960s music scene , combined with his experience working in music management in the UK and the US in the early 1970s , allowed him to help the Little River Band become the first Australian group to enjoy consistent commercial and chart success in the US .", "After their return to Australia , the members began rehearsing in February 1975 , still using the name of Mississippi . In Wheatley 's autobiography , Paper Paradise ( 1999 ) , he described how they obtained their name : `` It was now time to get out of the rehearsal room and play to a live audience -- somewhere without any fanfare , somewhere out of the way . I booked the Golfview Hotel in Geelong for the Saturday night of 1 March 1975 . While travelling to the venue down the Geelong Road from Melbourne , we passed the turn - off for Little River . From the back of the truck , Glenn Shorrock shouted , ' What about the Little River Band ' ? And so , that night the Golfview Hotel witnessed the first performance of the Little River Band , albeit advertised on the marquee as Mississippi . '' On 20 March 1975 they played their first official gig under their new name at Martini 's Hotel in Carlton . They played a return gig at the Golfview Hotel five days later .", "Little River Band had recorded their first track , a cover version of the Everly Brothers ' song `` When Will I Be Loved '' in February 1975 , at Armstrong Studios , but Linda Ronstadt 's version appeared in March 1975 -- so LRB did not release theirs . Before the group began playing concerts , Graham Davidge was replaced by Ric Formosa on guitar , and Dave Orams by Roger McLachlan on bass guitar and backing vocals . In May 1975 they signed with EMI Records and started recording their debut self - titled album ( November 1975 ) at Armstrong Studios in June . The album was co-produced by Birtles , Goble , Shorrock and Wheatley . Tony Catterall of The Canberra Times described it as `` one of those flawed creations that inevitably draws a more - in - sorrow - than - in - anger response . '' Little River Band peaked at No. 17 on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart . Their debut single , `` Curiosity ( Killed the Cat ) '' , had appeared in September , reaching No. 15 on the related Kent Music Report Singles Chart . Two more singles followed , `` Emma '' ( January 1976 ) and `` It 's a Long Way There '' ( November 1976 ) .", "Wheatley had travelled to Los Angeles in December 1975 and touted the group to various record companies until Rupert Perry of Capitol Records signed them on Christmas Eve . Little River Band issued their second album , After Hours , in May 1976 on EMI . It was produced by the band but was not issued in the US until 1980 and then first as a CD in 1997 on One Way Records , with three bonus tracks . After Hours peaked at No. 5 and provided the single `` Everyday of My Life '' , in May , which reached the top 30 .", "During August 1976 , both Formosa and McLachlan were replaced : David Briggs joined on guitar ( ex-Cycle , The Avengers , Ram Band ) and George McArdle on bass guitar ( also ex-Ram Band ) . Formosa ( according to Wheatley 's aforementioned book ) not enthusiastic about touring outside of Australia , left the group to pursue other musical interests , working as a session musician and as a composer and arranger . And at the same time , the group decided to also replace bassist Roger McLachlan , who also became a sessions player and subsequently joined the Australian country rock group Stars Formosa remained in touch with LRB : he conducted and wrote string parts for several tracks on subsequent albums .", "Encouraged by their Australian success , the band undertook their first international tour . They flew to the UK on 17 September 1976 to play a show in London 's Hyde Park supporting Queen . They then opened shows in the rest of Europe for the Hollies during September and October . Birtles advised fellow Australian bands that `` It 's so much easier when you have a product to sell ... And the money you make on the club circuit in Australia while establishing yourself is better than anything you can make in Britain , where there is so much competition . '' In October 1976 they performed their first US concert , at James Madison University ( then called Madison College ) in Harrisonburg , Virginia , as the opening act for Average White Band . Due to their US appearances and support from FM stations , `` It 's a Long Way There '' reached No. 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 . This galvanised the commitment of the band members to tackle the US record market .", "Little River Band 's second album , After Hours , was passed over in the US by Capitol . The label selected tracks from it and from their third Australian one , Diamantina Cocktail ( April 1977 ) , to create Capitol 's second US album , also titled Diamantina Cocktail ( June 1977 ) . The Australian version was co-produced by the group with John Boylan -- who stayed on to co-produce their next two studio albums . During the recording there were `` frictions and competition between the band members '' such that Birtles , Goble and Shorrock each `` recorded separately in the studio ... as much as possible . ''", "The Canberra Times ' Julie Meldrum caught their performance in May 1977 , which `` moved along at a rapid pace and slowed down only once with a few laid - back tracks towards the middle of the set '' and they were `` tightly disciplined musicians . All the instruments were played clearly and it was obvious that collectively or individually there was nothing that was not world class . '' Meldrum also reviewed the album , which had `` no references to Australia and it is obvious that the band is trying to ensconce itself in the Los Angeles scene ... ( its ) most dominating influences are David Crosby and Graham Nash , and Little Feat . '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt the US release was `` laidback , sweet country - rock , the album has a similar sound to the band 's debut , but the melodies are a little sharper and catchier , making the album a better , more fully - rounded collection . ''", "In Australia Diamantina Cocktail became their highest charting album , peaking at No. 2 ; the US version reached the top 50 on the Billboard 200 . In January 1978 it was certified gold by RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies ; and they were the first Australian band to do so . The lead single , `` Help Is on Its Way '' reached No. 1 in Australia . Both it and the fourth single , `` Happy Anniversary '' , peaked in the top 20 on the US Hot 100 . During 1977 the group toured consistently , mostly in the US , headlining in smaller venues , and appearing in stadiums on larger multi-billed shows supporting The Doobie Brothers , Supertramp and America . In August 1977 they co-headlined day two of the Reading Music Festival alongside Thin Lizzy . In November Little River Band supported Fleetwood Mac and Santana at the Rockarena concerts in Sydney and Melbourne .", "Their fourth studio album , Sleeper Catcher ( May 1978 ) , peaked at No. 4 in Australia and No. 16 in the US . By May in the following year it was certified platinum by RIAA for sales of 1,000,000 copies , and was the first Australian recorded album to achieve that feat . AllMusic 's Mike DeGagne praised Shorrock 's vocals , which give the album `` the perfect MOR sound , draping the tracks with his cool , breezy style that is much more apparent and effectual here than on the band 's earlier efforts . '' Sleeper Catcher provided four singles with `` Shut Down Turn Off '' ( April 1978 ) their highest charting in Australia at No. 16 , however in the US the highest charting was `` Reminiscing '' ( June 1978 ) , which peaked at No. 3 . The album 's last single , `` Lady '' ( December 1978 ) , reached No. 10 in the US in early 1979 .", "After Pellicci was hospitalised in May 1978 due to severe burns from an exploding gas grill cylinder , Geoff Cox ( ex-Brian Cadd , Bootleg Family Band , Avalanche ) substituted on drums , rather than the group cancelling shows for their next US tour . On that tour they supported Boz Scaggs , Jimmy Buffett and the Eagles . Cox remained with the group through mid-1978 and played alongside Pellicci , after the latter joined the tour at a show supporting the Eagles at C.N.E. Stadium in Toronto on 6 August 1978 , until he was healed enough to continue on his own . Mal Logan ( ex-the Dingoes , Renée Geyer Band ) joined on keyboards for another US tour which began in late December 1978 . Logan stayed on as their touring keyboardist through the end of 1981 .", "By February 1978 `` frictions inside the band continued to brew , relieved a little by a sideline album '' . Birtles & Goble was a side project formed as a duo to showcase their tracks rejected for LRB releases . They issued three singles , `` Lonely Lives '' ( March 1978 ) , `` I 'm Coming Home '' ( March 1979 ) and `` How I Feel Tonight '' ( June 1980 ) and an album , The Last Romance ( May 1980 ) . `` I 'm Coming Home '' reached No. 8 in Australia . Shorrock had a solo single with a cover version of Bobby Darin 's `` Dream Lover '' ( April 1979 ) , which reached the Australian top 10 .", "First Under the Wire was issued as LRB 's fifth studio album in July 1979 , which reached No. 2 in Australia -- equal highest position with Diamantina Cocktail . It was also their highest charting album on the Billboard 200 -- reaching No. 10 . In November 1979 it was certified by RIAA as a platinum album . AllMusic 's Mark Allan described how , with their `` mix of harmony - drenched pop tunes and unthreatening rockers , they appealed to a wide audience . '' Both singles , `` Lonesome Loser '' ( July 1979 ) and `` Cool Change '' ( October 1979 ) peaked in the US top 10 . Briggs wrote `` Lonesome Loser '' and Shorrock wrote `` Cool Change '' .", "McArdle left in late January 1979 to enrol in a Bible college and became a Christian minister . In July of that year Barry Sullivan ( ex-Chain , Renée Geyer Band ) took over on bass guitar . He was replaced , in turn , by Wayne Nelson ( ex-Jim Messina Band ) , later LRB 's lead singer , who joined in April 1980 .", "The group 's two 1980 Australian live releases , Backstage Pass and Live in America , were released in the US as a double set , also called Backstage Pass .", "Goble was also the producer for Australian pop singer John Farnham 's solo album , Uncovered ( September 1980 ) . Goble wrote or co-wrote nine of its ten tracks and provided vocals . Other LRB alumni used were Briggs , Formosa , Logan , Nelson , Pellicci and Sullivan . Farnham had signed with Wheatley 's management company .", "The line - up of Birtles , Briggs , Goble , Nelson , Pellicci and Shorrock recorded Little River Band 's sixth studio album , Time Exposure ( August 1981 ) , in Montserrat with George Martin ( the Beatles ) producing . The Canberra Times ' Garry Raffaele felt that the `` essence of it all is that it 's easy listening , no demands , easing up , slowing down , getting older . '' By the time it had appeared , Stephen Housden ( ex-Stevie Wright Band , the Imports ) replaced Briggs on lead guitar . It reached No . 9 in Australia and No. 21 in the US ; and in November it was certified gold by RIAA .", "In August Nelson provided lead vocals for Time Exposure 's lead single , `` The Night Owls '' , which peaked at No. 18 in Australia and No. 6 in the US . Raffaele described the track as `` the punchiest thing LRB has done for some time but it 's still middle - of - the - road pap , hummable . '' Nelson also shared vocal duties with Shorrock on the second single , `` Take It Easy on Me '' ( November 1981 ) . According to Australian music journalist Ed Nimmervoll , Nelson 's presence was `` adding to the problems within the band '' ; Nimmervoll opined that Goble `` agitated within the band to replace Glenn Shorrock with John Farnham . ''", "In February 1982 Shorrock left Little River Band and resumed his solo career but did not achieve chart success in the US . Farnham replaced Shorrock on lead vocals and `` Man on Your Mind '' , the third single from Time Exposure ( with Shorrock 's vocals ) , reached No. 14 in the US .", "In his 2017 autobiography , Every Day of My Life , Beeb Birtles described the parting of ways with Shorrock and Briggs , `` David 's confidence had escalated to the extent where he became adamant about what needed to be done . I remember a couple of embarrassing moments in the studio where he was quite rude to George Martin , insisting that his way was better and that he did n't need to be told how or what to play . After our return from recording in Montserrat , during a meeting at Glenn Wheatley 's house , Graeham was quite vocal about David 's conduct . He confronted Dave and virtually fired him . With Glenn , I would go overboard trying to please him but rarely got anything back from him . I found him hard to read at times as he 's a man of few words . After he took his frustration out on me one day during a rehearsal , I spoke my mind and told him in no uncertain terms how I felt and in a meeting with Glenn , Graeham and Wheatley , I said I could n't work with Glenn anymore . Graeham , who had always been at opposite poles to Shorrock , agreed with me and Wheatley started freaking out saying he thought it was a big mistake . What was Capital Records going to say ? But in hindsight , I believe he was right on the money and to me this would be the mistake that cut Little River Band 's throat . ''", "In September 1982 Farnham told Susan Moore of The Australian Women 's Weekly , `` Fitting in with the guys has n't been hard , they have made it so easy for me ... But recording and on stage things are quite different from what I 've been used to . '' On covering the previous LRB repertoire he said , `` We 've had to change the key with a lot of things because Glenn sang in a different register from me . ''", "The first single with Farnham as lead vocalist , `` The Other Guy '' ( one of two new offerings on their Greatest Hits album ) , was released in November 1982 , which reached No. 18 in Australia and No. 11 in the US . The other track , `` Down on the Border '' , peaked at No. 7 in Australia . The next single , `` We Two '' , from their seventh studio album , The Net ( May 1983 ) , reached No. 22 in the US . It had been co-produced by the group and Ernie Rose ( Mississippi , Rénee Geyer , Stars ) . DeGagne reviewed the album , which `` failed to capture the same success they experienced with Shorrock at the helm . The same type of soft rock fluidity and laid - back charm has been replaced with a sound that seems forced and somewhat strained . ''", "In 1983 `` You 're Driving Me Out of My Mind '' became the group 's last single to reach the US Top 40 . The band moved towards a more 1980s style sound and added a keyboardist , David Hirschfelder ( ex-Peter Cupples Band , who had earlier in the year guested on The Net and at some of LRB 's shows ) , in September 1983 .", "The pressures of success and constant touring took their toll on the band as line - up changes continued . Birtles left in October because he did not like the harder , more progressive musical path that Goble was taking the group and because he had preferred Shorrock 's vocals . Birtles contributed to soundtracks for feature films , From Something Great ( 1985 ) and Boulevard of Broken Dreams ( 1988 ) ; he also worked as a session musician , eventually relocating to the US and releasing a solo album , Driven By Dreams , in 2000 . Pellicci left in February 1984 for similar reasons and Steve Prestwich ( ex-Cold Chisel ) was his replacement on drums . Pellicci also became a session musician : including working for Brian Cadd .", "Their eighth studio album , Playing to Win , was released in January 1985 , which delivered a harder sound with producer Spencer Proffer . The change in sound , along with the unofficial shortening of their name to LRB , confused fans and radio programmers . Australian musicologist Ian McFarlane felt it was `` a strong album but it failed to halt the band 's slide in popularity . '' It reached No. 38 in Australia and No. 75 on the US charts . It is the group 's last charting album on the Billboard 200 . The title track made No. 59 on the Australian singles chart , No. 15 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and No. 60 on Hot 100 . The second single , `` Blind Eyes '' , failed to enter the charts .", "In July 1985 Little River Band performed for the Oz for Africa benefit concert ( part of the global Live Aid program ) including : `` Do n't Blame Me '' , `` Full Circle '' , `` Night Owls '' , and `` Playing to Win '' . They were broadcast in Australia ( on both Seven Network and Nine Network ) and on MTV in the US . American Broadcasting Company broadcast `` Do n't Blame Me '' and `` Night Owls '' during their Live Aid telecast ( `` Night Owls '' was only partially transmitted ) . Farnham left the group following the completion of their short Australian tour in April 1986 , which had Malcolm Wakeford drumming in Prestwich 's place . Their ninth studio album , No Reins , recorded when Farnham was still aboard , appeared in May 1986 and was produced by Richard Dodd . It reached the Kent Music Report top 100 .", "Farnham explained to Pollyanna Sutton of The Canberra Times why he left , `` I was up front and had to be the most liked . There was a lot of pressure because it was n't , perhaps , working as it should , although there were other contributing things like the membership changes and perhaps the material . '' Nimmervoll wrote of the Farnham years , `` The experiment had never worked . Whatever John 's talents , America longed for Glenn Shorrock . At the end of 1985 , while LRB was seriously contemplating its future , Farnham took the initiative to start work on another solo album . '' Farnham continued to be managed by Wheatley -- who had also left LRB -- and his solo career took off with his next album , Whispering Jack ( October 1986 ) . Hirschfelder , McLachlan , Nelson and Pellicci contributed to the album or the related tour .", "After Farnham 's departure , Little River Band were essentially in limbo until 1987 when Pellicci and Shorrock returned at the request of Irving Azoff , the head of MCA Records , who wanted the band on his label . The line - up of Goble , Housden , Nelson , Pellicci and Shorrock established a holding company , We Two Pty. Ltd , with all members as directors in equal share . In July 1988 Pellicci described the albums after he had left LRB : `` It was an overstatement to say the response to No Reins and Playing to Win was lukewarm -- there was no response at all . '' The revamped Little River Band , augmented by keyboardist James Roche , performed at the opening of World Expo 88 in Brisbane on 30 April , where they were joined by the Eagles ' Glenn Frey , who accompanied them that year on tour .", "The group released their tenth studio album , Monsoon , on MCA in June 1988 , which peaked at No. 9 on the Kent Music Report and at No. 13 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia . It was co-produced by Boylan and Goble . The Canberra Times ' Lisa Wallace was disappointed , `` I fear the album may not live up to expectations ... I was one of the silly ones who expected something more , something new ... Pleasant it is , technically precise and solid - gold Top 40 stuff , but nothing 's changed . The band is no better , and no worse , than it was all those years ago . '' Its lead single , `` Love Is a Bridge '' , co-written by Goble and Housden was released in May and peaked at No. 7 on the Kent Music Report and at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was their second highest charting single in the Australian market , and a moderate Adult Contemporary radio hit in the US .", "In 1989 the group recorded the Tom Kelly and Billy Steinberg song `` Listen to Your Heart '' for the movie The Karate Kid Part III .", "The eleventh studio album , Get Lucky ( February 1990 ) , made the top 60 in Australia -- their last charting studio album in Australia . Mike Boehm of Los Angeles Times caught their gig in May , where `` Lead singer Glenn Shorrock was stiff and seemed stuck for words between songs . But he knew what to do when the music started , singing in a comfortably husky voice that resembled Phil Collins in tone and easy pop appeal . Wayne Nelson , the group 's Californian , generated more heat in his two lead vocal turns . The three - part harmonies behind Shorrock were exemplary , although the CS&N parallels were unmistakable . Lead guitarist Stephen Housden reinforced the emphasis on melody with his clean , lyrical lines . ''", "MCA released a compilation album , Worldwide Love , of tracks from the previous two LPs on their Curb Records imprint in June 1991 . Both Get Lucky and Worldwide Love peaked in the top 40 on the Swiss Hitparade ; with the latter album also appearing on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 .", "Goble had ceased touring with the group in 1989 and left altogether by 1992 as well as signing away his rights to the band 's name . Peter Beckett ( ex-Player ) joined in 1989 to take Goble 's place in the line - up . The group went through a series of keyboard players , including Tony Sciuto ( 1990 -- 1992 , 1993 -- 1997 ) and Richart Bryant ( 1992 -- 1993 , ex-Doobie Brothers ) . Shorrock left again in 1996 ; he was offered the option to buy out the remaining members of We Two Pty. Ltd He took a one - third share of the monetary value of the company as he did not want to commit to the band 's US touring schedule . Shorrock was replaced on lead vocals by Melbourne singer Steve Wade ( ex-Dolphin Street ) . Nelson also left in 1996 and New Zealander Hal Tupea came in on bass guitar . This line - up lasted until late 1997 , when everyone , except Wade , started to leave , including Pellicci , who left again early in 1998 . The departure of all original members left Housden as the sole owner of We Two Pty. Ltd and the Little River Band trademark .", "In 1998 Housden re-established Little River Band with Wade and new contracted members Paul Gildea on vocals and guitars ; Kevin Murphy on vocals , drums and percussion ; and Adrian Scott on vocals and keyboards ( ex-Air Supply ) and brought back Roger McLachlan , who returned after 22 years , on bass guitar . McLachlan 's second tenure was short lived ; both he and Scott departed after a year , not accustomed to the band 's touring schedule . Nelson returned in early 1999 and Glenn Reither joined on keyboards , sax and backing vocals . Gildea and Wade left next in early 2000 with Australian Greg Hind joining on vocals and guitars and Nelson taking over as lead singer . The line - up of Hind , Housden , Nelson , Murphy and Reither recorded two studio albums , Where We Started From ( November 2000 ) and Test of Time ( June 2004 ) .", "In March 2002 Birtles Shorrock Goble were formed as a soft rock trio , initially as `` The Original Little River Band '' or `` The Voices of Little River Band '' ; They undertook a series of reunion concerts performing the group 's earlier material . By July 2002 a legal dispute over the use of the name `` Little River Band '' was settled out of court with the agreement that Housden had the naming rights due to his sole ownership of We Two Pty Ltd. and the Little River Band trademark . A further legal case , which was also settled out of court in mid-2005 , allowed the trio to advertise their Little River Band connection but not to perform under that name . Goble , Birtles and Shorrock have shared their frustration through song ; Goble recorded `` Someone 's Taken Our History '' , Birtles recorded `` Revolving Door '' and Shorrock recorded `` Hear My Voice '' .", "At the end of 2004 Murphy and Reither left the current version of LRB and Chris Marion joined on keyboards , while Kip Raines temporarily took on drumming duties until replaced by Billy Thomas in early 2005 . Housden left the touring band in 2006 , although he still participates in the band 's recordings and management . Rich Herring took over lead guitar on tour and Mel Watts replaced Thomas , who had suffered a shoulder injury , on drums in 2007 . Ryan Ricks subsequently replaced Watts in 2012 . The latter day lineup plays tracks written by Birtles , Goble and / or Shorrock as well as newer material .", "In August 2013 the current line - up of LRB , Nelson , Hind , Marion , Herring and Ricks , put out the album Cuts Like a Diamond on the Frontiers Music Srl label .", "An appearance by Little River Band , scheduled for 12 January 2015 on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , was cancelled after complaints from earlier members concerning its promotion as a 40th anniversary performance . Permission for any songs written by Birtles , Briggs , Goble or Shorrock was refused . `` We 've just had enough of it , '' Shorrock said . `` They 've been living off our coat - tails for years . '' `` They are promoting a newly recorded album of their own material , or whatever material they have got . They should do that rather than pretend they are the band that sold 30 million albums . ''", "In March 2015 an appearance by the group in Winston - Salem , North Carolina , was cancelled after the venue received a cease and desist order from the earlier members regarding the use of their recordings in advertising and the subsequent demands of the present line - up to be paid in full before performing . The venue described this demand as `` not only unreasonable , but uncustomary '' .", "In March 2015 the controversy over use of the name Little River Band was featured in the Australian current affairs program Sunday Night . Housden , the legal owner of the Little River Band name , told the Sunday Night program that he would not allow the original members to perform as Little River Band `` in this lifetime '' .", "In September 2015 , Little River Band were named as `` Casino Musical Entertainer of the Year '' at the Annual G2E Awards ceremony at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas .", "As of 2017 , the Little River Band continued to tour , mostly in the US , performing more than 80 concerts annually , re-recording the original members ' material and using original members ' images and recordings in promotional material . The current lineup 's press releases recount the original members ' achievements and awards as if they were their own . No current members live in Australia ; Greg Hind is an Australian citizen but no longer resides in Australia .", "In 2017 Little River Band blocked all of Australia from viewing its website .", "The Little River Band are considered to be among Australia 's most significant bands . As of September 2004 they have sold more than 30 million records and scored 13 American Top 40 hits . In May 2001 the Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) , as part of its 75th anniversary celebrations , named `` Cool Change '' as one of the Top 30 Australian songs of all time . At that ceremony Goble and Shorrock reconnected after ten years ; they proposed a reunion with Birtles to perform their earlier material , which became the trio Birtles Shorrock Goble .", "At the ARIA Music Awards of 2004 , the 1976 to 1978 line - up of the band -- Birtles , Shorrock , Goble , Pellicci , Briggs and McArdle -- were inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) Hall of Fame . They performed `` Help Is on Its Way '' at the ceremony on 17 October . Shorrock had previously been inducted in 1991 for his work with the Twilights , Axiom and his solo career . Farnham , who had been inducted in 2003 for his solo work , was not included in the 2004 induction of Little River Band .", "With more than five million plays , `` Reminiscing '' , written by Goble , was recognised by BMI as one of the most frequently played songs in the history of American radio , the highest achievement of any Australian pop song internationally . `` Lady '' has also accumulated more than three million plays . According to Albert Goldman 's biography , John Lennon named `` Reminiscing '' as one of his favourite songs . May Pang , Lennon 's erstwhile girlfriend , said they considered `` Reminiscing '' as `` our song '' .", "LRB were mentioned in the 2010 film The Other Guys , when the character portrayed by Will Ferrell played `` Reminiscing '' while driving . The character portrayed by Mark Wahlberg threw the CD out the window , but Ferrell 's character played it again later on and said that he always had six identical LRB CDs in his car .", "Little River Band ( 1975 ) After Hours ( 1976 ) Diamantina Cocktail ( 1977 ) Sleeper Catcher ( 1978 ) First Under the Wire ( 1979 ) Time Exposure ( 1981 ) The Net ( 1983 ) Playing to Win ( 1985 ) No Reins ( 1986 ) Monsoon ( 1988 ) Get Lucky ( 1990 ) Where We Started From ( 2000 ) Test of Time ( 2004 ) Re-arranged ( 2006 ) We Call It Christmas ( 2007 ) A Little River Band Christmas ( 2011 ) Cuts Like a Diamond ( 2013 ) `` The Hits - Revisited '' ( 2016 )", "Little River Band ( 1975 )", "After Hours ( 1976 )", "Diamantina Cocktail ( 1977 )", "Sleeper Catcher ( 1978 )", "First Under the Wire ( 1979 )", "Time Exposure ( 1981 )", "The Net ( 1983 )", "Playing to Win ( 1985 )", "No Reins ( 1986 )", "Monsoon ( 1988 )", "Get Lucky ( 1990 )", "Where We Started From ( 2000 )", "Test of Time ( 2004 )", "Re-arranged ( 2006 )", "We Call It Christmas ( 2007 )", "A Little River Band Christmas ( 2011 )", "Cuts Like a Diamond ( 2013 )", "`` The Hits - Revisited '' ( 2016 )", "Little River Band had ten Top 20 singles in the Billboard charts between 1977 and 1983 .", "Song Highest position Date reached Weeks on chart Lead singer Songwriter ( s ) `` Reminiscing '' 28 October 1978 20 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble `` The Night Owls '' 6 7 November 1981 21 Wayne Nelson Graeham Goble `` Lonesome Loser '' 6 29 September 1979 18 Glenn Shorrock David Briggs `` Take It Easy on Me '' 10 6 March 1982 19 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble `` Cool Change '' 10 19 January 1980 18 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock `` Lady '' 10 7 April 1979 20 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble `` The Other Guy '' 11 5 February 1983 18 John Farnham Graeham Goble `` Man on Your Mind '' 14 29 May 1982 16 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock , Kerryn Tolhurst `` Help Is on Its Way '' 14 19 November 1977 22 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock `` Happy Anniversary '' 16 11 March 1978 18 Glenn Shorrock Beeb Birtles , David Briggs", "Song Highest position Date reached Weeks on chart Lead singer Songwriter ( s )", "`` Reminiscing '' 28 October 1978 20 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble", "`` The Night Owls '' 6 7 November 1981 21 Wayne Nelson Graeham Goble", "`` Lonesome Loser '' 6 29 September 1979 18 Glenn Shorrock David Briggs", "`` Take It Easy on Me '' 10 6 March 1982 19 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble", "`` Cool Change '' 10 19 January 1980 18 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock", "`` Lady '' 10 7 April 1979 20 Glenn Shorrock Graeham Goble", "`` The Other Guy '' 11 5 February 1983 18 John Farnham Graeham Goble", "`` Man on Your Mind '' 14 29 May 1982 16 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock , Kerryn Tolhurst", "`` Help Is on Its Way '' 14 19 November 1977 22 Glenn Shorrock Glenn Shorrock", "`` Happy Anniversary '' 16 11 March 1978 18 Glenn Shorrock Beeb Birtles , David Briggs", "Wayne Nelson -- bass guitar ( 1980 -- 96 , 1999 -- present ) , lead vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Greg Hind -- guitar , vocals ( 2000 -- present ) Chris Marion -- keyboards , vocals ( 2004 -- present ) Rich Herring -- guitar , vocals ( 2006 -- present ) Ryan Ricks -- drums , vocals ( 2012 -- present )", "Wayne Nelson -- bass guitar ( 1980 -- 96 , 1999 -- present ) , lead vocals ( 2000 -- present )", "Greg Hind -- guitar , vocals ( 2000 -- present )", "Chris Marion -- keyboards , vocals ( 2004 -- present )", "Rich Herring -- guitar , vocals ( 2006 -- present )", "Ryan Ricks -- drums , vocals ( 2012 -- present )", "Beeb Birtles -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 83 ) Graham Davidge -- lead guitar ( 1975 ) Graeham Goble -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 92 ) Dave Orams -- bass guitar ( 1975 ) Derek Pellicci -- drums ( 1975 -- 84 , 1987 -- 98 ) Glenn Shorrock -- vocals ( 1975 -- 82 , 1987 -- 96 ) Ric Formosa -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 76 ) Roger McLachlan -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 76 , 1998 -- 99 ) David Briggs -- guitar ( 1976 -- 81 ) George McArdle -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- 79 ) Geoff Cox -- drums ( 1978 ) Mal Logan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 82 ) Barry Sullivan -- bass guitar ( 1979 -- 80 ; died 2003 ) Stephen Housden -- guitar ( 1981 -- 2006 ) John Farnham -- vocals ( 1982 -- 86 ) David Hirschfelder -- keyboards , synthesisers , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 86 ) Steve Prestwich -- drums ( 1984 -- 86 ; died 2011 ) Malcolm Wakeford -- drums ( 1986 ) James Roche -- keyboards ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peter Beckett -- guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 97 ) Tony Sciuto -- keyboards , guitar , vocals ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 97 ) Richard Bryant -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 93 ) Steve Wade -- lead vocals , guitar ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hal Tupea -- bass guitar ( 1996 -- 97 ) Kevin Murphy -- drums ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Paul Gildea -- guitar , vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Adrian Scott -- keyboards , vocals ( 1998 -- 99 ) Glenn Reither -- keyboards , saxophone , backing vocals ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Kip Raines -- drums ( 2004 -- 05 ) Billy Thomas -- drums ( 2005 -- 07 ) Mel Watts -- drums ( 2007 -- 12 )", "Beeb Birtles -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 83 ) Graham Davidge -- lead guitar ( 1975 ) Graeham Goble -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 92 ) Dave Orams -- bass guitar ( 1975 ) Derek Pellicci -- drums ( 1975 -- 84 , 1987 -- 98 ) Glenn Shorrock -- vocals ( 1975 -- 82 , 1987 -- 96 ) Ric Formosa -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 76 ) Roger McLachlan -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 76 , 1998 -- 99 ) David Briggs -- guitar ( 1976 -- 81 ) George McArdle -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- 79 ) Geoff Cox -- drums ( 1978 ) Mal Logan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 82 ) Barry Sullivan -- bass guitar ( 1979 -- 80 ; died 2003 ) Stephen Housden -- guitar ( 1981 -- 2006 ) John Farnham -- vocals ( 1982 -- 86 ) David Hirschfelder -- keyboards , synthesisers , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 86 ) Steve Prestwich -- drums ( 1984 -- 86 ; died 2011 ) Malcolm Wakeford -- drums ( 1986 ) James Roche -- keyboards ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peter Beckett -- guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 97 ) Tony Sciuto -- keyboards , guitar , vocals ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 97 ) Richard Bryant -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 93 ) Steve Wade -- lead vocals , guitar ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hal Tupea -- bass guitar ( 1996 -- 97 ) Kevin Murphy -- drums ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Paul Gildea -- guitar , vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Adrian Scott -- keyboards , vocals ( 1998 -- 99 ) Glenn Reither -- keyboards , saxophone , backing vocals ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Kip Raines -- drums ( 2004 -- 05 ) Billy Thomas -- drums ( 2005 -- 07 ) Mel Watts -- drums ( 2007 -- 12 )", "Beeb Birtles -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 83 ) Graham Davidge -- lead guitar ( 1975 ) Graeham Goble -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 92 ) Dave Orams -- bass guitar ( 1975 ) Derek Pellicci -- drums ( 1975 -- 84 , 1987 -- 98 ) Glenn Shorrock -- vocals ( 1975 -- 82 , 1987 -- 96 ) Ric Formosa -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 76 ) Roger McLachlan -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 76 , 1998 -- 99 ) David Briggs -- guitar ( 1976 -- 81 ) George McArdle -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- 79 ) Geoff Cox -- drums ( 1978 ) Mal Logan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 82 ) Barry Sullivan -- bass guitar ( 1979 -- 80 ; died 2003 ) Stephen Housden -- guitar ( 1981 -- 2006 ) John Farnham -- vocals ( 1982 -- 86 ) David Hirschfelder -- keyboards , synthesisers , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 86 )", "Beeb Birtles -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 83 )", "Graham Davidge -- lead guitar ( 1975 )", "Graeham Goble -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 92 )", "Dave Orams -- bass guitar ( 1975 )", "Derek Pellicci -- drums ( 1975 -- 84 , 1987 -- 98 )", "Glenn Shorrock -- vocals ( 1975 -- 82 , 1987 -- 96 )", "Ric Formosa -- guitar , vocals ( 1975 -- 76 )", "Roger McLachlan -- bass guitar ( 1975 -- 76 , 1998 -- 99 )", "David Briggs -- guitar ( 1976 -- 81 )", "George McArdle -- bass guitar ( 1976 -- 79 )", "Geoff Cox -- drums ( 1978 )", "Mal Logan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 82 )", "Barry Sullivan -- bass guitar ( 1979 -- 80 ; died 2003 )", "Stephen Housden -- guitar ( 1981 -- 2006 )", "John Farnham -- vocals ( 1982 -- 86 )", "David Hirschfelder -- keyboards , synthesisers , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 86 )", "Steve Prestwich -- drums ( 1984 -- 86 ; died 2011 ) Malcolm Wakeford -- drums ( 1986 ) James Roche -- keyboards ( 1988 -- 89 ) Peter Beckett -- guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 97 ) Tony Sciuto -- keyboards , guitar , vocals ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 97 ) Richard Bryant -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 93 ) Steve Wade -- lead vocals , guitar ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Hal Tupea -- bass guitar ( 1996 -- 97 ) Kevin Murphy -- drums ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Paul Gildea -- guitar , vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Adrian Scott -- keyboards , vocals ( 1998 -- 99 ) Glenn Reither -- keyboards , saxophone , backing vocals ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Kip Raines -- drums ( 2004 -- 05 ) Billy Thomas -- drums ( 2005 -- 07 ) Mel Watts -- drums ( 2007 -- 12 )", "Steve Prestwich -- drums ( 1984 -- 86 ; died 2011 )", "Malcolm Wakeford -- drums ( 1986 )", "James Roche -- keyboards ( 1988 -- 89 )", "Peter Beckett -- guitar , vocals ( 1989 -- 97 )", "Tony Sciuto -- keyboards , guitar , vocals ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 97 )", "Richard Bryant -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1992 -- 93 )", "Steve Wade -- lead vocals , guitar ( 1996 -- 2000 )", "Hal Tupea -- bass guitar ( 1996 -- 97 )", "Kevin Murphy -- drums ( 1998 -- 2004 )", "Paul Gildea -- guitar , vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 )", "Adrian Scott -- keyboards , vocals ( 1998 -- 99 )", "Glenn Reither -- keyboards , saxophone , backing vocals ( 1999 -- 2004 )", "Kip Raines -- drums ( 2004 -- 05 )", "Billy Thomas -- drums ( 2005 -- 07 )", "Mel Watts -- drums ( 2007 -- 12 )", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 1982 `` Reminiscing '' -- Graeham Goble Gold Award Won `` Cool Change '' -- Glenn Shorrock Gold Award Won 1984 `` The Other Guy '' - Graeham Goble Most Played Australasian Popular Work Won 1985 Special Award Won `` Cool Change '' -- Glenn Shorrock Top 30 Australian songs listed", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "1982 `` Reminiscing '' -- Graeham Goble Gold Award Won", "`` Cool Change '' -- Glenn Shorrock Gold Award Won", "1984 `` The Other Guy '' - Graeham Goble Most Played Australasian Popular Work Won", "1985 Special Award Won", "`` Cool Change '' -- Glenn Shorrock Top 30 Australian songs listed", "Year Nominee / work Award Result Little River Band Hall of Fame inductee", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "Little River Band Hall of Fame inductee", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 1978 Little River Band Best Live Rock Act Won Best Recording Group Won Most Popular Group Won Glenn Shorrock Best Male Singer Won Best Composer Nominated Rock Hero Won Beeb Birtles Best Composer Nominated David Briggs Best Guitarist Nominated George McArdle Best Bassist Nominated Derek Pellicci Best Drummer Nominated Diamantina Cocktail Best Album Cover Won Best Album Won Glenn Wheatley Manager of the Year Nominated `` Help Is on Its Way '' Best Single Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "1978 Little River Band Best Live Rock Act Won", "Best Recording Group Won", "Most Popular Group Won", "Glenn Shorrock Best Male Singer Won", "Best Composer Nominated", "Rock Hero Won", "Beeb Birtles Best Composer Nominated", "David Briggs Best Guitarist Nominated", "George McArdle Best Bassist Nominated", "Derek Pellicci Best Drummer Nominated", "Diamantina Cocktail Best Album Cover Won", "Best Album Won", "Glenn Wheatley Manager of the Year Nominated", "`` Help Is on Its Way '' Best Single Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 1979 `` Lonesome Loser '' Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus Nominated", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "1979 `` Lonesome Loser '' Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo , Group or Chorus Nominated", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 1977 `` Help Is on Its Way '' Australian Record of the Year Won Little River Band Best Australian International Performers Won Glenn Shorrock Best Australian Songwriter Won 1978 `` Reminiscing '' Australian Record of the Year Won `` Help Is on Its Way '' on Paul Hogan Show Best Australian TV Performer Won Sleeper Catcher Most Popular Australian Album Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "1977 `` Help Is on Its Way '' Australian Record of the Year Won", "Little River Band Best Australian International Performers Won", "Glenn Shorrock Best Australian Songwriter Won", "1978 `` Reminiscing '' Australian Record of the Year Won", "`` Help Is on Its Way '' on Paul Hogan Show Best Australian TV Performer Won", "Sleeper Catcher Most Popular Australian Album Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 1979 First Under the Wire Best Australian Album Won `` Lonesome Loser '' Best Australian Singles Nominated Little River Band Most Outstanding Achievement Won Most Popular Group Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "1979 First Under the Wire Best Australian Album Won", "`` Lonesome Loser '' Best Australian Singles Nominated", "Little River Band Most Outstanding Achievement Won", "Most Popular Group Won", "Book : Little River Band", "Book : Little River Band", "Book : Little River Band", "Book : Little River Band" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada . As of May 2018 , Canadian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 185 countries and territories , ranking the Canadian passport 5th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Belgian , Danish , Irish and Swiss passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index .", "Visa requirements for Canadian citizens were lifted by Austria ( 1956 ) , Finland ( 1958 ) , Japan ( 20 September 1964 ) , Micronesia ( 18 December 1980 ) , Taiwan ( 1 January 1994 ) , Ukraine ( 1 August 2005 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Mongolia ( 1 January 2014 ) , Kazakhstan ( 1 January 2017 ) and Argentina ( 1 January 2018 ) .", "Canadian citizens were made eligible for eVisas by India ( 1 May 2015 ) , Brazil ( 25 January 2018 ) and Angola ( 30 March 2018 ) .", "Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Available at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders . Australia and external territories Electronic Travel Authority 90 days 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period Can use the Smartgate system . Austria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days 5 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport . Otherwise a visa is required . Visas on arrival are available at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil eVisa 90 days 90 days per year Brunei Visa not required 14 days Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Visa free for up to 90 days but a reciprocity fee of COP 190,000 must be paid on arrival ; tourists whose final destination is San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina are excluded from the fee . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months Electronic visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required 30 days Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) A Canadian passport is not required for visa - free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon ; instead , an identification document ( e.g. driver 's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status ) can be used Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 360 days Germany Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States . Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Canadian citizens are required to be escorted by a government guide at all times . Iraq Visa required 15 days Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland Visa not required 90 days Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 90 days 90 days ( business ) , 6 months ( tourist ) Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 6 months Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Latvia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required 90 days Mongolia Visa not required 30 days Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or selected land border crossings . Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area New Zealand Visa not required 90 days Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required 30 days Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travelers . Reciprocity fee of $150 USD must be paid upon arrival . Travelers arriving otherwise ( e.g. at a land border ) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival . Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Romania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours , who spend each night on board , and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company , do not require a tourist visa . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 6 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan eVisa 45 days E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 4 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa . Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days ( multiple ) Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge . United Kingdom excluding some Overseas territories Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required 6 months Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay . Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA . For frequent travelers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved , low - risk travelers cross the Canada -- United States border quickly . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Simplified procedure for Canadian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam eVisa 30 days Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia .", "Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees )", "Afghanistan Visa required", "Albania Visa not required 90 days", "Algeria Visa required", "Andorra Visa not required", "Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period .", "Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period .", "Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport .", "For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period .", "Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months", "Argentina Visa not required 90 days", "Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Available at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders .", "Available at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders .", "Available at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders .", "Australia and external territories Electronic Travel Authority 90 days 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period Can use the Smartgate system .", "90 days on each visit in 12 - month period Can use the Smartgate system .", "90 days on each visit in 12 - month period", "Can use the Smartgate system .", "Austria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days", "Bahamas Visa not required 8 months", "Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days", "Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days", "Barbados Visa not required 6 months", "Belarus Visa not required 5 days 5 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport . Otherwise a visa is required . Visas on arrival are available at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival .", "5 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport . Otherwise a visa is required . Visas on arrival are available at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival .", "5 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport . Otherwise a visa is required . Visas on arrival are available at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival .", "Belgium Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Belize Visa not required", "Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate .", "Must have an international vaccination certificate .", "Must have an international vaccination certificate .", "Bhutan Visa required", "Bolivia Visa not required 90 days", "Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period", "90 days within any 6 - month period", "90 days within any 6 - month period", "Botswana Visa not required 90 days", "Brazil eVisa 90 days 90 days per year", "90 days per year", "90 days per year", "Brunei Visa not required 14 days", "Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month", "Burundi Visa required", "Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online .", "Visa is also obtainable online .", "Visa is also obtainable online .", "Cameroon Visa required", "Cape Verde Visa on arrival", "Central African Republic Visa required", "Chad Visa required", "Chile Visa not required 90 days", "China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy .", "72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy .", "72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen .", "144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport )", "Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy .", "Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Visa free for up to 90 days but a reciprocity fee of COP 190,000 must be paid on arrival ; tourists whose final destination is San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina are excluded from the fee .", "Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Visa free for up to 90 days but a reciprocity fee of COP 190,000 must be paid on arrival ; tourists whose final destination is San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina are excluded from the fee .", "Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period", "Visa free for up to 90 days but a reciprocity fee of COP 190,000 must be paid on arrival ; tourists whose final destination is San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina are excluded from the fee .", "Comoros Visa on arrival", "Republic of the Congo Visa required", "Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required", "Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days", "Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months Electronic visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport .", "Electronic visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport .", "Electronic visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport .", "Croatia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required 30 days Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba .", "Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba .", "Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba .", "Cyprus Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Denmark and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries )", "90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries )", "90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries )", "Djibouti eVisa 31 days", "Dominica Visa not required 6 months", "Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days", "Ecuador Visa not required 90 days", "Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days", "El Salvador Visa not required 3 months", "Equatorial Guinea Visa required", "Eritrea Visa required", "Estonia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival", "Fiji Visa not required 4 months", "Finland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "France and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) A Canadian passport is not required for visa - free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon ; instead , an identification document ( e.g. driver 's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status ) can be used", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) A Canadian passport is not required for visa - free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon ; instead , an identification document ( e.g. driver 's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status ) can be used", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France )", "A Canadian passport is not required for visa - free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon ; instead , an identification document ( e.g. driver 's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status ) can be used", "Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport .", "Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport .", "Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport .", "Gambia Visa not required 90 days", "Georgia Visa not required 360 days", "Germany Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Ghana Visa required", "Greece Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Grenada Visa not required 3 months May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States .", "May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States .", "May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States .", "Guatemala Visa not required 90 days", "Guinea Visa required", "Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days", "Guyana Visa not required 3 months", "Haiti Visa not required 3 months", "Honduras Visa not required 3 months", "Hungary Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Iceland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year .", "e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year .", "e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports .", "e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year .", "Indonesia Visa not required 30 days", "Iran Visa required Canadian citizens are required to be escorted by a government guide at all times .", "Canadian citizens are required to be escorted by a government guide at all times .", "Canadian citizens are required to be escorted by a government guide at all times .", "Iraq Visa required 15 days Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports .", "Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports .", "Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports .", "Ireland Visa not required 90 days", "Israel Visa not required 3 months", "Italy Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Jamaica Visa not required 90 days 90 days ( business ) , 6 months ( tourist )", "90 days ( business ) , 6 months ( tourist )", "90 days ( business ) , 6 months ( tourist )", "Japan Visa not required 90 days", "Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply", "Conditions apply", "Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days", "Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months", "Kiribati Visa not required 30 days", "North Korea Visa required", "South Korea Visa not required 6 months", "Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months", "Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days", "Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply", "Conditions apply", "Latvia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket .", "Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket .", "Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket .", "Lesotho Visa not required 14 days", "Liberia Visa required", "Libya Visa required", "Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Lithuania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Macedonia Visa not required 90 days", "Madagascar Visa on arrival", "Malawi Visa on arrival", "Malaysia Visa not required 3 months", "Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days", "Mali Visa required", "Malta Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days", "Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport .", "Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport .", "Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport .", "Mauritius Visa not required 90 days", "Mexico Visa not required 180 days", "Micronesia Visa not required 30 days", "Moldova Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "Monaco Visa not required 90 days", "Mongolia Visa not required 30 days", "Montenegro Visa not required 90 days", "Morocco Visa not required 3 months", "Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply", "Conditions apply", "Myanmar eVisa 28 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or selected land border crossings .", "Electronic visa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or selected land border crossings .", "Electronic visa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or selected land border crossings .", "Namibia Visa not required 3 months", "Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens .", "Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens .", "Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens .", "Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days", "Netherlands and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "New Zealand Visa not required 90 days", "Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days", "Niger Visa required", "Nigeria Visa required", "Norway Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Oman eVisa 30 days", "Pakistan Visa required 30 days Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator .", "Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator .", "Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator .", "Palau Visa on arrival 30 days", "Panama Visa not required 180 days", "Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days", "Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travelers . Reciprocity fee of $150 USD must be paid upon arrival . Travelers arriving otherwise ( e.g. at a land border ) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival .", "Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travelers . Reciprocity fee of $150 USD must be paid upon arrival . Travelers arriving otherwise ( e.g. at a land border ) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival .", "Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travelers . Reciprocity fee of $150 USD must be paid upon arrival . Travelers arriving otherwise ( e.g. at a land border ) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival .", "Peru Visa not required 183 days", "Philippines Visa not required 30 days", "Poland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Portugal Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days", "Romania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "Russia Visa required Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours , who spend each night on board , and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company , do not require a tourist visa .", "Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours , who spend each night on board , and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company , do not require a tourist visa .", "Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours , who spend each night on board , and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company , do not require a tourist visa .", "Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days", "Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 6 months", "Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month", "Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days", "San Marino Visa not required", "São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days", "Saudi Arabia Visa required", "Senegal Visa not required 90 days", "Serbia Visa not required 90 days", "Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months", "Sierra Leone Visa required", "Singapore Visa not required 30 days", "Slovakia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Slovenia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months", "Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports .", "Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports .", "Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports .", "30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports .", "South Africa Visa not required 90 days", "South Sudan Visa required", "Spain Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days", "Sudan Visa required", "Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days", "Swaziland Visa not required 30 days", "Sweden Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Switzerland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area", "Syria Visa required", "Tajikistan eVisa 45 days E-visa holders can enter through all border points .", "E-visa holders can enter through all border points .", "E-visa holders can enter through all border points .", "Tanzania Visa on arrival", "Thailand Visa not required 30 days Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air .", "Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air .", "Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air .", "Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days", "Togo Visa on arrival 7 days", "Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days", "Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days", "Tunisia Visa not required 4 months", "Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa .", "Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa .", "Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa .", "Turkmenistan Visa required", "Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month", "Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online .", "May apply online .", "May apply online .", "Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "90 days within any 180 day period", "United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days ( multiple ) Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge .", "Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge .", "Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge .", "United Kingdom excluding some Overseas territories Visa not required 6 months", "United States Visa not required 6 months Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay . Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA . For frequent travelers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved , low - risk travelers cross the Canada -- United States border quickly .", "Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay . Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA . For frequent travelers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved , low - risk travelers cross the Canada -- United States border quickly .", "Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay .", "Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA . For frequent travelers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved , low - risk travelers cross the Canada -- United States border quickly .", "Uruguay Visa not required 3 months", "Uzbekistan Visa required Simplified procedure for Canadian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan .", "Simplified procedure for Canadian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan .", "Simplified procedure for Canadian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan .", "Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days", "Vatican City Visa not required", "Venezuela Visa not required 90 days", "Vietnam eVisa 30 days", "Yemen Visa required", "Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe .", "Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe .", "Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe .", "Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia .", "Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia .", "Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia .", "Visa requirements for Canadian citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries , and restricted zones :", "Africa", "British Indian Ocean Territory -- special permit required . Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte -- Visa not required for 90 days with a 180 day period . Reunion -- Visa not required for 90 days within a 180 day period . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- undefined visa regime . Somaliland -- visa required ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) .", "British Indian Ocean Territory -- special permit required .", "Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) .", "Mayotte -- Visa not required for 90 days with a 180 day period .", "Reunion -- Visa not required for 90 days within a 180 day period .", "Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands .", "Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands .", "Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) .", "Saint Helena -- Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling .", "Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands .", "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- undefined visa regime .", "Somaliland -- visa required ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) .", "Asia", "Hainan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 3 months . India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur , Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Macao -- Visa not required for 30 days . North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days . Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required . Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones . Arab League -- Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel . Saudi Arabia - Non-Muslims are not allowed in Mecca or Medina .", "Hainan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people )", "Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 3 months .", "India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur , Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year .", "Macao -- Visa not required for 30 days .", "North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving )", "Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days .", "Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez .", "Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required .", "Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone .", "UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones .", "Arab League -- Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel .", "Saudi Arabia - Non-Muslims are not allowed in Mecca or Medina .", "Caribbean and North Atlantic", "Caribbean and North Atlantic", "Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months . Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days . Bermuda -- Visa not required . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months . British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required . Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months . Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months . Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months . Puerto Rico -- Visa not required for 180 days , same as the United States mainland . Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months . Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days . U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months , same as the United States mainland .", "Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months .", "Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days .", "Bermuda -- Visa not required .", "Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months .", "British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required .", "Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months .", "Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months .", "Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months .", "Puerto Rico -- Visa not required for 180 days , same as the United States mainland .", "Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months .", "Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days .", "U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months , same as the United States mainland .", "Europe", "Abkhazia -- Visa required . Visa on arrival available if arriving from Russian border only by train or car and must process a multi entry Russian visa to be eligible and must exit via Russian border only . Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days . Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Gibraltar -- Visa not required . Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway - Unlimited Stay ( Indefinite Stay ) . Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days . Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with a visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Republic of Artsakh ( also known as Nagorno - Karabakh ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h .", "Abkhazia -- Visa required . Visa on arrival available if arriving from Russian border only by train or car and must process a multi entry Russian visa to be eligible and must exit via Russian border only .", "Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed .", "Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days .", "Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required .", "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required .", "UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas .", "Gibraltar -- Visa not required .", "Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours .", "Svalbard of Norway - Unlimited Stay ( Indefinite Stay ) .", "Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days .", "Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with a visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Republic of Artsakh ( also known as Nagorno - Karabakh ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan .", "South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia .", "Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h .", "Oceania", "American Samoa -- 30 day entry permit issued on arrival . Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required . Clipperton Island -- special permit required . Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days . Guam -- Visa not required . Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required . Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island .", "American Samoa -- 30 day entry permit issued on arrival .", "Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required .", "Clipperton Island -- special permit required .", "Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days .", "Guam -- Visa not required .", "Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge .", "Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required .", "Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore .", "United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island .", "South America", "Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure .", "Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure .", "South Atlantic and Antarctica", "South Atlantic and Antarctica", "Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency .", "Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival .", "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) .", "Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency .", "Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens .", "Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe .", "Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia .", "Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates .", "Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry .", "Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa .", "Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay .", "Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted .", "Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination .", "Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area .", "Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt .", "To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan .", "Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months", "Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months", "Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) .", "Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons .", "Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country .", "The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel .", "Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all travellers , or all foreign travellers , to be fingerprinted on arrival .", "Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record .", "Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea demand that all passengers be fingerprinted on arrival .", "Canada has diplomatic and consular offices ( including honorary consuls ) in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries .", "According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) :", "Destination Number of visitors American Samoa 115 Angola 1,788 Anguilla 10,498 Antarctica 1,950 Antigua and Barbuda 22,932 Aruba 43,767 Australia 167,300 Austria 103,600 Azerbaijan 2,320 Bahamas 151,739 Barbados 78,903 Bermuda 47,852 Belgium 50,521 Belize 21,867 Bhutan 1,110 Bolivia 11,567 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,345 Botswana 8,504 Brazil 70,103 British Virgin Islands 35,505 Brunei 2,411 Bulgaria 19,113 Burkina Faso 4,612 Cambodia 60,715 Cameroon 7,229 Cayman Islands 24,757 Chile 39,639 China 679,800 Congo 1,367 Cook Islands 2,212 Costa Rica 201,921 Croatia 136,519 Cyprus 6,088 Cuba 1,300,092 Curacao 17,950 Dominica 2,998 Dominican Republic 827,721 Dutch Caribbean : Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius 1400 300 1000 100 Ecuador 33,230 El Salvador 24,796 Estonia 5,518 Fiji 12,421 Finland 15,410 France 1,013,489 French Polynesia 4,386 Georgia 5,584 Germany 276,933 Greece 182,299 Greenland 716 Grenada 14,580 Guam 859 Guatemala 52,531 Guyana 25,381 Haiti 30,046 Hong Kong 370,335 Hungary 41,579 Iceland 103,026 India 317,239 Indonesia 86,804 Ireland 183,000 Israel 69,900 Italy 923,000 Jamaica 405,174 Japan 305,600 Jordan 32,106 Kazakhstan 4,258 Laos 19,315 Latvia 25,125 Lebanon 100,076 Lesotho 626 Lithuania 3,800 Luxembourg 5,166 Macau 74,287 Macedonia 2,158 Madagascar 1,209 Mauritius 6,908 Malaysia 67,056 Malawi 7,380 Maldives 8,994 Mali 1,866 Martinique 9,535 Mexico 1,985,084 Micronesia 220 Moldova 4,673 Mongolia 3,052 Montenegro 6,254 Montserrat 404 Myanmar 15,024 Namibia 8,551 Nepal 8,398 Netherlands 180,000 New Zealand 67,280 Niue 32 Nicaragua 40,764 Pakistan 43,000 Panama 47,762 Papua New Guinea 2,170 Paraguay 2,430 Peru 70,560 Philippines 200,640 Romania 56,537 Russia 53,890 Saint Lucia 38,677 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,594 Samoa 474 Serbia 9,357 Seychelles 1,095 Singapore 105,177 Sint Maarten 33,498 Slovakia 8,901 Slovenia 19,859 Solomon Islands 153 South Africa 56,224 South Korea 176,256 Spain 489,307 Sri Lanka 46,896 Suriname 2,613 Swaziland 4,137 Taiwan 155,661 Tanzania 18,489 Thailand 258,392 Tonga 229 Trinidad and Tobago 54,877 Turkey 81,196 Turks and Caicos 36,512 Tuvalu 9 Uganda 9,729 Ukraine 30,775 United Arab Emirates 173,000 United Kingdom 723,000 United States 13,006,072 Venezuela 11,778 Vietnam 138,242 Zambia 6,310 Zimbabwe 5,133", "Destination Number of visitors", "American Samoa 115", "Angola 1,788", "Anguilla 10,498", "Antarctica 1,950", "Antigua and Barbuda 22,932", "Aruba 43,767", "Australia 167,300", "Austria 103,600", "Azerbaijan 2,320", "Bahamas 151,739", "Barbados 78,903", "Bermuda 47,852", "Belgium 50,521", "Belize 21,867", "Bhutan 1,110", "Bolivia 11,567", "Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,345", "Botswana 8,504", "Brazil 70,103", "British Virgin Islands 35,505", "Brunei 2,411", "Bulgaria 19,113", "Burkina Faso 4,612", "Cambodia 60,715", "Cameroon 7,229", "Cayman Islands 24,757", "Chile 39,639", "China 679,800", "Congo 1,367", "Cook Islands 2,212", "Costa Rica 201,921", "Croatia 136,519", "Cyprus 6,088", "Cuba 1,300,092", "Curacao 17,950", "Dominica 2,998", "Dominican Republic 827,721", "Dutch Caribbean : Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius 1400 300 1000 100", "Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius", "1400 300 1000 100", "Ecuador 33,230", "El Salvador 24,796", "Estonia 5,518", "Fiji 12,421", "Finland 15,410", "France 1,013,489", "French Polynesia 4,386", "Georgia 5,584", "Germany 276,933", "Greece 182,299", "Greenland 716", "Grenada 14,580", "Guam 859", "Guatemala 52,531", "Guyana 25,381", "Haiti 30,046", "Hong Kong 370,335", "Hungary 41,579", "Iceland 103,026", "India 317,239", "Indonesia 86,804", "Ireland 183,000", "Israel 69,900", "Italy 923,000", "Jamaica 405,174", "Japan 305,600", "Jordan 32,106", "Kazakhstan 4,258", "Laos 19,315", "Latvia 25,125", "Lebanon 100,076", "Lesotho 626", "Lithuania 3,800", "Luxembourg 5,166", "Macau 74,287", "Macedonia 2,158", "Madagascar 1,209", "Mauritius 6,908", "Malaysia 67,056", "Malawi 7,380", "Maldives 8,994", "Mali 1,866", "Martinique 9,535", "Mexico 1,985,084", "Micronesia 220", "Moldova 4,673", "Mongolia 3,052", "Montenegro 6,254", "Montserrat 404", "Myanmar 15,024", "Namibia 8,551", "Nepal 8,398", "Netherlands 180,000", "New Zealand 67,280", "Niue 32", "Nicaragua 40,764", "Pakistan 43,000", "Panama 47,762", "Papua New Guinea 2,170", "Paraguay 2,430", "Peru 70,560", "Philippines 200,640", "Romania 56,537", "Russia 53,890", "Saint Lucia 38,677", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,594", "Samoa 474", "Serbia 9,357", "Seychelles 1,095", "Singapore 105,177", "Sint Maarten 33,498", "Slovakia 8,901", "Slovenia 19,859", "Solomon Islands 153", "South Africa 56,224", "South Korea 176,256", "Spain 489,307", "Sri Lanka 46,896", "Suriname 2,613", "Swaziland 4,137", "Taiwan 155,661", "Tanzania 18,489", "Thailand 258,392", "Tonga 229", "Trinidad and Tobago 54,877", "Turkey 81,196", "Turks and Caicos 36,512", "Tuvalu 9", "Uganda 9,729", "Ukraine 30,775", "United Arab Emirates 173,000", "United Kingdom 723,000", "United States 13,006,072", "Venezuela 11,778", "Vietnam 138,242", "Zambia 6,310", "Zimbabwe 5,133", "^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Excluding an one - day visits ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2007 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) .", "^ Data for 2016", "^ Data for 2017", "^ Data for 2014", "^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments .", "^ Data for 2013", "^ Data for 2011", "^ Data for arrivals by air only .", "^ Data for 2012", "^ Excluding an one - day visits", "^ Data for 2010", "^ Data for 2007", "^ Data for 2009", "^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) ." ]

[ [ "Jordan Ross Belfort" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Jordan Belfort Belfort in 2010 Jordan Ross Belfort ( 1962 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Queens , New York City , United States Alma mater American University Occupation Author entrepreneur motivational speaker Home town The Bronx , New York City , New York Criminal penalty 4 years in federal prison , $110 million in restitution Criminal status Released April 2006 after 22 months Spouse ( s ) Denise Lombardo ( m . 1985 ; div. 1991 ) Nadine Caridi ( m . 1991 ; div. 2005 ; 2 children ) Website JordanBelfort.com Conviction ( s ) Securities fraud , money laundering", "Jordan Belfort", "Belfort in 2010", "Jordan Ross Belfort ( 1962 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Queens , New York City , United States", "Alma mater American University", "Occupation Author entrepreneur motivational speaker", "Author entrepreneur motivational speaker", "Home town The Bronx , New York City , New York", "Criminal penalty 4 years in federal prison , $110 million in restitution", "Criminal status Released April 2006 after 22 months", "Spouse ( s ) Denise Lombardo ( m . 1985 ; div. 1991 ) Nadine Caridi ( m . 1991 ; div. 2005 ; 2 children )", "Website JordanBelfort.com", "Conviction ( s ) Securities fraud , money laundering", "Jordan Ross Belfort ( / ˈbɛlfɔːrt / ; born July 9 , 1962 ) is an American author , motivational speaker , and former stockbroker . In 1999 , he pleaded guilty to fraud and related crimes in connection with stock - market manipulation and running a boiler room as part of a penny - stock scam . Belfort spent 22 months in prison as part of an agreement under which he gave testimony against numerous partners and subordinates in his fraud scheme . He published the memoir The Wolf of Wall Street , which was adapted into a film and released in 2013 .", "Belfort was born in 1962 in the Bronx borough of New York City to a Jewish family . His parents Leah and Max Belfort are both accountants . He was raised in Bayside , Queens . Between completing high school and starting college , Belfort and his close childhood friend Elliot Loewenstern earned $20,000 selling Italian ice from styrofoam coolers to people at a local beach . Belfort went on to graduate from American University with a degree in biology . Belfort planned on using the money earned with Loewenstern to pay for dental school , and he enrolled at the University of Maryland School of Dentistry however , he left after the dean of the school said to him on his first day at the college : `` The golden age of dentistry is over . If you 're here simply because you 're looking to make a lot of money , you 're in the wrong place . ''", "Belfort became a door - to - door meat and seafood salesman on Long Island , New York . He claims in interviews and his memoirs that the business was an initial success ; he grew his meat - selling business to employ several workers and sold 5,000 pounds ( 2,300 kilograms ) of beef and fish a week . However , the business ultimately failed , as he filed for bankruptcy at 25 . According to his memoirs and interviews , a family friend helped him find a job as a trainee stockbroker at L.F. Rothschild . Belfort says he was laid off after that firm experienced financial difficulties related to the Black Monday stock market crash of 1987 .", "Belfort founded Stratton Oakmont as a franchise of Stratton Securities , then later bought out the original founder . Stratton Oakmont functioned as a boiler room that marketed penny stocks and defrauded investors with the `` pump and dump '' type of stock sales . During his years at Stratton , Belfort developed a lifestyle that consisted of lavish parties and intensive recreational use of drugs , especially methaqualone -- sold to him under the brand name `` Quaalude '' -- that resulted in an addiction . Stratton Oakmont at one point employed over 1,000 stock brokers and was involved in stock issues totaling more than US $ 1 billion , including being behind the initial public offering for footwear company Steve Madden Ltd . The firm was targeted by law enforcement officials throughout nearly its entire history , and its notoriety inspired the film Boiler Room ( 2000 ) , as well as the 2013 biopic The Wolf of Wall Street .", "Stratton Oakmont was under near - constant scrutiny from the National Association of Securities Dealers ( now the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ) from 1989 onward . Finally , in December 1996 , the NASD expelled Stratton Oakmont , putting it out of business . Belfort was then indicted for securities fraud and money laundering in 1999 .", "Belfort served 22 months of a four - year sentence at the Taft Correctional Institution in Taft , California , in exchange for a plea deal with the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the pump - and - dump scams which he ran that led to investor losses of approximately $200 million . Belfort was ordered to pay back $110.4 million that he swindled from stock buyers . Belfort shared a cell with Tommy Chong while serving his sentence , and Chong encouraged him to write about his experiences as a stockbroker . The pair remained friends after their release from prison , with Belfort crediting Chong for his new career direction as a motivational speaker and writer . At a motivational talk that he delivered in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , on May 19 , 2014 , Belfort stated :", "I got greedy ... Greed is not good . Ambition is good , passion is good . Passion prospers . My goal is to give more than I get , that 's a sustainable form of success ... Ninety - five percent of the business was legitimate ... It was all brokerage firm issues . It was all legitimate , nothing to do with liquidating stocks .", "Federal prosecutors and SEC officials involved in the case , however , have said , `` Stratton Oakmont was not a real Wall Street firm , either literally or figuratively '' .", "Belfort 's restitution agreement required him to pay 50 % of his income towards restitution to the 1,513 clients he defrauded until 2009 , with a total of $110 million in restitution further mandated . About $10 million of the $11.6 million that had been recovered by Belfort 's victims as of 2013 was the result of the sale of forfeited properties .", "In October 2013 , federal prosecutors filed a complaint against Belfort . Several days later , the U.S. government withdrew its motion to find Belfort in default of his payments , after his lawyers argued that he had only been responsible for paying 50 % of his salary to restitution up until 2009 , and not since . The restitution he paid during his parole period ( since departing from prison ) amounted to $382,910 in 2007 , $148,799 in 2008 , and $170,000 in 2009 . Following this period , Belfort began negotiating a restitution payment plan with the U.S. government . The final deal that Belfort made with the government was to pay a minimum of $10,000 per month for life towards the restitution , after a judge ruled that Belfort was not required to pay 50 % of his income past the end of his parole . He has claimed that he is additionally putting the profits from his U.S. public speaking engagements and media royalties towards the restitution , in addition to the $10,000 per month .", "Prosecutors also said that he had fled to Australia to avoid taxes and conceal his assets from his victims , but later recanted their statement , which had been given to the Wall Street Journal , by issuing Belfort an official apology and requesting that the Wall Street Journal print a retraction . Belfort also claimed on his website and elsewhere that he intended to request that `` 100 % of the royalties '' from his books and The Wolf of Wall Street film be turned over to victims . But in June 2014 , spokesmen for the U.S. attorney said that Belfort 's claim was `` not factual '' , claiming that he had received money from the initial sale of the movie rights that was not entirely put towards his restitution repayment . BusinessWeek reported that Belfort had paid only $21,000 toward his restitution obligations out of approximately $1.2 million paid to him in connection with the film before its release . Belfort has stated that he offered to put 100 % of his book deal money towards his restitution but that the government refused the offer .", "Belfort wrote the two memoirs The Wolf of Wall Street and Catching the Wolf of Wall Street which have been published in approximately 40 countries and translated into 18 languages . A movie based on his books opened in 2013 starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Belfort , Jonah Hill , and Margot Robbie ; the film was written by Terence Winter and directed by Martin Scorsese . He wrote his first book in the days following his release from prison ( after a false start during his sentence , when he wrote and destroyed 130 initial pages ) . He received a $500,000 advance from Random House , and before its release , a bidding war began for the book 's film rights . The former Assistant United States Attorney who prosecuted Belfort has said that he believes that some of the details in Belfort 's book may have been `` invented '' .", "Belfort has given motivational speeches . This has included a tour of live seminars in Australia entitled `` The Truth Behind His Success '' , in addition to other appearances . In a 60 Minutes interview regarding his new career , Belfort stated of his previous life that his `` greatest regret is losing people money '' and , at one point in the interview , he stormed off the set when the interviewer asked if his current financial dealings were legitimate . He also runs sales seminars entitled `` Jordan Belfort 's Straight Line Sales Psychology '' . When he first began speaking , he focused largely on motivation and ethics , then moved his focus to sales skills and entrepreneurship .", "His speaking engagements are run through his business Global Motivation Inc. and , as of 2014 , Belfort was spending three weeks out of each month on the road for speaking engagements . The main theme of his speeches includes the importance of business ethics and learning from the mistakes that he made during the 1990s -- such as believing that he was justified in skirting the rules of financial regulators simply because it was a common thing to do . His per - engagement speaking fees have been about $30,000 - $75,000 and his per sales seminar fee can be $80,000 or more . The main subject matter of his seminars is what he has called `` Straight Line System '' , a system of sales advice . Some reviewers have reacted negatively to the content of the speeches , specifically Belfort 's recounting of stories from the 1990s .", "During his time running the Stratton Oakmont business , Belfort divorced his first wife Denise Lombardo . He later married Nadine Caridi , a British - born , Bay Ridge , Brooklyn - raised model whom he met at a party . He had two children with her . Belfort and Caridi ultimately became separated following her claims of domestic violence which were fueled by his problems with drug addiction and affairs with other women . They divorced in 2005 .", "Belfort was the final owner of the luxury yacht Nadine which was originally built for Coco Chanel in 1961 . The yacht was renamed after Caridi . In June 1996 , the yacht sank off the east coast of Sardinia and frogmen from Italian Navy special forces unit COMSUBIN rescued all who were aboard the vessel . Belfort said that he insisted on sailing out in high winds against the advice of his captain , resulting in the sinking of the vessel when waves smashed the foredeck hatch .", "As of 2015 , Belfort is engaged to his long - time girlfriend Anne Koppe .", "Belfort is also an avid tennis player .", "An investigation led by 7News and The Sunday Mail uncovered links between Belfort and employment company Career Pathways Australia run by Paul Conquest , who also has majority - ownership of Face to Face Training . These two brands were heavily promoted at Belfort workshops held at Brisbane 's Eatons Hill Hotel . Belfort reportedly gave two workshops on Sales for the staff of Face to Face Training .", "Face to Face Training received $3.9 million from state government during FY - 2014 and $6.34 million during FY - 2015 for its training and assessment services . The majority of this money was expected to be spent on service training and certification which did not happen . 9 news Australia called the training program a scam and the certification program a `` Tick Flick '' in its 60 Minutes segment .", "Autobiographies", "The Wolf of Wall Street ( Bantam , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0553805468 Catching the Wolf of Wall Street : More Incredible True Stories of Fortunes , Schemes , Parties , and Prison ( Bantam , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0553807042", "The Wolf of Wall Street ( Bantam , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0553805468", "Catching the Wolf of Wall Street : More Incredible True Stories of Fortunes , Schemes , Parties , and Prison ( Bantam , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0553807042", "Guides", "Weed : The Ultimate Quick Guide To Growing Great Marijuana ( 2017 )", "Weed : The Ultimate Quick Guide To Growing Great Marijuana ( 2017 )", "Help self", "Way of the Wolf : Become a Master Closer with Straight Line Selling ( 2017 ) ISBN 9781501164286", "Way of the Wolf : Become a Master Closer with Straight Line Selling ( 2017 ) ISBN 9781501164286", "Filming of Scorsese 's adaptation of Belfort 's memoirs began in August 2012 , and the film was released on December 25 , 2013 . Time magazine reported that many of the escapades depicted in the film are consistent with Belfort 's memoirs and what was written about him in Forbes articles , although some of the Forbes - related content was embellished . Belfort was portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio , who won the Golden Globe for Best Actor and was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actor for his performance ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Grave Danger '' is an episode of the American crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation", "Grave Danger may also refer to :", "David Granger ( footballer ) ( aka Grave Danger , born 1955 ) , Australian rules footballer `` Grave Danger '' ( The Cleveland Show ) , a 2013 episode of The Cleveland Show `` Grave Danger '' ( Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu ) , a 2015 episode of Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu Grave Danger , a Hardy Boys mystery novel Monster Madness : Grave Danger , a 2008 video game published by SouthPeak Games Grave Danger , a 2005 Rat City Rollergirls roller derby team", "David Granger ( footballer ) ( aka Grave Danger , born 1955 ) , Australian rules footballer", "`` Grave Danger '' ( The Cleveland Show ) , a 2013 episode of The Cleveland Show", "`` Grave Danger '' ( Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu ) , a 2015 episode of Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu", "Grave Danger , a Hardy Boys mystery novel", "Monster Madness : Grave Danger , a 2008 video game published by SouthPeak Games", "Grave Danger , a 2005 Rat City Rollergirls roller derby team", "This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Grave Danger . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article .", "This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Grave Danger . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article ." ]

[ [ "Jio TV", "AirTel TV", "Sony Pictures Networks" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters .", "Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . Afghanistan ATN Albania RTSH Andorra TF1 , France Télévisions , TVE , beIN Sports Angola TPA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Argentina TV Pública , TyC Sports , DirecTV Armenia ARMTV Australia SBS , Optus Sport Austria ORF , OE24 , DAZN Azerbaijan İTV , AzTV Bangladesh BTV , Maasranga TV , Nagorik TV , Sony Pictures Networks Bahamas ZNS , DirecTV Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Benin ORTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Bermuda BBC , DirecTV Bhutan Sony Pictures Networks Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Globo , SporTV , Fox Sports Brunei Astro Bulgaria BNT Burkina Faso RTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Cambodia CBS Cameroon CRTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Canada CBC , Sportsnet , TVA Sports Chad ORTNV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV , Movistar China CCTV , Migu , Youku Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV Congo Télé Congo , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Costa Rica Teletica , Sky , Movistar Côte d'Ivoire RTI , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Croatia HRT Cuba ICRT Cyprus CyBC Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR , TV 2 Dominica Sky , DirecTV Dominican Republic Antena 7 , Sky Ecuador RTS , DirecTV El Salvador TCS , Sky Estonia ERR Faroe Islands DR , TV 2 Finland Yle France TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Gabon RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Gambia GRTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Germany ARD , ZDF , Sky Sport , DAZN Georgia GPB Ghana GBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Greece ERT Greenland DR , TV 2 Guatemala TV Azteca , Tigo Sports , Sky , Movistar Guinea RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Honduras TVC , Sky , Movistar Hong Kong ViuTV , Now TV Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV India Jio TV , AirTel TV , Sony Pictures Networks Indonesia Trans Media , K - Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV Iran IRIB , beIN Sports Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton Italy Mediaset Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Kosovo RTK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos TVLAO Latvia LTV Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malaysia Astro , RTM Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malta PBS Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México Moldova TRM Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Mongolia NTV , MNB Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Myanmar Skynet Sports Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ North Korea KCTV Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV Peru Latina , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP , NC+ Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV Romania TVR Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV San Marino Mediaset Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Serbia RTS Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTVSLO Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain TVE Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks Suriname SCCN , DirecTV Sweden SVT , TV4 Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN Taiwan ELTA , CTS Tajikistan Varzish TV Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV Timor Leste ETO Telco Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports Turkey TRT Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Ukraine Inter , NTN United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island NBC , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV Vietnam VTV Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Country / Region Broadcaster Ref .", "Afghanistan ATN", "Albania RTSH", "Andorra TF1 , France Télévisions , TVE , beIN Sports", "Angola TPA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Argentina TV Pública , TyC Sports , DirecTV", "Armenia ARMTV", "Australia SBS , Optus Sport", "Austria ORF , OE24 , DAZN", "Azerbaijan İTV , AzTV", "Bangladesh BTV , Maasranga TV , Nagorik TV , Sony Pictures Networks", "Bahamas ZNS , DirecTV", "Belarus BTRC", "Belgium VRT , RTBF", "Benin ORTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Bermuda BBC , DirecTV", "Bhutan Sony Pictures Networks", "Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV", "Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT", "Brazil Globo , SporTV , Fox Sports", "Brunei Astro", "Bulgaria BNT", "Burkina Faso RTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Cambodia CBS", "Cameroon CRTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Canada CBC , Sportsnet , TVA Sports", "Chad ORTNV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV , Movistar", "China CCTV , Migu , Youku", "Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV", "Congo Télé Congo , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Costa Rica Teletica , Sky , Movistar", "Côte d'Ivoire RTI , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Croatia HRT", "Cuba ICRT", "Cyprus CyBC", "Czech Republic ČT", "Denmark DR , TV 2", "Dominica Sky , DirecTV", "Dominican Republic Antena 7 , Sky", "Ecuador RTS , DirecTV", "El Salvador TCS , Sky", "Estonia ERR", "Faroe Islands DR , TV 2", "Finland Yle", "France TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports", "Gabon RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Gambia GRTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Germany ARD , ZDF , Sky Sport , DAZN", "Georgia GPB", "Ghana GBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Greece ERT", "Greenland DR , TV 2", "Guatemala TV Azteca , Tigo Sports , Sky , Movistar", "Guinea RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Honduras TVC , Sky , Movistar", "Hong Kong ViuTV , Now TV", "Hungary MTVA", "Iceland RÚV", "India Jio TV , AirTel TV , Sony Pictures Networks", "Indonesia Trans Media , K - Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV", "Iran IRIB , beIN Sports", "Ireland RTÉ", "Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton", "Italy Mediaset", "Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV", "Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV", "Kazakhstan Qazaqstan", "Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Kosovo RTK", "Kyrgyzstan KTRK", "Laos TVLAO", "Latvia LTV", "Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports", "Liechtenstein SRG SSR", "Lithuania LRT", "Macau TDM", "Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Malaysia Astro , RTM", "Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks", "Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Malta PBS", "Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México", "Moldova TRM", "Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports", "Mongolia NTV , MNB", "Montenegro RTCG", "Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports", "Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Myanmar Skynet Sports", "Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks", "Netherlands NOS", "New Zealand Sky Sport", "Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar", "Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "North Korea KCTV", "Norway NRK , TV 2", "Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks", "Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar", "Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific", "Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV", "Peru Latina , DirecTV", "Philippines ABS - CBN", "Poland TVP , NC+", "Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV", "Romania TVR", "Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV", "San Marino Mediaset", "Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Serbia RTS", "Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub", "Slovakia RTVS", "Slovenia RTVSLO", "Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific", "South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes", "South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS", "Spain TVE", "Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks", "Suriname SCCN , DirecTV", "Sweden SVT , TV4", "Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN", "Taiwan ELTA , CTS", "Tajikistan Varzish TV", "Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV", "Timor Leste ETO Telco", "Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV", "Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports", "Turkey TRT", "Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Ukraine Inter , NTN", "United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV", "Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales", "Isle of Man", "United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island NBC , Telemundo", "American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island", "Northern Mariana Islands", "Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV", "Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV", "Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport", "Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV", "Vietnam VTV", "Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Region Broadcaster Ref . Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Region Broadcaster Ref .", "Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV", "Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands", "Antigua & Barbuda", "British Virgin Islands", "St. Kitts & Nevis", "St. Vincent & the Grenadines", "Turks and Caicos", "U.S. Virgin Islands", "Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports", "Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen", "United Arab Emirates", "Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific", "Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu", "Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+", "Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe", "Central African Republic", "Guinea - Bissau", "Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , talkSPORT United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island ESPN Radio , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV", "Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref", "Albania RTSH", "Australia SBS , ABC", "Austria ORF", "Belarus BTRC", "Belgium VRT , RTBF", "Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT", "Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi", "Bulgaria BNR", "Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio", "Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio", "Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio", "Croatia HRT", "Cyprus CyBC", "Denmark DR", "Ecuador RTS", "Estonia ERR", "France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC", "Finland Yle", "Georgia GPB", "Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL", "Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1", "Hong Kong RTHK", "Iceland RÚV", "Indonesia RRI", "Iran IRIB", "Ireland RTÉ", "Israel KAN", "Italy RAI , Mediaset", "Jamaica RJR 94 FM", "Kosovo RTK", "Liechtenstein SRG SSR", "Lithuania LT", "Macau TDM", "Macedonia MRT", "Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova", "Monaco RMC Sport", "Montenegro RTCG", "Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars", "Netherlands NOS", "Norway NRK", "Peru RPP", "Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença", "Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP", "Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe", "Guinea - Bissau", "São Tomé and Príncipe", "Russia VGTRK", "Serbia RTS", "Slovenia RTVSLO", "South Africa SABC", "South Korea SBS", "Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca", "Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde", "Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe", "Central African Republic", "Guinea - Bissau", "São Tomé and Príncipe", "Sweden SR", "Switzerland SRG SSR", "Turkey TRT", "United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , talkSPORT", "England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man", "Isle of Man", "United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island ESPN Radio , Fútbol de Primera", "American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island", "Northern Mariana Islands", "U.S. Virgin Islands", "Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol", "Vietnam VOV" ]

[ [ "2008" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Seattle SuperSonics , a professional basketball team in the NBA , relocated from Seattle , Washington to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma in 2008 . The third NBA franchise to relocate in the 2000s , the team began play as the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2008 -- 09 basketball season .", "After efforts to persuade Washington state government officials to provide $220 million in public funding to update KeyArena failed , the SuperSonics ' ownership group , led by Howard Schultz , sold the team to the Professional Basketball Club LLC ( PBC ) , an investment group headed by Oklahoma City businessman Clay Bennett . A condition of the sale was that PBC execute a `` good faith effort '' to secure a suitable arena in the Seattle area for the team . After failing to persuade local governments to pay for a new $500 million arena complex , Bennett 's group notified the NBA that it intended to move the team to Oklahoma City and requested arbitration with the city of Seattle to be released from its lease with KeyArena . When the request was rejected by a judge , Seattle sued Bennett 's group to enforce the lease that required the team to play in KeyArena through 2010 . On July 2 , 2008 , a settlement was reached that allowed the team to move under certain conditions .", "In months prior to the settlement , Seattle publicly released email conversations that took place within Bennett 's ownership group alleging they indicated that some members of the group had a desire to move the team to Oklahoma City prior to its purchase in 2006 . The city used these conversations to argue that ownership failed to negotiate in good faith and as a result , Schultz filed a lawsuit seeking to rescind the sale of the team and transfer the ownership to a court - appointed receiver . The NBA claimed the lawsuit was void because Schultz signed a release forbidding himself to sue Bennett 's group but also argued that the proposal would have violated league ownership rules . Schultz dropped the case before the start of the 2008 -- 09 NBA season .", "In 2001 , ownership of the Seattle SuperSonics transferred from Barry Ackerley to Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz . In the five years Schultz owned the SuperSonics , the team suffered heavy financial losses , which led Schultz to seek funding from the Washington State Legislature for a newer , more modern arena in the Puget Sound region as a replacement for KeyArena at Seattle Center . On July 18 , 2006 , the Basketball Club of Seattle , led by Schultz , sold the SuperSonics and its sister team , the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) 's Seattle Storm , after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Seattle over a publicly funded $220 million expansion of KeyArena . KeyArena was remodeled in 1995 and was the NBA 's smallest venue , with a seating capacity of 17,072 . After failing to find a local ownership group to sell the team to , Schultz talked to ownership groups from Kansas City , St. Louis , Las Vegas , San Jose and Anaheim before agreeing to sell the team to an ownership group from Oklahoma City , which pursued an NBA franchise after hosting the New Orleans Hornets franchise successfully for two seasons as the city of New Orleans rebuilt from Hurricane Katrina . The sale to Clay Bennett 's ownership group for $350 million was approved by NBA owners on October 24 , 2006 . Terms of the sale required the new ownership group to `` use good faith best efforts '' for a term of 12 months in securing a new arena lease or venue in the Seattle metropolitan area . Further complicating matters , the voters of Seattle passed Initiative 91 , a measure that virtually prohibited the use of public money on sporting arenas . This lack of financial support for the team , combined with earlier losses under recent ownership groups , `` likely doomed the Sonics ' future in the city '' .", "On February 12 , 2007 , Bennett proposed using tax money to pay for a new $500 million arena in Renton , Washington , a suburb of Seattle . After failing to reach a deal by the end of the legislative session , Bennett gave up his attempt in April 2007 . On November 2 , 2007 the team announced it would move to Oklahoma City as soon as it could get out of its Key Arena lease . Seattle 's mayor , Greg Nickels , maintained a stance that the Sonics were expected to stay in Seattle until their lease expired in 2010 and said the city did not intend to make it easy for Bennett to move the team early . Over concerns the city would accept a buyout of the lease , a grassroots group filed a citywide initiative that sought to prevent the city from accepting such an offer from Bennett 's group . The Seattle City Council later unanimously passed an ordinance modeled after the initiative .", "On August 13 , 2007 , Aubrey McClendon , a minor partner of Bennett 's ownership group , said in an interview with The Journal Record ( an Oklahoma City newspaper ) that the team was not purchased to keep it in Seattle but to relocate it to Oklahoma City . Bennett later denied such intentions , saying McClendon `` was not speaking on behalf of the ownership group '' . Due to his comments , McClendon was fined $250,000 by the NBA .", "On September 21 , 2007 , Bennett applied for arbitration on the issue of whether the team could break its lease in 2008 . Arguing that the lease does not allow for arbitration on the issue of occupancy , the city of Seattle filed for declaratory relief on September 24 . The motion asked the King County Superior court to reject the arbitration request and enforce the Specific Performance Clause of the Sonics ' lease , which required the team to play at KeyArena through 2010 . United States District Court Judge Ricardo Martinez denied the request for arbitration on October 29 , saying that the `` arguments ignore the clear language of Article II , which states that PBC 's use and occupancy rights with respect to the Premises and the Term of this Agreement shall end on September 30 , 2010 . ''", "Two days after Bennett 's October 31 , 2007 deadline passed for public financing of a new arena , he informed NBA commissioner David Stern that the ownership group intended to move the Sonics to Oklahoma City as soon as it was legally possible . The timing of the announcement , one day after the Sonics ' home opener , drew critical comments from Tom Carr , Seattle 's attorney , who said `` Mr. Bennett 's announcement today is a transparent attempt to alienate the Seattle fan base and follow through on his plan to move the team to Oklahoma City ... Making this move now continues the current ownership 's insulting behavior toward the Sonics ' dedicated fans and the citizens of the city . '' Bennett also reiterated that the team was not for sale and dismissed attempts by local groups to repurchase the team .", "On February 15 , 2008 , the Sonics ' ownership group gave the city of Seattle a one - day deadline to accept a $26.5 million offer that would buy out the Sonics ' lease in KeyArena and pay off what the ownership group claimed was the value of debts on the arena . The city rejected the offer .", "The prospect of expanding KeyArena resurfaced on March 6 , 2008 , when Microsoft CEO at that time Steve Ballmer , promised that his investor group would pay half of the $300 million needed for an extensive renovation ; the rest was to be provided by the city and county . However , when the state legislature did not give approval for the county to provide funds by an April 10 deadline , Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels said that the effort had failed and the city 's hopes rested in its lawsuit .", "In anticipation of an NBA team , and led by Mayor Mick Cornett , who had successfully lobbied for the previous temporary relocation of the New Orleans Hornets to Oklahoma City , the voters of that city approved a $120 million renovation of the Ford Center on March 3 , 2008 , including construction of a new NBA practice facility . After a tour of downtown Oklahoma City , a subcommittee of three NBA owners recommended that the league approve the move . On March 14 , Bennett reached a preliminary agreement with Oklahoma City on a 15 - year lease of the Ford Center that was finalized by the Oklahoma City Council and the Sonics ' ownership group two weeks later . The Oklahoma State Legislature later approved a bill to provide tax breaks and other incentives if the team relocated .", "NBA owners gave approval of a potential SuperSonics ' relocation to Oklahoma City on April 18 in a 28 -- 2 vote by the league 's Board of Governors ; only Mark Cuban of the Dallas Mavericks and Paul Allen of the Portland Trail Blazers voted against the move . The approval meant the Sonics would be allowed to move to Oklahoma City 's Ford Center for the 2008 -- 2009 season after reaching a settlement with the city of Seattle .", "In 2006 , a group of Seattle residents created Save Our Sonics and Storm ( `` SOS '' ) to rally support for a permanent professional basketball presence in Seattle . The `` and Storm '' portion of the name was dropped when the WNBA Storm was sold to local ownership . On June 16 , 2008 , the group organized a well - publicized rally , which reportedly drew over 3,000 participants , at the U.S. District Courthouse in Seattle to protest the proposed relocation of the team . The rally was held on the first day of the city of Seattle 's lawsuit against the PBC to enforce the remaining two years on the KeyArena lease .", "Seattle filed a lawsuit on September 23 , 2007 in an attempt to keep the Sonics from leaving before the end of their lease in 2010 . The trial was set for June 16 , 2008 . On April 10 , 2008 , Seattle asked the Federal District Court to order the NBA to release documents related to the financial situation of each team , the claim that the SuperSonics ' lease with KeyArena was financially unworkable , and the league 's involvement in requiring PBC to make a good - faith effort to stay in Seattle . On April 28 , the trial 's presiding judge , Loretta Preska , ruled that the NBA must supply the internal documents about the possible relocation of the Sonics that the city of Seattle had requested . In addition , the judge said that Stern could be deposed at a later day should the need arise . The city hoped the documents would aid in building its legal case , and cited an email conversation among members of the ownership group that suggested they were privately discussing intent to move the team while publicly insisting that they would not attempt to do so .", "The ownership group filed a motion saying that the lawsuit and the release of the emails by the city were meant to drive up the cost of leaving Seattle and force the ownership group to sell the team . The motion requested that all emails and other records be released to the team . Slade Gorton , lead attorney for the city , responded by pointing out that it was PBC that started the fight that led to the lawsuit when they filed for arbitration to break the lease . The motion was denied by the presiding judge , who said the team failed to make a `` good - faith effort '' to resolve the dispute and that it failed to show that trial preparations were hindered by the records not being made public . However , the ruling also said the team could bring up the issue again if it could prove the relevance or the confidentiality of the records .", "On April 21 , 2008 , Gorton said he would be open to a settlement if the league promised a replacement team for Seattle . He said it was `` highly unlikely '' that the Sonics would stay and indicated the city should instead focus on gaining a replacement team , but noted that local governments would need to be willing to fund an expansion of KeyArena first .", "When Bennett 's group requested that the trial also decide the team 's financial obligations to KeyArena should its lease be broken , Seattle 's lawyers requested a six - month delay in the trial date in order to prepare for the additional issues , arguing that the ownership group 's request would `` dramatically change the scope '' of the case and would require considerable preparation time to determine damages . The trial 's presiding judge denied the motion by Bennett 's group on March 6 , noting that the team would have needed to make the request at the scheduling conference . A second trial would therefore need to have been held to determine the team 's financial obligations .", "Attorneys made their closing arguments in the city 's case on June 26 and Judge Marsha J. Pechman announced that she would issue her ruling on the following Wednesday . On July 2 , hours before Judge Pechman was to release her ruling , it was announced that the team and the city had reached a settlement where PBC would pay the city $45 million immediately in exchange for breaking the lease , and an additional $30 million if Seattle was not given a replacement team in five years . According to the conditions of the settlement , the Sonics ' name and colors could not be used by the team in Oklahoma City , but could be taken by a future team in Seattle , although no promises for a replacement team were given . The Oklahoma City team would retain the franchise history of the SuperSonics , which could be `` shared '' with any future NBA team in Seattle . The team moved to Oklahoma City immediately and announced it would begin play in the 2008 -- 09 season .", "The release of email conversations between members of Bennett 's group prompted former Sonics ' owner Howard Schultz to file a lawsuit that sought to rescind the sale of the team and alleged that Bennett 's group used fraud and misrepresentation to purchase the Sonics without making a `` good faith best effort '' to keep them in Seattle as mandated by the original sales contract . Bennett said the emails were misinterpreted and that he had spent millions of dollars in attempting to keep the team in Seattle .", "The lawsuit was filed on April 22 , 2008 at the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington . It sought , among other things , an injunction to prevent the Sonics from being relocated from Seattle to Oklahoma City . The suit further requested that the franchise be placed in a constructive trust and no longer in the ownership of PBC . On May 20 , 2008 , Schultz 's attorney added alleged a breach of contract as a third cause of action against Bennett . Chicago - based attorney and ESPN senior writer Lester Munson said that while the remedies Schultz sought were `` without precedent in the sports industry '' , he did believe that both the Schultz case and Seattle 's lease case presented `` serious problems '' for Bennett .", "On May 9 , 2008 , Oklahoma City officials declared intent to sue for damages and a forced relocation of the SuperSonics if Schultz 's lawsuit succeeded and the subsequent ownership did not relocate . In a legal letter to Schultz , Oklahoma City 's attorney said that the Sonics were legally bound to relocate to Oklahoma City at the end of the KeyArena lease regardless of who owned the team . The letter stated that the city had `` valid and enforceable agreements with the Team requiring it relocate to Oklahoma City at the end of the current lease with the city of Seattle . '' Schultz 's attorney replied to the letter saying the lease agreement was with PBC , not BCOS , and that the city began improvements on Ford Center at their own risk prior to conclusion of the pending litigation .", "The NBA filed a motion to intervene with Seattle 's federal court on July 9 , 2008 , claiming that Schultz 's lawsuit would interfere with the stable operation of the franchise and the transfer of ownership would violate NBA regulations unless the team was put under control of NBA Commissioner David Stern . The league also claimed that Schultz signed a release forbidding him to sue Bennett 's ownership group as a condition of the NBA 's approval of the original sale . Weeks later , Schultz requested that two separate trials be used to determine whether Bennett 's group committed fraud and subsequently determine a remedy . On August 29 , 2008 , shortly after the court denied his request and ruled that the NBA could intervene in the case , Schultz said his legal team no longer believed the case could be won . He announced he would drop the lawsuit , saying in a prepared statement , `` The prevailing wisdom of many in the Seattle community and the advice of key members of the BCOS is that Seattle 's best chance for a professional basketball franchise is to end this litigation and allow the City , State Legislature and other parties to begin the necessary fence mending with the NBA . ''", "According to the terms detailed in the settlement agreement , items associated with the SuperSonics ' history in Seattle , including trophies , banners , and retired jerseys , stayed in the city and were placed in the Museum of History & Industry ( MOHAI ) . Other items such as televisions , radios , headphones , CDs , chairs , and equipment were shipped to Oklahoma City after the Seattle Storm finished the 2008 WNBA season .", "In 2009 , Seattle - based filmmakers released Sonicsgate , a documentary chronicling the history of the SuperSonics , especially including the team 's relocation to Oklahoma City .", "In 2012 , the book Big League City : Oklahoma City 's Rise to the NBA by David Holt chronicled the story from Oklahoma City 's perspective ." ]

[ [ "paraffin wax" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "A crayon ( or wax pastel ) is a stick of colored wax , charcoal , chalk or other material used for writing or drawing . A crayon made of pigment with a dry binder is a pastel ; when made of oiled chalk , it is called an oil pastel . A grease pencil or Chinese marker ( UK chinagraph pencil ) is made of colored hardened grease . There are also watercolor crayons , sometimes called water - soluble crayons .", "Crayons are available at a range of prices and are easy to work with . They are less messy than most paints and markers , blunt ( removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen ) , typically nontoxic , and available in a wide variety of colors . These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists .", "In the modern English - speaking world , the term crayon is commonly associated with the standard wax crayon , such as those widely available for use by children . Such crayons are usually approximately 3.5 inches ( 89 mm ) in length and made mostly of paraffin wax . Paraffin wax is heated and cooled to achieve the correct temperature at which a usable wax substance can be dyed and then manufactured and shipped for use around the world . Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics , candles , for the preparation of printing ink , fruit preserving , in the pharmaceutical industry , for lubricating purposes , and crayons .", "Colin Snedeker , a chemist for Binney & Smith ( the then - parent company of Crayola ) , developed the first washable crayons in response to consumer complaints regarding stained fabrics and walls . A patent for the washable solid marking composition utilized in the washable crayons was awarded to Snedeker in 1990 .", "The history of the crayon is not entirely clear . The word `` crayon '' dates to 1644 , coming from the French word craie ( chalk ) and the Latin word creta ( Earth ) .", "The notion to combine a form of wax with pigment actually goes back thousands of years . Encaustic painting is a technique that uses hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone . A heat source was then used to `` burn in '' and fix the image in place . Pliny the Elder , a Roman scholar , was thought to describe the first techniques of wax crayon drawings .", "This method , employed by the Egyptians , Romans , Greeks and even indigenous people in the Philippines , is still used today . However , the process was n't used to make crayons into a form intended to be held and colored with and was therefore ineffective to use in a classroom or as crafts for children .", "Contemporary crayons are purported to have originated in Europe , where some of the first cylinder - shaped crayons were made with charcoal and oil . Pastels are an art medium having roots with the modern crayon and stem back to Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 . Conté crayons , out of Paris , are a hybrid between a pastel and a conventional crayon , used since the late 1790s as a drawing crayon for artists . Later , various hues of powdered pigment eventually replaced the primary charcoal ingredient found in most early 19th century products . References to crayons in literature appear as early as 1813 in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice . Joseph Lemercier ( born in Paris 1803 -- died 1884 ) , considered by some of his contemporaries to be `` the soul of lithography '' , was also one of the founders of the modern crayon . Through his Paris business circa 1828 he produced a variety of crayon and color related products . But even as those in Europe were discovering that substituting wax for the oil strengthened the crayon , various efforts in the United States were also developing .", "The initial era of wax crayons saw a number of companies and products competing for the lucrative education and artist markets . In addition to the giants such as Binney & Smith / Crayola and American Crayon / Dixon Ticonderoga , other companies popped up in the industry at various times from the late 19th century to the early 1910s .", "Crayola ( formerly named Binney & Smith ) developed their own famous line of wax crayons beginning on June 10 , 1903 . Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith had been long established in the coloring marketplace through Binney 's Peekskill , NY chemical works factory making lampblack by burning whale and carbon black and later instrumental in the coloring of automobile tires .", "In 1902 they developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon . Edwin Binney , working with his wife , Alice Stead Binney , came up with their famous Crayola brand of crayons . Alice came up with the name Crayola by combining the French word for chalk , craie , with the first part of oleaginous , the oily paraffin wax used to make the crayon .", "Binney and Smith were quick to capitalize on their creation by offering 19 different boxes with 30 different colors , including the Crayola No 51 , which , with 28 , featured their largest selection of colors . The Rubens Crayola line started in 1903 as well ( not in the 1920s as previously documented by many sources ) was directly targeted toward artists and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons out of Europe . Rubens were featured in everything from the small 6 - color box to the No. 500 with 24 colors . In addition to their highly familiar Crayola line , they also made many other crayon lines including Anti-Roll , Arista , Art - Toy , Besco , Boston , Cerata , Cerola , Chic'ago , Doo Zee , Durel , Easy - Off , Gotham , Liquitex , Munsell Crayola , Perma , Pooh , Protfolio , Rubens , Spectra , Tiny Tots , Washable and Widstrok .", "By far the most recognizable brand was their Crayola `` Gold Medal '' line in the familiar yellow boxes . The Gold Medal referred to a Gold Medal the company earned with their An - du - Septic dustless chalk during the March 1904 St. Louis World 's Fair . Over 39,000 awards were given out using the medals designed by Adolph A. Weinman . Receiving a medal at an Exposition was and still is something of importance with many companies featuring their medal on their products . Two companies to use the 1904 medal were Jack Daniel 's whiskey ( which still use it on their bottles to this day ) and Binney & Smith . They used the award to design an entirely new line of crayons featuring the medal on the front of their box . Initially , they developed and introduced the No. 8 box of eight assorted colors ( this famous box is usually depicted on most historical material associated with Crayola ; it was even featured on a postage stamp ) in early 1905 using the side of the medal depicting an Eagle but quickly changed to the other side showing the 1904 date their medal was won . From there they began to transition and phase out other Crayola crayon boxes used earlier until eventually their entire line of Crayola crayons featured the Gold Medal design . They would use this design to identify their brand for over 50 years , permanently infusing their crayons into the consciousness of consumers and catapulting the Crayola brand into the world 's leading crayon brand . The Crayola brand is currently owned by Hallmark Cards of Kansas City , Missouri .", "One of the first companies to offer up a line of wax crayons aimed for kindergarten use . Located out of New York , NY , it is unclear when this company started producing crayons but based on a known ad from 1881 , they clearly offered wax crayons in boxes of 6 , 12 , and 18 colors .", "The Franklin Mfg. Co , founded in 1876 in Rochester , New York , was one of the first companies to make and sell wax crayons . While it is undetermined when the company began manufacturing wax crayons , they were indeed selling them as early as 1883 , having appeared with a display of crayons at the World 's Colombian Exposition that year . They regularly advertised their Rainbow , Radiant , Penguin and Educational brands of crayons in various art and educational catalogues and periodicals throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century . In 1906 , they changed their name from the Franklin Mfg. Co to the Franklin Crayon Company and remained in operation until 1927 .", "The Eberhard Faber Pencil Company , originally the A.W. Faber Company , was founded by John Eberhard Faber ( 1822 -- 1879 ) in 1861 . The company is primarily credited with bringing German lead pencil - making techniques to the United States . The Faber family was known for lead pencil manufacturing in the village of Stein , Germany , near the city of Nuremberg as early as 1761 when the business was founded by Kasper Faber . His son Anton Faber took over in 1774 and the company came to be known as the A.W. Faber Company . Anton 's grandson , Johann Lothar , took charge of the business in 1839 .", "Johann Lothar 's youngest son , Eberhard Faber ( 1822 -- 1879 ) , came to the United States in 1848 . He settled in New York City , and by 1850 , had opened a store selling pencils and other stationery items in Manhattan . In 1861 , Faber opened the American manufacturing branch of A.W. Faber , in a factory close to the East River , near 42nd Street ( Manhattan ) , where the United Nations now stands . It was the first pencil factory opened in the United States .", "Faber also developed his own line of wax crayons by as early as 1883 . E. Faber 's wax crayons were available in packages of 6 , 12 , 18 , 24 and 36 in a variety of assorted colors . While their cedar wood - encased crayons were a hybrid on the traditional all - wax crayon , this nonetheless should be regarded as one of the earliest available wax crayon products . Later they would offer traditional all - wax crayons as well . After a fire destroyed the original factory , they moved their location to Brooklyn . The Faber Company grew to become one of the largest pencil manufacturers in the world , with additional factories located in Germany , Canada , and Argentina .", "Another one of the earliest recorded evidence of the modern paraffin wax crayon comes from Charles A. Bowley , a resident outside of Danvers , MA who developed what he thought were the first wax coloring crayons in the late 1880s . Mr. Bowley had been selling various stationery items around the vicinity of Danvers and had developed clumps of colored wax designed for marking leather . With the need for more accuracy , he went back to his home and formed the wax crayons into more manageable cylinder shapes similar to that of a pencil . The crayons were approximately five and one - half inches long and sold out quickly . He packaged his crayons into decorative boxes and offered them through stationer clients he knew . The demand for his crayons soon exceeded his ability to keep up with production and he contacted the American Crayon Company in 1902 to partner and create a full blown catalog of crayon offerings .", "The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. was formed in March 1868 from the existing Joe Dixon and Company that Joseph Dixon ran . While the company primarily produced pencils , like many of their contemporaries ( E. Faber and Eagle Pencil ) they too expanded into a line of wax crayons for offer in 1887 . The Dixon Solid Crayons were offered in as many as 15 colors by 1902 . In addition to their initial Dixon brand they went on to produce the Educator , Gem and Prestite lines of crayons before the company merged with American Crayon to form the Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983 . They continue to produce numerous brands of crayons to today .", "Louis Prang , one of the principal fathers of art education in schools throughout the United States , also developed his own line of watercolor crayons , very similar to the modern wax - based crayon . Through his business , the Prang Educational Company , he sold several crayon products during the timeframe from the late 1880s through the early 20th century . Several examples of these exist in private collections to this day . In 1915 Prang merged his company into the American Crayon company and he served on the board for several years afterward .", "Perhaps one of the most mysterious companies to offer a full set of brands was a company simply known as B.B. ( they have a trademarked double bumblebee on their logo . ) They offered several boxes similar in size and composition to that of the earliest of crayon boxes from the late 19th century with products such as Cadet ( featuring a civil war tent camp backdrop ) , Favorite , Junior Artists , and The Winner brands .", "Founded in 1860 , the Milton Bradley Company is the oldest game manufacturer in the United States . They did n't stop by offering just games however . They were also instrumental in the promotion of the early kindergarten movement rising up during the late 19th century . Bradley , inspired by a lecture from Elizabeth Peabody on the teachings of German scholar Friedrich Fröbel concerning education through creative activities , spent much of his life developing and selling products around this pursuit . Through the Milton Bradley Company , he produced wax crayons for retail as early as 1895 under the Bradley name . In addition to the Bradley line of crayons , they also produced Brodlyne , Copley , Banner , Big Boy , Crayrite , Economo , Embeco , Manual Art , Tru - Tone and Springfield Solid and other brands . In addition , they produced a series of licensed character crayon products such as Popeye , Mother Goose , Howdy Doody , Little Lulu , Moon Mullins , Lone Ranger , Little Orphan Annie and Sergeant William Preston . The company was acquired by Hasbro in 1984 .", "The Standard Crayon Company began their operations in the late 1890s . Though the exact date of their beginning is not clear , there is documentation on a receipt from the state of Maine from 1897 . There is also information on size of the company from 1899 police report investigating child labor complaints ( the company had 72 employees that year ) . It is also unclear exactly when they started producing wax crayon products but ads featuring their Centennial and Falcon brands of crayons began appearing as early as Jan 1900 . They went on to produce Clover , Acme , Hummer , Gem , Crown , Crest Light , Bon - Ton , Crayel , Velazquez , Buster , Old Master , Viking , Bril - Tone , Murillo and other crayon lines before eventually being purchased by Binney & Smith Inc. in 1958 .", "Known for their chalk crayons , the American Crayon Company in Sandusky , OH spread out to the wax crayon market in 1902 . As the popularity of Bowley 's crayons spread to schools , his ability to keep up with production forced him to partner with the American Crayon Company who increased his manufacturing output by adopting his crayons and offering a full blown catalog of crayons in 1902 . These boxes included The American Crescent Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 color packages , the American Special School and Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 colors , the American Electric drawing crayons in 7 and 12 colors , the American Brownie crayons in 7 , 12 and 28 colors along with a wooden canister containing 14 colors , the American Perfection crayons in a wooden canister of 7 colors , the American Banner containing six colors and a pencil sharpener .", "They continued to expand their crayon line to include brands such as Blendwel , Crayograph , Crayarto , Colorit , Crayonart , Crayonex , Emerald , Excello , Giant , Imperial , Kantroll , Kindograph , Kroma , Lakeshore , Old King Cole , Paragon , Pastello , Payons , Perfection , Popeye , Prang , Sketcho , Playmates , Waxena , Wonder and Young Artist brands among others . In 1957 they merged with Joseph Dixon Crucible which eventually merged to form Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983 ; which continues to make and sell crayons to this day .", "In 1902 another pencil company began to offer up crayons . The Eagle Pencil Company , New York , NY , featured a line of wax crayons offered up in 6 and 12 count boxes with a color line that included White , Pink , Violet , Terrasienna , Yellow , Blue , Brick Red , Brown , Orange , Red , Green and Black . Eagle Pencil began in 1856 and quickly became one of the four major pencil manufacturers in the United States ( Joseph Dixon Crucible , Eberhard Faber and American Lead Pencil were the others . ) Though always considered a side item , they continued with their crayons through the mid 40s with the introduction of their Color - Glo Eagle crayons . They closed their NY factory in 1958 and under various mergers and acquisitions they still operate selling pencils to this day with Berol .", "There is n't a lot of clear data on L. & C. Hardtmuth , New York , NY except to know that they were pencil and crayon manufacturers starting with crayons at least as early as 1903 ; perhaps even earlier . What is interesting about this company at this time was their large selection of crayon colors for the time . A 1905 ad describes 48 different colors available for sale ; the most variety of colors coming out of any crayon manufacturer at the time .", "New England Crayon Company began their crayon operations in 1905 under Wadsworth , Howland & Co. out of Boston , MA . This company ran until 1912 . They introduced a line of Pride crayons featuring the popular `` The Brownies '' characters . They were available in 28 colors . Their factory boasted having the only steam operated molding machine back in 1907 ; allowing them cost efficiencies passed on to the consumer .", "Another significant contributor to crayon history is Albert Henry Munsell , the professor who did scientific experiments in color that led to his published 1905 `` A Color Notation '' work . He created the Munsell Color System in 1915 and started his own Munsell Color Company in 1917 . Initially he produced high quality coloring crayons through Wadsworth , Howland & Co. as early as 1906 and then later through his own company . In 1926 , Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company 's Munsell Crayon line , consisting of twenty - two colors : five principal and five intermediate hues , each at maximum chroma , and with middle value and middle chroma , plus middle grey and black . They kept the Munsell name on products such as `` Munsell - Crayola '' and `` Munsell - Perma '' up until 1934 and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes .", "The Munsell colors were produced in specially - marked Crayola boxes until 1944 , when wartime shortages made many of the pigments required for crayon production unavailable . When Binney & Smith resumed full production of Crayola crayons in 1949 , the Munsell line was discontinued . A few of the colors were incorporated into the No. 48 box ; Middle Yellow - Red became Medium Orange , and Maximum Blue became Blue - Green , while Middle Grey had been incorporated into the Crayola line as Neutral Gray , and later simply Gray . Medium Orange was discontinued in 1958 , but Blue - Green and Gray remain part of the Crayola line .", "Many other companies took to producing crayons as well . J. Pressman out of New York had a license for Disney 's Snow White characters and produced Snow White crayons for a short time . Ullman Mfg Co. , NY was another early crayon adopter featuring their Priscilla brand of crayons . Hundreds of companies entered the crayon market , but only a few exist today , with Crayola dominating the market in the United States .", "In all , there were over 300 documented crayon manufacturers in the United States and many more in other countries .", "Beyond Crayola , other brand name crayon manufacturers today include Rose Art Industries and Dixon Ticonderoga . There are also numerous suppliers who create generic brand or store brand crayons . These are typically found in supermarkets .", "In 2000 there was a concern about potential contamination of asbestos in many popular brands of crayons after the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported in May of that year that they had tests performed finding that three brands of crayons contained asbestos . In a follow - up study released in June the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) found traces of asbestos fibers in three crayons and larger amounts of transitional fibers which can be misinterpreted as asbestos as a result of using talc as a binding agent in additional crayons . CPSC declared the risk to be low , but said that because of the concerns it had asked manufacturers to reformulate the concerned crayons and commended them for their swift agreement to do so . Further tests have shown the risk to be insignificant , especially since the largest risk of asbestos is produced when it becomes friable and is then inhaled . Because the fibers are trapped in wax this is unlikely . As part of their testing the CPSC simulated heavy use by a child and did not find significant amounts of fibers released .", "Early French artists , including Francois Clouet ( 1510 - 1572 ) and Nicholas L'agneau ( 1590 - 1666 ) , used crayons in their early art projects . Clouet used crayons for his modeled portraits , which were so elaborate that he caught the attention of Henry V , who knighted him . He became court painter for the royalty , and his entire art career began and consisted of some wax crayon art . L'agneau illustrated his portraits with outlines in wax crayons , and with tints of watercolor . His portraits were often of people who looked surprised or unaware of their surroundings .", "Sister Gertrude Morgan was most known for preaching the Gospel around New Orleans with simplicity and easy - to - understand crayon drawings . Morgan caught the eye of a gallery owner E. Lorenz Borenstein , and was allowed to show her work , play her music and spread her word of God at the gallery . Her early drawings were that of just very modest and simplicity crayon drawings , depicting biblical text to provide a clearer image to those who were unfamiliar with the Bible . Morgan went on to publish a record of her biblical songs and has artwork featured in the American Folk Art Museum in New York .", "Modern artists working at a professional level with crayons include Don Marco , Kristina Nelson , and Jeffrey Robert ." ]

[ [ "March 15, 2018" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Freaky Friday '' Single by Lil Dicky featuring Chris Brown Released March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) Format Digital download Genre Hip hop comedy hip hop Length 3 : 36 Label Dirty Burd Songwriter ( s ) David Burd Christopher Brown Magnus August Høiberg Lewis Hughes Wilbart McCoy III Joshua Coleman Dijon McFarlane Benjamin Levin Nicholas Audino Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Twice as Nice DJ Mustard Lil Dicky singles chronology `` Sit Down '' ( 2016 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 ) Chris Brown singles chronology `` Stranger Things '' ( 2018 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 ) `` Overdose '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Freaky Friday '' on YouTube", "`` Freaky Friday ''", "Single by Lil Dicky featuring Chris Brown", "Released March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 )", "Format Digital download", "Genre Hip hop comedy hip hop", "Hip hop comedy hip hop", "comedy hip hop", "Length 3 : 36", "Label Dirty Burd", "Songwriter ( s ) David Burd Christopher Brown Magnus August Høiberg Lewis Hughes Wilbart McCoy III Joshua Coleman Dijon McFarlane Benjamin Levin Nicholas Audino", "David Burd Christopher Brown Magnus August Høiberg Lewis Hughes Wilbart McCoy III Joshua Coleman Dijon McFarlane Benjamin Levin Nicholas Audino", "Magnus August Høiberg", "Wilbart McCoy III", "Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Twice as Nice DJ Mustard", "Benny Blanco Twice as Nice DJ Mustard", "Twice as Nice", "Lil Dicky singles chronology", "`` Sit Down '' ( 2016 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 )", "`` Sit Down '' ( 2016 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 )", "`` Sit Down '' ( 2016 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 )", "Chris Brown singles chronology", "`` Stranger Things '' ( 2018 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 ) `` Overdose '' ( 2018 )", "`` Stranger Things '' ( 2018 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 ) `` Overdose '' ( 2018 )", "`` Stranger Things '' ( 2018 ) `` Freaky Friday '' ( 2018 ) `` Overdose '' ( 2018 )", "Music video", "`` Freaky Friday '' on YouTube", "`` Freaky Friday '' is a song recorded by American rapper Lil Dicky , featuring guest vocals from American singer Chris Brown and uncredited vocals from Ed Sheeran , DJ Khaled , and Kendall Jenner . Written by Dicky , Brown , Cashmere Cat , Lewis Hughes , Wilbart McCoy III , Ammo and its producers DJ Mustard , Benny Blanco and Twice as Nice , it was released by Dirty Burd on March 15 , 2018 , alongside its music video . The song topped the charts in the United Kingdom and New Zealand , and peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song has also reached the top ten of the charts in Australia , Canada and Ireland .", "`` Freaky Friday '' is a hip hop and comedy hip hop song featuring a pop - rap production .", "The music video parodies the 2003 film Freaky Friday and features cameos from Jimmy Tatro , Ed Sheeran , DJ Khaled and Kendall Jenner . As of October 2018 , the video had over 410 million views on YouTube . The video shows Lil Dicky at a Chinese restaurant , similar to the 2003 film , Freaky Friday , where a character is at a Chinese restaurant and wishes she was somebody else . In the music video , Lil Dicky is approached by a fan , played by Jimmy Tatro , who mentions he is a fan of his work . He then explains to his girlfriend who he is accompanied by that he is a comedic rapper , who is not that impressive of a rapper . Lil Dicky then says to himself he wishes he was somebody who could dance , and who had credibility . The camera then pans to Chris Brown on TV , mentioning he wishes he was somebody else as well . The Chinese waiter takes note of it , and gives Lil Dicky a fortune cookie . The video then shows Lil Dicky , supposedly in the body of Chris Brown , and vice versa . The song illustrates the two in each others ' bodies . Towards the end , the two are about to fight , and they realize they should not kill each other , and instead love each other . They realize that this will set them back to their original form . The video then ends with cameos from Ed Sheeran , DJ Khaled and Kendall Jenner , where Lil Dicky is then in possession in all of their bodies .", "Credits adapted from Tidal .", "Lil Dicky -- composition , engineering Chris Brown -- composition Cashmere Cat -- composition Lewis Hughes -- composition Wilbart McCoy III -- composition Ammo -- composition DJ Mustard -- composition , production Benny Blanco -- composition , production Twice as Nice -- composition , production Serban Ghenea -- mix engineering Patrizio Pigliarono -- engineering", "Lil Dicky -- composition , engineering", "Chris Brown -- composition", "Cashmere Cat -- composition", "Lewis Hughes -- composition", "Wilbart McCoy III -- composition", "Ammo -- composition", "DJ Mustard -- composition , production", "Benny Blanco -- composition , production", "Twice as Nice -- composition , production", "Serban Ghenea -- mix engineering", "Patrizio Pigliarono -- engineering", "Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 113 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 16 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 22 Portugal ( AFP ) 28 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot R&B Songs ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9", "Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 20", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 46", "Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia )", "Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 10", "Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9", "France ( SNEP ) 113", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 21", "Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 16", "Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 24", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ )", "Norway ( VG - lista ) 22", "Portugal ( AFP ) 28", "Scotland ( Official Charts Company )", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100 8", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5", "US Hot R&B Songs ( Billboard )", "US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Certification Certified units / Sales", "Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000", "New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000", "United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000", "United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone", "Region Date Format Label Ref . Various March 15 , 2018 Digital download Dirty Burd United States March 20 , 2018 Urban contemporary radio BMG Commission", "Region Date Format Label Ref .", "Various March 15 , 2018 Digital download Dirty Burd", "United States March 20 , 2018 Urban contemporary radio BMG Commission", "BMG Commission" ]

[ [ "the \"Sole Survivor\"" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Fallout 4 Developer ( s ) Bethesda Game Studios Publisher ( s ) Bethesda Softworks Director ( s ) Todd Howard Producer ( s ) Jeff Gardiner Designer ( s ) Emil Pagliarulo Programmer ( s ) Guy Carver Artist ( s ) Istvan Pely Writer ( s ) Emil Pagliarulo Composer ( s ) Inon Zur Series Fallout Engine Creation Engine Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release November 10 , 2015 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player", "Fallout 4", "Developer ( s ) Bethesda Game Studios", "Publisher ( s ) Bethesda Softworks", "Director ( s ) Todd Howard", "Producer ( s ) Jeff Gardiner", "Designer ( s ) Emil Pagliarulo", "Programmer ( s ) Guy Carver", "Artist ( s ) Istvan Pely", "Writer ( s ) Emil Pagliarulo", "Composer ( s ) Inon Zur", "Series Fallout", "Engine Creation Engine", "Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One", "Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One", "Release November 10 , 2015", "Genre ( s ) Action role - playing", "Mode ( s ) Single - player", "Fallout 4 is a post-apocalyptic action role - playing video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks . It is the fifth major installment in the Fallout series and was released worldwide on November 10 , 2015 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The game is set within an open world post-apocalyptic environment that encompasses the city of Boston and the surrounding Massachusetts region known as `` The Commonwealth '' . The main story takes place in the year 2287 , ten years after the events of Fallout 3 and 210 years after `` The Great War '' , which caused catastrophic nuclear devastation across the United States .", "The player assumes control of a character referred to as the `` Sole Survivor '' , who emerges from a long - term cryogenic stasis in Vault 111 , an underground nuclear fallout shelter . After witnessing the murder of their spouse and kidnapping of their son , the Sole Survivor ventures out into the Commonwealth to search for their missing child . The player explores the game 's dilapidated world , complete various quests , help out factions , and acquire experience points to level up and increase the abilities of their character . New features to the series include the ability to develop and manage settlements , and an extensive crafting system where materials scavenged from the environment can be used to craft drugs and explosives , upgrade weapons and armor , and construct , furnish and improve settlements . Fallout 4 also marks the first game in the series to feature full voice acting for the protagonist .", "Fallout 4 received positive reviews from critics with many praising the world depth , player freedom , overall amount of content , crafting , and soundtrack , while criticism was mainly directed at the game 's visuals and technical issues . The game was a commercial and critical success , generating US $750 million within the first 24 hours of its launch , and received numerous accolades from various gaming publications and award events , including the respective awards for Game of the Year and Best Game at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and British Academy Games Awards . Bethesda has released six downloadable content add - ons , including the expansions Far Harbor and Nuka - World .", "Fallout 4 is an action role - playing game set in an open world environment , gameplay is similar to that of Fallout 3 and Fallout : New Vegas , the two previous primary iterations in the series . Returning features include a camera that can switch between a first - person and third - person perspective . Fallout 4 introduces features including a layered armor system , base - building , a dialogue system featuring 111,000 lines of dialogue , a crafting system which implements every lootable object in the game . Enemies such as Mole Rats , Raiders , Super Mutants , Deathclaws , and Feral Ghouls return in Fallout 4 , along with the companion Dogmeat .", "The player has the ability to freely roam in the game 's world and leave a conversation at any time . If the player has discovered a certain location they may fast - travel to it . They have the ability to customize weapons ; the game includes over 50 base guns , which can be crafted with a variety of modifications , such as barrel types and laser focus , with over 700 modifications available . Power Armor has been redesigned to be more like a vehicle than an equipable suit of armor , requiring fuel and being essentially dead weight without it and can be modified , allowing the player to add items such as a jetpack or selecting separate types of armor for each part of the suit .", "A new feature to the series is the ability to craft and deconstruct settlements and buildings . The player can select some in - game objects and structures , and use them to freely build their own structures . In addition , the towns can be powered with working electricity , using a power line system . Merchants and non-player characters can inhabit the player 's settlements , for which the player must provide sustenance by growing food in makeshift patches and building water pumps . The player can build various defenses around their settlements , such as turrets and traps , to defend against random attacks .", "The Pip - Boy , a personal computing device strapped to the player character 's wrist , allows the player to access a menu with statistics , maps , data , and items the player has acquired . The player can find game cartridges , which can be played on the Pip - Boy or a terminal . A new feature for the Pip - Boy interface is a downloadable application for iOS , Android , and Windows smartphones and tablets . This optional app allows players to access the Pip - Boy interface on a separate screen , and play the collected game cartridges when not playing the main game . Another returning gameplay feature is the Vault - Tec Assisted Targeting System ( V.A.T.S. ) . While using V.A.T.S. , real - time combat is slowed down ( instead of stopped entirely as in previous entries ) , and action is played out from varying camera angles in a computer graphics version of `` bullet time '' . Various actions cost points , limiting the actions of each combatant during a period of time , and the player can target specific body parts for attacks to inflict specific injuries ; headshots can be used for quick kills or to blind , legs can be targeted to slow enemy movement , and opponents can be disarmed by shooting at their weapons . Unlike previous games , in which the player had a random chance to inflict a critical hit , they are now performed manually through V.A.T.S.", "At the beginning of the game , players are given points to spend on a character progression system called S.P.E.C.I.A.L. . The system represents seven statistics , namely strength , perception , endurance , charisma , intelligence , agility , and luck . When the player earns enough experience points to gain a new level , they unlock an ability . When the player allocates more points to a statistic , more abilities can be unlocked . These perks can also be upgraded to improve the protagonist 's efficiency and to further unlock abilities . There are about 275 perks available for the player to unlock . There is no level cap and the game does not end once the main story is complete .", "The player may only travel with one companion at a time , although the player is accompanied by other characters in certain quests . For the first time in the series , these companions can interact with the environment on the player character 's behalf . For example , if the player character does not have required skills to hack a terminal or pick a lock , they can order the companion to do it for them . Any companion present besides Dogmeat will react to some of the player 's actions in one of four ways ( love , like , dislike , or hate ) , which either raises or lowers their `` affinity '' . Raising a companion 's affinity to 1,000 points will result in them `` idolizing '' the player and granting a specific perk . For example , Codsworth will provide bonus Energy Resistance . However , they will leave if it drops low enough , and some actions can even turn them hostile on sight .", "Fallout 4 takes place in the year 2287 , ten years after the events of Fallout 3 and 210 years after the Great War , a war between the United States and China over natural resources that ended in a nuclear holocaust in 2077 . The setting is a post-apocalyptic retro - future , covering a region that includes Boston , Massachusetts and other parts of New England known as `` The Commonwealth '' . Unlike the previous titles , Fallout 4 's story begins on the day the bombs dropped : October 23 , 2077 .", "The game takes place in an alternate version of history that sees the 1940s and 1950s aesthetics such as diners and a drive - in theater . The design and technology advance in the directions imagined at the time . The resulting universe is thus a retro - futuristic one , where the technology has evolved enough to produce laser weapons , manipulate genes and create nearly - autonomous artificial intelligence , but all within the confines of 1950s solutions like the widespread use of atomic power and vacuum tubes , as well as having the integrated circuitry of the digital age . The architecture , advertisements and general living styles are also depicted to be largely unchanged since the 1950s , while including contemporary products , such as a robotic rocking horse for children in one advertisement , or posters for the underground Vaults that play a central role in the storyline of the game .", "There are four main factions that the player can choose to support throughout the story ; the Brotherhood of Steel , an anti-synth faction hoping to preserve technology in the Commonwealth ; the Institute , a secretive organization that specializes in the creation of synths ; the Minutemen ; a faction that aims to drive out raiders and other threats to the Commonwealth ; and the Railroad , a secretive organization dedicated to rescuing synths from the Institute .", "The player 's character ( voiced by either Brian T. Delaney or Courtenay Taylor ) takes shelter in Vault 111 , emerging exactly 210 years later on October 23 , 2287 and assuming the name of the `` Sole Survivor '' . There are thirteen possible companions in the story . Dogmeat , a loyal German Shepherd , is the only mandatory companion , but six others must at least be encountered ; Codsworth ( Stephen Russell ) , the Sole Survivor 's robot butler ; Deacon ( Ryan Alosio ) , a Railroad agent ; John Hancock ( Danny Shorago ) , the mayor of Goodneighbor ; Nick Valentine ( Stephen Russell ) , a synth detective ; Piper Wright ( Courtney Ford ) , an intrepid reporter ; and Preston Garvey ( Jon Gentry ) , the reluctant leader of the Minutemen . The other six possible companions are Cait ( Katy Townsend ) , an Irish - accented cage fighter ; Curie ( Sophie Simone Cortina ) , a robot scientist turned Synth ; Danse ( Peter Jessop ) , a Brotherhood of Steel Paladin ; MacCready ( Matthew Mercer ) , a mercenary ; Strong ( Sean Schemmel ) , a human - sympathetic Super Mutant ; and X6 - 88 ( David Paluck ) , an Institute Courser . Seven companions become romance options once they idolize the Sole Survivor : Cait , Curie , Danse , Hancock , MacCready , Piper , and Preston .", "The story begins in 2077 in Sanctuary Hills , located near Concord , Massachusetts . The player character is at home with their spouse ( Nate or Nora depending on the player character 's gender ) , their son Shaun , and Codsworth . A Vault - Tec representative admits the family into Vault 111 , the local fallout shelter . Moments later , a news bulletin warns of an incoming nuclear attack . As the detonation occurs , the family evacuates to the Vault , where they are tricked into entering cryogenic tubes and frozen alive . After an unknown period of time , they are reawakened by two strangers , who murder the player 's spouse and kidnap Shaun . The player is put back into cryogenic sleep but awakens again when the life support system malfunctions . The player , now known as the `` Sole Survivor '' of Vault 111 , vows to avenge their spouse 's death and find Shaun .", "The Sole Survivor heads home to find Sanctuary Hills in ruins . They reunite with Codsworth , revealing that 210 years have passed since the war . Codsworth suggests that the Survivor goes to Concord for help . The Survivor finds and befriends Dogmeat , and assists the Minutemen faction in evacuating to Sanctuary Hills . The Sole Survivor then travels to Diamond City , a fortified settlement based in the ruins of Fenway Park , where they meet Piper . There , they learn about a secretive organization called the Institute that has been terrifying the Commonwealth by kidnapping people and replacing them with `` synths '' , synthetic humans indistinguishable from real humans .", "With the help of Nick Valentine , the Sole Survivor uncovers the identity of their spouse 's killer : Conrad Kellogg ( Keythe Farley ) . After learning from Kellogg that Shaun is being held in the Institute , the Sole Survivor kills him and retrieves a cybernetic implant from his brain to access his memories . During this time , the Brotherhood of Steel arrives in the Commonwealth on the Prydwen , an airship . The Sole Survivor learns from Brian Virgil ( Matthew Waterson ) , an ex-Institute scientist , that teleportation is only way to enter the Institute . After the Survivor retrieves a chip and decodes it with the help of the Railroad , Virgil provides the blueprints for a teleportation device , which the Sole Survivor constructs by allying with the Brotherhood , Minutemen , or Railroad .", "The Sole Survivor successfully enters the Institute and discovers that Shaun is the Institute 's director . Shaun , now an old man calling himself Father ( Tony Amendola ) , reveals that he was kidnapped by Kellogg to become a specimen for synth experiments due to his pure pre-war DNA , and that the Sole Survivor remained in stasis for a further sixty years before being reawakened . He invites the Sole Survivor to join the Institute . If accepted , Shaun reveals that he is dying of cancer and wishes for the Survivor to become his successor . After initiating a purge in the Commonwealth , wiping out the Brotherhood and Railroad , the Survivor assumes control of the Institute after Shaun 's death . Otherwise , the Sole Survivor devises a plan with their faction to fight the Institute . Siding with the Brotherhood or Railroad will force the Sole Survivor to destroy the other faction . The Sole Survivor detonates a nuclear reactor , destroying the Institute . After this feat , the Survivor must lastly wipe out any remaining hostile faction . Otherwise , they will remain neutral .", "Unlike the previous two titles -- Fallout 3 and Fallout : New Vegas -- which used the Gamebryo engine , Fallout 4 uses the Creation Engine , which was previously used in The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Modified for Fallout 4 , the Creation Engine includes a revamped character editor system that allows freeform creation of faces without the use of sliders seen in previous games . Instead , the player can click and drag each feature of the face to accurately customize their character , which can either be a man or woman as the previous Fallout titles have featured . Bethesda announced that the game would run at 1080p resolution and 30 frames per second on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Bethesda revealed that mobile devices would be integrated into the game as a form of second screen , acting as a secondary display for the Pip - Boy .", "For the first time in the Fallout series , the player 's character , the Sole Survivor , is fully voice acted , including all decision - based dialogue options . Brian T. Delaney and Courtenay Taylor are the two player character voice actors .", "Todd Howard revealed that mods for the PC versions of the game would be usable on the Xbox One version and that the team hoped to bring them to the PlayStation 4 version eventually . When asked about the failed effort to add a paid mod system to The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim , Howard stated there were no plans for a similar effort with Fallout 4 . The mods created by PC players through The Creation Kit , which contains the official modding tools , were released for Xbox One players and PlayStation 4 in May 2016 and June 2016 respectively . Fallout 4 mods were released to Xbox One in May 2016 . PlayStation 4 mods were shot down by Sony in September 2016 , but Bethesda announced a month later that mod support would still happen . As of November 2016 , mod support for the PlayStation 4 version is present with the introduction of the 1.8 update .", "Fallout 4 uses Bethesda 's Creation Engine , which was created for The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Just after Fallout 3 's release , the team devised numerous design objectives to meet for Skyrim -- which were updated for Fallout 4 's hardware requirements . The updated Creation Engine allows for graphical improvements over Bethesda 's previous efforts . For instance , the draw distance renders much farther than previous Fallout games .", "Dynamic lighting allows shadows to be created by any structure or item in the game world . Howard revealed in the E3 Press Conference that the updated Creation Engine allows for next - generation god rays and advanced volumetric lighting . The updated engine features a variety of visual effects not present in previous Bethesda games such as motion blur , temporal anti-aliasing , height fog , dynamic dismemberment , screen space reflections , filmic tone mapping , an updated material system -- for wet textures -- among numerous others . The updated engine allows the Bethesda team to add more dynamic lighting to every scene as well as `` paint surfaces with realistic materials '' . Bethesda released an example on how the updated engine works : `` When a rain storm rolls in , our new material system allows the surfaces of the world to get wet , and a new cloth simulation system makes cloth , hair , and vegetation blow in the wind . ''", "The updated Creation Engine allows for a more advanced character creation system , which utilizes sculpting -- forgoing the series of sliders present in previous games . In detail , the new character creation system introduces a new , freeform , slider - free facial editor controlled via dynamic , real - time modeling interface .", "With regards to the aforementioned fluid animations , the updated engine also allows a much more open approach to conversations with NPCs -- wherein the camera views can change depending on the player 's preference from a first - person view to a cinematic third - person view -- compared to Fallout 3 's rigid and instanced conversation system . The protagonist features dynamic dialog , which is context sensitive and allows players to back out of a conversation . In Howard 's words , `` you are free to walk away anytime if you want , or you can even shoot him in the face . ''", "On June 2 , 2015 , Bethesda published a countdown timer scheduled to expire on June 3 , 2015 , at 14 : 00 UTC . The game 's website went live slightly ahead of schedule , revealing the game along with its box art and platforms . The site was taken down later but was put back up again at the scheduled time . The trailer was released when the countdown timer expired , and the game was confirmed to take place in Boston and its surrounding Massachusetts countryside , as suggested by earlier rumors . More details were given during Bethesda 's E3 2015 press conference on June 14 , 2015 .", "Fallout 4 became available for pre-order following the product announcement . In addition to the standard edition of the game , there is a collector 's edition which includes a wearable replica of the Pip - Boy . This is able to house a smartphone device , which can run the second screen functionality of the game . As a pre-order bonus for the Windows version of the game , an announcer pack featuring the voice of Mister Handy was released for the multiplayer online battle arena game , Dota 2 , developed by Valve Corporation . Bethesda announced that Fallout 4 had gone gold on October 23 , 2015 . The game was released for Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 10 , 2015 .", "After Fallout 4 's release , Bethesda has released several patches to address some of the issues that were present at the game 's launch along with presenting features that improve general gameplay . The first patch -- coded as patch 1.2 -- fine - tuned the game by improving the frame rate . Patch 1.2 fixed a few bugs and errors present at the launch of the game but interfered with unofficial mod support . Patch 1.3 improved the game 's graphics on all platforms , along with presenting the game with new features such as an added status menu for settlers in settlements . With regard to the graphical updates introduced in this patch , the PC platform was given a new weapon debris effect and a new ambient occlusion setting . The patch fixed several bugs and glitches present in the game . Patch 1.4 was designed to ready the game for the upcoming Creation Kit and downloadable content . Patch 1.4 brought a variety of additions to the settlement building mechanic of the game by adding a symbol to new content placed in by the modding community along with adding a variety of items , such as Raider and Super Mutant decors . The patch also brought general improvements to the game 's stability . The 1.5 patch added a revamped survival mode along with support for the downloadable and included bug fixes . Similar to the previous Bethesda games , Fallout 4 's fan community - created unofficial patches to address issues and bugs unaddressed by the official patches .", "During E3 2016 , a virtual reality mode for the game was announced , to be released in 2017 . Fallout 4 VR was released as a stand - alone game on December 4 , 2017 , for PC on the HTC Vive platform .", "On February 16 , 2016 , Bethesda announced details , prices , and release dates for the first three add - ons for Fallout 4 . The first add - on , Automatron , which allows the player to build their custom robot companion by using robot parts while adding additional quests , was released to the European and North American markets on March 22 , 2016 . This was followed by Wasteland Workshop on April 12 , 2016 , which introduces new build options for settlements and the ability for the player to put captured creatures or humans in a cage , and adds new decorations like neon lights and lettering . The third add - on , titled Far Harbor , is a story expansion set in the post-war city of Far Harbor , Maine , and was released on May 19 , 2016 . On June 12 , 2016 , at E3 2016 , Bethesda revealed three new add - on packages for the game ; the first two , Contraptions Workshop , released on June 21 , 2016 , and Vault - Tec Workshop , released on July 26 , 2016 , are structured similarly to the Wasteland Workshop add - on , offering the player more build options and decorations ; the Vault - Tec Workshop also adds a brief narrative . Fallout 4 's third add - on , Nuka - World , which was released on August 30 , 2016 , adds an amusement park - based area for the player to explore , in which the player can either side with or put an end to various raider groups residing in the park . If the player decides to do the former , they can help one of the raider groups take control of various settlements in the Commonwealth from the base game .", "At E3 2017 , Bethesda announced that Fallout 4 would support Creation Club , an in - game support system to purchase and download custom content . Creation Club went live in August 2017 .", "This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( December 2017 )", "This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( December 2017 )", "Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic PC : 84 / 100 PS4 : 87 / 100 XONE : 88 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7.5 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 9 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ GameTrailers 9 / 10 Giant Bomb ( PC ) ( Consoles ) IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 88 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10 Edit on wikidata", "Reception", "Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic PC : 84 / 100 PS4 : 87 / 100 XONE : 88 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7.5 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 9 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ GameTrailers 9 / 10 Giant Bomb ( PC ) ( Consoles ) IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 88 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10", "Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic PC : 84 / 100 PS4 : 87 / 100 XONE : 88 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7.5 / 10 EGM 9 / 10 Game Informer 9 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ GameTrailers 9 / 10 Giant Bomb ( PC ) ( Consoles ) IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 88 / 100 Polygon 9.5 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10", "Aggregate score", "Aggregator Score", "Metacritic PC : 84 / 100 PS4 : 87 / 100 XONE : 88 / 100", "Review scores", "Publication Score", "Destructoid 7.5 / 10", "EGM 9 / 10", "Game Informer 9 / 10", "Game Revolution", "GameSpot 9 / 10", "GamesRadar+", "GameTrailers 9 / 10", "Giant Bomb ( PC ) ( Consoles )", "IGN 9.5 / 10", "PC Gamer ( US ) 88 / 100", "Polygon 9.5 / 10", "VideoGamer.com 9 / 10", "Edit on wikidata", "Edit on wikidata", "Edit on wikidata", "Fallout 4 received `` generally favorable '' reviews on all three platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic .", "GameSpot 's Peter Brown awarded it a score of 9 out of 10 , saying `` Fallout 4 is an argument for substance over style , and an excellent addition to the revered open - world series . '' Brown praised the `` thought - provoking '' narrative , `` intuitive '' creation tools , the large amount of content , the overall combat , and the overall freedom the player is given . Game Informer 's Andrew Reiner scored the game a 9 out of 10 and said : `` Bethesda has created another game you can lose your life in . New experiences just keep coming , and you always have another perk to unlock . '' Reiner praised the `` vastly improved '' combat , the `` denser '' world , and the `` brilliant '' score , but had mixed feelings about the visuals . Dan Stapleton of IGN scored the game a 9.5 out of 10 and wrote : `` The world , exploration , crafting , atmosphere , and story of Fallout 4 are all key parts of this hugely successful sandbox role - playing game . Great new reasons to obsessively gather and hoard relics of happier times , strong companions , and sympathetic villains driving tough decisions make it an adventure I 'll definitely replay and revisit . Even the technical shakiness that crops up here and there ca n't even begin to slow down its momentum . ''", "Phil Savage of PC Gamer mentioned that Fallout 4 is `` a loving production . It 's filled with care and attention to detail ... '' and that it was `` a pleasure to pick through the world ... '' . He concluded his review stating `` ... many of Fallout 4 's problems , like every Bethesda RPG before it , are a consequence of what makes them unforgettable . '' Polygon awarded it a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying `` Fallout 4 brings great gameplay to match its world and ambiance '' . Destructoid gave the game a 7.5 out of 10 , writing `` a lot of the franchise 's signature problems have carried over directly into Fallout 4 . ''", "Fallout 4 sold 1.2 million copies on Steam in its first 24 hours of release . The game also sold more digital than physical copies on day one of launch . With almost 470,000 concurrent Steam players on launch day , Fallout 4 broke Grand Theft Auto V 's record for having the most concurrent online players in a Steam game not developed by Valve Corporation . Bethesda shipped 12 million units to retailers within the first 24 hours .", "In early 2017 , Pete Hines announced that Fallout 4 had sold more copies over the same time period than Skyrim , though he did not provide an official number .", "Fallout 4 received numerous awards and nominations from gaming publications such as GameSpot , GamesRadar , EGM , Game Revolution , IGN , and many more . The game received a game of the year award from the 19th ceremony of the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences -- also known as D.I.C.E. -- among numerous nominations for the award from The Game Awards , The Daily Telegraph , PC Gamer , IGN and more . It was also placed on various lists of the best games of 2015 in which GameSpot put it at sixth , GamesRadar at fourth , among others top lists . The game also received awards and nominations for Role - playing game of the year with it winning the award from Game Critics and D.I.C.E. with nominations from various other gaming publications .", "show List of awards and nominations for Fallout 4 Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Game Critic Awards 2015 Best of Show Fallout 4 Won Best PC Game Fallout 4 Won Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Won 33rd Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Fallout 4 Won The Game Awards 2015 Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Score / Soundtrack Inon Zur Nominated Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Fallout 4 Nominated Role - playing / Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Fallout 4 Nominated 16th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Design Fallout 4 Nominated Best Technology Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Design Fallout 4 Nominated 15th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Animation , Artistic Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction , Period Influence Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction , Contemporary Fallout 4 Nominated Camera Direction in a Game Engine Fallout 4 Nominated Character Design Fallout 4 Nominated Costume Design Fallout 4 Nominated Direction in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Game Design , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Game Engineering Fallout 4 Nominated Graphics , Technical Fallout 4 Nominated Performance in a Drama , Lead Brian T. Delaney as `` Male Player Character '' Nominated Performance in a Drama , Supporting Stephen Russell as `` Codsworth / Nick Valentine '' Nominated Song , Original or Adapted `` Good Neighbor '' Nominated Song Collection Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Editing in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Effects Fallout 4 Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Writing in a Drama Fallout 4 Nominated Game , Franchise Role Playing Fallout 4 Nominated 12th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Fallout 4 Won Music Fallout 4 Nominated 2017 Game Critics Awards 2017 Best VR Game Fallout 4 VR Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Virtual Reality Game Fallout 4 VR Won 2018 17th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Control Design , VR Fallout 4 VR Nominated Direction in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated", "show List of awards and nominations for Fallout 4", "Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Game Critic Awards 2015 Best of Show Fallout 4 Won Best PC Game Fallout 4 Won Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Won 33rd Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Fallout 4 Won The Game Awards 2015 Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Score / Soundtrack Inon Zur Nominated Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Fallout 4 Nominated Role - playing / Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Fallout 4 Nominated 16th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Design Fallout 4 Nominated Best Technology Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Design Fallout 4 Nominated 15th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Animation , Artistic Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction , Period Influence Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction , Contemporary Fallout 4 Nominated Camera Direction in a Game Engine Fallout 4 Nominated Character Design Fallout 4 Nominated Costume Design Fallout 4 Nominated Direction in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Game Design , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Game Engineering Fallout 4 Nominated Graphics , Technical Fallout 4 Nominated Performance in a Drama , Lead Brian T. Delaney as `` Male Player Character '' Nominated Performance in a Drama , Supporting Stephen Russell as `` Codsworth / Nick Valentine '' Nominated Song , Original or Adapted `` Good Neighbor '' Nominated Song Collection Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Editing in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Effects Fallout 4 Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Writing in a Drama Fallout 4 Nominated Game , Franchise Role Playing Fallout 4 Nominated 12th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Fallout 4 Won Music Fallout 4 Nominated 2017 Game Critics Awards 2017 Best VR Game Fallout 4 VR Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Virtual Reality Game Fallout 4 VR Won 2018 17th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Control Design , VR Fallout 4 VR Nominated Direction in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated", "Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Game Critic Awards 2015 Best of Show Fallout 4 Won Best PC Game Fallout 4 Won Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Won 33rd Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Fallout 4 Won The Game Awards 2015 Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Score / Soundtrack Inon Zur Nominated Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Story Fallout 4 Nominated Role - playing / Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Fallout 4 Nominated 16th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Best Design Fallout 4 Nominated Best Technology Fallout 4 Nominated 2016 SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Fallout 4 Nominated Excellence in Design Fallout 4 Nominated 15th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated Animation , Artistic Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction , Period Influence Fallout 4 Nominated Art Direction , Contemporary Fallout 4 Nominated Camera Direction in a Game Engine Fallout 4 Nominated Character Design Fallout 4 Nominated Costume Design Fallout 4 Nominated Direction in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Game Design , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Game Engineering Fallout 4 Nominated Graphics , Technical Fallout 4 Nominated Performance in a Drama , Lead Brian T. Delaney as `` Male Player Character '' Nominated Performance in a Drama , Supporting Stephen Russell as `` Codsworth / Nick Valentine '' Nominated Song , Original or Adapted `` Good Neighbor '' Nominated Song Collection Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Editing in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated Sound Effects Fallout 4 Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated Writing in a Drama Fallout 4 Nominated Game , Franchise Role Playing Fallout 4 Nominated 12th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Fallout 4 Won Music Fallout 4 Nominated 2017 Game Critics Awards 2017 Best VR Game Fallout 4 VR Nominated Gamescom 2017 Best Virtual Reality Game Fallout 4 VR Won 2018 17th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Control Design , VR Fallout 4 VR Nominated Direction in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated", "Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref .", "2015 Game Critic Awards 2015 Best of Show Fallout 4 Won", "Best PC Game Fallout 4 Won", "Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Won", "33rd Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Fallout 4 Won", "The Game Awards 2015 Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated", "Best Score / Soundtrack Inon Zur Nominated", "Best Role Playing Game Fallout 4 Nominated", "2016 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won", "Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Fallout 4 Won", "Outstanding Achievement in Story Fallout 4 Nominated", "Role - playing / Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year Fallout 4 Won", "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Fallout 4 Nominated", "16th Game Developers Choice Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated", "Best Design Fallout 4 Nominated", "Best Technology Fallout 4 Nominated", "2016 SXSW Gaming Awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated", "Excellence in Technical Achievement Fallout 4 Nominated", "Excellence in Design Fallout 4 Nominated", "15th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Game of the Year Fallout 4 Nominated", "Animation , Artistic Fallout 4 Nominated", "Art Direction , Period Influence Fallout 4 Nominated", "Art Direction , Contemporary Fallout 4 Nominated", "Camera Direction in a Game Engine Fallout 4 Nominated", "Character Design Fallout 4 Nominated", "Costume Design Fallout 4 Nominated", "Direction in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated", "Game Design , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated", "Game Engineering Fallout 4 Nominated", "Graphics , Technical Fallout 4 Nominated", "Performance in a Drama , Lead Brian T. Delaney as `` Male Player Character '' Nominated", "Performance in a Drama , Supporting Stephen Russell as `` Codsworth / Nick Valentine '' Nominated", "Song , Original or Adapted `` Good Neighbor '' Nominated", "Song Collection Fallout 4 Nominated", "Sound Editing in a Game Cinema Fallout 4 Nominated", "Sound Effects Fallout 4 Nominated", "Use of Sound , Franchise Fallout 4 Nominated", "Writing in a Drama Fallout 4 Nominated", "Game , Franchise Role Playing Fallout 4 Nominated", "12th British Academy Games Awards Best Game Fallout 4 Won", "Music Fallout 4 Nominated", "2017 Game Critics Awards 2017 Best VR Game Fallout 4 VR Nominated", "Gamescom 2017 Best Virtual Reality Game Fallout 4 VR Won", "2018 17th National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Control Design , VR Fallout 4 VR Nominated", "Direction in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated", "Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality Fallout 4 VR Nominated" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Vitamin C Clinical data Synonyms L - ascorbic acid , ascorbic acid , ascorbate AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a682583 Pregnancy category A ( to RDA ) , C ( above RDA ) Routes of administration by mouth , IM , IV , subQ ATC code A11G ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : Unscheduled US : OTC general public availability Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability rapid & complete Protein binding negligible Biological half - life varies according to plasma concentration Excretion kidney Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) 2 - oxo - L - threo - hexono - 1 , 4 - lactone - 2 , 3 - enediol or ( R ) - 3 , 4 - dihydroxy - 5 - ( ( S ) - 1 , 2 - dihydroxyethyl ) furan - 2 ( 5H ) - one CAS Number 50 - 81 - 7 PubChem CID 54670067 IUPHAR / BPS 4781 DrugBank DB00126 ChemSpider 10189562 UNII PQ6CK8PD0R KEGG D00018 ChEBI CHEBI : 29073 ChEMBL CHEMBL196 NIAID ChemDB 002072 E number E300 ( antioxidants , ... ) ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 061 Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 176.12 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Density 1.694 g / cm Melting point 190 ° C ( 374 ° F ) Boiling point 553 ° C ( 1,027 ° F ) SMILES ( show ) OC ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C@H ) 1OC ( = O ) C ( O ) = C1O InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C6H8O6 / c7 - 1 - 2 ( 8 ) 5 - 3 ( 9 ) 4 ( 10 ) 6 ( 11 ) 12 - 5 / h2 , 5 , 7 - 10H , 1H2 / t2 - , 5 + / m0 / s1 Key : CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ - JLAZNSOCSA - N ( verify )", "Clinical data", "Synonyms L - ascorbic acid , ascorbic acid , ascorbate", "AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph", "MedlinePlus a682583", "Pregnancy category A ( to RDA ) , C ( above RDA )", "A ( to RDA ) , C ( above RDA )", "A ( to RDA ) , C ( above RDA )", "Routes of administration by mouth , IM , IV , subQ", "ATC code A11G ( WHO )", "A11G ( WHO )", "A11G ( WHO )", "Legal status", "Legal status AU : Unscheduled US : OTC general public availability", "AU : Unscheduled US : OTC general public availability", "AU : Unscheduled", "US : OTC", "general public availability", "Pharmacokinetic data", "Bioavailability rapid & complete", "Protein binding negligible", "Biological half - life varies according to plasma concentration", "Excretion kidney", "Identifiers", "IUPAC name ( show ) 2 - oxo - L - threo - hexono - 1 , 4 - lactone - 2 , 3 - enediol or ( R ) - 3 , 4 - dihydroxy - 5 - ( ( S ) - 1 , 2 - dihydroxyethyl ) furan - 2 ( 5H ) - one", "2 - oxo - L - threo - hexono - 1 , 4 - lactone - 2 , 3 - enediol or ( R ) - 3 , 4 - dihydroxy - 5 - ( ( S ) - 1 , 2 - dihydroxyethyl ) furan - 2 ( 5H ) - one", "2 - oxo - L - threo - hexono - 1 , 4 - lactone - 2 , 3 - enediol or ( R ) - 3 , 4 - dihydroxy - 5 - ( ( S ) - 1 , 2 - dihydroxyethyl ) furan - 2 ( 5H ) - one", "CAS Number 50 - 81 - 7", "50 - 81 - 7", "50 - 81 - 7", "PubChem CID 54670067", "54670067", "IUPHAR / BPS 4781", "4781", "DrugBank DB00126", "DB00126", "ChemSpider 10189562", "10189562", "UNII PQ6CK8PD0R", "PQ6CK8PD0R", "KEGG D00018", "D00018", "ChEBI CHEBI : 29073", "CHEBI : 29073", "CHEBI : 29073", "ChEMBL CHEMBL196", "CHEMBL196", "NIAID ChemDB 002072", "002072", "E number E300 ( antioxidants , ... )", "ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 061", "Chemical and physical data", "Formula", "Molar mass 176.12 g / mol", "3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image", "Interactive image", "Density 1.694 g / cm", "Melting point 190 ° C ( 374 ° F )", "Boiling point 553 ° C ( 1,027 ° F )", "SMILES ( show ) OC ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C@H ) 1OC ( = O ) C ( O ) = C1O", "OC ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C@H ) 1OC ( = O ) C ( O ) = C1O", "OC ( C@H ) ( O ) ( C@H ) 1OC ( = O ) C ( O ) = C1O", "InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C6H8O6 / c7 - 1 - 2 ( 8 ) 5 - 3 ( 9 ) 4 ( 10 ) 6 ( 11 ) 12 - 5 / h2 , 5 , 7 - 10H , 1H2 / t2 - , 5 + / m0 / s1 Key : CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ - JLAZNSOCSA - N", "InChI = 1S / C6H8O6 / c7 - 1 - 2 ( 8 ) 5 - 3 ( 9 ) 4 ( 10 ) 6 ( 11 ) 12 - 5 / h2 , 5 , 7 - 10H , 1H2 / t2 - , 5 + / m0 / s1 Key : CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ - JLAZNSOCSA - N", "InChI = 1S / C6H8O6 / c7 - 1 - 2 ( 8 ) 5 - 3 ( 9 ) 4 ( 10 ) 6 ( 11 ) 12 - 5 / h2 , 5 , 7 - 10H , 1H2 / t2 - , 5 + / m0 / s1", "Key : CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ - JLAZNSOCSA - N", "( verify )", "Vitamin C , also known as ascorbic acid and L - ascorbic acid , is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement . As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent scurvy . Evidence does not support use in the general population for the prevention of the common cold . It may be taken by mouth or by injection .", "It is generally well tolerated . Large doses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort , headache , trouble sleeping , and flushing of the skin . Normal doses are safe during pregnancy . Vitamin C is an essential nutrient involved in the repair of tissue . Foods containing vitamin C include citrus fruits , broccoli , brussel sprouts , raw bell peppers , and strawberries . Prolonged storage or cooking may reduce vitamin C content in foods .", "Vitamin C was discovered in 1912 , isolated in 1928 , and first made in 1933 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . Vitamin C is available as a generic medication and over the counter . In 2015 , the wholesale cost in the developing world was about 0.003 to 0.007 USD per tablet . In some countries , ascorbic acid may be added to foods such as breakfast cereal .", "A 2012 Cochrane review found no effect of vitamin C supplementation on overall mortality .", "Although rare in modern times , scurvy and its associated destabilization of collagen , connective tissue , and bone can be prevented by adequate vitamin C intake .", "A 2014 review found that , `` Currently , the use of high - dose IV vitamin C ( as an anticancer agent ) can not be recommended outside of a clinical trial . ''", "A 2013 Cochrane review found no evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of lung cancer in healthy or high risk ( smokers and asbestos - exposed ) people . A 2014 meta - analysis found that vitamin C intake might protect against lung cancer risk . A second meta - analysis found no effect on the risk of prostate cancer .", "Two meta - analyses evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the risk of colorectal cancer . One found a weak association between vitamin C consumption and reduced risk , and the other found no effect of supplementation .", "A 2011 meta - analysis failed to find support for the prevention of breast cancer with vitamin C supplementation , but a second study concluded that vitamin C may be associated with increased survival in those already diagnosed .", "A 2013 meta - analysis found no evidence that vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of myocardial infarction , stroke , cardiovascular mortality , or all - cause mortality . However , a second analysis found an inverse relationship between circulating vitamin C levels or dietary vitamin C and the risk of stroke .", "A meta - analysis of 44 clinical trials has shown a significant positive effect of vitamin C on endothelial function when taken at doses greater than 500 mg per day . The researchers noted that the effect of vitamin C supplementation appeared to be dependent on health status , with stronger effects in those at higher cardiovascular disease risk .", "A 2010 review found no role for vitamin C supplementation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis .", "Studies examining the effects of vitamin C intake on the risk of Alzheimer 's disease have reached conflicting conclusions . Maintaining a healthy dietary intake is probably more important than supplementation for achieving any potential benefit .", "Vitamin C supplementation above the RDA has been used in trials to study a potential effect on preventing and slowing the progression of age - related cataract . However , no significant effects were found from the research .", "The effect of vitamin C on the common cold has been extensively researched . It has not been shown effective in prevention or treatment of the common cold , except in limited circumstances ( specifically , individuals exercising vigorously in cold environments ) . Routine vitamin C supplementation does not reduce the incidence or severity of the common cold in the general population , though it may reduce the duration of illness ; the authors of the Cochrane review concluded that given the low cost and safety `` it may be worthwhile for common cold patients to test on an individual basis whether therapeutic vitamin C is beneficial . ''", "Relatively large doses of ascorbic acid may cause indigestion , particularly when taken on an empty stomach . However , taking vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate may minimize this effect . When taken in large doses , ascorbic acid causes diarrhea in healthy subjects . In one trial in 1936 , doses of up to 6 grams of ascorbic acid were given to 29 infants , 93 children of preschool and school age , and 20 adults for more than 1400 days . With the higher doses , toxic manifestations were observed in five adults and four infants . The signs and symptoms in adults were nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , flushing of the face , headache , fatigue and disturbed sleep . The main toxic reactions in the infants were skin rashes .", "As vitamin C enhances iron absorption , iron overload may become an issue to people with genetic iron overload disorders , such as haemochromatosis . One trial in people with sickle cell anemia reported that compared to placebo , after 180 days of supplementation with 1400 mg vitamin C and 800 IU vitamin E , there was a significant increase in haemolytic biomarkers .", "There is a longstanding belief among the mainstream medical community that vitamin C causes kidney stones , which is based on little science . Although recent studies have found a relationship , a clear link between excess ascorbic acid intake and kidney stone formation has not been generally established . Some case reports exist for a link between patients with oxalate deposits and a history of high - dose vitamin C usage .", "Vitamin C is water - soluble , with dietary excesses not absorbed , and excesses in the blood rapidly excreted in the urine . It exhibits remarkably low toxicity . The LD ( the dose that will kill 50 % of a population ) in rats is generally accepted to be 11.9 grams per kilogram of body weight when given by forced gavage ( orally ) . The mechanism of death from such doses ( 1.2 % of body weight , or 0.84 kg for a 70 kg human ) is unknown , but may be more mechanical than chemical . The LD in humans remains unknown , given lack of any accidental or intentional poisoning death data .", "Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for certain animals including humans . Vitamin C describes several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals , including ascorbic acid and its salts , and some oxidized forms of the molecule like dehydroascorbic acid . Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body when either of these is introduced into cells , since the forms interconvert according to pH . Vitamin C is a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions , including several collagen synthesis reactions that , when dysfunctional , cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy . In animals , these reactions are especially important in wound - healing and in preventing bleeding from capillaries . Ascorbate also acts as an antioxidant , protecting against oxidative stress .", "The biological role of ascorbate is to act as a reducing agent , donating electrons to various enzymatic and a few non-enzymatic reactions . The one - and two - electron oxidized forms of vitamin C , semidehydroascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid , respectively , can be reduced in the body by glutathione and NADPH - dependent enzymatic mechanisms . The presence of glutathione in cells and extracellular fluids helps maintain ascorbate in a reduced state .", "In humans , vitamin C is essential to a healthy diet as well as being a highly effective antioxidant , acting to lessen oxidative stress ; a substrate for ascorbate peroxidase in plants ( APX is plant specific enzyme ) ; and an enzyme cofactor for the biosynthesis of many important biochemicals . Vitamin C acts as an electron donor for important enzymes :", "Ascorbate is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants . It is made internally by almost all organisms ; the main exceptions are most bats , all guinea pigs , capybaras , and the Haplorrhini ( one of the two major primate suborders , consisting of tarsiers , monkeys , and humans and other apes ) . Ascorbate is also not made by many species of birds and fish . All species that do not make ascorbate require it in the diet .", "Scurvy is an avitaminosis resulting from lack of vitamin C , since without this vitamin , collagen made by the body is too unstable to perform its function .", "Scurvy leads to the formation of brown spots on the skin , spongy gums , and bleeding from all mucous membranes . The spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs , and a person with the ailment looks pale , feels depressed , and is partially immobilized . In advanced scurvy there are open , suppurating wounds and loss of teeth and , eventually , death . The human body can store only a certain amount of vitamin C , and so the body stores are depleted if fresh supplies are not consumed . The time frame for onset of symptoms of scurvy in unstressed adults on a completely vitamin C free diet , however , may range from one month to more than six months , depending on previous loading of vitamin C .", "Notable human dietary studies of experimentally induced scurvy have been conducted on conscientious objectors during WWII in Britain and on Iowa state prisoners in the late 1960s to the 1980s . These studies both found that all obvious symptoms of scurvy previously induced by an experimental scorbutic diet with extremely low vitamin C content could be completely reversed by additional vitamin C supplementation of only 10 mg a day . In these experiments , there was no clinical difference noted between men given 70 mg vitamin C per day ( which produced blood level of vitamin C of about 0.55 mg / dl , about 1 / 3 of tissue saturation levels ) and those given 10 mg per day . Men in the prison study developed the first signs of scurvy about 4 weeks after starting the vitamin C - free diet , whereas in the British study , six to eight months were required , possibly due to the pre-loading of this group with a 70 mg / day supplement for six weeks before the scorbutic diet was fed .", "Men in both studies on a diet devoid , or nearly devoid , of vitamin C had blood levels of vitamin C too low to be accurately measured when they developed signs of scurvy , and in the Iowa study , at this time were estimated ( by labeled vitamin C dilution ) to have a body pool of less than 300 mg , with daily turnover of only 2.5 mg / day , implying an instantaneous half - life of 83 days by this time ( elimination constant of 4 months ) .", "Simple tests use dichlorophenolindophenol , a redox indicator , to measure the levels of vitamin C in the urine and in serum or blood plasma . However these reflect recent dietary intake rather than the level of vitamin C in body stores . Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography is used for determining the storage levels of vitamin C within lymphocytes and tissue . It has been observed that while serum or blood plasma levels follow the circadian rhythm or short term dietary changes , those within tissues themselves are more stable and give a better view of the availability of ascorbate within the organism . However , very few hospital laboratories are adequately equipped and trained to carry out such detailed analyses , and require samples to be analyzed in specialized laboratories .", "The vast majority of animals and plants are able to synthesize vitamin C , through a sequence of enzyme - driven steps , which convert monosaccharides to vitamin C. In plants , this is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galactose to ascorbic acid . In some animals , glucose needed to produce ascorbate in the liver ( in mammals and perching birds ) is extracted from glycogen ; ascorbate synthesis is a glycogenolysis - dependent process .", "Among the mammals that have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C are simians and tarsiers , which together make up one of two major primate suborders , Haplorrhini . This group includes humans . The other more primitive primates ( Strepsirrhini ) have the ability to make vitamin C. Synthesis does not occur in a number of species ( perhaps all species ) in the small rodent family Caviidae that includes guinea pigs and capybaras , but occurs in other rodents ( rats and mice do not need vitamin C in their diet , for example ) .", "In reptiles and birds the biosynthesis is carried out in the kidneys . A number of species of passerine birds also do not synthesize , but not all of them , and those that do not are not clearly related ; there is a theory that the ability was lost separately a number of times in birds . In particular , the ability to synthesize vitamin C is presumed to have been lost and then later re-acquired in at least two cases . The ability to synthesize vitamin C has also been lost in about 96 % of fish ( the teleosts ) .", "Most tested families of bats ( Order Chiroptera ) , including major insect and fruit - eating bat families , can not synthesize vitamin C. A trace of gulonolactone oxidase ( GULO ) was detected in only 1 of 34 bat species tested , across the range of 6 families of bats tested . There are at least two species of bats , frugivorous bat ( Rousettus leschenaultii ) and insectivorous bat ( Hipposideros armiger ) , that retain ( or regained ) their ability of vitamin C production .", "These animals all lack the L - gulonolactone oxidase ( GULO ) enzyme , which is required in the last step of vitamin C synthesis . The genomes of these species contain GULO as pseudogenes , which serve as insight into the evolutionary past of the species .", "Some of these species ( including humans ) are able to make do with the lower levels available from their diets by recycling oxidised vitamin C .", "Most simians consume the vitamin in amounts 10 to 20 times higher than that recommended by governments for humans . This discrepancy constitutes much of the basis of the controversy on current recommended dietary allowances . It is countered by arguments that humans are very good at conserving dietary vitamin C , and are able to maintain blood levels of vitamin C comparable with simians on a far smaller dietary intake , perhaps by recycling oxidised vitamin C .", "The biosynthesis route is :", "D - glucose : * OCHOH - HCOH - HOCH - HCOH - * COH - CH OH D - glucuronic acid : * OCHOH - HCOH - HOCH - HCOH - * COH - COOH D - glucuronic acid lactone : CHO - HCOH - * OCH - HCOH - HCOH - * CO L - gulonolactone : CH OH - HCOH - * OCH - HCOH - HCOH - * CO 2 - keto - L - gulonolactone : CH OH - HCOH - * OCH - HCOH - CO - * CO / / This step needs L - gulonolactone oxidase ( the enzyme missing in humans and some other species ) L - ascorbic acid : CH OH - HCOH - * OCH - COH = COH - * CO / / This step is spontaneous . ( there is a bond between the two atoms marked with * )", "D - glucose : * OCHOH - HCOH - HOCH - HCOH - * COH - CH OH", "D - glucuronic acid : * OCHOH - HCOH - HOCH - HCOH - * COH - COOH", "D - glucuronic acid lactone : CHO - HCOH - * OCH - HCOH - HCOH - * CO", "L - gulonolactone : CH OH - HCOH - * OCH - HCOH - HCOH - * CO", "2 - keto - L - gulonolactone : CH OH - HCOH - * OCH - HCOH - CO - * CO / / This step needs L - gulonolactone oxidase ( the enzyme missing in humans and some other species )", "L - ascorbic acid : CH OH - HCOH - * OCH - COH = COH - * CO / / This step is spontaneous . ( there is a bond between the two atoms marked with * )", "( there is a bond between the two atoms marked with * )", "( there is a bond between the two atoms marked with * )", "( there is a bond between the two atoms marked with * )", "( there is a bond between the two atoms marked with * )", "Ascorbic acid is a common enzymatic cofactor in mammals used in the synthesis of collagen . Ascorbate is a powerful reducing agent capable of rapidly scavenging a number of reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) . Freshwater teleost fishes also require vitamin C in their diet or they will get scurvy . The most widely recognized symptoms of vitamin C deficiency in fishes are scoliosis , lordosis and dark skin coloration . Freshwater salmonids also show impaired collagen formation , internal / fin hemorrhage , spinal curvature and increased mortality . If these fishes are housed in seawater with algae and phytoplankton , vitamin supplementation seems to be less important .", "Some scientists have suggested that loss of the vitamin C biosynthesis pathway may have played a role in rapid evolutionary changes , leading to hominids and the emergence of human beings .", "However , another theory is that the loss of ability to make vitamin C in simians may have occurred much farther back in evolutionary history than the emergence of humans or even apes , since it evidently occurred soon after the appearance of the first primates , yet sometime after the split of early primates into the two major suborders Haplorrhini ( which can not make vitamin C ) and its sister suborder of non-tarsier prosimians , the Strepsirrhini ( `` wet - nosed '' primates ) , which retained the ability to make vitamin C. According to molecular clock dating , these two suborder primate branches parted ways about 63 to 60 million years ago . Approximately three to five million years later ( 58 million years ago ) , only a short time afterward from an evolutionary perspective , the infraorder Tarsiiformes , whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier ( Tarsiidae ) , branched off from the other haplorrhines . Since tarsiers also can not make vitamin C , this implies the mutation had already occurred , and thus must have occurred between these two marker points ( 63 to 58 million years ago ) .", "It has been noted that the loss of the ability to synthesize ascorbate strikingly parallels the inability to break down uric acid , also a characteristic of primates . Uric acid and ascorbate are both strong reducing agents . This has led to the suggestion that , in higher primates , uric acid has taken over some of the functions of ascorbate .", "Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the body by both active transport and simple diffusion . Sodium - Dependent Active Transport -- Sodium - Ascorbate Co-Transporters ( SVCTs ) and Hexose transporters ( GLUTs ) -- are the two transporters required for absorption . SVCT1 and SVCT2 import the reduced form of ascorbate across plasma membrane . GLUT1 and GLUT3 are the two glucose transporters , and transfer only the dehydroascorbic acid form of Vitamin C. Although dehydroascorbic acid is absorbed in higher rate than ascorbate , the amount of dehydroascorbic acid found in plasma and tissues under normal conditions is low , as cells rapidly reduce dehydroascorbic acid to ascorbate . Thus , SVCTs appear to be the predominant system for vitamin C transport in the body .", "SVCT2 is involved in vitamin C transport in almost every tissue , the notable exception being red blood cells , which lose SVCT proteins during maturation . `` SVCT2 knockout '' animals genetically engineered to lack this functional gene , die shortly after birth , suggesting that SVCT2 - mediated vitamin C transport is necessary for life .", "With regular intake the absorption rate varies between 70 and 95 % . However , the degree of absorption decreases as intake increases . At high intake ( 1.25 g ) , fractional human absorption of ascorbic acid may be as low as 33 % ; at low intake ( < 200 mg ) the absorption rate can reach up to 98 % .", "Ascorbate concentrations over the renal re-absorption threshold pass freely into the urine and are excreted . At high dietary doses ( corresponding to several hundred mg / day in humans ) ascorbate is accumulated in the body until the plasma levels reach the renal resorption threshold , which is about 1.5 mg / dL in men and 1.3 mg / dL in women . Concentrations in the plasma larger than this value ( thought to represent body saturation ) are rapidly excreted in the urine with a half - life of about 30 minutes . Concentrations less than this threshold amount are actively retained by the kidneys , and the excretion half - life for the remainder of the vitamin C store in the body thus increases greatly , with the half - life lengthening as the body stores are depleted . This half - life rises until it is as long as 83 days by the onset of the first symptoms of scurvy .", "Although the body 's maximal store of vitamin C is largely determined by the renal threshold for blood , there are many tissues that maintain vitamin C concentrations far higher than in blood . Biological tissues that accumulate over 100 times the level in blood plasma of vitamin C are the adrenal glands , pituitary , thymus , corpus luteum , and retina . Those with 10 to 50 times the concentration present in blood plasma include the brain , spleen , lung , testicle , lymph nodes , liver , thyroid , small intestinal mucosa , leukocytes , pancreas , kidney , and salivary glands .", "Ascorbic acid can be oxidized ( broken down ) in the human body by the enzyme L - ascorbate oxidase . Ascorbate that is not directly excreted in the urine as a result of body saturation or destroyed in other body metabolism is oxidized by this enzyme and removed .", "Ascorbic acid performs numerous physiological functions in the human body . These functions include the synthesis of collagen , carnitine , and neurotransmitters ; the synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine ; and the metabolism of microsome . During biosynthesis ascorbate acts as a reducing agent , donating electrons and preventing oxidation to keep iron and copper atoms in their reduced states .", "Vitamin C acts as an electron donor for eight enzymes :", "Three enzymes ( prolyl - 3 - hydroxylase , prolyl - 4 - hydroxylase , and lysyl hydroxylase ) that are required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the synthesis of collagen . These reactions add hydroxyl groups to the amino acids proline or lysine in the collagen molecule via prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase , both requiring vitamin C as a cofactor . Hydroxylation allows the collagen molecule to assume its triple helix structure , and thus vitamin C is essential to the development and maintenance of scar tissue , blood vessels , and cartilage . Two enzymes ( ε - N - trimethyl - L - lysine hydroxylase and γ - butyrobetaine hydroxylase ) that are necessary for synthesis of carnitine . Carnitine is essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for ATP generation . The remaining three enzymes have the following functions in common , but have other functions as well : dopamine beta hydroxylase participates in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine . Peptidylglycine alpha - amidating monooxygenase amidates peptide hormones by removing the glyoxylate residue from their c - terminal glycine residues . This increases peptide hormone stability and activity . 4 - hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modulates tyrosine metabolism .", "Three enzymes ( prolyl - 3 - hydroxylase , prolyl - 4 - hydroxylase , and lysyl hydroxylase ) that are required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the synthesis of collagen . These reactions add hydroxyl groups to the amino acids proline or lysine in the collagen molecule via prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase , both requiring vitamin C as a cofactor . Hydroxylation allows the collagen molecule to assume its triple helix structure , and thus vitamin C is essential to the development and maintenance of scar tissue , blood vessels , and cartilage .", "Two enzymes ( ε - N - trimethyl - L - lysine hydroxylase and γ - butyrobetaine hydroxylase ) that are necessary for synthesis of carnitine . Carnitine is essential for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria for ATP generation .", "The remaining three enzymes have the following functions in common , but have other functions as well : dopamine beta hydroxylase participates in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine . Peptidylglycine alpha - amidating monooxygenase amidates peptide hormones by removing the glyoxylate residue from their c - terminal glycine residues . This increases peptide hormone stability and activity . 4 - hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modulates tyrosine metabolism .", "dopamine beta hydroxylase participates in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine . Peptidylglycine alpha - amidating monooxygenase amidates peptide hormones by removing the glyoxylate residue from their c - terminal glycine residues . This increases peptide hormone stability and activity . 4 - hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modulates tyrosine metabolism .", "dopamine beta hydroxylase participates in the biosynthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine .", "Peptidylglycine alpha - amidating monooxygenase amidates peptide hormones by removing the glyoxylate residue from their c - terminal glycine residues . This increases peptide hormone stability and activity .", "4 - hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase modulates tyrosine metabolism .", "Vitamin C is found in high concentrations in immune cells , and is consumed quickly during infections . It is not certain how vitamin C interacts with the immune system ; it has been hypothesized to modulate the activities of phagocytes , the production of cytokines and lymphocytes , and the number of cell adhesion molecules in monocytes .", "Ascorbic acid is associated with chloroplasts and apparently plays a role in ameliorating the oxidative stress of photosynthesis . In addition , it has a number of other roles in cell division and protein modification . Plants appear to be able to make ascorbate by at least one other biochemical route that is different from the major route in animals , although precise details remain unknown .", "In 2000 the North American Dietary Reference Intake chapter on vitamin C was updated the Recommended Dietary Allowance to 90 milligrams per day for adult men and 75 mg / day for adult women .", "United States vitamin C recommendations Recommended Dietary Allowance ( adult male ) 90 mg per day Recommended Dietary Allowance ( adult female ) 75 mg per day Recommended Dietary Allowance ( pregnancy ) 85 mg per day Recommended Dietary Allowance ( lactation ) 120 mg per day Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( adult male ) 2,000 mg per day Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( adult female ) 2,000 mg per day", "United States vitamin C recommendations", "Recommended Dietary Allowance ( adult male ) 90 mg per day", "Recommended Dietary Allowance ( adult female ) 75 mg per day", "Recommended Dietary Allowance ( pregnancy ) 85 mg per day", "Recommended Dietary Allowance ( lactation ) 120 mg per day", "Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( adult male ) 2,000 mg per day", "Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( adult female ) 2,000 mg per day", "Recommendations for vitamin C intake by adults have been set by various national agencies :", "40 milligrams per day : the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency 40 milligrams per day : India National Institute of Nutrition , Hyderabad 45 milligrams per day 300 milligrams per week : the World Health Organization 80 milligrams per day : the European Commission Council on nutrition labeling 90 mg / day ( males ) and 75 mg / day ( females ) : Health Canada 2007 90 mg / day ( males ) and 75 mg / day ( females ) : United States National Academy of Sciences . 100 milligrams per day : Japan National Institute of Health and Nutrition . 110 mg / day ( males ) and 95 mg / day ( females ) : European Food Safety Authority", "40 milligrams per day : the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency", "40 milligrams per day : India National Institute of Nutrition , Hyderabad", "45 milligrams per day 300 milligrams per week : the World Health Organization", "80 milligrams per day : the European Commission Council on nutrition labeling", "90 mg / day ( males ) and 75 mg / day ( females ) : Health Canada 2007", "90 mg / day ( males ) and 75 mg / day ( females ) : United States National Academy of Sciences .", "100 milligrams per day : Japan National Institute of Health and Nutrition .", "110 mg / day ( males ) and 95 mg / day ( females ) : European Food Safety Authority", "The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics conducts biannual National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States . Some results are reported as What We Eat In America . The 2013 - 2014 survey reported that for adults ages 20 years and older , men consumed on average 83.3 mg / d and women 75.1 mg / d . This means that half the women and more than half the men are not consuming the RDA for vitamin C. The same survey stated that about 30 % of adults reported they consumed a vitamin C dietary supplement or a multi-vitamin / mineral supplement that included vitamin C , and that for these people total consumption was between 300 and 400 mg / d .", "In 2000 the Institute of Medicine of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences set a Tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) for adults of 2,000 mg / day . The amount was chosen because human trials had reported diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disturbances at intakes of greater than 3,000 mg / day . This was the Lowest - Observed - Adverse - Effect Level ( LOAEL ) , meaning that other adverse effects were observed at higher intakes . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) reviewed the safety question in 2006 and reached the conclusion that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin C .", "For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For vitamin C labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 60 mg , but as of May 27 , 2016 it was revised to 90 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . Food and supplement companies have until January 1 , 2020 to comply with the change .", "The richest natural sources are fruits and vegetables . Vitamin C is the most widely taken nutritional supplement and is available in a variety of forms , including tablets , drink mixes , and in capsules .", "Vitamin C is absorbed by the intestines using a sodium - ion dependent channel . It is transported through the intestine via both glucose - sensitive and glucose - insensitive mechanisms . The presence of large quantities of sugar either in the intestines or in the blood can slow absorption .", "While plants are generally a good source of vitamin C , the amount in foods of plant origin depends on the precise variety of the plant , soil condition , climate where it grew , length of time since it was picked , storage conditions , and method of preparation .", "The following table is approximate and shows the relative abundance in different raw plant sources . As some plants were analyzed fresh while others were dried ( thus , artifactually increasing concentration of individual constituents like vitamin C ) , the data are subject to potential variation and difficulties for comparison . The amount is given in milligrams per 100 grams of fruit or vegetable and is a rounded average from multiple authoritative sources :", "Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Kakadu plum 1000 -- 5300 Camu Camu 2800 Acerola 1677 Seabuckthorn 695 Indian gooseberry 445 Rose hip 426 Baobab 400 Chili pepper ( green ) 244 Guava ( common , raw ) 228.3 Blackcurrant 200 Red pepper 190 Chili pepper ( red ) 144 Parsley 130 Kiwifruit 90 Broccoli 90 Loganberry 80 Redcurrant 80 Brussels sprouts 80 Wolfberry ( Goji ) 73 † Lychee 70 Persimmon ( native , raw ) 66.0 Cloudberry 60 Elderberry 60", "Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g )", "Kakadu plum 1000 -- 5300", "Camu Camu 2800", "Acerola 1677", "Seabuckthorn 695", "Indian gooseberry 445", "Rose hip 426", "Baobab 400", "Chili pepper ( green ) 244", "Guava ( common , raw ) 228.3", "Blackcurrant 200", "Red pepper 190", "Chili pepper ( red ) 144", "Parsley 130", "Kiwifruit 90", "Broccoli 90", "Loganberry 80", "Redcurrant 80", "Brussels sprouts 80", "Wolfberry ( Goji ) 73 †", "Lychee 70", "Persimmon ( native , raw ) 66.0", "Cloudberry 60", "Elderberry 60", "† average of 3 sources ; dried", "Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Papaya 60 Strawberry 60 Orange 53 Lemon 53 Pineapple 48 Cauliflower 48 Kale 41 Melon , cantaloupe 40 Garlic 31 Grapefruit 30 Raspberry 30 Tangerine 30 Mandarin orange 30 Passion fruit 30 Spinach 30 Cabbage raw green 30 Lime 30 Mango 28 Rutabaga 25 Blackberry 21 Potato 20 Melon , honeydew 20 Tomato , red 13.7 Cranberry 13 Tomato 10 Blueberry 10 Pawpaw 10", "Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g )", "Papaya 60", "Strawberry 60", "Orange 53", "Lemon 53", "Pineapple 48", "Cauliflower 48", "Kale 41", "Melon , cantaloupe 40", "Garlic 31", "Grapefruit 30", "Raspberry 30", "Tangerine 30", "Mandarin orange 30", "Passion fruit 30", "Spinach 30", "Cabbage raw green 30", "Lime 30", "Mango 28", "Rutabaga 25", "Blackberry 21", "Potato 20", "Melon , honeydew 20", "Tomato , red 13.7", "Cranberry 13", "Tomato 10", "Blueberry 10", "Pawpaw 10", "Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Grape 10 Apricot 10 Plum 10 Watermelon 10 Banana 9 Avocado 8.8 Crabapple 8 Onion 7.4 Cherry 7 Peach 7 Carrot 6 Apple 6 Asparagus 6 Horned melon 5.3 Beetroot 5 Chokecherry 5 Pear Lettuce Cucumber Eggplant Raisin Fig Bilberry Medlar 0.3", "Plant source Amount ( mg / 100g )", "Grape 10", "Apricot 10", "Plum 10", "Watermelon 10", "Banana 9", "Avocado 8.8", "Crabapple 8", "Onion 7.4", "Cherry 7", "Peach 7", "Carrot 6", "Apple 6", "Asparagus 6", "Horned melon 5.3", "Beetroot 5", "Chokecherry 5", "Pear", "Lettuce", "Cucumber", "Eggplant", "Raisin", "Fig", "Bilberry", "Medlar 0.3", "The overwhelming majority of species of animals ( but not humans , guinea pigs or fruit bats ) and plants synthesize their own vitamin C. Therefore , some animal products can be used as sources of dietary vitamin C .", "Vitamin C is most present in the liver and least present in the muscle . Since muscle provides the majority of meat consumed in the western human diet , animal products are not a reliable source of the vitamin . Vitamin C is present in human breast milk , but only in limited quantity in raw cow 's milk . The following table shows the relative abundance of vitamin C in various foods of animal origin , given in milligrams of vitamin C per 100 grams of food :", "Animal Source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Calf liver ( raw ) 36 Beef liver ( raw ) 31 Oysters ( raw ) 30 Cod roe ( fried ) 26 Pork liver ( raw ) 23 Chicken liver ( fried ) 13", "Animal Source Amount ( mg / 100g )", "Calf liver ( raw ) 36", "Beef liver ( raw ) 31", "Oysters ( raw ) 30", "Cod roe ( fried ) 26", "Pork liver ( raw ) 23", "Chicken liver ( fried ) 13", "Animal Source Amount ( mg / 100g ) Lamb liver ( fried ) 12 Calf adrenals ( raw ) 11 Human milk ( fresh ) Goat milk ( fresh ) Cow milk ( fresh )", "Animal Source Amount ( mg / 100g )", "Lamb liver ( fried ) 12", "Calf adrenals ( raw ) 11", "Human milk ( fresh )", "Goat milk ( fresh )", "Cow milk ( fresh )", "Vitamin C chemically decomposes under certain conditions , many of which may occur during the cooking of food . Vitamin C concentrations in various food substances decrease with time in proportion to the temperature at which they are stored and cooking can reduce the Vitamin C content of vegetables by around 60 % possibly partly due to increased enzymatic destruction as it may be more significant at sub-boiling temperatures . Longer cooking times also add to this effect , as will copper food vessels , which catalyse the decomposition .", "Another cause of vitamin C being lost from food is leaching , where the water - soluble vitamin dissolves into the cooking water , which is later poured away and not consumed . However , vitamin C does not leach in all vegetables at the same rate ; research shows broccoli seems to retain more than any other . Research has also shown that freshly cut fruits do not lose significant nutrients when stored in the refrigerator for a few days .", "Vitamin C is available in tablets , capsules , drink mix packets , in multi-vitamin / mineral formulations , in antioxidant formulations , and as crystalline powder . Tablet and capsule content ranges from 25 mg to 1500 mg per serving . The most commonly used compounds are ascorbic acid and sodium ascorbate . Timed release versions are available , as are formulations containing bioflavonoids such as quercetin , hesperidin , and rutin . In some countries , vitamin C as ascorbic acid crystals is available in bottles containing 300 g to 1 kg of powder . The bottles are usually airtight and brown or opaque in order to prevent oxidation . Vitamin C molecules can be bound to fatty acids , creating a compound described as esterified vitamin C . This is not the same process used to create a commercial product `` Ester - C '' which neutralizes ascorbic acid with calcium carbonate to create calcium ascorbate . Lastly , commercial supplements of liposomal vitamin C are marketed , but the bioavailability of such products is not sufficiently studied to determine any difference from other forms of vitamin C .", "Vitamin C is produced from glucose by two main routes . The Reichstein process , developed in the 1930s , uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route . The modern two - step fermentation process , originally developed in China in the 1960s , uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages . Both processes yield approximately 60 % vitamin C from the glucose feed .", "World production of synthesized vitamin C is currently estimated at approximately 110,000 tonnes annually . The main producers have been BASF / Takeda , DSM , Merck and the China Pharmaceutical Group Ltd. of the People 's Republic of China . By 2008 only the DSM plant in Scotland remained operational outside the strong price competition from China .", "The world price of vitamin C rose sharply in 2008 partly as a result of rises in basic food prices but also in anticipation of a stoppage of the two Chinese plants , situated at Shijiazhuang near Beijing , as part of a general shutdown of polluting industry in China over the period of the Olympic games . Five Chinese manufacturers met in 2010 , among them Northeast Pharmaceutical Group and North China Pharmaceutical Group , and agreed to temporarily stop production in order to maintain prices . In 2011 an American suit was filed against four Chinese companies that allegedly colluded to limit production and fix prices of vitamin C in the United States . According to the plaintiffs , after the agreement was made spot prices for vitamin C shot to as high as $7 per kilogram in December 2002 from $2.50 per kilogram in December 2001 . The companies did not deny the accusation but say in their defense that the Chinese government compelled them to act in this way . In January 2012 a United States judge ruled that the Chinese companies can be sued in the U.S. by buyers acting as a group .", "The name `` vitamin C '' always refers to the L - enantiomer of ascorbic acid and its oxidized forms . Therefore , unless written otherwise , `` ascorbate '' and `` ascorbic acid '' refer in the nutritional literature to L - ascorbate and L - ascorbic acid respectively . This notation will be followed in this article . Similarly , their oxidized derivatives ( dehydroascorbate , etc. , see below ) are all L - enantiomers and also need not be written with full stereochemical notation here .", "Ascorbic acid is a weak sugar acid structurally related to glucose . In biological systems , ascorbic acid can be found only at low pH , but in neutral solutions above pH 5 is predominantly found in the ionized form , ascorbate . All of these molecules have vitamin C activity and thus are used synonymously with vitamin C , unless otherwise specified . Numerous analytical methods have been developed for ascorbic acid detection . For example , vitamin C content of a food sample such as fruit juice can be calculated by measuring the volume of the sample required to decolorize a solution of dichlorophenolindophenol ( DCPIP ) and then calibrating the results by comparison with a known concentration of vitamin C .", "The need to include fresh plant food or raw animal flesh in the diet to prevent disease was known from ancient times . Native people living in marginal areas incorporated this into their medicinal lore . For example , spruce needles were used in temperate zones in infusions , or the leaves from species of drought - resistant trees in desert areas . In 1536 , the French explorers Jacques Cartier and Daniel Knezevic , exploring the St. Lawrence River , used the local natives ' knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy . He boiled the needles of the arbor vitae tree to make a tea that was later shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams .", "In the 1497 expedition of Vasco de Gama , the curative effects of citrus fruit were known . The Portuguese planted fruit trees and vegetables in Saint Helena , a stopping point for homebound voyages from Asia , and left their sick , suffering from scurvy and other ailments to be taken home , if they recovered , by the next ship .", "Authorities occasionally recommended the benefit of plant food to promote health and prevent scurvy during long sea voyages . John Woodall , the first appointed surgeon to the British East India Company , recommended the preventive and curative use of lemon juice in his book , The Surgeon 's Mate , in 1617 . In 1734 , the Dutch writer Johann Bachstrom gave the firm opinion that `` scurvy is solely owing to a total abstinence from fresh vegetable food , and greens , which is alone the primary cause of the disease . ''", "Scurvy had long been a principal killer of sailors during the long sea voyages . According to Jonathan Lamb , `` In 1499 , Vasco da Gama lost 116 of his crew of 170 ; In 1520 , Magellan lost 208 out of 230 ; ... all mainly to scurvy . ''", "While the earliest documented case of scurvy was described by Hippocrates around 400 BC , the first attempt to give scientific basis for the cause of this disease was by a ship 's surgeon in the British Royal Navy , James Lind . Scurvy was common among those with poor access to fresh fruit and vegetables , such as remote , isolated sailors and soldiers . While at sea in May 1747 , Lind provided some crew members with two oranges and one lemon per day , in addition to normal rations , while others continued on cider , vinegar , sulfuric acid or seawater , along with their normal rations . In the history of science , this is considered to be the first occurrence of a controlled experiment . The results conclusively showed that citrus fruits prevented the disease . Lind published his work in 1753 in his Treatise on the Scurvy .", "Lind 's work was slow to be noticed , partly because his Treatise was not published until six years after his study , and also because he recommended a lemon juice extract known as rob . Fresh fruit was very expensive to keep on board , whereas boiling it down to juice allowed easy storage but destroyed the vitamin ( especially if boiled in copper kettles ) . Ship captains concluded wrongly that Lind 's other suggestions were ineffective because those juices failed to prevent or cure scurvy .", "It was 1795 before the British navy adopted lemons or lime as standard issue at sea . Limes were more popular , as they could be found in British West Indian Colonies , unlike lemons , which were not found in British Dominions , and were therefore more expensive . This practice led to the American use of the nickname `` limey '' to refer to the British . Captain James Cook had previously demonstrated and proven the principle of the advantages of carrying `` Sour krout '' on board , by taking his crews to the Hawaiian Islands and beyond without losing any of his men to scurvy . For this otherwise unheard of feat , the British Admiralty awarded him a medal .", "The name antiscorbutic was used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as general term for those foods known to prevent scurvy , even though there was no understanding of the reason for this . These foods included but were not limited to lemons , limes , oranges , sauerkraut , cabbage , malt , and portable soup .", "Even before the antiscorbutic substance was identified , there were indications that it was present in amounts sufficient to prevent scurvy in nearly all fresh ( uncooked and uncured ) foods , including raw animal - derived foods . In 1928 , the Arctic anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson attempted to prove his theory of how the Inuit are able to avoid scurvy with almost no plant food in their diet despite the disease 's striking European Arctic explorers living on similar high cooked - meat diets . Stefansson theorised that the natives get their vitamin C from fresh meat that is minimally cooked . Starting in February 1928 , for one year , he and a colleague lived on an exclusively minimally cooked meat diet while under medical supervision ; they remained healthy . Later studies done after vitamin C could be quantified in mostly raw traditional food diets of the Yukon First Nations , Dene , Inuit , and Métis of Northern Canada showed that their daily intake of vitamin C averaged between 52 and 62 mg / day , an amount of approximately the dietary reference intake ( DRI ) , even at times of the year when little plant - based food was eaten .", "In 1907 a laboratory animal model which would help to isolate and identify the antiscorbutic factor was discovered : Axel Holst and Theodor Frølich , two Norwegian physicians studying shipboard beriberi in the Norwegian fishing fleet , wanted a small test mammal to substitute for the pigeons then used in beriberi research . They fed guinea pigs their test diet of grains and flour , which had earlier produced beriberi in their pigeons , and were surprised when classic scurvy resulted instead .", "This was a serendipitous choice of animal , as mice and rats make their own vitamin C. Until that time , scurvy had not been observed in any organism apart from humans , and had been considered an exclusively human disease . ( Some birds can not make vitamin C , but pigeons and other seed - eating birds do make their own vitamin C . ) Holst and Frølich found they could cure the disease in guinea pigs , by feeding them various fresh foods and extracts . This discovery of an animal experimental model for scurvy , made even before the essential idea of vitamins in foods had even been put forward , has been called the single most important piece of vitamin C research .", "In 1912 , the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk , while researching beriberi in pigeons , developed the concept of vitamins to refer to the non-mineral micronutrients that are essential to health . The name is a blend of `` vital '' , due to the vital biochemical role they play , and `` amines '' because Funk thought that all these materials were chemical amines . Although the `` e '' was dropped after skepticism that all these compounds were amines , the word vitamin remained as a generic name for them . One of the vitamins was thought to be the hypothesised anti-scorbutic factor in certain foods , such as those tested by Holst and Frølich . In 1928 , this vitamin was referred to as `` water - soluble C , '' although its chemical structure had still not been determined .", "From 1928 to 1932 , the Hungarian research team of Albert Szent - Györgyi and Joseph L. Svirbely , as well as the American team led by Charles Glen King in Pittsburgh , first identified the anti-scorbutic factor . Szent - Györgyi had isolated the chemical hexuronic acid ( actually , L - hexuronic acid , although he did not know the stereochemistry at that time ) from animal adrenal glands at the Mayo clinic , and suspected it to be the antiscorbutic factor , but could not prove this without a biological assay . At the same time , for five years King 's laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh had been trying to isolate the antiscorbutic factor in lemon juice using the original 1907 model of scorbutic guinea pigs which developed scurvy when not fed fresh foods , but were cured by lemon juice . They had also considered hexuronic acid as being the vitamin , but had been put off the trail when a coworker made the explicit ( and mistaken ) experimental claim that this substance was not the antiscorbutic substance .", "Finally , in late 1931 , Szent - Györgyi gave Svirbely , formerly of King 's lab , the last of his adrenal - derived hexuronic acid with the suggestion that it might be the anti-scorbutic factor . By the spring of 1932 , King 's laboratory had proven this , but published the result without giving Szent - Györgyi credit for it , leading to a bitter dispute over priority claims ( in reality it had taken a team effort by both groups , since Szent - Györgyi was unwilling to do the difficult and messy animal studies ) .", "Meanwhile , by 1932 , Szent - Györgyi had moved to Hungary . By that point he knew that hexanuric acid was present in large amounts in citrus , where it prevented oxidation of polyphenols , but where it was difficult to extract because of the other sugars naturally present there . After being fed a meal of paprika peppers -- a common spice and food in the Hungarian diet -- Szent - Györgyi was inspired to assay it for hexuronic acid , and found it present in large amounts without the contaminating sugars from sweeter plants . With a plentiful source of the pure vitamin , Szent - Györgyi now sent a large sample to noted British sugar chemist Walter Norman Haworth , who chemically identified it as L - hexuronic acid and then proved the identification by total synthesis in 1933 . Haworth and Szent - Györgyi now proposed that the substance L - hexuronic acid be called a-scorbic acid , and chemically L - ascorbic acid , in honor of its activity against scurvy . Ascorbic acid turned out not to be an amine , nor even to contain any nitrogen . In part , in recognition of his accomplishment with vitamin C , Szent - Györgyi was awarded the unshared 1937 Nobel Prize in Medicine . Haworth also shared that year 's Nobel Prize in Chemistry , in part for his vitamin C synthetic work .", "Between 1933 and 1934 not only Haworth and Edmund Hirst had synthesized vitamin C , but also , independently , Tadeus Reichstein succeeded in synthesizing the vitamin in bulk , making it the first vitamin to be artificially produced . The latter process made possible the cheap mass - production of semi-synthetic vitamin C , which was quickly marketed . Only Haworth was awarded the 1937 Nobel Prize in Chemistry in part for this work , but the Reichstein process , a combined chemical and bacterial fermentation sequence still used today to produce vitamin C , retained Reichstein 's name . In 1934 Hoffmann -- La Roche , which bought the Reichstein process patent , became the first pharmaceutical company to mass - produce and market synthetic vitamin C , under the brand name of Redoxon .", "In 1957 , J.J. Burns showed that the reason some mammals are susceptible to scurvy is the inability of their liver to produce the active enzyme L - gulonolactone oxidase , which is the last of the chain of four enzymes that synthesize vitamin C. American biochemist Irwin Stone was the first to exploit vitamin C for its food preservative properties . He later developed the theory that humans possess a mutated form of the L - gulonolactone oxidase coding gene .", "In 2008 , researchers at the University of Montpellier discovered that in humans and other primates the red blood cells have evolved a mechanism to more efficiently utilize the vitamin C present in the body by recycling oxidized L - dehydroascorbic acid ( DHA ) back into ascorbic acid which can be reused by the body . The mechanism was not found to be present in mammals that synthesize their own vitamin C .", "In February 2011 , the Swiss Post issued a postage stamp bearing a depiction of a model of a molecule of vitamin C to mark the International Year of Chemistry .", "In 2005 , Health Canada evaluated the effect of fortification of foods with ascorbate in the guidance document , Addition of Vitamins and Minerals to Food . Discretionary ( not mandatory ) fortification is allowed for some classes of foods . Vitamin C was categorized as a ' Risk Category A nutrient ' , meaning either there is no upper limit , or it is a nutrient for which an upper limit for intake is set but allows a wide margin of safe intake , or that there is a narrow margin of safety , but non-serious critical adverse effects .", "British Pharmacopoeia Japanese Pharmacopoeia" ]

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[ "The Golden Triangle is the area where the borders of Thailand , Laos , and Myanmar meet at the confluence of the Ruak and Mekong Rivers . The name `` Golden Triangle '' -- coined by the CIA -- is commonly used more broadly to refer to an area of approximately 950,000 square kilometres ( 367,000 sq mi ) that overlaps the mountains of three adjacent countries .", "Along with Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent , it has been one of the most extensive opium - producing areas of Asia , and of the world , since the 1950s . Most of the world 's heroin came from the Golden Triangle until the early 21st century when Afghanistan became the world 's largest producer .", "Myanmar is the world 's second largest producer of illicit opium , after Afghanistan and has been a significant cog in the transnational drug trade since World War II . According to the UNODC it is estimated that in 2005 there wеrе 430 square kilometres ( 167 sq mi ) of opium cultivation in Myanmar .", "The surrender of drug warlord Khun Sa 's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Yangon as a major counter-narcotics success . Lack of government will and ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall anti-drug effort . Most of the tribespeople growing the opium poppy in Myanmar and in the Thai highlands are living below the poverty line .", "In 1996 , the United States Embassy in Rangoon released a `` Country Commercial Guide '' , which states `` Exports of opiates alone appear to be worth about as much as all legal exports . '' It goes on to say that investments in infrastructure and hotels are coming from major opiate - growing and opiate - exporting organizations and from those with close ties to these organizations .", "A four - year investigation concluded that Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise ( MOGE ) was `` the main channel for laundering the revenues of heroin produced and exported under the control of the Myanmar Army . '' In a business deal signed with the French oil giant Total in 1992 , and later joined by Unocal , MOGE received a payment of $15 million . `` Despite the fact that MOGE has no assets besides the limited installments of its foreign partners and makes no profit , and that the Myanmar state never had the capacity to allocate any currency credit to MOGE , the Singapore bank accounts of this company have seen the transfer of hundreds of millions of US dollars , '' reports François Casanier . According to a confidential MOGE file reviewed by the investigators , funds exceeding $60 million and originating from Myanmar 's most renowned drug lord , Khun Sa , were channeled through the company . `` Drug money is irrigating every economic activity in Myanmar , and big foreign partners are also seen by the SLORC as big shields for money laundering . '' Banks in Rangoon offered money laundering for a 40 % commission .", "The main player in the country 's drug market is the United Wa State Army , ethnic fighters who control areas along the country 's eastern border with Thailand , part of the infamous Golden Triangle . The UWSA , an ally of Myanmar 's ruling military junta , was once the militant arm of the Beijing - backed Burmese Communist Party .", "Poppy cultivation in the country decreased more than 80 percent from 1998 to 2006 following an eradication campaign in the Golden Triangle . Officials with the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime say opium poppy farming is now expanding . The number of hectares used to grow the crops increased 29 % in 2007 . A United Nations report cites corruption , poverty and a lack of government control as causes for the jump .", "Opium and heroin base produced in northeastern Myanmar are transported by horse and donkey caravans to refineries along the Thailand -- Burma border for conversion to heroin and heroin base . Most of the finished products are shipped across the border into various towns in North Thailand and down to Bangkok for further distribution to international markets .", "In the past major Thai Chinese and Burmese Chinese traffickers in Bangkok have controlled much of the foreign sales and movement of Southeast Asian heroin from Thailand , but a combination of law enforcement pressure , publicity and a regional drought has significantly reduced their role . As a consequence , many less - predominant traffickers in Bangkok and other parts of Thailand now control smaller quantities of the heroin going to international markets .", "Heroin from Southeast Asia is most frequently brought to the United States by couriers , typically Thai and U.S. nationals , travelling on commercial airlines . California and Hawaii are the primary U.S. entry points for Golden Triangle heroin , but small percentages of the drug are trafficked into New York City and Washington , D.C. While Southeast Asian groups have had success in trafficking heroin to the United States , they initially had difficulty arranging street level distribution . However , with the incarceration of Asian traffickers in American prisons during the 1970s , contacts between Asian and American prisoners developed . These contacts have allowed Southeast Asian traffickers access to gangs and organizations distributing heroin at the retail level .", "In recent years , the production has shifted to Yaba and other forms of methamphetamine , including for export to the United States .", "The Chinese Muslim Panthay are the same ethnic group as the Muslims among the Chinese Chin Haw . Both are descendants of Chinese Hui Muslim immigrants from Yunnan province in China . They often work with each other in the Golden Triangle Drug Trade . Both Chinese Muslim and non-Muslim Jeen Haw and Panthay are known to be members of Triad secret societies , working with other Chinese groups in Thailand like the TeoChiew and Hakka and the 14K Triad . They engaged in the heroin trade . Ma Hseuh - fu , from Yunnan province , was one of the most prominent Jeen Haw heroin drug lords .", "A Panthay from Burma , Ma Zhengwen , assisted the Han Chinese drug lord Khun Sa in selling his heroin in north Thailand . The Panthay monopolized opium trafficking in Burma . They also created secret drug routes to reach the international market with contacts to smuggle drugs from Burma via south China ." ]

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[ "REAL ID Act Other short titles Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005 Long title An Act to establish and rapidly implement regulations for State driver 's license and identification document security standards , to prevent terrorists from abusing the asylum laws of the United States , to unify terrorism - related grounds for inadmissibility and removal , and to ensure expeditious construction of the San Diego border fence . Nicknames REAL ID Act of 2005 Enacted by the 109th United States Congress Effective May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ; January 20 , 2014 ( current ) Citations Public law 109 - 13 Statutes at Large 119 Stat. 302 Codification Titles amended 8 U.S.C. : Aliens and Nationality U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12 , subch . I § 1101 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "Other short titles Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005", "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005 Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005", "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005", "Reaffirmation of State Regulation of Resident and Nonresident Hunting and Fishing Act of 2005", "Save Our Small and Seasonal Businesses Act of 2005", "Long title An Act to establish and rapidly implement regulations for State driver 's license and identification document security standards , to prevent terrorists from abusing the asylum laws of the United States , to unify terrorism - related grounds for inadmissibility and removal , and to ensure expeditious construction of the San Diego border fence .", "Nicknames REAL ID Act of 2005", "Enacted by the 109th United States Congress", "Effective May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ; January 20 , 2014 ( current )", "May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ; January 20 , 2014 ( current )", "May 11 , 2008 ( original ) ;", "January 20 , 2014 ( current )", "Citations", "Public law 109 - 13", "Statutes at Large 119 Stat. 302", "Codification", "Titles amended 8 U.S.C. : Aliens and Nationality", "U.S.C. sections amended 8 U.S.C. ch. 12 , subch . I § 1101 et seq .", "Legislative history", "Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005 Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov ) Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "Introduced in the House as H.R. 418 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on January 26 , 2005", "Committee consideration by House Judiciary , House Homeland Security , House Government Reform , Senate Judiciary", "Passed the House on February 10 , 2005 ( 261 -- 161 Roll call vote 031 , via Clerk.House.gov )", "Passed the Senate on April 21 , 2005 ( 99 -- 0 Roll call vote 109 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 )", "Reported by the joint conference committee on May 3 , 2005 ; agreed to by the House on May 5 , 2005 ( 368 -- 58 Roll call vote 161 , via Clerk.House.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 ) and by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 ( 100 -- 0 Roll call vote 117 , via Senate.gov , in lieu of H.R. 1268 )", "Signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 11 , 2005", "The REAL ID Act of 2005 , Pub. L. 109 -- 13 , 119 Stat. 302 , enacted May 11 , 2005 , is an Act of Congress that modifies U.S. federal law pertaining to security , authentication , and issuance procedures standards for the state driver 's licenses and identity documents , as well as various immigration issues pertaining to terrorism .", "The law sets forth requirements for state driver 's licenses and ID cards to be accepted by the federal government for `` official purposes '' , as defined by the Secretary of the United States Department of Homeland Security . The Secretary of Homeland Security has currently defined `` official purposes '' as boarding commercially operated airline flights and entering federal buildings and nuclear power plants , although the law gives the Secretary the unlimited authority to require a `` federal identification '' for any other purposes .", "The REAL ID Act implements the following :", "Title II of the act establishes new federal standards for state - issued driver 's licenses and non-driver identification cards . Changing visa limits for temporary workers , nurses , and Australian citizens . Funding some reports and pilot projects related to border security . Introducing rules covering `` delivery bonds '' ( similar to bail , but for aliens who have been released pending hearings ) . Updating and tightening the laws on application for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorism . Waiving laws that interfere with construction of physical barriers at the borders .", "Title II of the act establishes new federal standards for state - issued driver 's licenses and non-driver identification cards .", "Changing visa limits for temporary workers , nurses , and Australian citizens .", "Funding some reports and pilot projects related to border security .", "Introducing rules covering `` delivery bonds '' ( similar to bail , but for aliens who have been released pending hearings ) .", "Updating and tightening the laws on application for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorism .", "Waiving laws that interfere with construction of physical barriers at the borders .", "On December 20 , 2013 , the Department of Homeland Security announced that implementation of Phase 1 would begin on January 20 , 2014 , which followed a yearlong period of `` deferred enforcement '' . There are four planned phases , three of which apply to areas that affect relatively few U.S. citizens -- e.g. , DHS headquarters , nuclear power plants , and restricted and semi-restricted federal facilities . On January 8 , 2016 , DHS issued an implementation schedule for Phase 4 , stating that starting January 22 , 2018 `` passengers with a driver 's license issued by a state that is still not compliant with the REAL ID Act ( and has not been granted an extension ) will need to show an alternative form of acceptable identification for domestic air travel to board their flight '' . Starting October 1 , 2020 `` every air traveler will need a REAL ID - compliant license , or another acceptable form of identification , for domestic air travel . '' As of December 2017 , 28 states and territories have been certified as compliant , and 28 have been granted extensions or are under review .", "The Real ID Act started off as H.R. 418 , which passed the House and went stagnant . Representative James Sensenbrenner ( R ) of Wisconsin , the author of the original Real ID Act , then attached it as a rider on a military spending bill , H.R. 1268 , the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense , the Global War on Terror , and Tsunami Relief , 2005 . The House of Representatives passed that spending bill with the Real ID rider 368 -- 58 , and the Senate passed the joint House -- Senate conference report on that bill 100 -- 0 . President Bush signed it into law on May 11 , 2005 .", "On February 28 , 2007 , U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka ( D - HI ) introduced the Senate Bill S. 717 , `` Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 '' , subtitled : `` A bill to repeal title II of the REAL ID Act of 2005 , to restore section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , which provides States additional regulatory flexibility and funding authorization to more rapidly produce tamper - and counterfeit - resistant driver 's licenses , and to protect privacy and civil liberties by providing interested stakeholders on a negotiated rulemaking with guidance to achieve improved 21st century licenses to improve national security '' . The bill is co-sponsored by Senators Lamar Alexander ( R - TN ) , Max Baucus ( D - MT ) , Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) , John E. Sununu ( R - NH ) , Jon Tester ( D - MT ) . The bill was read twice and referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on February 28 , 2007 .", "A similar bill was introduced on February 16 , 2007 , in the U.S. House of Representatives by Rep. Thomas Allen ( D - ME ) , with 32 co-sponsors ( all Democrats ) . The House bill , H.R. 1117 , `` REAL ID Repeal and Identification Security Enhancement Act of 2007 '' , is subtitled : `` A bill to repeal title II of the REAL ID Act of 2005 , to restore section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 , which provides States additional regulatory flexibility and funding authorization to more rapidly produce tamper - and counterfeit - resistant driver 's licenses , and to protect privacy and civil liberties by providing interested stakeholders on a negotiated rulemaking with guidance to achieve improved 21st century licenses to improve national security . '' On May 23 , 2007 , the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee referred H.R. 1117 to the Subcommittee on Government Management , Organization , and Procurement .", "A more limited bill , S. 563 , that would extend the deadlines for the states ' compliance with the Real ID Act , was introduced on February 13 , 2007 , in the U.S. Senate by Sen. Susan Collins ( R - ME ) , together with Senators Lamar Alexander ( R - TN ) , Thomas Carper ( D - DE ) , Charles Hagel ( R - NE ) , and Olympia Snowe ( R - ME ) .", "On March 2 , 2007 , it was announced that enforcement of the Act would be postponed until December 2009 . On January 11 , 2008 , it was announced that the deadline has been extended again to 2011 . On the same date the Department of Homeland Security released the final rule regarding the implementation of the driver 's licenses provisions of the Real ID Act .", "As of April 2 , 2008 , all 50 states either applied for extensions of the original May 11 , 2008 compliance deadline or received unsolicited extensions . As of October 2009 , 25 states approved either resolutions or binding legislation not to participate in the program . When President Obama selected Janet Napolitano ( a prominent critic of the program ) to head the Department of Homeland Security , the future of the law was considered uncertain , and bills were introduced into Congress to amend or repeal it . In 2009 , the most recent of these , dubbed PASS ID , would have eliminated many of the more burdensome technological requirements but still require states to meet federal standards in order to have their ID cards accepted by federal agencies .", "There are four planned phases , and each of the first three phases will begin with a three - month `` notification period '' during which noncompliant IDs will continue to be accepted :", "Phase 1 : restricted areas at the DHS headquarters on Nebraska Avenue January 20 , 2014 -- notification period April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement Phase 2 : restricted areas for all federal facilities and nuclear power plants April 21 , 2014 -- notification period July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement Phase 3 : semi-restricted areas for remaining federal facilities October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 3a : Facility Security Levels 1 and 2 October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 3b : Facility Security Levels 3 , 4 , and 5 July 13 , 2015 -- notification period October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement Phase 4 : Air Travel January 8 , 2016 -- notification period January 22 , 2018 -- driver 's licenses used as ID at airports must be from a state that is compliant or has an exception October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "Phase 1 : restricted areas at the DHS headquarters on Nebraska Avenue January 20 , 2014 -- notification period April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "January 20 , 2014 -- notification period April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "January 20 , 2014 -- notification period", "April 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "Phase 2 : restricted areas for all federal facilities and nuclear power plants April 21 , 2014 -- notification period July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "April 21 , 2014 -- notification period July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "April 21 , 2014 -- notification period", "July 21 , 2014 -- full enforcement", "Phase 3 : semi-restricted areas for remaining federal facilities October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period", "January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "Phase 3a : Facility Security Levels 1 and 2 October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "October 20 , 2014 -- notification period", "January 19 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "Phase 3b : Facility Security Levels 3 , 4 , and 5 July 13 , 2015 -- notification period October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "July 13 , 2015 -- notification period October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "July 13 , 2015 -- notification period", "October 10 , 2015 -- full enforcement", "Phase 4 : Air Travel January 8 , 2016 -- notification period January 22 , 2018 -- driver 's licenses used as ID at airports must be from a state that is compliant or has an exception October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "January 8 , 2016 -- notification period January 22 , 2018 -- driver 's licenses used as ID at airports must be from a state that is compliant or has an exception October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "January 8 , 2016 -- notification period", "January 22 , 2018 -- driver 's licenses used as ID at airports must be from a state that is compliant or has an exception", "October 1 , 2020 -- full enforcement", "In the United States , driver 's licenses are issued by the states , not by the federal government . Additionally , because the United States has no national identification card and because of the widespread use of cars , driver 's licenses have been used as a de facto standard form of identification within the country . For non-drivers , states also issue voluntary identification cards which do not grant driving privileges . Prior to the REAL ID Act , each state set its own rules and criteria regarding the issuance of a driver 's license or identification card , including the look of the card , what data is on the card , what documents must be provided to obtain one , and what information is stored in each state 's database of licensed drivers and identification card holders .", "Driver 's license implications", "Title II of REAL ID -- `` Improved Security for Driver 's License and Personal Identification Cards '' -- repeals the driver 's license provisions of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , enacted in December 2004 . Section 7212 of that law established a cooperative state - federal rule - making procedure to create federal standards for driver 's licenses . Instead , the Real ID Act directly imposed specific federal standards .", "Title II of REAL ID -- `` Improved Security for Driver 's License and Personal Identification Cards '' -- repeals the driver 's license provisions of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , enacted in December 2004 . Section 7212 of that law established a cooperative state - federal rule - making procedure to create federal standards for driver 's licenses . Instead , the Real ID Act directly imposed specific federal standards .", "The REAL ID Act Driver 's License Summary details the following provisions of the Act 's driver 's license title :", "Authority Data Retention and Storage DL / ID Document Standards Grants to States Immigration Requirements Linking of Databases Minimum DL / ID Issuance Standards Minimum Standards for Federal Use Repeal of 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act DL / ID Provisions Security and Fraud Prevention Standards Verification of Documents", "Data Retention and Storage", "DL / ID Document Standards", "Grants to States", "Linking of Databases", "Minimum DL / ID Issuance Standards", "Minimum Standards for Federal Use", "Repeal of 9 / 11 Commission Implementation Act DL / ID Provisions", "Security and Fraud Prevention Standards", "Verification of Documents", "After 2011 , `` a Federal agency may not accept , for any official purpose , a driver 's license or identification card issued by a state to any person unless the state is meeting the requirements '' specified in the REAL ID Act . The DHS will continue to consider additional ways in which a REAL ID license can or should be used for official federal purposes without seeking the approval of Congress before doing so . States remain free to also issue non-complying licenses and IDs , so long as these have a unique design and a clear statement that they can not be accepted for any federal identification purpose . The federal Transportation Security Administration is responsible for security check - in at airports , so bearers of non-compliant documents would no longer be able to travel on common carrier aircraft without additional screening unless they had an alternative government - issued photo ID .", "People born on or after December 1 , 1964 , will have to obtain a REAL ID by December 1 , 2014 . Those born before December 1 , 1964 , will have until December 1 , 2017 , to obtain their REAL ID .", "The national license / ID standards cover :", "How the states must share their databases both domestically and internationally through the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators ( AAMVA ) What data must be included on the card and what technology it is encoded with What documentation must be presented and electronically stored before a card can be issued", "How the states must share their databases both domestically and internationally through the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators ( AAMVA )", "What data must be included on the card and what technology it is encoded with", "What documentation must be presented and electronically stored before a card can be issued", "These requirements are not new . They replace similar language in Section 7212 of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 ( Pub. L. 108 -- 458 ) , which had not yet gone into effect before being repealed by the Real ID Act .", "A Real ID - compliant form of identification requires the following pieces of data :", "Full legal name Signature Date of birth Gender Unique identifying number Principal residence address Front - facing photograph of the applicant", "Full legal name", "Date of birth", "Unique identifying number", "Principal residence address", "Front - facing photograph of the applicant", "Said cards must also feature specific security features intended to prevent tampering , counterfeiting , or duplication of the document for fraudulent purposes . These cards must also present data in a common , machine - readable format ( bar codes , smart card technology , etc . ) . Although the use of wireless RFID chips was offered for consideration in the proposed rulemaking process , it was not included in the latest rulemaking process . DHS could consider additional technological requirements to be incorporated into the licenses after consulting with the states . In addition , DHS has required the use of RFID chips in its Enhanced Driver 's License program , which the Department is proposing as an alternative to REAL ID .", "Before a card can be issued , the applicant must provide the following documentation :", "A photo ID , or a non-photo ID that includes full legal name and birthdate Documentation of birth date Documentation of legal status and Social Security number Documentation showing name and principal residence address", "A photo ID , or a non-photo ID that includes full legal name and birthdate", "Documentation of birth date", "Documentation of legal status and Social Security number", "Documentation showing name and principal residence address", "Digital images of each document will be stored in each state DMV database .", "Section 202 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the Real ID Act requires the states to `` verify , with the issuing agency , the issuance , validity , and completeness of each document '' that is required to be presented by a driver 's license applicant to prove their identity , birth date , legal status in the U.S. , social security number and the address of their principal residence . The same section states that the only foreign document acceptable is a foreign passport .", "The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act driver 's license provisions relaxes , and in some instances waives altogether , these verification requirements of the Real ID Act . Thus the DHS rule concedes that there is no practical mechanism to verify with the issuers the validity of documents proving the applicant 's primary address ( such as a mortgage statement or a utility bill ) and leaves the implementation of this verification requirement to discretion of the states ( page 5297 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) . However , the DHS rule , Section 37.11 ( c ) , mandates that the Real ID license applicants be required to present at least two documents documenting the address of their primary residence .", "The DHS rule declines to implement as impractical the provision of the Act requiring verification of the validity of foreign passports presented by foreign driver 's license applicants as proof of identity with the authorities that issued these foreign passports ( page 5294 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) .", "Section 37.11 ( c ) of the DHS final rule allows the states to accept several types of documents as proof of social security number : a social security card , a W - 2 form , an SSA - 1099 form , a non-SSA - 1099 form , or a pay stub bearing the applicant 's name and SSN . However , the states are not required to verify the validity of these documents directly with their issuers ( e.g. with the employer that issued a W - 2 form or a pay stub ) . Instead , the DHS rule requires the states to verify the validity , and its match with the name given , of the social security number itself , via electronically querying the Social Security On - Line Verification ( SSOLV ) database managed by the Social Security Administration .", "The DHS rule , Section 37.13 ( b ) ( 3 ) , specifies that the validity of birth certificates , presented to document the date of birth or to prove U.S. citizenship , should be verified electronically , by accessing the Electronic Verification of Vital Events ( EVVE ) system maintained by the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems ( NAPHSIS ) , rather than directly with the issuers of the birth certificates ( such as state vital records agencies ) .", "Each state must agree to share its motor vehicle database with all other states . This database must include , at a minimum , all the data printed on the state drivers ' licenses and ID cards , plus drivers ' histories ( including motor vehicle violations , suspensions , and points on licenses ) .", "Original legislation contained one of the most controversial elements which did not make it into the final legislation that was signed into law . It would have required states to sign a new compact known as the Driver License Agreement ( DLA ) as written by the Joint Driver 's License Compact / Non-Resident Violators Compact Executive Board with staff support provided by the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators AAMVA and as approved by state Driver Licensing Agency representatives . The DLA is a consolidation of the Driver 's License Compact and the Non-Resident Violators Compact , which currently have 46 and 45 member states , respectively . The following controversial elements of the DLA are already in the existing compacts : a convicting state must report out - of - state convictions to the licensing state , states must grant license reciprocity to drivers licensed in other states , and states must allow authorities in other states access to driving records , consistent with the Driver Privacy Protection Act .", "The requirement in the law for interstate access to state license and ID data has not been included in the DHS criteria for certification of state compliance or progress toward compliance .", "The only system currently available with the capability to satisfy the REAL - ID Act requirements for database access is the `` State to State '' ( S2S ) system developed by the AAMVA and Clerus Solutions under contract with state motor vehicle licensing agencies ultimately funded by federal grants . A component of S2S is State Pointer Exchange Services ( SPEXS ) , a central national database of `` pointer '' information about all REAL - ID compliant licenses and state ID cards . As of February , 2016 , four states were participating in S2S .", "New controversial requirements of the DLA are : ( 1 ) provinces and territories in Canada and states in Mexico are allowed to join the DLA and ( 2 ) member states , provinces , and territories are subject to reviews by DLA authorities for compliance with the provisions of the DLA . The DLA originated in concept with the 1994 establishment of a North American Driver License Agreement ( NADLA ) task force , and has created controversy among state representatives opposed to citizen data being shared with other countries . According to a 2005 analysis of the DLA done by the National Conference of State Legislators , the DLA defines `` jurisdiction '' to allow participation by a territory or province of Canada and by any state of Mexico or the Federal District of Mexico . The DLA can be amended by a vote of at least two - thirds of the member jurisdictions .", "On January 11 , 2008 , DHS released the final rule regarding the implementation of the driver 's licenses provisions of the Real ID Act . Under the DHS final rule , those states that chose to comply with Driver 's License provisions of the Real ID Act are allowed to apply for up to two extensions of the May 11 , 2008 deadline for implementing these provisions : an extension until no later than December 31 , 2009 and an additional extension until no later than May 11 , 2011 . The DHS final rule mandates that , as of March 11 , 2011 , driver 's licenses issued by the states that are not deemed to be in full compliance with the Real ID Act , will not be accepted for federal purposes . The Secretary of Homeland Security is given discretion to determine the scope of such official purposes in the future . For the states that do not apply to DHS , by March 31 , 2008 , for an extension of the May 11 , 2008 , implementation deadline , that deadline will apply : after May 11 , 2008 , driver 's licenses issued by such states will not be accepted for federal purposes .", "The Department of Homeland Security has announced at the end of 2013 that the TSA will accept state identification cards for commercial flights at least until 2016 .", "After the final implementation deadline , some non-Real - ID -- compliant licenses will continue to be accepted for federal purposes , provided DHS judges that the state which issued such a license is in full compliance with the Real ID Act by the final implementation deadline . However , in order for their licenses to be accepted for federal purposes , people born after December 1 , 1964 , were to have been required to have Real - ID -- compliant cards by December 1 , 2014 , and people born before December 1 , 1964 , by December 1 , 2017 . In December 2014 , these deadlines were extended to October 1 , 2020 .", "In March 2011 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security further postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act implementation deadline until January 15 , 2013 .", "As of May 11 , 2005 , several portions of the Real ID Act have imposed higher burdens and stricter standards of proof for individuals applying for asylum and other related forms of relief . For the first time , immigration judges can require an applicant to produce corroborating evidence ( 8 U.S.C. § 1229a ( c ) ( 4 ) ( B ) . Additionally , the government may also require that an applicant produce corroborating evidence , a requirement that may only be overcome if the judge is convinced that such evidence is unavailable ( 8 U.S.C. § 1252 ( b ) ( 4 ) ) .", "Restricting illegal immigrants or legal immigrants who are unable to prove their legal status , or lack social security numbers , from obtaining driver 's licenses may keep them from obtaining liability insurance and from working , causing many immigrants and foreign nationals to lose their jobs or to travel internationally in order to renew their drivers license . Furthermore , for visitors on J - 1 and H1B visas , the fact that visas may expire before their legal stay is over ( this happens due to the fact that J - 1 visas are issued with a one - year expiration date but visitors are allowed to stay for their `` duration of status '' as long as they have a valid contract ) can make the process of renewing a driver 's license extremely complex and , as mentioned above , force legal foreign citizens to travel abroad only to renew a visa which would not need to be renewed if it were n't for the need to renew one 's drivers license . Although the new law does allow states to offer `` not for federal ID '' licenses in these cases , and that some states ( e.g. , Utah and Tennessee ) have already started issuing such `` driving privileges certificates / cards '' in lieu of regular drivers licenses , allowing such applicants to be tested and licensed to drive and obtain liability insurance , the majority of U.S. states do not plan to offer `` not for federal ID '' licenses . In October 2007 , then - governor of New York Eliot Spitzer announced that the state will adopt a similar `` multi-tiered '' licensing scheme in which the state will issue three different kinds of driver licenses , two of which comply with the Real ID security requirements and one which will be marked as `` not for federal ID '' purposes . However , following a political outcry , Spitzer withdrew his proposal to issue licenses to those unable to prove legal residence .", "An earlier law ( Section 102 of Pub. L. 104 -- 208 , which is now part of 8 U.S.C. § 1103 ) provided for improvements to physical barriers at the borders of the United States .", "Subsection ( a ) of the law read as follows : `` The Attorney General , in consultation with the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization , shall take such actions as may be necessary to install additional physical barriers and roads ( including the removal of obstacles to detection of illegal entrants ) in the vicinity of the United States border to deter illegal crossings in areas of high illegal entry into the United States . ''", "Subsection ( b ) orders the Attorney General to commence work on specified improvements to a 14 - mile section of the existing border fence near San Diego , and allocates funds for the project .", "Subsection ( c ) provides for waivers of laws that interfere with the work described in subsections ( a ) and ( b ) . Prior to the Real ID Act , this subsection allowed waivers of only two specific federal environmental laws .", "The Real ID Act amends the language of subsection ( c ) to make the following changes :", "Allows waivers of any and all laws `` necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads under this section '' . Gives this waiver authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security ( rather than the Attorney General ) . Waivers are made at his sole discretion . Restricts court review of waiver decisions : `` The district courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear all causes or claims arising from any action undertaken , or any decision made , by the Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to paragraph ( 1 ) . A cause of action or claim may only be brought alleging a violation of the Constitution of the United States . The court shall not have jurisdiction to hear any claim not specified in this subparagraph . '' Claims are barred unless filed within 60 days , and cases may be appealed `` only upon petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court '' .", "Allows waivers of any and all laws `` necessary to ensure expeditious construction of the barriers and roads under this section '' .", "Gives this waiver authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security ( rather than the Attorney General ) . Waivers are made at his sole discretion .", "Restricts court review of waiver decisions : `` The district courts of the United States shall have exclusive jurisdiction to hear all causes or claims arising from any action undertaken , or any decision made , by the Secretary of Homeland Security pursuant to paragraph ( 1 ) . A cause of action or claim may only be brought alleging a violation of the Constitution of the United States . The court shall not have jurisdiction to hear any claim not specified in this subparagraph . '' Claims are barred unless filed within 60 days , and cases may be appealed `` only upon petition for a writ of certiorari to the Supreme Court '' .", "The Real ID Act introduces strict laws governing applications for asylum and deportation of aliens for terrorist activity . However , at the same time , it makes two minor changes to U.S. immigration law :", "Elimination of the 10,000 annual limit for previously approved asylees to adjust to permanent legal residence . This had been urged for years because the average asylee had a 17 - year wait before he would be able to achieve legal resident status . As a result , in fiscal years 2005 and 2006 , the backlog was greatly reduced as 147,131 asylees were granted legal permanent residence status . Usage of 50,000 unused employment - based visas from 2003 . This was a compromise between proponents who had earlier tried to include all employment visas which went unused between 2001 and 2004 , and immigration restrictionists . They were used , mostly in fiscal year 2006 , for Schedule A workers newly arrived mainly from the Philippines and India , rather than for adjustments of status cases like the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act .", "Elimination of the 10,000 annual limit for previously approved asylees to adjust to permanent legal residence . This had been urged for years because the average asylee had a 17 - year wait before he would be able to achieve legal resident status . As a result , in fiscal years 2005 and 2006 , the backlog was greatly reduced as 147,131 asylees were granted legal permanent residence status .", "Usage of 50,000 unused employment - based visas from 2003 . This was a compromise between proponents who had earlier tried to include all employment visas which went unused between 2001 and 2004 , and immigration restrictionists . They were used , mostly in fiscal year 2006 , for Schedule A workers newly arrived mainly from the Philippines and India , rather than for adjustments of status cases like the American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act .", "The deportation of aliens for terrorist activities is governed by the following provisions :", "Section 212 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( B ) : Terrorist activities", "The INA ( Immigration & Nationality Act ) defines `` terrorist activity '' to mean any activity which is unlawful under the laws of the place where it is committed ( or which , if committed in the United States , would be unlawful under the laws of the United States or any State ) and which involves any of the following :", "( I ) The hijacking or sabotage of any conveyance ( including an aircraft , vessel , or vehicle ) . ( II ) The seizing or detaining , and threatening to kill , injure , or continue to detain , another individual in order to compel a third person ( including a governmental organization ) to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the individual seized or detained . ( III ) A violent attack upon an internationally protected person ( as defined in Section 1116 ( b ) ( 4 ) of Title 18 , United States Code ) or upon the liberty of such a person . ( IV ) An assassination . ( V ) The use of any : ( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device . ( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property . ( VI ) A threat , attempt , or conspiracy to do any of the foregoing .", "( I ) The hijacking or sabotage of any conveyance ( including an aircraft , vessel , or vehicle ) .", "( II ) The seizing or detaining , and threatening to kill , injure , or continue to detain , another individual in order to compel a third person ( including a governmental organization ) to do or abstain from doing any act as an explicit or implicit condition for the release of the individual seized or detained .", "( III ) A violent attack upon an internationally protected person ( as defined in Section 1116 ( b ) ( 4 ) of Title 18 , United States Code ) or upon the liberty of such a person .", "( IV ) An assassination .", "( V ) The use of any : ( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device . ( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property .", "( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device . ( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property .", "( a ) biological agent , chemical agent , or nuclear weapon or device .", "( b ) explosive , firearm , or other weapon or dangerous device ( other than for mere personal monetary gain ) , with intent to endanger , directly or indirectly , the safety of one or more individuals or to cause substantial damage to property .", "( VI ) A threat , attempt , or conspiracy to do any of the foregoing .", "Other pertinent portions of Section 212 ( a ) ( 3 ) ( B ) are set forth below :", "`` Engage in terrorist activity '' defined", "As used in this chapter ( Chapter 8 of the INA ) , the term , `` engage in terrorist activity '' means in an individual capacity or as a member of an organization :", "to commit or to incite to commit , under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily injury , a terrorist activity ; to gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity ; to prepare or plan a terrorist activity ; to solicit funds or other things of value for : ( aa ) a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; ( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; to solicit any individual : ( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ; ( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or to commit an act that the actor knows , or reasonably should know , affords material support , including a safe house , transportation , communications , funds , transfer of funds or other material financial benefit , false documentation or identification , weapons ( including chemical , biological , or radiological weapons ) , explosives , or training : ( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ; ( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "to commit or to incite to commit , under circumstances indicating an intention to cause death or serious bodily injury , a terrorist activity ;", "to gather information on potential targets for terrorist activity ;", "to prepare or plan a terrorist activity ;", "to solicit funds or other things of value for : ( aa ) a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; ( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ;", "( aa ) a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; ( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ;", "( aa ) a terrorist activity ;", "( bb ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ;", "( cc ) a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ;", "to solicit any individual : ( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ; ( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or", "( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ; ( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or", "( aa ) to engage in conduct otherwise described in this clause ;", "( bb ) for membership in terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or", "( cc ) for membership in a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the solicitor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the solicitation would further the organization 's terrorist activity ; or", "to commit an act that the actor knows , or reasonably should know , affords material support , including a safe house , transportation , communications , funds , transfer of funds or other material financial benefit , false documentation or identification , weapons ( including chemical , biological , or radiological weapons ) , explosives , or training : ( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ; ( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ; ( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ; ( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or ( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "( aa ) for the commission of a terrorist activity ;", "( bb ) to any individual who the actor knows , or reasonably should know , has committed or plans to commit a terrorist activity ;", "( cc ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( I ) or ( vi ) ( II ) ; or", "( dd ) to a terrorist organization described in Clause ( vi ) ( III ) , unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know , and should not reasonably have known , that the act would further the organization 's terrorist activity .", "This clause shall not apply to any material support the alien afforded to an organization or individual that has committed terrorist activity , if the Secretary of State , after consultation with the Attorney General , or the Attorney General , after consultation with the Secretary of State , concludes in his sole unreviewable discretion , that that this clause should not apply . ''", "`` Representative '' defined", "As used in this paragraph , the term , `` representative '' includes an officer , official , or spokesman of an organization , and any person who directs , counsels , commands , or induces an organization or its members to engage in terrorist activity .", "`` Terrorist organization '' defined", "As used in Clause ( i ) ( VI ) and Clause ( iv ) , the term ' foreign terrorist organization ' means an organization :", "designated under Section 219 ( 8 U.S.C. § 1189 ) ; otherwise designated , upon publication in the Federal Register , by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General , as a terrorist organization , after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) , or that the organization provides material support to further terrorist activity ; or that is a group of two or more individuals , whether organized or not , which engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) .", "designated under Section 219 ( 8 U.S.C. § 1189 ) ;", "otherwise designated , upon publication in the Federal Register , by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General , as a terrorist organization , after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) , or that the organization provides material support to further terrorist activity ; or", "that is a group of two or more individuals , whether organized or not , which engages in the activities described in Subclause ( I ) , ( II ) , or ( III ) of Clause ( iv ) .", "Section 140 ( d ) ( 2 ) of the `` Foreign Relations Authorization Act '' , Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 defines `` terrorism '' as `` premeditated , politically motivated violence , perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents '' .", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 )", "This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2007 )", "The Real ID Act introduces complex rules covering `` delivery bonds '' . These resemble bail bonds , but are to be required for aliens that have been released pending hearings .", "The remaining sections of the Real ID Act allocate funding for some reports and pilot projects related to border security , and change visa limits for temporary workers , nurses , and Australians .", "Under the REAL ID Act , nationals of Australia are eligible to receive a special E-3 visa . This provision was the result of negotiations between the two countries that also led to the Australia - United States Free Trade Agreement which came into force on January 1 , 2005 .", "Portions of the Real ID Act pertaining to states were scheduled to take effect on May 11 , 2008 , three years after the law passed , but the deadline had been extended to December 31 , 2009 . On January 11 , 2008 , it was announced the deadline has been extended again , until 2011 , in hopes of gaining more support from states . On March 5 , 2011 , the U.S. Department of Homeland Security postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act until January 15 , 2013 , a move that avoided causing tremendous disruptions to air travel . State adoption and compliance has changed throughout the years as the final phase ( Phase 4 , Boarding federally regulated commercial aircraft ) approaches and states are faced with potential air travel restrictions for their residents .", "As of December 2017 , the following states and territories have been certified by the DHS as being in compliance with DHS criteria , although most of them are not in compliance with other provisions of the law not included in the DHS criteria , such as participating in the interstate system for sharing of ID databases :", "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kansas Maryland Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Carolina Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming", "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Indiana Iowa Kansas Maryland Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Carolina Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming", "Alabama Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii", "District of Columbia", "Indiana Iowa Kansas Maryland Mississippi Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Carolina", "Ohio South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming", "The following states and territories have been granted extensions :", "Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington", "Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington", "Alaska California Guam Idaho Illinois Kentucky Maine Massachusetts", "Minnesota Missouri Montana New Hampshire New Jersey North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon", "Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina United States Virgin Islands Virginia Washington", "United States Virgin Islands", "The following states and territories are under review :", "American Samoa Louisiana Michigan New York Northern Mariana Islands", "American Samoa Louisiana Michigan New York Northern Mariana Islands", "American Samoa Louisiana Michigan", "New York Northern Mariana Islands", "Northern Mariana Islands", "1 . Participating in the interstate system for sharing of ID databases . 2 . Offers enhanced driver 's licenses , which are compliant with the REAL ID Act .", "On January 25 , 2007 , a Resolution passed overwhelmingly in the Maine Legislature that refuses implementation of the Real ID Act in that state , and calls on Congress to repeal the law . Many Maine lawmakers believe the law does more harm than good , that it would be a bureaucratic nightmare to enforce , is threatening to individual privacy , makes citizens increasingly vulnerable to ID theft , and would cost Maine taxpayers at least $185 million in five years because of the massive unfunded federal mandates on all the states . The Resolution vote in the Maine House was 137 -- 4 and in the Maine Senate unanimous , 34 -- 0 .", "On February 16 , 2007 , Utah unanimously passed a resolution that opposes the REAL ID Act . The resolution states that REAL ID is `` in opposition to the Jeffersonian principles of individual liberty , free markets , and limited government '' . It further states that `` the use of identification - based security can not be justified as part of a ' layered ' security system if the costs of the identification ' layer ' -- in dollars , lost privacy , and lost liberty -- are greater than the security identification provides '' :", "`` the `` common machine - readable technology '' required by the REAL ID Act would convert state - issued driver licenses and identification cards into tracking devices , allowing computers to note and record people 's whereabouts each time they are identified ''", "`` the requirement that states maintain databases of information about their citizens and residents and then share this personal information with all other states will expose every state to the information security weaknesses of every other state and threaten the privacy of every American ''", "`` the REAL ID Act wrongly coerces states into doing the federal government 's bidding by threatening to refuse noncomplying states ' citizens the privileges and immunities enjoyed by other states ' citizens ''", "Arkansas , Arizona , Colorado , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and Washington have joined Maine and Utah in passing legislation opposing Real ID .", "Similar resolutions are pending in Alaska , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Massachusetts , New York , Ohio , Oregon , Rhode Island , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Washington , D.C. , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming .", "Other states have moved aggressively to upgrade their IDs since 9 / 11 , and still others have staked decidedly pro-Real ID positions , such as North Carolina . Some states whose legislatures passed non-binding resolutions opposing REAL ID are nonetheless working to comply with the law , such as Illinois . In announcing the new regulations , Secretary of Homeland Security Michael Chertoff cited California , Alabama , and North Dakota as examples of states that had made progress in complying with Real ID .", "On July 7 , 2008 , Puerto Rico 's Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá announced that all 15 Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works Driver 's Services Center will implement a new system complying with the Real - ID Act .", "As of January 29 , 2008 , the Department of Homeland Security has announced $79.8 million in grant monies to assist states with REAL ID implementation , and set an application deadline of March 7 , 2008 .", "On April 16 , 2009 , the Missouri House of Representatives passed the anti REAL ID bill HB 361 to repeal section 302.171 , RSMo , and to enact in lieu thereof two new sections relating to noncompliance with the federal REAL ID Act of 2005 sponsored by Representative Jim Guest by a vote of 83 Ayes 69 Noes and 3 Present . On May 13 , 2009 the Missouri Senate unanimously passed HB 361 , 43 Ayes 0 Noes . Missouri Governor Jay Nixon signed this bill into law on July 13 , 2009 .", "For the 2012 Florida Legislative Session , the anti-REAL ID bill HB 109 and its Senate companion S 220 will be heard . Named the Florida Driver 's License Citizen Protection Act , it would require discontinuation of several of the federally mandated provisions of REAL ID and destruction of citizen 's documents that had been scanned into the government database . That bill died in Transportation and Highway Safety Subcommittee on March 9 , 2012 .", "New Jersey planned to begin issuing REAL ID compliant drivers ' licenses and non-driver ID cards beginning May 7 , 2012 , but was forestalled by a temporary restraining order issued on May 4 , 2012 on motion of the ACLU . On October 5 , 2012 , the state subsequently agreed to drop its REAL ID compliant license plan settling the lawsuit brought by the ACLU .", "On July 1 , 2012 , Georgia began issuing REAL ID compliant drivers ' licenses and non-driver ID cards . The increase in items needed to show in order to receive a license caused wait times to reach up to five hours .", "Although Hawaii had expressed opposition to some portions of the REAL ID Act , it began requiring proof of legal presence in March 2012 . Hawaii 's updated drivers ' licenses and non-driver ID cards were deemed fully compliant by the Department of Homeland Security in September 2013 .", "On November 12 , 2014 , Nevada began offering REAL ID compliant drivers licenses to residents . Nevadans have a choice of a REAL ID compliant card or a standard card with the heading `` Not for Federal Official Use '' .", "On April 14 , 2015 , Arizona governor Doug Ducey signed a bill allowing the state to begin the process of making Arizona drivers licenses Real ID compliant . Work on creating the drivers licenses has already begun , however the Arizona Department of Transportation has requested an extension on the implementation so that residents can still use current ID past the January 2016 deadline to board a commercial flight and implement Real ID when the state is ready .", "On March 8 , 2016 , incumbent governor of New Mexico , Susana Martinez , signed House Bill 99 into law , hence bringing New Mexico into Real ID compliance .", "The New Mexico MVD began issuing REAL ID compliant driver 's licenses and identification cards beginning November 14 , 2016 .", "On March 1 , 2017 , Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin signed HB 1845 as the first bill signed in Oklahoma 's 2017 legislative session , bringing the state into compliance with the REAL ID Act .", "On May 18 , 2017 , Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton signed legislation to bring Minnesota into compliance with the federal REAL ID Act by October 2018 .", "Along with the Bush administration , the Real ID Act is strongly supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation and by many anti-illegal immigration advocates .", "However , the Real ID Act has faced criticism from across the political spectrum and remains the subject of several ongoing controversies . Opponents of the Real ID Act include libertarian groups , like the Cato Institute ; immigrant advocacy groups ; human and civil rights organizations like the ACLU ; Christian advocacy groups such as the American Center for Law & Justice ( ACLJ ) ; privacy advocacy groups like the 511 campaign , state - level opposition groups such as North Carolinians Against REAL ID ; and Florida , government accountability groups ; labor groups , like AFL - CIO ; People for the American Way ; consumer and patient protection groups ; some gun rights groups , such as Gun Owners of America ; many state lawmakers , state legislatures , and governors ; The Constitution Party ; the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal ; and the Obama administration , among others .", "Founded by evangelical Christian Pat Robertson , the American Center for Law and Justice ( ACLJ ) participated in a joint press conference with the ACLU in 2008 , highlighting the broad diversity of the coalition opposing Title II of the REAL ID Act . The REAL ID Act causes concerns for transgender people , as well . The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence has also voiced concern about REAL ID .", "Florida Libertarian Adrian Wyllie drove without a driver 's license since 2011 in protest of the REAL ID Act . After being ticketed for driving without a license , Wyllie argued in court that Florida 's identification laws violated his privacy rights ; this claim was rejected by a judge .", "Among the 2008 presidential candidates , according to a February 2008 CNet report at news.com , John McCain strongly supported the Real ID Act , Barack Obama and Ron Paul flatly opposed it , while Hillary Clinton called for the law to be reviewed . In a September 2007 interview Mike Huckabee expressed opposition to the Real ID Act , calling the Real ID Act `` a huge mistake '' .", "The original Real ID Act , H.R. 418 , was approved by the House on February 10 , 2005 , by a vote of 261 -- 161 . At the insistence of the Real ID Act sponsor and then House Judiciary Committee Chair F. James Sensenbrenner ( Republican , Wisconsin ) , the Real ID Act was subsequently attached by the House Republican leadership as a rider to H.R. 1268 , a bill dealing with emergency appropriations for the Iraq War and with the tsunami relief funding . H.R. 1268 was widely regarded as a `` must - pass '' legislation . The original version of H.R. 1268 was passed by the Senate on April 21 , 2005 , and did not include the Real ID Act . However , the Real ID Act was inserted in the conference report on H.R. 1268 that was then passed by the House on May 5 , 2005 , by a 368 -- 58 vote and was unanimously passed by the Senate on May 10 , 2005 . The Senate never discussed or voted on the Real ID Act specifically and no Senate committee hearings were conducted on the Real ID Act prior to its passage . Critics charged that this procedure was undemocratic and that the bill 's proponents avoided a substantive debate on a far - reaching piece of legislation by attaching it to a `` must - pass '' bill .", "A May 3 , 2005 , statement by the American Immigration Lawyers Association said : `` Because Congress held no hearings or meaningful debate on the legislation and amended it to a must - pass spending bill , the REAL ID Act did not receive the scrutiny necessary for most measures , and most certainly not the level required for a measure of this importance and impact . Consistent with the lack of debate and discussion , conference negotiations also were held behind closed doors , with Democrats prevented from participating . ''", "There is disagreement about whether the Real ID Act institutes a `` national identification card '' system . The new law only sets forth national standards , but leaves the issuance of cards and the maintenance of databases in state hands ; therefore , the Department of Homeland Security claims it is not a `` national ID '' system . Web sites such as no2realid.org , unrealid.com , and realnightmare.org argue that this is a trivial distinction , and that the new cards are in fact national ID cards , thanks to the uniform national standards created by the AAMVA and ( especially ) the linked databases , and by the fact that such identification is mandatory if people wish to travel out of the United States .", "Many advocacy groups and individual opponents of the Real ID Act believe that having a Real ID - compliant license may become a requirement for various basic tasks . Thus a January 2008 statement by ACLU of Maryland says : `` The law places no limits on potential required uses for Real IDs . In time , Real IDs could be required to vote , collect a Social Security check , access Medicaid , open a bank account , go to an Orioles game , or buy a gun . The private sector could begin mandating a Real ID to perform countless commercial and financial activities , such as renting a DVD or buying car insurance . Real ID cards would become a necessity , making them de facto national IDs '' . However , in order to perform many of those tasks , government - issued identification is already required ( e.g. , two forms of ID -- usually a driver 's license , passport , or Social Security card -- are required by the Patriot Act in order to open a bank account ) .", "Some critics claim that the Real ID Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as a federal legislation in an area that , under the terms of the Tenth Amendment , is the province of the states . Thus , Anthony Romero , the executive director of ACLU , stated : `` Real ID is an unfunded mandate that violates the Constitution 's 10th Amendment on state powers , destroys states ' dual sovereignty and consolidates every American 's private information , leaving all of us far more vulnerable to identity thieves '' .", "Former Republican U.S. Representative Bob Barr wrote in a February 2008 article : `` A person not possessing a Real ID Act - compliant identification card could not enter any federal building , or an office of his or her congressman or senator or the U.S. Capitol . This effectively denies that person their fundamental rights to assembly and to petition the government as guaranteed in the First Amendment '' .", "The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act discusses a number of constitutional concerns raised by the commenters on the proposed version of this rule . The DHS rule explicitly rejects the assertion that the implementation of the Real ID Act will lead to violations of the citizens ' individual constitutional rights ( page 5284 of the DHS rule in the Federal register ) . In relation to the Tenth Amendment argument about violation of states ' constitutional rights , the DHS rule acknowledges that these concerns have been raised by a number of individual commenters and in the comments by some states . The DHS rule does not attempt to rebuff the Tenth Amendment argument directly , but says that the DHS is acting in accordance with the authority granted to it by the Real ID Act and that DHS has been and will be working closely with the states on the implementation of the Real ID Act ( pages 5284 and 5317 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) .", "On November 1 , 2007 , attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed an amended complaint in U.S. District Court challenging the 2005 REAL ID Act . The amended complaint alleges that this unprecedented authority violates the fundamental separation of powers principles enshrined in the U.S. Constitution . The environmental groups argue that Congress unconstitutionally delegated the power to the Department of Homeland Security ( an appointed Executive branch not accountable to the public ) to pick and choose which laws will apply to border wall construction . On December 18 , 2007 , Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle rejected the challenge .", "On March 17 , 2008 , attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari with the U.S. Supreme Court to hear its `` constitutional challenge to the Secretary 's decision waiving nineteen federal laws , and all state and local legal requirements related to them , in connection with the construction of a barrier along a portion of the border with Mexico '' . They question whether the preclusion of judicial review amounts to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power and whether the `` grant of waiver authority violates Article I 's requirement that a duly - enacted law may be repealed only by legislation approved by both Houses of Congress and presented to the President '' . On April 17 , 2008 , numerous amicus briefs `` supporting the petition were filed on behalf 14 members of Congress , a diverse coalition of conservation , religious and Native American organizations , and 28 law professors and constitutional scholars '' .", "Many immigrant and civil rights advocates feel that the changes related to evidentiary standards and the immigration officers ' discretion in asylum cases , contained in the Real ID Act , would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining asylum . Thus a 2005 article in LCCR - sponsored Civil Rights Monitor stated , `` The bill also contained changes to asylum standards , which according to LCCR , would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining safe haven in the United States . These changes gave immigration officials broad discretion to demand certain evidence to support an asylum claim , with little regard to whether the evidence can realistically be obtained ; as well as the discretion to deny claims based on such subjective factors as `` demeanor '' . Critics said the reason for putting such asylum restrictions into what was being sold as an anti terrorism bill was unclear , given that suspected terrorists are already barred from obtaining asylum or any other immigration benefit `` .", "Similarly , some immigration and human rights advocacy groups maintain that the Real ID Act provides an overly broad definition of `` terrorist activity '' that will prevent some deserving categories of applicants from gaining asylum or refugee status in the United States . A November 2007 report by Human Rights Watch raises this criticism specifically in relation to former child soldiers who have been forcibly and illegally recruited to participate in an armed group .", "A previous version of the Real ID Act ( H.R. 418 ) would have prohibited any judicial review of Homeland Security law waivers for barrier construction . Critics maintained that this would elevate the Secretary of Homeland Security above the law , and this language was changed in the final version ( H.R. 1268 ) .", "Many privacy rights advocates charge that by creating a national system electronically storing vast amounts of detailed personal data about individuals , the Real ID Act increases the chance of such data being stolen and thus raises the risk of identity theft . The Bush administration , in the DHS final rule regarding the Real ID Act implementation , counters that the security precautions regarding handling sensitive personal data and hiring DMV workers , that are specified in the Real ID Act and in the rule , provide sufficient protections against unauthorized use and theft of such personal data ( pages 5281 -- 5283 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register ) .", "Another privacy concern raised by privacy advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation is that the implementation of the Real ID Act will make it substantially easier for the government to track numerous activities of Americans and conduct surveillance .", "Supporters of the Real ID Act , such as a conservative think - tank the Heritage Foundation , dismiss this criticism under the grounds that states will be permitted ( by law ) to share data only when validating someone 's identity .", "The Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee , which was established to advise the Department of Homeland Security on privacy - related issues , released a statement regarding the Department of Homeland Security 's proposed rules for the standardization of state driver licenses on May 7 , 2007 . The committee stated that `` Given that these issues have not received adequate consideration , the Committee feels it is important that the following comments do not constitute an endorsement of REAL ID or the regulations as workable or appropriate '' , and `` The issues pose serious risks to an individual 's privacy and , without amelioration , could undermine the stated goals of the REAL ID Act '' ." ]

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[ "Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas .", "Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No", "Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes", "State permit to purchase ? No No", "Firearm registration ? No No", "Owner license required ? No No", "Assault weapon law ? No No", "Magazine capacity restriction ? No No", "Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support .", "Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law .", "Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis .", "Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis .", "State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm .", "NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' .", "Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) .", "Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be .", "Background checks required for private sales ? No No", "Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force .", "In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 .", "There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public .", "The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own .", "The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including :", "felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) .", "felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ;", "pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ;", "chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ;", "certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ;", "protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or", "defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) .", "This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts .", "`` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information .", "An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans .", "Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis .", "While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include :", "Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . )", "Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits .", "Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 .", "Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) .", "Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders .", "Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' .", "Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited .", "Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials .", "Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote .", "Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) .", "While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . )", "TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor .", "Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' .", "The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property .", "The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' .", "In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' .", "In contrasting colors ;", "With block letters ;", "Having text 1 '' or greater in height ;", "Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun ''", "`` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun ''", "`` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun ''", "`` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun ''", "In both English and Spanish ;", "Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' .", "Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder .", "License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder .", "License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) .", "An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition .", "But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) .", "It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry .", "All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder .", "Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property .", "As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster .", "Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns .", "Exceptions to Open Carry", "Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform", "Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education", "Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education", "Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform", "This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry .", "TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . )", "The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication .", "Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property .", "Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) :", "`` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property ''", "`` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly ''", "Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property ''", "Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property ''", "Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish", "Must appear in contrasting colors", "Must be in block letters at least one inch in height", "Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property ''", "On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) .", "Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) .", "In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot .", "This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code .", "Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang .", "Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 .", "Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE ." ]

[ [ "Pt. Vanshidhar Shukla", "Ram Singh Thakuri" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja '' March by Ram Singh Thakur Written 1942 Text by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla Language Devanagari , Hindi", "`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja ''", "March by Ram Singh Thakur", "Written 1942", "Text by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla", "Language Devanagari , Hindi", "`` Qadam Qadam Badhaye Ja '' ( Hindi : क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ) was the regimental quick march of the Subhas Chandra Bose 's Indian National Army . Written by Pt . Vanshidhar Shukla and composed by Ram Singh Thakuri , it was banned in India after World War II as `` seditious '' , which was subsequently lifted in August 1947 . The song has since become a patriotic song in India , and has been re-interpreted by various Indian musicians including C. Ramachandra and A.R. Rahman . The song is currently the regimental quickmarch of the Indian Army .", "Devnagari script Romanised Hindi Translation ( Approximate ) क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर - ए - हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश - ए - वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी - निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr - ē - hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh - ē - vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi - nishāñ sam. bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy 's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi '' be your war - cry And hold the Nation 's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high , wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her", "Devnagari script Romanised Hindi Translation ( Approximate )", "क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर - ए - हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश - ए - वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी - निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr - ē - hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh - ē - vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi - nishāñ sam. bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy 's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi '' be your war - cry And hold the Nation 's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high , wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her", "क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा तू शेर - ए - हिन्द आगे बढ़ मरने से तू कभी न डर उड़ा के दुश्मनों का सर जोश - ए - वतन बढ़ाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा हिम्मत तेरी बढ़ती रहे ख़ुदा तेरी सुनता रहे जो सामने तेरे खड़े तू ख़ाक़ में मिलाये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा चलो दिल्ली पुकार के क़ौमी - निशाँ संभाल के लाल क़िले पे गाड़ के लहराये जा लहराये जा क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा ख़ुशी के गीत गाये जा ये ज़िंदगी है क़ौम की तू क़ौम पे लुटाये जा", "Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā tū shēr - ē - hind āgē baṛ marnē sē tū kabhī nā daṛ Ūṛākē dushmanō kā saṛ jōsh - ē - vatan baṛāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zīndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā himmat tēri baṛtī rahē khuda tērī suntā rahē jō sāmnē tērē khaṛē tū khāq mē milāē jā Qadam Qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē gīt gāē jā yē zndagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā Chalō Dillī pūkār kē qâumi - nishāñ sam. bhāl kē Lāl qilē pē gāṛ kē lehrāē jā lehrāē jā Qadam qadam baṛāye jā khushi kē geet gāē jā yē zindagi hai qâum kī tū qâum pē lūtāē jā", "Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her March forward You the Tiger of India never ever be afraid to die By Blowing away the enemy 's head Raise the spirits of your nation Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let your courage be ever increasing May The Lord always hear you As for those who stand in your way Keep trampling them to dust and ashes Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her Let `` Towards Delhi '' be your war - cry And hold the Nation 's banner high Plant it on the Red Fort And wave it high , wave it high Keep stepping forward Singing songs of happiness This life belongs to our Nation Keep laying it down for her" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Theatrical release poster Directed by David Bowers Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson Screenplay by Wallace Wolodarsky Maya Forbes Based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days by Jeff Kinney Starring Zachary Gordon Robert Capron Devon Bostick Rachael Harris Steve Zahn Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond Edited by Troy Takaki Production company Color Force Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 03 ) Running time 94 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $22 million Box office $77.1 million", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by David Bowers", "Produced by Nina Jacobson Brad Simpson", "Screenplay by Wallace Wolodarsky Maya Forbes", "Based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days by Jeff Kinney", "Starring Zachary Gordon Robert Capron Devon Bostick Rachael Harris Steve Zahn", "Zachary Gordon Robert Capron Devon Bostick Rachael Harris Steve Zahn", "Music by Edward Shearmur", "Cinematography Anthony B. Richmond", "Edited by Troy Takaki", "Production company Color Force", "Distributed by 20th Century Fox", "Release date August 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 03 )", "August 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 03 )", "August 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 03 )", "Running time 94 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $22 million", "Box office $77.1 million", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( sometimes known as Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3 : Dog Days ) is a 2012 American comedy film directed by David Bowers from a screenplay by Wallace Wolodarsky and Maya Forbes . It stars Zachary Gordon and Steve Zahn . Robert Capron , Devon Bostick , Rachael Harris , Peyton List , Grayson Russell , and Karan Brar also have prominent roles . It is the third installment in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series , and is based on the fourth book in the series , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days .", "The film was released on August 3 , 2012 . It is also Bowers ' second live - action film . Although the film is based on the third and fourth Diary of a Wimpy Kid books , there is a scene based on the first book , where Greg 's dad , Frank , is trying to unplug Greg 's video game system , but does not know how to . There is also a scene based off the second one , where Greg is sick on picture day , and his second grade picture gets sent in . Unlike the book , Greg was the one who was sick , where in the book , it was Rodrick .", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days is also the last film in the series to feature the original cast members , as many of the cast ( such as Zachary Gordon , Robert Capron and Devon Bostick ) outgrew their roles and a re-cast was made for the future films in the series , starting with Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , which was released five years later .", "The Heffley family attends a pool party at the local pool , where the family meets a former trouble - making friend of Rodrick who is now a model student after attending a military school known as Spag Union . Greg 's father Frank thinks about enrolling Greg there .", "Greg 's summer starts off badly : Frank bans video games in anger at Greg 's laziness , and his mother Susan starts a book club for all the boys in the neighborhood , but she does not see their books as real literature . Frank is also getting jealous of the neighbor 's athletic kids , and after his video game ban , Susan forces Frank and Greg to bond with each other : their bonding activities end in disaster .", "A few weeks later , Greg 's best friend , Rowley Jefferson , takes Greg to the local country club , where his family are members of . Greg enjoys the lifestyle there and the fact that his crush , Holly Hills , teaches tennis there and he does n't have to go to the book club .", "Greg returns home to learn that Frank signed him up for an unpaid summer internship at his work without his consent , and Greg lies about having a job at the country club . Frank and Susan are delighted , and give him a starter cell phone , a Ladybug , which only allows him to call home or 911 .", "Later , Rowley invites Greg on a family trip to their beach house near the Boardwalk , but Greg finds the lifestyle banal and attempts to escape . He tries to call home using his Ladybug phone , but the phone rejects the call , and after he inadvertently calls 911 , the police arrive , almost leading to the arrest of Rowley 's father , who sends home Greg in disgust .", "Rowley does n't allow Greg to tag along with him to the country club because of the beach house incident , but Greg sneaks in , meets up with Holly and her sister Heather and manages to get Löded Diper a gig at Heather 's sweet sixteen , much to Rodrick 's delight .", "Rowley and Greg quickly make up , but Rowley is unable to attend the club , forcing Greg to sneak in . One morning , Frank drops Greg off , only to be confronted by Rowley 's father : Greg has built up a $260 fruit smoothie bill from his time at the country club . When Frank attempts to explain the situation , the clerk informs him that the club does not employ minors , and Greg is exposed . As a result , when he receives a Spag Union disc in the mail , he fears he will be sent there .", "Rodrick informs Greg that the `` Wilderness Weekend '' could be a way to avoid Spag Union . Their troop proves weak compared to Frank 's boss , Stan 's , troop . After a Camp story and Greg continues to mess things up Frank tells him that everyone messes up , after the boys overhear Stan and his troop insulting Frank , Greg attempts to set up a plan for revenge by using traps , and finds out that Stan 's troop has been using electric and other appliances including pre-cooked meals and portable TV 's rather than actually camping .", "Stan arrives at the tent , Greg manages to escape while Stan accidentally throws his own tent into the campfire , and Greg admits he was responsible but his friends tell him that he did it to defend his honor . Frank , having lost his respect for Stan , then confronts him with the electronic conveniences ( although he was jealous of Stan throughout the movie ) , and Stan runs into Greg 's trap , leaving him humiliated .", "Frank reveals that he never liked camping anyway , and decides not to send Greg to Spag Union , much to Greg 's surprise and delight . Frank gives Greg advice about learning from mistakes and taking responsibilities . The two discover they are much alike than they realize .", "At Heather 's Sweet 16 birthday party a few days later , Löded Diper performs a hard rock version of `` Baby '' by Justin Bieber and Ludacris , during an attempt to win over Heather . However , Rodrick accidentally knocks over a huge ice sculpture of Heather , which results in her losing her temper and accidentally smashing a chocolate fountain with a microphone stand , splashing chocolate all over her , and the party ends in disaster .", "Holly then implies that she likes Greg by holding his hand , and in the final scene , Greg , Holly , and Rowley all hang out together at the local pool . Greg describes that his summer did not go the way he expected , but had positive circumstances .", "Zachary Gordon as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother Peyton List as Holly Hills , Greg 's love interest and eventual girlfriend Grayson Russell as Fregley , one of Greg 's weird classmates Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta , one of Greg 's friends Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell , Greg 's arch - enemy Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father Melissa Roxburgh as Heather Hills , Holly 's older sister and Rodrick 's love interest Connor / Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley , Greg 's younger brother Alf Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson , Rowley 's father who dislikes Greg Bronwen Smith as Mrs. Jefferson , Rowley 's mother Terence Kelly as Grandpa Heffley , Frank 's father and Greg , Roddick and Manny 's grandfather Oliver the Dog as Sweetie Heffley , the Heffley 's new dog and addition to the family Phil Hayes as Stan Warren , Frank 's boss Jeff Kinney as Mr. Hills , Holly and Heather 's father", "Zachary Gordon as Gregory `` Greg '' Heffley", "Robert Capron as Rowley Jefferson , Greg 's best friend", "Devon Bostick as Rodrick Heffley , Greg 's older brother", "Rachael Harris as Susan Heffley , Greg 's mother", "Peyton List as Holly Hills , Greg 's love interest and eventual girlfriend", "Grayson Russell as Fregley , one of Greg 's weird classmates", "Karan Brar as Chirag Gupta , one of Greg 's friends", "Laine MacNeil as Patty Farrell , Greg 's arch - enemy", "Steve Zahn as Frank Heffley , Greg 's father", "Melissa Roxburgh as Heather Hills , Holly 's older sister and Rodrick 's love interest", "Connor / Owen Fielding as Manny Heffley , Greg 's younger brother", "Alf Humphreys as Mr. Jefferson , Rowley 's father who dislikes Greg", "Bronwen Smith as Mrs. Jefferson , Rowley 's mother", "Terence Kelly as Grandpa Heffley , Frank 's father and Greg , Roddick and Manny 's grandfather", "Oliver the Dog as Sweetie Heffley , the Heffley 's new dog and addition to the family", "Phil Hayes as Stan Warren , Frank 's boss", "Jeff Kinney as Mr. Hills , Holly and Heather 's father", "This film is the last movie in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series to feature the original cast , as they aged out of their roles as middle - schoolers .", "Principal photography began on August 8 , 2011 in Vancouver and was completed on October 7 , 2011 . The location for the country club pool was Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool in Coquitlam , BC . Filming at Eagle Ridge Outdoor pool took place during the end of August 2011 . The municipal outdoor pool scenes at the beginning and the end of the movie were filmed at Steveston Outdoor pool in Richmond , BC . Filming occurred at the Steveston Outdoor pool during the beginning of September 2011 . The Chinese Bunkhouse at the Steveston Shipyards in Richmond , BC was the location of the Wilderness Explorers cabin for Troop 133 . During filming , stars Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron , were seen riding the Corkscrew at Playland at Vancouver 's fair , the PNE . A poster was leaked in March 2012 . A teaser trailer was attached to The Three Stooges . An advance screening for the film was held on July 31 , 2012 .", "On Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , the film has an approval rating of 51 % based on 71 reviews and an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Overly familiar and a bit too reliant on slapstick , the sitcom - like Dog Days fails to improve upon previous installments and will likely appeal to few outside its target audience . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 54 out of 100 based on 22 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale .", "Abby West of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ and wrote `` Though often self - centered and conniving , Greg remains a likable kid , and the movie entertains by pulling off over-the - top scenarios that set up digestible life lessons for youngsters . ''", "Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2013 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated 2013 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Robert Capron Won Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Karan Brar Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Laine MacNeil Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Ten and Under Connor & Owen Fielding Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Dalila Bela Nominated Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast Zachary Gordon , Robert Capron , Peyton List , Karan Brar , Laine MacNeil , Connor & Owen Fielding , Devon Bostick , Grayson Russell Won", "Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref .", "2013 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days Nominated", "Favorite Movie Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated", "2013 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor Zachary Gordon Nominated", "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Robert Capron Won", "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Karan Brar Nominated", "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Laine MacNeil Nominated", "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor Ten and Under Connor & Owen Fielding Nominated", "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Ten and Under Dalila Bela Nominated", "Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast Zachary Gordon , Robert Capron , Peyton List , Karan Brar , Laine MacNeil , Connor & Owen Fielding , Devon Bostick , Grayson Russell Won", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days was released on iTunes on December 4 , 2012 . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United States on December 18 , 2012 .", "It was released on Redbox on January 15 , 2013 .", "An animated short film set after the events of Dog Days , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown , was released on the home media release of Dog Days , with Zachary Gordon reprising his role as Greg Heffley , and archival audio of various other cast members from Dog Days covering the film .", "At the time of its release , Dog Days was described as the last live - action film in the franchise . In August 2012 , while doing press for the film , Jeff Kinney , Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron each indicated that there were no plans for a fourth film , but did not dismiss the possibility entirely . Kinney replied to inquiries regarding the possibility of another sequel , stating , `` At present , we do n't have a fourth film in development , but you never know ! ''", "And when describing the likelihood of starring in another film in the series , Gordon explained , `` ( Dog Days ) most likely will be the last movie . The main problem is ( the cast ) is getting older . You ca n't stop it . There 's no way to temporarily stop us from changing and growing up . You know , that 's the problem because the characters are supposed to be timeless . '' In March 2013 , Zachary Gordon stated in a Spreecast live stream that there would not be a fourth live - action film . Jeff Kinney has indicated that instead of doing a live - action film of the sixth novel Cabin Fever , he would like to see it adapted into an animated film , stating in an interview , `` I hope that it gets made into an animated movie . I 'd really like to see it turn into an animated television special . ''", "On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced that a new movie with a different cast based on the 9th book , The Long Haul , had begun production . The film was released on May 19 , 2017 ." ]

[ [ "the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Uluru ( Uluṟu ) Ayers Rock Aerial view of Uluru Country Australia State Northern Territory Elevation 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) Prominence 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) Coordinates 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E  /  25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E  / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Coordinates : 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E  /  25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E  / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Geology arkose Orogeny Petermann UNESCO World Heritage Site Name Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Year 1987 ( # 11 ) Number 447 Criteria v , vi , vii , ix Location in Australia Wikimedia Commons : Uluru Website : www.environment.gov.au/", "Uluru ( Uluṟu )", "Ayers Rock", "Aerial view of Uluru", "Country Australia", "State Northern Territory", "Elevation 863 m ( 2,831 ft )", "Prominence 348 m ( 1,142 ft )", "Coordinates 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E  /  25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E  / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611 Coordinates : 25 ° 20 ′ 42 '' S 131 ° 02 ′ 10 '' E  /  25.34500 ° S 131.03611 ° E  / - 25.34500 ; 131.03611", "Geology arkose", "Orogeny Petermann", "UNESCO World Heritage Site", "Name Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park", "Year 1987 ( # 11 )", "Number 447", "Criteria v , vi , vii , ix", "Location in Australia", "Wikimedia Commons : Uluru", "Website : www.environment.gov.au/", "Uluru / ˌuːləˈruː / ( Pitjantjatjara : Uluṟu ) , also known as Ayers Rock / ˌɛərz ˈrɒk / and officially gazetted as `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' , is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia . It lies 335 km ( 208 mi ) south west of the nearest large town , Alice Springs , 450 km ( 280 mi ) by road .", "Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu , the Aboriginal people of the area . The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs , waterholes , rock caves and ancient paintings . Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Uluru and Kata Tjuta , also known as the Olgas , are the two major features of the Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park .", "The local Anangu , the Pitjantjatjara people , call the landmark Uluṟu ( Pitjantjatjara ( uluɻu ) ) . This word is a proper noun , with no further particular meaning in the Pitjantjatjara dialect , although it is used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru .", "On 19 July 1873 , the surveyor William Gosse sighted the landmark and named it Ayers Rock in honour of the then Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . Since then , both names have been used .", "In 1993 , a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal name and the English name . On 15 December 1993 , it was renamed `` Ayers Rock / Uluru '' and became the first official dual - named feature in the Northern Territory . The order of the dual names was officially reversed to `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs .", "Uluru is one of Australia 's most recognisable natural landmarks . The sandstone formation stands 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) high , rising 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) above sea level with most of its bulk lying underground , and has a total circumference of 9.4 km ( 5.8 mi ) . Both Uluru and the nearby Kata Tjuta formation have great cultural significance for the Aṉangu people , the traditional inhabitants of the area , who lead walking tours to inform visitors about the local flora and fauna , bush food and the Aboriginal dreamtime stories of the area .", "Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year , most notably when it glows red at dawn and sunset .", "Kata Tjuta , also called Mount Olga or the Olgas , lies 25 km ( 16 mi ) west of Uluru . Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk .", "Uluru is an inselberg , literally `` island mountain '' . An inselberg is a prominent isolated residual knob or hill that rises abruptly from and is surrounded by extensive and relatively flat erosion lowlands in a hot , dry region . Uluru is also often referred to as a monolith , although this is a somewhat ambiguous term that is generally avoided by geologists . The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of jointing and parting at bedding surfaces , leading to the lack of development of scree slopes and soil . These characteristics led to its survival , while the surrounding rocks were eroded . For the purpose of mapping and describing the geological history of the area , geologists refer to the rock strata making up Uluru as the Mutitjulu Arkose , and it is one of many sedimentary formations filling the Amadeus Basin .", "Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse - grained arkose ( a type of sandstone characterized by an abundance of feldspar ) and some conglomerate . Average composition is 50 % feldspar , 25 -- 35 % quartz and up to 25 % rock fragments ; most feldspar is K - feldspar with only minor plagioclase as subrounded grains and highly altered inclusions within K - feldspar . The grains are typically 2 -- 4 millimetres ( 0.079 -- 0.157 in ) in diameter , and are angular to subangular ; the finer sandstone is well sorted , with sorting decreasing with increasing grain size . The rock fragments include subrounded basalt , invariably replaced to various degrees by chlorite and epidote . The minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly granite source , similar to the Musgrave Block exposed to the south . When relatively fresh , the rock has a grey colour , but weathering of iron - bearing minerals by the process of oxidation gives the outer surface layer of rock a red - brown rusty colour . Features related to deposition of the sediment include cross-bedding and ripples , analysis of which indicated deposition from broad shallow high energy fluvial channels and sheet flooding , typical of alluvial fans .", "The Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to be of about the same age as the conglomerate at Kata Tjuta , and to have a similar origin despite the rock type being different , but it is younger than the rocks exposed to the east at Mount Conner , and unrelated to them . The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical , dipping to the south west at 85 ° , and have an exposed thickness of at least 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) . The strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface , but the extent is not known .", "The rock was originally sand , deposited as part of an extensive alluvial fan that extended out from the ancestors of the Musgrave , Mann and Petermann Ranges to the south and west , but separate from a nearby fan that deposited the sand , pebbles and cobbles that now make up Kata Tjuta .", "The similar mineral composition of the Mutitjulu Arkose and the granite ranges to the south is now explained . The ancestors of the ranges to the south were once much larger than the eroded remnants we see today . They were thrust up during a mountain building episode referred to as the Petermann Orogeny that took place in late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian times ( 550 -- 530 Ma ) , and thus the Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to have been deposited at about the same time .", "The arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that show little sorting based on grain size , exhibit very little rounding and the feldspars in the rock are relatively fresh in appearance . This lack of sorting and grain rounding is typical of arkosic sandstones and is indicative of relatively rapid erosion from the granites of the growing mountains to the south . The layers of sand were nearly horizontal when deposited , but were tilted to their near vertical position during a later episode of mountain building , possibly the Alice Springs Orogeny of Palaeozoic age ( 400 -- 300 Ma ) .", "Historically , 46 species of native mammals are known to have been living near Uluru ; according to recent surveys there are currently 21 . Aṉangu acknowledge that a decrease in the number has implications for the condition and health of the landscape . Moves are supported for the reintroduction of locally extinct animals such as malleefowl , common brushtail possum , rufous hare - wallaby or mala , bilby , burrowing bettong , and the black - flanked rock - wallaby .", "The mulgara , the only mammal listed as vulnerable , is mostly restricted to the transitional sand plain area , a narrow band of country that stretches from the vicinity of Uluru to the northern boundary of the park and into Ayers Rock Resort . This area also contains the marsupial mole , woma python , and great desert skink .", "The bat population of the park comprises at least seven species that depend on day roosting sites within caves and crevices of Uluru and Kata Tjuta . Most of the bats forage for aerial prey within 100 m ( 330 ft ) or so from the rock face . The park has a very rich reptile fauna of high conservation significance , with 73 species having been reliably recorded . Four species of frogs are abundant at the base of Uluru and Kata Tjuta following summer rains . The great desert skink is listed as vulnerable .", "Aṉangu continue to hunt and gather animal species in remote areas of the park and on Aṉangu land elsewhere . Hunting is largely confined to the red kangaroo , bush turkey , emu , and lizards such as the sand goanna and perentie .", "Of the 27 mammal species found in the park , six are introduced : the house mouse , camel , fox , cat , dog , and rabbit . These species are distributed throughout the park , but their densities are greatest near the rich water run - off areas of Uluru and Kata Tjuta .", "Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park flora represents a large portion of plants found in Central Australia . A number of these species are considered rare and restricted in the park or the immediate region . Many rare and endemic plants are found in the park .", "The growth and reproduction of plant communities rely on irregular rainfall . Some plants are able to survive fire and some are dependent on it to reproduce . Plants are an important part of Tjukurpa , and ceremonies are held for each of the major plant foods . Many plants are associated with ancestral beings .", "Flora in Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park can be broken into these categories :", "Punu -- trees Puti -- shrubs Tjulpun - tjulpunpa -- flowers Ukiri -- grasses", "Punu -- trees", "Puti -- shrubs", "Tjulpun - tjulpunpa -- flowers", "Ukiri -- grasses", "Trees such as the mulga and centralian bloodwood are used to make tools such as spearheads , boomerangs , and bowls . The red sap of the bloodwood is used as a disinfectant and an inhalant for coughs and colds .", "Several rare and endangered species are found in the park . Most of them , like adder 's tongue ferns , are restricted to the moist areas at the base of the formation , which are areas of high visitor use and subject to erosion .", "Since the first Europeans arrived , 34 exotic plant species have been recorded in the park , representing about 6.4 % of the total park flora . Some , such as perennial buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris ) , were introduced to rehabilitate areas damaged by erosion . It is the most threatening weed in the park and has spread to invade water - and nutrient - rich drainage lines . A few others , such as burrgrass , were brought in accidentally , carried on cars and people .", "The park has a hot desert climate and receives an average rainfall of 284.6 mm ( 11.2 in ) per year . The average high temperature in summer ( December -- January ) is 37.8 ° C ( 100.0 ° F ) , and the average low temperature in winter ( June -- July ) is 4.7 ° C ( 40.5 ° F ) . Temperature extremes in the park have been recorded at 46 ° C ( 115 ° F ) during the summer and − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) during winter . UV levels are extreme between October and March , averaging between 11 and 15 on the UV index .", "Local Aboriginal people recognise five seasons :", "Wanitjunkupai ( April / May ) -- Cooler weather Wari ( June / July ) -- Cold season bringing morning frosts Piriyakutu ( August / September / October ) -- Animals breed and food plants flower Mai Wiyaringkupai ( November / December ) -- The hot season when food becomes scarce Itjanu ( January / February / March ) -- Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly", "Wanitjunkupai ( April / May ) -- Cooler weather", "Wari ( June / July ) -- Cold season bringing morning frosts", "Piriyakutu ( August / September / October ) -- Animals breed and food plants flower", "Mai Wiyaringkupai ( November / December ) -- The hot season when food becomes scarce", "Itjanu ( January / February / March ) -- Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly", "( hide ) Climate data for Yulara Aero Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 46.4 ( 115.5 ) 45.8 ( 114.4 ) 42.9 ( 109.2 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 42.3 ( 108.1 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) ( 34 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 25.8 ( 1.016 ) 39.6 ( 1.559 ) 35.1 ( 1.382 ) 14.7 ( 0.579 ) 13.0 ( 0.512 ) 17.4 ( 0.685 ) 18.4 ( 0.724 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 7.4 ( 0.291 ) 20.7 ( 0.815 ) 34.2 ( 1.346 ) 40.2 ( 1.583 ) 274.6 ( 10.811 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 3.2 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.9 4.7 28.8 Source : Bureau of Meteorology", "( hide ) Climate data for Yulara Aero", "Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year", "Record high ° C ( ° F ) 46.4 ( 115.5 ) 45.8 ( 114.4 ) 42.9 ( 109.2 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 35.7 ( 96.3 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 38.7 ( 101.7 ) 42.3 ( 108.1 ) 45.0 ( 113 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 ) 47.0 ( 116.6 )", "Average high ° C ( ° F ) 38.4 ( 101.1 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 29.8 ( 85.6 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 35.1 ( 95.2 ) 36.5 ( 97.7 ) 30.1 ( 86.2 )", "Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22.7 ( 72.9 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 19.3 ( 66.7 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 9.3 ( 48.7 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 )", "Record low ° C ( ° F ) 12.7 ( 54.9 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 8.0 ( 46.4 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) ( 34 ) − 1.8 ( 28.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 ) − 2.2 ( 28 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 9.9 ( 49.8 ) − 3.6 ( 25.5 )", "Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 25.8 ( 1.016 ) 39.6 ( 1.559 ) 35.1 ( 1.382 ) 14.7 ( 0.579 ) 13.0 ( 0.512 ) 17.4 ( 0.685 ) 18.4 ( 0.724 ) 4.3 ( 0.169 ) 7.4 ( 0.291 ) 20.7 ( 0.815 ) 34.2 ( 1.346 ) 40.2 ( 1.583 ) 274.6 ( 10.811 )", "Average rainy days ( ≥ 1 mm ) 3.2 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.7 3.9 4.7 28.8", "Source : Bureau of Meteorology", "According to the Aṉangu , traditional landowners of Uluru :", "The world was once a featureless place . None of the places we know existed until creator beings , in the forms of people , plants and animals , traveled widely across the land . Then , in a process of creation and destruction , they formed the landscape as we know it today . Aṉangu land is still inhabited by the spirits of dozens of these ancestral creator beings which are referred to as Tjukuritja or Waparitja .", "There are a number of differing accounts given , by outsiders , of Aboriginal ancestral stories for the origins of Uluru and its many cracks and fissures . One such account , taken from Robert Layton 's ( 1989 ) Uluru : An Aboriginal history of Ayers Rock , reads as follows :", "Uluru was built up during the creation period by two boys who played in the mud after rain . When they had finished their game they travelled south to Wiputa ... Fighting together , the two boys made their way to the table topped Mount Conner , on top of which their bodies are preserved as boulders . ( Page 5 )", "Two other accounts are given in Norbert Brockman 's ( 1997 ) Encyclopedia of Sacred Places . The first tells of serpent beings who waged many wars around Uluru , scarring the rock . The second tells of two tribes of ancestral spirits who were invited to a feast , but were distracted by the beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and did not show up . In response , the angry hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo . There followed a great battle , which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes . The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed , becoming Uluru .", "The Commonwealth Department of Environment 's webpage advises :", "Many ... Tjukurpa such as Kalaya ( Emu ) , Liru ( poisonous snake ) , Lungkata ( blue tongue lizard ) , Luunpa ( kingfisher ) and Tjintir - tjintirpa ( willie wagtail ) travel through Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Other Tjukurpa affect only one specific area .", "Kuniya , the woma python , lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liru , the poisonous snake .", "It is sometimes reported that those who take rocks from the formation will be cursed and suffer misfortune . There have been many instances where people who removed such rocks attempted to mail them back to various agencies in an attempt to remove the perceived curse .", "Archaeological findings to the east and west indicate that humans settled in the area more than 10,000 years ago . Europeans arrived in the Australian Western Desert in the 1870s . Uluru and Kata Tjuta were first mapped by Europeans in 1872 during the expeditionary period made possible by the construction of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line . In separate expeditions , Ernest Giles and William Gosse were the first European explorers to this area .", "While exploring the area in 1872 , Giles sighted Kata Tjuta from a location near Kings Canyon and called it Mount Olga , while the following year Gosse observed Uluru and named it Ayers Rock , in honour of the Chief Secretary of South Australia , Sir Henry Ayers . Further explorations followed with the aim of establishing the possibilities of the area for pastoralism . In the late 19th century , pastoralists attempted to establish themselves in areas adjoining the Southwestern / Petermann Reserve and interaction between Aṉangu and white people became more frequent and more violent . Due to the effects of grazing and drought , bush food stores became depleted . Competition for these resources created conflict between the two groups , resulting in more frequent police patrols . Later , during the depression in the 1930s , Aṉangu became involved in dingo scalping with ' doggers ' who introduced Aṉangu to European foods and ways .", "Between 1918 and 1921 , large adjoining areas of South Australia , Western Australia , and the Northern Territory were declared as Aboriginal reserves , sanctuaries for nomadic people who had virtually no contact with European settlers . In 1920 , part of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park was declared an Aboriginal Reserve ( commonly known as the South - Western or Petermann Reserve ) by the Australian government under the Aboriginals Ordinance .", "The first tourists arrived in the Uluru area in 1936 . Beginning in the 1940s , permanent European settlement of the area for reasons of the Aboriginal welfare policy and to help promote tourism of Uluru . This increased tourism prompted the formation of the first vehicular tracks in 1948 and tour bus services began early in the 1950s . In 1958 , the area that would become the Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park was excised from the Petermann Reserve ; it was placed under the management of the Northern Territory Reserves Board and named the Ayers Rock -- Mount Olga National Park . The first ranger was Bill Harney , a well - recognised central Australian figure . By 1959 , the first motel leases had been granted and Eddie Connellan had constructed an airstrip close to the northern side of Uluru .", "On 26 October 1985 , the Australian government returned ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aborigines , with one of the conditions being that the Aṉangu would lease it back to the National Parks and Wildlife agency for 99 years and that it would be jointly managed . An agreement originally made between the community and Prime Minister Bob Hawke that the climb to the top by tourists would be stopped was later broken . The Aboriginal community of Mutitjulu , with a population of approximately 300 , is located near the eastern end of Uluru . From Uluru it is 17 km ( 11 mi ) by road to the tourist town of Yulara , population 3,000 , which is situated just outside the national park .", "On 8 October 2009 , the Talinguru Nyakuntjaku viewing area opened to public visitation . The A $ 21 million project about 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) on the east side of Uluru involved design and construction supervision by the Aṉangu traditional owners , with 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) of roads and 1.6 kilometres ( 1 mi ) of walking trails being built for the area .", "The development of tourism infrastructure adjacent to the base of Uluru that began in the 1950s soon produced adverse environmental impacts . It was decided in the early 1970s to remove all accommodation - related tourist facilities and re-establish them outside the park . In 1975 , a reservation of 104 square kilometres ( 40 sq mi ) of land beyond the park 's northern boundary , 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) from Uluru , was approved for the development of a tourist facility and an associated airport , to be known as Yulara . The camp ground within the park was closed in 1983 and the motels closed in late 1984 , coinciding with the opening of the Yulara resort . In 1992 , the majority interest in the Yulara resort held by the Northern Territory Government was sold and the resort was renamed Ayers Rock Resort .", "Since the park was listed as a World Heritage Site , annual visitor numbers rose to over 400,000 visitors by the year 2000 . Increased tourism provides regional and national economic benefits . It also presents an ongoing challenge to balance conservation of cultural values and visitor needs .", "Admission to the park costs A $25 per person and provides a three - day pass . Passes are non-transferable and all passes are checked by park rangers .", "The local Aṉangu do not climb Uluru because of its great spiritual significance . They request that visitors do not climb the rock , partly due to the path crossing a sacred traditional Dreamtime track , and also due to a sense of responsibility for the safety of visitors . The visitors guide says `` the climb is not prohibited , but we prefer that , as a guest on Aṉangu land , you will choose to respect our law and culture by not climbing . ''", "Despite being discouraged by its traditional owners , over one third of visitors climb Uluru . A chain handhold added in 1964 and extended in 1976 makes the hour - long climb easier , but it is still a steep , 800 m ( 0.5 mi ) hike to the top , where it can be quite windy . It is recommended individuals drink plenty of water while climbing , and those who are unfit , suffer from vertigo or medical conditions restricting exercise , do not attempt it . Climbing Uluru is generally closed to the public when high winds are present at the top . There have been at least 35 deaths relating to recreational climbing since such incidents began being recorded .", "On 11 December 1983 , the Prime Minister of Australia , Bob Hawke , promised to hand back the land title to the Aṉangu traditional custodians and caretakers and agreed to the community 's 10 - point plan which included forbidding the climbing of Uluru . The government , however , set access to climb Uluru and a 99 - year lease , instead of the previously agreed upon 50 - year lease , as conditions before the title was officially given back to the Aṉangu on 26 October 1985 .", "The Aboriginal traditional owners of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park ( Nguraritja ) and the Federal Government 's National Parks share decision - making on the management of Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park . Under their joint Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa National Park Management Plan 2010 -- 20 , issued by the Director of National Parks under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , clause 6.3. 3 provides that the Director and the Uluṟu -- Kata Tjuṯa Board of Management work towards closure of the climb and , additionally , provides that it will close upon any of three conditions being met : there are `` adequate new visitor experiences '' , less than 20 per cent of visitors make the climb or the `` critical factors '' in decisions to visit are `` cultural and natural experiences '' . Despite cogent evidence the second condition was met by July 2013 , the climb remains open .", "Several controversial incidents on top of Uluru in 2010 , including a striptease , golfing and nudity , led to renewed calls for banning the climb .", "Prince Charles and Diana , The Princess of Wales returning from photo session on Uluru , March 1983 Sign informing tourists that the climb is closed due to strong winds", "Prince Charles and Diana , The Princess of Wales returning from photo session on Uluru , March 1983", "Prince Charles and Diana , The Princess of Wales returning from photo session on Uluru , March 1983", "Sign informing tourists that the climb is closed due to strong winds", "Sign informing tourists that the climb is closed due to strong winds", "The Aṉangu also request that visitors do not photograph certain sections of Uluru , for reasons related to traditional Tjukurpa beliefs . These areas are the sites of gender - linked rituals and are forbidden ground for Aṉangu of the opposite sex to those participating in the rituals in question . The photographic restriction is intended to prevent Aṉangu from inadvertently violating this taboo by encountering photographs of the forbidden sites in the outside world ." ]

[ [ "Whitney Houston" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' Remix EP download cover Promotional single by Whitney Houston from the album I Look to You Released November 6 , 2009 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 Genre R&B gospel Length 3 : 44 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Whitney Houston Producer ( s ) David Foster", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength ''", "Remix EP download cover", "Promotional single by Whitney Houston", "from the album I Look to You", "Released November 6 , 2009", "Format Digital download", "Recorded 2009", "Genre R&B gospel", "R&B gospel", "Length 3 : 44", "Label Arista", "Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Whitney Houston", "Diane Warren Whitney Houston", "Producer ( s ) David Foster", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' is a song performed by American R&B - pop singer Whitney Houston , taken from her seventh studio album I Look to You ( 2009 ) .", "The song was written by Houston , award - winning writer , Diane Warren and produced by David Foster , both of whom have written and produced for Houston before . The song was originally supposed to precede the album 's UK release on August 31 , 2009 and U.S. release on September 1 , 2009 but was cancelled in favor of `` I Look to You '' and `` Million Dollar Bill '' . However , the song was released on November 6 , 2009 as a promotional single .", "A live performance was included in the 2014 CD / DVD release , Whitney Houston Live : Her Greatest Performances .", "When reviewing the album Digital Spy described the song along with the title track `` the album 's pair of classic Whitney ballads . ''", "Though never officially released , UK columnist Lizzie Smith reported in the Daily Mail the song had been leaked to the internet prior to its official release date . However , music mogul Clive Davis said at the album 's official launch party in London that all of the tracks on the album remain unfinished . The song 's release was originally confirmed by Diane Warren who told Vibe Magazine she had penned the single especially for Houston , and it would be released as the first single . At the album listening parties , Davis said the album track `` Call You Tonight '' was a candidate for the lead single . Following previous reports , this led to speculation that `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' would receive a limited release to generate buzz for the album , whilst a different song will be fully promoted and released to propel the album 's release . Title song `` I Look to You '' was released as the U.S. lead single whilst `` Million Dollar Bill '' ( the second U.S. release ) became the international lead single . Houston performed the song on The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 15 , 2009 and live on the 2009 American Music Awards broadcast .", "Due to the popularity of the song a remix - EP was released alongside remixes for the two official singles on November 6 , 2009 .", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Peter Rauhofer Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 04 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Peter Rauhofer Mixshow ) -- 5 : 15 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 11 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Mixshow ) -- 5 : 19 `` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Club Mix ) -- 7 : 23", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Peter Rauhofer Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 04", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Peter Rauhofer Mixshow ) -- 5 : 15", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 11", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Mixshow ) -- 5 : 19", "`` I Did n't Know My Own Strength '' ( Daddy 's Groove Magic Island Club Mix ) -- 7 : 23", "Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 38 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 44 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 66 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 17", "Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position", "Ireland ( IRMA ) 38", "Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 16", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 44", "US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 66", "US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 17" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Oz books form a book series that begins with The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) and relate the fictional history of the Land of Oz . Oz was created by author L. Frank Baum , who went on to write fourteen full - length Oz books . All of the Baum written books are in the public domain in the United States . Even while he was alive , Baum was styled as `` the Royal Historian of Oz '' to emphasize the concept that Oz is an actual place . The illusion created was that characters such as Dorothy and Princess Ozma related their adventures in Oz to Baum themselves , by means of wireless telegraph .", "The Original and Official Oz Books by L. Frank Baum Cover Order Title Illustrator Year Publisher The Wonderful Wizard of Oz W.W. Denslow 1900 George M. Hill Company A little farm girl named Dorothy and her pet dog , Toto , get swept away into the Land of Oz by a Kansas cyclone . Upon her arrival , she is hailed as a sorceress , liberates a living Scarecrow , meets a man made entirely of tin , and a Cowardly Lion . But all Dorothy really wants to know is how does she get home again . The ruler of Oz , the great Wizard , who resides in an Emerald City , may be the only one powerful enough to help her . ( Also reprinted by various publishers under the names The New Wizard of Oz and The Wizard of Oz with occasional minor changes in the text . It was originally written as a one - shot book ) . The Marvelous Land of Oz John R. Neill 1904 Reilly & Britton A little boy , Tip , escapes from his evil guardian , the witch Mombi , with the help of a walking wooden figure with a jack - o ' - lantern head named Jack Pumpkinhead ( brought to life with the magic Powder of Life Tip stole from Mombi ) , as well as a living Sawhorse ( created from the same powder ) . Tip ends up on an adventure with the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman to help Scarecrow to recapture his throne from General Jinjur 's army of girls . Ozma of Oz John R. Neill 1907 Reilly & Britton While traveling to Australia with her Uncle Henry , Dorothy is swept overboard with a hen named Billina . They land in Ev , a country across the desert from Oz , and , together with new - found mechanical friend Tik - Tok , they must save Ev 's royal family from the evil Nome King . With Princess Ozma 's help , they finally return to Oz . Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz John R. Neill 1908 Reilly & Britton On her way back from Australia , Dorothy visits her cousin , Zeb , in California . They are soon swallowed up by an earthquake , along with Zeb 's horse Jim and Dorothy 's cat Eureka . The group soon meets up with the Wizard and all travel underground back to Oz . 5 The Road to Oz John R. Neill 1909 Reilly & Britton Dorothy meets the Shaggy Man , and while trying to find the road to Butterfield , they get lost on an enchanted road . As they travel they meet the rainbow 's daughter , Polychrome , and a little boy , Button - Bright . They have all sorts of strange adventures on the way to Oz . 6 The Emerald City of Oz John R. Neill 1910 Reilly & Britton Dorothy Gale and her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em come to live in Oz permanently . While they tour through the Quadling Country , the Nome King is tunneling beneath the desert to invade Oz . This was originally intended to be the last book in the series . 7 The Patchwork Girl of Oz John R. Neill 1913 Reilly & Britton A Munchkin boy named Ojo must find a cure to free his Uncle Nunkie from a magical spell that has turned him into a statue . With the help of Scraps , an anthropomorphic patchwork doll , Ojo journeys through Oz to save his uncle . 8 Tik - Tok of Oz John R. Neill 1914 Reilly & Britton Betsy Bobbin , a girl from Oklahoma , is shipwrecked with her mule , Hank , in the Rose Kingdom of Oz . She meets the Shaggy Man there and the two try to rescue the Shaggy Man 's brother from the Nome King . This book is partly based upon Baum 's stage musical , The Tik - Tok Man of Oz , which was in turn based on Ozma of Oz . 9 The Scarecrow of Oz John R. Neill 1915 Reilly & Britton Cap'n Bill and Trot journey to Oz and , with the help of the Scarecrow , the former ruler of Oz , overthrow the villainous King Krewl of Jinxland . Cap'n Bill and Trot had previously appeared in two other novels by Baum , The Sea Fairies and Sky Island . Based in part upon the 1914 silent film , His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz . This was allegedly L. Frank Baum 's personal favourite Oz book . 10 Rinkitink in Oz John R. Neill 1916 Reilly & Britton Prince Inga of Pingaree and King Rinkitink and their companions have adventures that lead to the land of the Nomes and , eventually , Oz . Baum originally wrote this book as a non-Oz book entitled King Rinkitink . 11 The Lost Princess of Oz John R. Neill 1917 Reilly & Britton When Princess Ozma mysteriously disappears , four search parties are sent out , one for each of Oz 's four countries . Most of the book covers Dorothy and the Wizard 's efforts to find her . Meanwhile , Cayke the Cookie Chef discovers that her magic dishpan ( on which she bakes her famous cookies ) has been stolen . Along with the Frogman , they leave their mountain in Winkie Country to find the pan . 12 The Tin Woodman of Oz John R. Neill 1918 Reilly & Lee The Tin Woodman , whose real name is Nick Chopper , is unexpectedly reunited with the Munchkin Girl he had courted before he became a tin man . Sadly , she has a new love and no longer cares for him . As he attempts to regain her affection , Nick discovers a fellow tin man , Captain Fyter , as well as a Frankenstein monster - like creature , Chopfyt , made from their combined parts by the tinsmith , Ku - Klip . 13 The Magic of Oz John R. Neill 1919 Reilly & Lee Ruggedo , former Nome King , tries to conquer Oz again with the help of a Munchkin boy , Kiki Aru . Meanwhile , it is also Ozma 's birthday , and all of Oz 's citizens are searching for the most unusual present for the little princess . This was published a month after Baum 's death . 14 Glinda of Oz John R. Neill 1920 Reilly & Lee Dorothy , Ozma and Glinda try to stop a war in the Gillikin Country . This was Baum 's last Oz book , and was published posthumously . This book contains a dark scene ( in the house of Red Reera ) , most likely due to Baum 's failing health . There have been many other Oz books released since , although not written by Baum .", "The Original and Official Oz Books by L. Frank Baum", "Cover Order Title Illustrator Year Publisher", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz W.W. Denslow 1900 George M. Hill Company", "A little farm girl named Dorothy and her pet dog , Toto , get swept away into the Land of Oz by a Kansas cyclone . Upon her arrival , she is hailed as a sorceress , liberates a living Scarecrow , meets a man made entirely of tin , and a Cowardly Lion . But all Dorothy really wants to know is how does she get home again . The ruler of Oz , the great Wizard , who resides in an Emerald City , may be the only one powerful enough to help her . ( Also reprinted by various publishers under the names The New Wizard of Oz and The Wizard of Oz with occasional minor changes in the text . It was originally written as a one - shot book ) .", "The Marvelous Land of Oz John R. Neill 1904 Reilly & Britton", "A little boy , Tip , escapes from his evil guardian , the witch Mombi , with the help of a walking wooden figure with a jack - o ' - lantern head named Jack Pumpkinhead ( brought to life with the magic Powder of Life Tip stole from Mombi ) , as well as a living Sawhorse ( created from the same powder ) . Tip ends up on an adventure with the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman to help Scarecrow to recapture his throne from General Jinjur 's army of girls .", "Ozma of Oz John R. Neill 1907 Reilly & Britton", "While traveling to Australia with her Uncle Henry , Dorothy is swept overboard with a hen named Billina . They land in Ev , a country across the desert from Oz , and , together with new - found mechanical friend Tik - Tok , they must save Ev 's royal family from the evil Nome King . With Princess Ozma 's help , they finally return to Oz .", "Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz John R. Neill 1908 Reilly & Britton", "On her way back from Australia , Dorothy visits her cousin , Zeb , in California . They are soon swallowed up by an earthquake , along with Zeb 's horse Jim and Dorothy 's cat Eureka . The group soon meets up with the Wizard and all travel underground back to Oz .", "5 The Road to Oz John R. Neill 1909 Reilly & Britton", "Dorothy meets the Shaggy Man , and while trying to find the road to Butterfield , they get lost on an enchanted road . As they travel they meet the rainbow 's daughter , Polychrome , and a little boy , Button - Bright . They have all sorts of strange adventures on the way to Oz .", "6 The Emerald City of Oz John R. Neill 1910 Reilly & Britton", "Dorothy Gale and her Uncle Henry and Aunt Em come to live in Oz permanently . While they tour through the Quadling Country , the Nome King is tunneling beneath the desert to invade Oz . This was originally intended to be the last book in the series .", "7 The Patchwork Girl of Oz John R. Neill 1913 Reilly & Britton", "A Munchkin boy named Ojo must find a cure to free his Uncle Nunkie from a magical spell that has turned him into a statue . With the help of Scraps , an anthropomorphic patchwork doll , Ojo journeys through Oz to save his uncle .", "8 Tik - Tok of Oz John R. Neill 1914 Reilly & Britton", "Betsy Bobbin , a girl from Oklahoma , is shipwrecked with her mule , Hank , in the Rose Kingdom of Oz . She meets the Shaggy Man there and the two try to rescue the Shaggy Man 's brother from the Nome King . This book is partly based upon Baum 's stage musical , The Tik - Tok Man of Oz , which was in turn based on Ozma of Oz .", "9 The Scarecrow of Oz John R. Neill 1915 Reilly & Britton", "Cap'n Bill and Trot journey to Oz and , with the help of the Scarecrow , the former ruler of Oz , overthrow the villainous King Krewl of Jinxland . Cap'n Bill and Trot had previously appeared in two other novels by Baum , The Sea Fairies and Sky Island . Based in part upon the 1914 silent film , His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz . This was allegedly L. Frank Baum 's personal favourite Oz book .", "10 Rinkitink in Oz John R. Neill 1916 Reilly & Britton", "Prince Inga of Pingaree and King Rinkitink and their companions have adventures that lead to the land of the Nomes and , eventually , Oz . Baum originally wrote this book as a non-Oz book entitled King Rinkitink .", "11 The Lost Princess of Oz John R. Neill 1917 Reilly & Britton", "When Princess Ozma mysteriously disappears , four search parties are sent out , one for each of Oz 's four countries . Most of the book covers Dorothy and the Wizard 's efforts to find her . Meanwhile , Cayke the Cookie Chef discovers that her magic dishpan ( on which she bakes her famous cookies ) has been stolen . Along with the Frogman , they leave their mountain in Winkie Country to find the pan .", "12 The Tin Woodman of Oz John R. Neill 1918 Reilly & Lee", "The Tin Woodman , whose real name is Nick Chopper , is unexpectedly reunited with the Munchkin Girl he had courted before he became a tin man . Sadly , she has a new love and no longer cares for him . As he attempts to regain her affection , Nick discovers a fellow tin man , Captain Fyter , as well as a Frankenstein monster - like creature , Chopfyt , made from their combined parts by the tinsmith , Ku - Klip .", "13 The Magic of Oz John R. Neill 1919 Reilly & Lee", "Ruggedo , former Nome King , tries to conquer Oz again with the help of a Munchkin boy , Kiki Aru . Meanwhile , it is also Ozma 's birthday , and all of Oz 's citizens are searching for the most unusual present for the little princess . This was published a month after Baum 's death .", "14 Glinda of Oz John R. Neill 1920 Reilly & Lee", "Dorothy , Ozma and Glinda try to stop a war in the Gillikin Country . This was Baum 's last Oz book , and was published posthumously . This book contains a dark scene ( in the house of Red Reera ) , most likely due to Baum 's failing health . There have been many other Oz books released since , although not written by Baum .", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A unpublished ; written 1901 -- A stage play closely based on the novel , featuring songs with music by Paul Tietjens . The Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A unpublished ; written and premiered in 1902 -- A stage extravaganza loosely based on the novel , with jokes written by Glen MacDonough , featuring songs by Baum and Paul Tietjens and many other interpolated as the show progressed . It opened in Chicago in 1902 , starring the comedy team of David Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman ( who was also known in the show as Niccolo Chopper ) and the Scarecrow , respectively . The production moved to Broadway in 1903 , and continued ( on tour or in New York ) until 1909 . Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz L. Frank Baum Walt McDougal 1904 -- 1905 -- Newspaper comic / column chronicling the misadventures of the Scarecrow , the Tin Woodman , the Woggle - Bug , Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and the Gump in the United States . Originally used to promote The Marvelous Land of Oz . Often republished in book form , first in a heavily revised edition by Jean Kellogg as The Visitors from Oz and later as The Third Book of Oz by Buckethead Enterprises of Oz , which was censored . The Third Book of Oz also includes `` The Woggle - Bug Book '' ( see below ) and is illustrated by Eric Shanower . Hungry Tiger Press corrected the censoring from the Buckethead edition but used The Visitors from Oz as the title like the Kellogg adaptation . Complete series can be read online . The Woggle - Bug Book : The Strange Adventure of the Woggle - Bug L. Frank Baum Ike Morgan 1905 Reilly & Britton Further adventures of the Woggle - Bug in the USA after he gets separated from the others . The text is included in The Third Book of Oz and the Hungry Tiger Press The Visitors from Oz . The book can be read online . The Woggle - Bug L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1905 N / A A stage musical based on The Marvelous Land of Oz , with music by Frederic Chapin . Reviews praised only Chapin and the show never opened on Broadway . The Rainbow 's Daughter , or The Magnet of Love L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1909 N / A A stage musical , music by Manuel Klein , based on Ozma of Oz and The Road to Oz . Never produced . Ozma of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1909 N / A A revised draft of The Rainbow 's Daughter . Never produced . The Girl from Oz L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1909 N / A A play by Baum . The connection to Oz is reported as minimal . Held in the L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University ; later adapted for radio as The Girl of Tomorrow by Frank Joslyn Baum . Little Wizard Stories of Oz L. Frank Baum John R. Neill 1913 Reilly & Britton Six short stories about the Oz characters , originally written to help re-launch the Oz series in 1913 . Full text can be found online . The Tik - Tok Man of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; produced in 1914 N / A The final version of The Rainbow 's Daughter , now with music by Louis F. Gottschalk , as produced by Oliver Morosco . Morosco and Victor Schertzinger interpolated one song of their own , but the production was not a big enough success for Morosco to want to move it to New York . `` The Littlest Giant : An Oz Story '' L. Frank Baum Bill Eubank written 1917 ; published 1972 International Wizard of Oz Club A violent tale about a magic dart , nominally set in the Gillikin Country but otherwise making no reference to Oz .", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A unpublished ; written 1901 --", "A stage play closely based on the novel , featuring songs with music by Paul Tietjens .", "The Wizard of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A unpublished ; written and premiered in 1902 --", "A stage extravaganza loosely based on the novel , with jokes written by Glen MacDonough , featuring songs by Baum and Paul Tietjens and many other interpolated as the show progressed . It opened in Chicago in 1902 , starring the comedy team of David Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman ( who was also known in the show as Niccolo Chopper ) and the Scarecrow , respectively . The production moved to Broadway in 1903 , and continued ( on tour or in New York ) until 1909 .", "Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz L. Frank Baum Walt McDougal 1904 -- 1905 --", "Newspaper comic / column chronicling the misadventures of the Scarecrow , the Tin Woodman , the Woggle - Bug , Jack Pumpkinhead , the Sawhorse , and the Gump in the United States . Originally used to promote The Marvelous Land of Oz . Often republished in book form , first in a heavily revised edition by Jean Kellogg as The Visitors from Oz and later as The Third Book of Oz by Buckethead Enterprises of Oz , which was censored . The Third Book of Oz also includes `` The Woggle - Bug Book '' ( see below ) and is illustrated by Eric Shanower . Hungry Tiger Press corrected the censoring from the Buckethead edition but used The Visitors from Oz as the title like the Kellogg adaptation . Complete series can be read online .", "The Woggle - Bug Book : The Strange Adventure of the Woggle - Bug L. Frank Baum Ike Morgan 1905 Reilly & Britton", "Further adventures of the Woggle - Bug in the USA after he gets separated from the others . The text is included in The Third Book of Oz and the Hungry Tiger Press The Visitors from Oz . The book can be read online .", "The Woggle - Bug L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1905 N / A", "A stage musical based on The Marvelous Land of Oz , with music by Frederic Chapin . Reviews praised only Chapin and the show never opened on Broadway .", "The Rainbow 's Daughter , or The Magnet of Love L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1909 N / A", "A stage musical , music by Manuel Klein , based on Ozma of Oz and The Road to Oz . Never produced .", "Ozma of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1909 N / A", "A revised draft of The Rainbow 's Daughter . Never produced .", "The Girl from Oz L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; written 1909 N / A", "A play by Baum . The connection to Oz is reported as minimal . Held in the L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University ; later adapted for radio as The Girl of Tomorrow by Frank Joslyn Baum .", "Little Wizard Stories of Oz L. Frank Baum John R. Neill 1913 Reilly & Britton", "Six short stories about the Oz characters , originally written to help re-launch the Oz series in 1913 . Full text can be found online .", "The Tik - Tok Man of Oz L. Frank Baum N / A N / A ; produced in 1914 N / A", "The final version of The Rainbow 's Daughter , now with music by Louis F. Gottschalk , as produced by Oliver Morosco . Morosco and Victor Schertzinger interpolated one song of their own , but the production was not a big enough success for Morosco to want to move it to New York .", "`` The Littlest Giant : An Oz Story '' L. Frank Baum Bill Eubank written 1917 ; published 1972 International Wizard of Oz Club", "A violent tale about a magic dart , nominally set in the Gillikin Country but otherwise making no reference to Oz .", "Baum also wrote Oz - related stage plays : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1901 ) with music by Paul Tietjens and Nathaniel D. Mann , The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) ( music by Tietjens et al. ; with jokes by Glen MacDonough ) , The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) with music by Frederick Chapin , The Rainbow 's Daughter , or The Magnet of Love ( February 1909 ) with music by Manuel Klein , revised in April 1909 as Ozma of Oz , and ultimately produced , with music by Louis F. Gottschalk as The Tik - Tok Man of Oz . Also in 1909 , he wrote a play called The Girl from Oz . The manuscript is held in the archives at Syracuse University , but apparently its relation to Oz is little more than nominal ( it is also known as The Girl from Tomorrow and was later adapted for radio by Frank Joslyn Baum ) , as is also the case with the short story , `` The Littlest Giant '' , a rather brutal tale designated in two lines to be in the Gillikin country of Oz . With Gottschalk writing the music , he wrote an unproduced stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz in November 1913 , that was developed into the film scenario .", "The Oz books that were written subsequent to Baum 's death can be classified into two categories :", "The books that were founded on L. Frank Baum 's original canon : Publishers Reilly & Lee , who had printed 13 out of Baum 's 14 Oz novels , printed an additional 26 Oz books after Baum 's death , over the ensuing decades - 19 by Ruth Plumly Thompson , three by John R. Neill , two by Jack Snow and one each by Rachel Cosgrove Payes and by Eloise Jarvis McGraw & her daughter . Other publishers have since printed a plethora of additional Oz books , written by the aforementioned authors as well as many other fans ( more below ) . The books that do not follow L. Frank Baum 's original canon , but create an alternate Oz : Most notable among such books are Gregory Maguire 's Wicked ( more below ) .", "The books that were founded on L. Frank Baum 's original canon : Publishers Reilly & Lee , who had printed 13 out of Baum 's 14 Oz novels , printed an additional 26 Oz books after Baum 's death , over the ensuing decades - 19 by Ruth Plumly Thompson , three by John R. Neill , two by Jack Snow and one each by Rachel Cosgrove Payes and by Eloise Jarvis McGraw & her daughter . Other publishers have since printed a plethora of additional Oz books , written by the aforementioned authors as well as many other fans ( more below ) .", "The books that do not follow L. Frank Baum 's original canon , but create an alternate Oz : Most notable among such books are Gregory Maguire 's Wicked ( more below ) .", "The Oz books of Sherwood Smith , published in 2005 and 2006 , are officially recognized as canon by The Baum Trust .", "Ruth Plumly Thompson 's style was markedly different from Baum 's . Her tales harked back to more traditional fairy tales . She often included a small kingdom , with a prince or princess who saves his or her kingdom and regains the throne or saves Oz from invasion . Thompson even respelled Baum 's respelling `` Nome '' as the more traditional `` Gnome '' .", "By Ruth Plumly Thompson Title Illustrator Year Publisher The Royal Book of Oz John R. Neill 1921 Reilly & Lee The Scarecrow , going on a quest to find his family tree , slides down a magic bean - pole and discovers he is actually the Emperor of the mysterious underground Silver Islands . When Dorothy discovers him missing , she sets out to find him , meeting the knight , Sir Hokus of Pokes , along the way . Although Baum was credited as the author , it was written entirely by Thompson . Kabumpo in Oz John R. Neill 1922 Reilly & Lee During Prince Pompadore of Pumperdink 's birthday celebration a magic scroll is found inside his birthday cake . It warns him that if he does n't wed a `` proper princess '' within seven days , his entire kingdom will disappear . The prince , along with the old , wise elephant Kabumpo , the Elegant Elephant , set off on an adventure to the Emerald City and along the way meet up with Peg Amy , a living wooden doll , and Wag , a giant rabbit . Meanwhile , Ruggedo the Gnome King ( Thompson `` corrected '' Baum 's spelling `` Nome '' ) turns himself into a giant while tunneling under the Emerald City , gets Ozma 's palace stuck on his crown , and runs off with it . The Cowardly Lion of Oz John R. Neill 1923 Reilly & Lee The Cowardly Lion is kidnapped by Mustafa of Mudge for Mustafa 's large menagerie of lions . With the help of American circus clown Notta Bit More and orphan Bobbie Downs , or Bob Up , he is rescued from Mustafa as well as from petrifaction caused by the stone giant Crunch . Grampa in Oz John R. Neill 1924 Reilly & Lee Prince Tatters of Ragbag and Grampa , a former soldier , set out to search for King Fumbo 's lost head and a fortune to save the kingdom . Meanwhile , in Perhaps City in the Maybe Mountains the Princess Pretty Good disappears after the prophet Abrog foresees her marrying a monster if she does not marry in four days . The Lost King of Oz John R. Neill 1925 Reilly & Lee Old Mombi ( from The Marvelous Land of Oz ) is now a cook in the land of Kimbaloo , and one day comes across Pajuka , the former prime minister of Oz , whom she enchanted into a goose years before . She sets out to find Pastoria , the king of Oz , whom she had also enchanted . Meanwhile , Dorothy is accidentally transported to Hollywood , where she meets Humpy , a live stunt dummy , whom she brings back to Oz . The Hungry Tiger of Oz John R. Neill 1926 Reilly & Lee The Hungry Tiger ( first seen in Ozma of Oz ) is transported to Rash , the Red Kingdom in Ev , where he is made guard of the prison , where he discovers Betsy Bobbin , Carter Green , the Vegetable Man , and the Scarlet Prince Reddy of Rash as prisoners . They escape , and have many adventures on the way back to Oz . The Gnome King of Oz John R. Neill 1927 Reilly & Lee Peter Brown , an American boy , finds his way to the Island of Ruggedo , the wicked Gnome King . The two escape to Oz , which the Gnome King plans to conquer . Meanwhile , Scraps , the Patchwork Girl , is kidnapped by the Quilties and made their queen . The Giant Horse of Oz John R. Neill 1928 Reilly & Lee Many years ago , before Dorothy came to Oz , the royal family of the Munchkins were kidnapped and imprisoned on the mysterious Ozure Islands by the witch Mombi . Quiberon , an evil monster created by Mombi , guards them , but now wants a mortal maiden . Prince Philador of the Ozure Islands sets out to save them , and meets Tattypoo , the Good Witch of the North ( not seen since a cameo in The Road to Oz ) . Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz John R. Neill 1929 Reilly & Lee Remembering his previous visit to Oz , Peter ( from The Gnome King of Oz ) finds himself in Jack Pumpkinhead 's yard . The two set off for the Emerald City , but take a wrong turn and end up in the Quadling Country , where they meet products of Mogodore , Red Baron of Baffleburg 's plot to conquer Oz and marry Ozma , including Belfaygor of Bourne , with his beard cursed to rapid growth , and Snif the Iffin , a griffin who has lost his `` grr . '' The Yellow Knight of Oz John R. Neill 1930 Reilly & Lee Sir Hokus of Pokes grows bored with life in the Emerald City , and he and the Comfortable Camel set out for some adventure . Meanwhile , a boy named Speedy blasts his way to Oz in a homemade rocket ship , where he finds himself in the underground kingdom of Subterranea . Sir Hokus rescues the Princess Marygolden and finds a shift in his identity and learns that his memories of Merrie Olde England are false . Pirates in Oz John R. Neill 1931 Reilly & Lee Peter returns to Oz for a third time , this time with pirates on the Nonestic Ocean ( which surrounds the continent Oz is on ) . He also encounters Pigasus the flying pig and Captain Samuel Salt and his band of pirates . Meanwhile , Old Ruggedo , the Gnome King , is back . He had been hit with a Silence Stone at the end of The Gnome King of Oz , and decides to answer an advertisement for king of the Land of Menankypoo . The Purple Prince of Oz John R. Neill 1932 Reilly & Lee While visiting the neighboring kingdom of Pumperdink , Prince Randy of the Purple Mountains criticizes the king 's grapes , claiming they are sour . Randy is sentenced to be `` dipped '' , but Kabumpo , the Elegant Elephant , makes him his attendant instead . Later , the royal family disappears and Randy and Kabumpo must save the day with the help of the Red Jinn . Ojo in Oz John R. Neill 1933 Reilly & Lee Ojo ( from The Patchwork Girl of Oz ) is captured by Gypsies , escapes with fellow captive Snufferbux the dancing bear , and falls in with Realbad , the leader of a group of bandits . Together they discover X-Pando , the flexible man , free Crystal City from the Blue Dragon , and visit Unicorners , a community of Unicorns . Searching for Ojo , Dorothy and Scraps visit Dicksey Land , as well as many other strange lands . Speedy in Oz John R. Neill 1934 Reilly & Lee Speedy ( from The Yellow Knight of Oz ) returns for another adventure . While inspecting a dinosaur skeleton , Speedy is blown by a geyser into the air . The skeleton comes magically to life and becomes Terrybubble , a live ( although fleshless ) dinosaur . Terrybubble and Speedy land on Umbrella Island , a magic floating island , which has been captured by a giant . The Wishing Horse of Oz John R. Neill 1935 Reilly & Lee This Oz mystery starts in Skampavia where King Skamperoo wishes for a horse using enchanted emerald necklaces . When Chalk , the Wishing Horse of Oz , falls from the sky , Skamperoo decides the emeralds must be from the Emerald City , and decides to conquer all of Oz . Captain Salt in Oz John R. Neill 1936 Reilly & Lee Captain Salt ( from Pirates in Oz ) sails the Nonestic Ocean and discovers Ozamaland , a legendary land of flying animals , as well as the famous White City of Om and many other places . Handy Mandy in Oz John R. Neill 1937 Reilly & Lee Mandy from Mt . Mern is a Mernite , a race of seven - handed people . One day , while Mandy is trying to gather her goats , the rock she is standing on is blown into the air and into Oz . She lands in Keretaria in the Munchkin Country and meets Nox the white Royal Ox . This is also the last appearance of Ruggedo , the Gnome King . The Silver Princess in Oz John R. Neill 1938 Reilly & Lee King Randy of Regalia sets off for adventure with his old friend , the Elegant Elephant Kabumpo , to visit their friend Jinnicky the Red Jinn in Ev . Before long , they meet Planetty , the lovely Princess from Anuther Planet , and her fire - breathing Thundercolt , Thun , and set off on more adventures . Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz John R. Neill 1939 Reilly & Lee The Wizard decides to create ozoplanes for his friends which can fly into the stratosphere . The Wizard , Dorothy , the Cowardly Lion and the Scarecrow take one ozoplane , called the Ozpril , and go to the Red Top Mountains . The other group : Tin Woodman , Jellia Jamb and the Soldier with the Green Whiskers take the Oztober to the sky city of Stratovania . The phrase `` The Wizard of Oz '' was included in the title to coincide with the 1939 release of the film The Wizard of Oz .", "By Ruth Plumly Thompson", "Title Illustrator Year Publisher", "The Royal Book of Oz John R. Neill 1921 Reilly & Lee", "The Scarecrow , going on a quest to find his family tree , slides down a magic bean - pole and discovers he is actually the Emperor of the mysterious underground Silver Islands . When Dorothy discovers him missing , she sets out to find him , meeting the knight , Sir Hokus of Pokes , along the way . Although Baum was credited as the author , it was written entirely by Thompson .", "Kabumpo in Oz John R. Neill 1922 Reilly & Lee", "During Prince Pompadore of Pumperdink 's birthday celebration a magic scroll is found inside his birthday cake . It warns him that if he does n't wed a `` proper princess '' within seven days , his entire kingdom will disappear . The prince , along with the old , wise elephant Kabumpo , the Elegant Elephant , set off on an adventure to the Emerald City and along the way meet up with Peg Amy , a living wooden doll , and Wag , a giant rabbit . Meanwhile , Ruggedo the Gnome King ( Thompson `` corrected '' Baum 's spelling `` Nome '' ) turns himself into a giant while tunneling under the Emerald City , gets Ozma 's palace stuck on his crown , and runs off with it .", "The Cowardly Lion of Oz John R. Neill 1923 Reilly & Lee", "The Cowardly Lion is kidnapped by Mustafa of Mudge for Mustafa 's large menagerie of lions . With the help of American circus clown Notta Bit More and orphan Bobbie Downs , or Bob Up , he is rescued from Mustafa as well as from petrifaction caused by the stone giant Crunch .", "Grampa in Oz John R. Neill 1924 Reilly & Lee", "Prince Tatters of Ragbag and Grampa , a former soldier , set out to search for King Fumbo 's lost head and a fortune to save the kingdom . Meanwhile , in Perhaps City in the Maybe Mountains the Princess Pretty Good disappears after the prophet Abrog foresees her marrying a monster if she does not marry in four days .", "The Lost King of Oz John R. Neill 1925 Reilly & Lee", "Old Mombi ( from The Marvelous Land of Oz ) is now a cook in the land of Kimbaloo , and one day comes across Pajuka , the former prime minister of Oz , whom she enchanted into a goose years before . She sets out to find Pastoria , the king of Oz , whom she had also enchanted . Meanwhile , Dorothy is accidentally transported to Hollywood , where she meets Humpy , a live stunt dummy , whom she brings back to Oz .", "The Hungry Tiger of Oz John R. Neill 1926 Reilly & Lee", "The Hungry Tiger ( first seen in Ozma of Oz ) is transported to Rash , the Red Kingdom in Ev , where he is made guard of the prison , where he discovers Betsy Bobbin , Carter Green , the Vegetable Man , and the Scarlet Prince Reddy of Rash as prisoners . They escape , and have many adventures on the way back to Oz .", "The Gnome King of Oz John R. Neill 1927 Reilly & Lee", "Peter Brown , an American boy , finds his way to the Island of Ruggedo , the wicked Gnome King . The two escape to Oz , which the Gnome King plans to conquer . Meanwhile , Scraps , the Patchwork Girl , is kidnapped by the Quilties and made their queen .", "The Giant Horse of Oz John R. Neill 1928 Reilly & Lee", "Many years ago , before Dorothy came to Oz , the royal family of the Munchkins were kidnapped and imprisoned on the mysterious Ozure Islands by the witch Mombi . Quiberon , an evil monster created by Mombi , guards them , but now wants a mortal maiden . Prince Philador of the Ozure Islands sets out to save them , and meets Tattypoo , the Good Witch of the North ( not seen since a cameo in The Road to Oz ) .", "Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz John R. Neill 1929 Reilly & Lee", "Remembering his previous visit to Oz , Peter ( from The Gnome King of Oz ) finds himself in Jack Pumpkinhead 's yard . The two set off for the Emerald City , but take a wrong turn and end up in the Quadling Country , where they meet products of Mogodore , Red Baron of Baffleburg 's plot to conquer Oz and marry Ozma , including Belfaygor of Bourne , with his beard cursed to rapid growth , and Snif the Iffin , a griffin who has lost his `` grr . ''", "The Yellow Knight of Oz John R. Neill 1930 Reilly & Lee", "Sir Hokus of Pokes grows bored with life in the Emerald City , and he and the Comfortable Camel set out for some adventure . Meanwhile , a boy named Speedy blasts his way to Oz in a homemade rocket ship , where he finds himself in the underground kingdom of Subterranea . Sir Hokus rescues the Princess Marygolden and finds a shift in his identity and learns that his memories of Merrie Olde England are false .", "Pirates in Oz John R. Neill 1931 Reilly & Lee", "Peter returns to Oz for a third time , this time with pirates on the Nonestic Ocean ( which surrounds the continent Oz is on ) . He also encounters Pigasus the flying pig and Captain Samuel Salt and his band of pirates . Meanwhile , Old Ruggedo , the Gnome King , is back . He had been hit with a Silence Stone at the end of The Gnome King of Oz , and decides to answer an advertisement for king of the Land of Menankypoo .", "The Purple Prince of Oz John R. Neill 1932 Reilly & Lee", "While visiting the neighboring kingdom of Pumperdink , Prince Randy of the Purple Mountains criticizes the king 's grapes , claiming they are sour . Randy is sentenced to be `` dipped '' , but Kabumpo , the Elegant Elephant , makes him his attendant instead . Later , the royal family disappears and Randy and Kabumpo must save the day with the help of the Red Jinn .", "Ojo in Oz John R. Neill 1933 Reilly & Lee", "Ojo ( from The Patchwork Girl of Oz ) is captured by Gypsies , escapes with fellow captive Snufferbux the dancing bear , and falls in with Realbad , the leader of a group of bandits . Together they discover X-Pando , the flexible man , free Crystal City from the Blue Dragon , and visit Unicorners , a community of Unicorns . Searching for Ojo , Dorothy and Scraps visit Dicksey Land , as well as many other strange lands .", "Speedy in Oz John R. Neill 1934 Reilly & Lee", "Speedy ( from The Yellow Knight of Oz ) returns for another adventure . While inspecting a dinosaur skeleton , Speedy is blown by a geyser into the air . The skeleton comes magically to life and becomes Terrybubble , a live ( although fleshless ) dinosaur . Terrybubble and Speedy land on Umbrella Island , a magic floating island , which has been captured by a giant .", "The Wishing Horse of Oz John R. Neill 1935 Reilly & Lee", "This Oz mystery starts in Skampavia where King Skamperoo wishes for a horse using enchanted emerald necklaces . When Chalk , the Wishing Horse of Oz , falls from the sky , Skamperoo decides the emeralds must be from the Emerald City , and decides to conquer all of Oz .", "Captain Salt in Oz John R. Neill 1936 Reilly & Lee", "Captain Salt ( from Pirates in Oz ) sails the Nonestic Ocean and discovers Ozamaland , a legendary land of flying animals , as well as the famous White City of Om and many other places .", "Handy Mandy in Oz John R. Neill 1937 Reilly & Lee", "Mandy from Mt . Mern is a Mernite , a race of seven - handed people . One day , while Mandy is trying to gather her goats , the rock she is standing on is blown into the air and into Oz . She lands in Keretaria in the Munchkin Country and meets Nox the white Royal Ox . This is also the last appearance of Ruggedo , the Gnome King .", "The Silver Princess in Oz John R. Neill 1938 Reilly & Lee", "King Randy of Regalia sets off for adventure with his old friend , the Elegant Elephant Kabumpo , to visit their friend Jinnicky the Red Jinn in Ev . Before long , they meet Planetty , the lovely Princess from Anuther Planet , and her fire - breathing Thundercolt , Thun , and set off on more adventures .", "Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz John R. Neill 1939 Reilly & Lee", "The Wizard decides to create ozoplanes for his friends which can fly into the stratosphere . The Wizard , Dorothy , the Cowardly Lion and the Scarecrow take one ozoplane , called the Ozpril , and go to the Red Top Mountains . The other group : Tin Woodman , Jellia Jamb and the Soldier with the Green Whiskers take the Oztober to the sky city of Stratovania . The phrase `` The Wizard of Oz '' was included in the title to coincide with the 1939 release of the film The Wizard of Oz .", "Illustrator John R. Neill 's vision of Oz is more manic than Thompson or Baum 's . Houses often get up and do battle , and everything can be alive . His entries take Oz 's color scheme ( blue for Munchkin Country , red for Quadling Country , etc . ) to an extreme , extending it to sky and skin colors .", "By John R. Neill Title Illustrator Year Publisher The Wonder City of Oz John R. Neill 1940 Reilly & Lee Jenny Jump captures a leprechaun and forces him to make her into a fairy , but he only does half the job before escaping . Jenny then jumps to Oz using her half - fairy gifts . She soon sets up a fashionable Style Shop with a magic turnstile which will give anyone high style and challenges Ozma to an ozlection to become ruler of the Land of Oz . The Scalawagons of Oz John R. Neill 1941 Reilly & Lee The Wizard creates Scalawagons , intelligent cars that can also fly . He makes Tik - Tok superintendent of the Scalawagons Factory , but the mechanical man runs down . Bell Snickle , a mysterious creature , takes advantage of Tik - Tok 's condition by filling the scalawagons with `` flabber - gas '' and the Wizard nearly loses his scalawagons . Lucky Bucky in Oz John R. Neill 1942 Reilly & Lee Bucky is aboard a tugboat in New York Harbor when the boiler blows up . He is soon blown into the Nonestic Ocean where he meets Davy Jones , a wooden whale . The pair travel to the Emerald City , and have many watery adventures along the way .", "By John R. Neill", "Title Illustrator Year Publisher", "The Wonder City of Oz John R. Neill 1940 Reilly & Lee", "Jenny Jump captures a leprechaun and forces him to make her into a fairy , but he only does half the job before escaping . Jenny then jumps to Oz using her half - fairy gifts . She soon sets up a fashionable Style Shop with a magic turnstile which will give anyone high style and challenges Ozma to an ozlection to become ruler of the Land of Oz .", "The Scalawagons of Oz John R. Neill 1941 Reilly & Lee", "The Wizard creates Scalawagons , intelligent cars that can also fly . He makes Tik - Tok superintendent of the Scalawagons Factory , but the mechanical man runs down . Bell Snickle , a mysterious creature , takes advantage of Tik - Tok 's condition by filling the scalawagons with `` flabber - gas '' and the Wizard nearly loses his scalawagons .", "Lucky Bucky in Oz John R. Neill 1942 Reilly & Lee", "Bucky is aboard a tugboat in New York Harbor when the boiler blows up . He is soon blown into the Nonestic Ocean where he meets Davy Jones , a wooden whale . The pair travel to the Emerald City , and have many watery adventures along the way .", "Jack Snow was a Baum scholar , and even offered to take over the series at age twelve when Baum died . Snow 's books lack any characters created by Thompson or Neill , although he did create his own .", "By Jack Snow Title Illustrator Year Publisher The Magical Mimics in Oz Frank Kramer 1946 Reilly & Lee Ozma and Glinda go to meet with the Fairy Queen Lurline in the Forest of Burzee and leave Dorothy in charge of Oz . During Ozma 's absence , the evil Mimics escape their imprisonment on Mount Illuso and use their magic to take the form of others and attempt to conquer Oz . The Shaggy Man of Oz Frank Kramer 1949 Reilly & Lee It is discovered that the love magnet , which was owned by the Shaggy Man ( from The Road to Oz ) , has broken , and only its creator , the evil Conjo , can fix it . Meanwhile , Twink and Tom are pulled through their television to the Isle of Conjo in the Nonestic Ocean along with the wooden clown Twiffle . Soon the Shaggy Man arrives and saves them from Conjo .", "By Jack Snow", "Title Illustrator Year Publisher", "The Magical Mimics in Oz Frank Kramer 1946 Reilly & Lee", "Ozma and Glinda go to meet with the Fairy Queen Lurline in the Forest of Burzee and leave Dorothy in charge of Oz . During Ozma 's absence , the evil Mimics escape their imprisonment on Mount Illuso and use their magic to take the form of others and attempt to conquer Oz .", "The Shaggy Man of Oz Frank Kramer 1949 Reilly & Lee", "It is discovered that the love magnet , which was owned by the Shaggy Man ( from The Road to Oz ) , has broken , and only its creator , the evil Conjo , can fix it . Meanwhile , Twink and Tom are pulled through their television to the Isle of Conjo in the Nonestic Ocean along with the wooden clown Twiffle . Soon the Shaggy Man arrives and saves them from Conjo .", "The last two Oz books published by Reilly & Lee :", "By Rachel R. Cosgrove Title Illustrator Year Publisher The Hidden Valley of Oz Dirk Gringhuis 1951 Reilly & Lee Jam , a boy from Ohio , builds a kite and attaches it to a crate and sets off to Oz with his two guinea pigs , Pinny and Gig , and a lab rat named Percy . Once in Oz , Jam realizes his pets can talk . He lands in the Hidden Valley and becomes a prisoner , but they escape and set out on adventures with the Tin Woodman . By Eloise Jarvis McGraw and Lauren Lynn McGraw Title Illustrator Year Publisher Merry Go Round in Oz Dick Martin 1963 Reilly & Lee Robin Brown from the USA rides a magic merry - go - round horse named Merry Go Round to Oz . Upon landing , Robin must help find the missing magic Circlets of Halidom .", "By Rachel R. Cosgrove", "Title Illustrator Year Publisher", "The Hidden Valley of Oz Dirk Gringhuis 1951 Reilly & Lee", "Jam , a boy from Ohio , builds a kite and attaches it to a crate and sets off to Oz with his two guinea pigs , Pinny and Gig , and a lab rat named Percy . Once in Oz , Jam realizes his pets can talk . He lands in the Hidden Valley and becomes a prisoner , but they escape and set out on adventures with the Tin Woodman .", "By Eloise Jarvis McGraw and Lauren Lynn McGraw", "Title Illustrator Year Publisher", "Merry Go Round in Oz Dick Martin 1963 Reilly & Lee", "Robin Brown from the USA rides a magic merry - go - round horse named Merry Go Round to Oz . Upon landing , Robin must help find the missing magic Circlets of Halidom .", "Subsequent books published by the International Wizard of Oz Club Title Writer Illustrator Year Publisher Yankee in Oz Ruth Plumly Thompson Dick Martin 1972 International Wizard of Oz Club Tompy , a drummer boy from the United States and Yankee , an Air Force dog meet the Red Jinn of Ev and together defeat an evil giant who is threatening both America and Oz . Originally written in 1954 , it was published by the Club in 1972 with Reilly & Lee 's authorization . The Enchanted Island of Oz Ruth Plumly Thompson Dick Martin 1976 International Wizard of Oz Club David B. Perry and his talking camel Humpty Bumpty find themselves on Kapurta , an island stranded in the sky . David must supply the magic to move the island and visit the Emerald City in time for the Cowardly Lion 's birthday party . The Forbidden Fountain of Oz By Eloise Jarvis McGraw and Lauren McGraw Wagner Dick Martin 1980 International Wizard of Oz Club Ozma takes a sip from limeade made from the Forbidden Fountain , forgets who she is and disappears . As the androgynous Poppy , she befriends reformed unsuccessful bandit Tobias Bridlecull , Jr. and a white lamb named Lambert . Kabumpo sets out to rescue her , but he believes Toby to be a kidnapper , so she does not want to be saved . The Ozmapolitan of Oz Dick Martin Dick Martin 1986 The International Wizard of Oz Club . Septimius Septentrion is three weeks into a job as a printer at the Ozmapolitan in the Emerald City of Oz . A chance meeting with Princess Dorothy leads to a plan to drum up news to promote the sleepy Ozite newspaper . Accompanied by a mifket named Jinx and Dorothy 's cat Eureka , `` Tim '' and Dorothy embark on a cross-country trip through the Winkie Country . The plan is to meet the Scarecrow at his corncob - shaped residence ; but the plan quickly goes awry . The party encounter a fortune - teller and receive cryptic gingerbread - fortune - cookie predictions : Dorothy 's is `` A Fat Chance , '' Tim 's is `` A Blue Moon , '' and Jinx 's is `` A Silent Melody . '' The Expeditioneers , as they call themselves , learn the meanings of these fortunes as they progress through an Art Colony , a Game Preserve , and a long and complex subterranean journey . The Wicked Witch of Oz Rachel Cosgrove Eric Shanower International Wizard of Oz Club Singra , the Wicked Witch of the South , awakens after a 100 - year nap and decides to make up for all the wickedness she missed out on . Dorothy and friends must try and stop her before she destroys the Emerald City . The Hidden Prince of Oz Gina Wickwar Anna - Maria Cool 2000 International Wizard of Oz Club Published in celebration of the hundredth anniversary of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . When the Glass Cat attends the dedication of Silica Valley 's Great Glass - works , she does n't know she 's about to find her roots and be wished smack dab into the middle of the 101 - year - old mystery of the Hidden Prince of Oz . Toto of Oz Gina Wickwar Anna - Maria Cool 2006 International Wizard of Oz Club Toto sets out for the deep , dark Gillikin forests to find the beasts who stole his growl . Eventually he meets an aristocratic guinea pig , the poet Sonny , a plaid Hoot Owl , and two visitors from Kentucky . Joining forces , the adventurers soon realize that some mysterious magic is the cause of their misfortunes and the key to unraveling the secret of strange disappearances .", "Subsequent books published by the International Wizard of Oz Club", "Title Writer Illustrator Year Publisher", "Yankee in Oz Ruth Plumly Thompson Dick Martin 1972 International Wizard of Oz Club", "Tompy , a drummer boy from the United States and Yankee , an Air Force dog meet the Red Jinn of Ev and together defeat an evil giant who is threatening both America and Oz . Originally written in 1954 , it was published by the Club in 1972 with Reilly & Lee 's authorization .", "The Enchanted Island of Oz Ruth Plumly Thompson Dick Martin 1976 International Wizard of Oz Club", "David B. Perry and his talking camel Humpty Bumpty find themselves on Kapurta , an island stranded in the sky . David must supply the magic to move the island and visit the Emerald City in time for the Cowardly Lion 's birthday party .", "The Forbidden Fountain of Oz By Eloise Jarvis McGraw and Lauren McGraw Wagner Dick Martin 1980 International Wizard of Oz Club", "Ozma takes a sip from limeade made from the Forbidden Fountain , forgets who she is and disappears . As the androgynous Poppy , she befriends reformed unsuccessful bandit Tobias Bridlecull , Jr. and a white lamb named Lambert . Kabumpo sets out to rescue her , but he believes Toby to be a kidnapper , so she does not want to be saved .", "The Ozmapolitan of Oz Dick Martin Dick Martin 1986 The International Wizard of Oz Club .", "Septimius Septentrion is three weeks into a job as a printer at the Ozmapolitan in the Emerald City of Oz . A chance meeting with Princess Dorothy leads to a plan to drum up news to promote the sleepy Ozite newspaper . Accompanied by a mifket named Jinx and Dorothy 's cat Eureka , `` Tim '' and Dorothy embark on a cross-country trip through the Winkie Country . The plan is to meet the Scarecrow at his corncob - shaped residence ; but the plan quickly goes awry . The party encounter a fortune - teller and receive cryptic gingerbread - fortune - cookie predictions : Dorothy 's is `` A Fat Chance , '' Tim 's is `` A Blue Moon , '' and Jinx 's is `` A Silent Melody . '' The Expeditioneers , as they call themselves , learn the meanings of these fortunes as they progress through an Art Colony , a Game Preserve , and a long and complex subterranean journey .", "The Expeditioneers , as they call themselves , learn the meanings of these fortunes as they progress through an Art Colony , a Game Preserve , and a long and complex subterranean journey .", "The Wicked Witch of Oz Rachel Cosgrove Eric Shanower International Wizard of Oz Club", "Singra , the Wicked Witch of the South , awakens after a 100 - year nap and decides to make up for all the wickedness she missed out on . Dorothy and friends must try and stop her before she destroys the Emerald City .", "The Hidden Prince of Oz Gina Wickwar Anna - Maria Cool 2000 International Wizard of Oz Club", "Published in celebration of the hundredth anniversary of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . When the Glass Cat attends the dedication of Silica Valley 's Great Glass - works , she does n't know she 's about to find her roots and be wished smack dab into the middle of the 101 - year - old mystery of the Hidden Prince of Oz .", "Toto of Oz Gina Wickwar Anna - Maria Cool 2006 International Wizard of Oz Club", "Toto sets out for the deep , dark Gillikin forests to find the beasts who stole his growl . Eventually he meets an aristocratic guinea pig , the poet Sonny , a plaid Hoot Owl , and two visitors from Kentucky . Joining forces , the adventurers soon realize that some mysterious magic is the cause of their misfortunes and the key to unraveling the secret of strange disappearances .", "Other recognized Oz Sequels Title Writer Year Notes The Emerald Wand of Oz Sherwood Smith 2005 The first of three new books authorized by the Baum Family Trust . Trouble Under Oz Sherwood Smith 2006 Sky Pyrates Over Oz Sherwood Smith 2014 Self - published at Lulu.com to complete the planned trilogy .", "Other recognized Oz Sequels", "Title Writer Year Notes", "The Emerald Wand of Oz Sherwood Smith 2005 The first of three new books authorized by the Baum Family Trust .", "Trouble Under Oz Sherwood Smith 2006", "Sky Pyrates Over Oz Sherwood Smith 2014 Self - published at Lulu.com to complete the planned trilogy .", "Jack Snow wrote Who 's Who in Oz , a guide to characters from the first 39 Oz books , as well as a short story titled `` A Murder in Oz , '' in which Tip takes his life back from Ozma , and both are ultimately restored as twin siblings .", "Some are in line with the originals , while others deviate in various ways .", "Orthodox Oz Sequels Title Writer Year Notes Mr. Tinker in Oz James Howe ( illustrated by David Rose ) 1985 Dorothy meets the inventor of Tik - Tok the Clockwork Man . The Unknown Witches of Oz Dave Hardenbrook ( illustrated by Kerry Rouleau ) 2000 published by Galde Press . This book chronicles the mystery of the Good Witch of the North , who was the very first person that Dorothy spoke to when she first arrived in Oz . Dave Hardenbrook reconciles L. Frank Baum 's original version of the character with Ruth Plumly Thompson 's subsequent version . The Silver Tower of Oz Margaret Baum 2011 In a time long before Dorothy Gale first visited the Land of Oz , three children travel through the magical land in search of their lost parents . Along the way they befriend a bunnymunch , a clockwork squirrel , good witches , and many others who help them after they inadvertently release a wicked witch . Polychrome : A Romantic Fantasy Ryk E. Spoor 2015 Two of Oz 's enemies return and the Rainbow 's daughter Polychrome brings a traveler from the mortal world to help them .", "Orthodox Oz Sequels", "Title Writer Year Notes", "Mr. Tinker in Oz James Howe ( illustrated by David Rose ) 1985 Dorothy meets the inventor of Tik - Tok the Clockwork Man .", "The Unknown Witches of Oz Dave Hardenbrook ( illustrated by Kerry Rouleau ) 2000 published by Galde Press . This book chronicles the mystery of the Good Witch of the North , who was the very first person that Dorothy spoke to when she first arrived in Oz . Dave Hardenbrook reconciles L. Frank Baum 's original version of the character with Ruth Plumly Thompson 's subsequent version .", "The Silver Tower of Oz Margaret Baum 2011 In a time long before Dorothy Gale first visited the Land of Oz , three children travel through the magical land in search of their lost parents . Along the way they befriend a bunnymunch , a clockwork squirrel , good witches , and many others who help them after they inadvertently release a wicked witch .", "Polychrome : A Romantic Fantasy Ryk E. Spoor 2015 Two of Oz 's enemies return and the Rainbow 's daughter Polychrome brings a traveler from the mortal world to help them .", "Below are some books which deal with alternate versions of Oz , that do not adhere to the original and official canon by L. Frank Baum .", "Alternate Oz Title Writer Year Notes The Laughing Dragon of Oz Frank Joslyn Baum 1934 Was a `` Big little book '' written by Baum 's son ( credited as `` Frank Baum '' ) and published by Whitman Publishing . It had none of the characters from the official Oz books , though briefly mentioned the Wizard . Whitman quickly withdrew it after a lawsuit threat from Reilly & Lee . The Wizard of the Emerald City Alexander Volkov 1939 , 1959 Volkov 's original adaptation of The Wizard of Oz . Ellie , 9 , and her puppy Totoshka are carried in an hurricane to the Magic Land . After the first shock of the beauty of the land and Totoshka 's sudden gift of wise speech , they meet the Fairy of the Yellow Land , Villina , who tells them that she has allowed their house to be taken by the wind to land on the head of Gingema , the Wicked Witch of the Blue Land , and kill her . Now Ellie is called `` The Fairy of the Killing House '' and is worshipped by the people around . Villina tells Ellie to follow the Yellow Brick Road to find Goodwin , the Great and the Horrible , the ruler of the Magic Land , who lives in the Emerald City . He is supposed to bring Ellie back home to her parents if she fulfills the greatest wishes of three creatures that she will meet on the way . They set off , Ellie wearing the silver shoes that Totoshka has found in Gingema 's house . They meet Strashila the scarecrow , who dreams of having a brain , The Iron Woodman , who dreams of a heart , and the Cowardly Lion , who dreams about courage . This novel is nearly the same as the original , with a few changes and additions . Urfin Dzhus and His Wooden Soldiers Alexander Volkov 1963 The first of Volkov 's sequels , all of which have nearly nothing to do with Baum 's . In this one , set one year after the events in the first novel , Urfin Dzhus , a former servant of Gingema , discovers a magical powder that brings things to life . He then creates an army of wooden soldiers and sets off to conquer the Magic Land . On her farm in Kansas , Ellie meets a crow bearing a pictured message : Strashila and The Iron Woodman behind bars . Ellie ( with Totoshka ) and her uncle , the wooden - legged seaman Charlie Black , set off through the desert and the mountains to help their friends . Seven Kings of the Underground Alexander Volkov 1964 Trapped in a huge cave after a collapse , Ellie , now 11 , Totoshka and Ellie 's cousin Fred ( 13 ) are forced to move further into the cave . They end up in the underground of the Magic Land , in the Land of the Seven Kings of the Underground , which is currently caught up in a serious political crisis . The people recognize Ellie as the Fairy of the Killing House and keep her hostage , forcing her to use her magical powers to restore the Magical Spring of Sleepy Water that keeps the order in the country . It is up to Fred now to find a way out to seek help from Ellie 's friends . The Yellow Fog Alexander Volkov 1970 A giant witch named Arachna wakes up after a 5,000 years ' sleep . She wishes to rule the Magic Land , but seeing that the people would not surrender , sends on them an eerie Yellow Fog that threatens to bring eternal winter and poison all the people , eventually causing mass death and destruction . The people of the Magic Land Once seal rooms to hide inside and use the leaves of a certain tree as gas mask , but this can not last forever . Once again Annie , Tim and Artoshka , accompanied by Charlie Black , rush to the rescue . Charlie builds a giant piloted robot who defeats the witch . The Secret of the Abandoned Castle Alexander Volkov 1976 , 1982 This time the people of the Magic Land have to deal with alien invasion . The inseparable Annie and Tim , now 12 and 13 , along with Fred the engineer , arrive to help their friends . They discover that the aliens are not united : some of them , the Arzaks , are enslaved to the Menvits through their hypnotic eyes . The guests of the Outer World discover that the Magic Land may hold the key to the Arzaks ' freedom . A Barnstormer in Oz Philip José Farmer 1982 Set approximately 30 years after the events of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the protagonist of this novel is Hank Stover , the son of Dorothy Gale Stover . After his plane is lost in a mysterious green cloud , Hank finds himself in an Oz on the brink of a civil war . The novel states that the events of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz are based on real events . Baum had been a newspaper reporter in Nebraska around the time Dorothy was transported to Oz ; he interviewed her and later used his notes as the basis for the first novel . All subsequent novels by Baum are solely products of his imagination . Return to Oz Joan D. Vinge 1985 The book version of the movie Return to Oz ( 1985 ) , which is based on the second and third books , The Land of Oz and Ozma of Oz . Dorothy of Oz Roger S. Baum The author is L. Frank Baum 's great grandson . In this story , Dorothy and Toto return to the Land of Oz when it is under attack by a Jester using the wand of the Wicked Witch of the West . Besides help from Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion , Dorothy gets help in her quest by a China Doll Princess , Tugg ( a tugboat made from the limbs of the Talking Trees with as many personalities as he has pieces ) , and Wiser the Owl ( who has an unlucky attraction to molasses ) . The 2014 film Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return is partially inspired by Dorothy of Oz . Was Geoff Ryman Was employs the literary conceit that a Kansas girl named Dorothy existed and that , as a school teacher , L. Frank Baum made up the story of the first Oz book to amuse her . The novel takes place in the real world . Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West Gregory Maguire 1995 Published by ReganBooks , an imprint of HarperCollins . It is a parallel novel written by Gregory Maguire and illustrated by Douglas Smith . Based upon the writings of L. Frank Baum , it is a revisionist look at the land and characters of Oz , drawing primarily from Baum 's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . The novel presents events , characters and situations from Baum 's books and the film in new ways , with several differences between the L. Frank Baum series and the Wicked Cycle . These differences arise from the original Oz functioning as a mirror - image of Kansas in a cultural and economic framework : Oz was wealthy , prosperous and had excellent agricultural yields while Kansas was characterized by economic hardship , environmental difficulties and poor harvests . The social strife described in the Wicked Cycle indicates that the two series are set in similar and internally consistent but distinctly separate visions of Oz . The novel focuses on the life of the Wicked Witch of the West , whom Maguire gives the name Elphaba . Unlike the popular 1939 movie and Baum 's writings , this novel is not directed at children , and contains adult language and content . It is the basis for the Broadway musical Wicked by Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman . Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage Roger S. Baum 1995 The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass Stephen King The characters visit an unpopulated version of the Emerald City , called the Green Palace . The Palace is a combination of the versions from the 1939 film and the book , pulled from the protagonists ' imaginations . The man sitting on the Wizard 's throne turns out to be Marten Broadcloak , an alter - ego of one of the Dark Tower Series ' main villains . Visitors from Oz Martin Gardner 1998 Dorothy , the Scarecrow , and the Tin Woodman use a Klein bottle to travel to New York City in 1998 . Gardner 's whimsical fantasy includes various characters from the Oz books as well as ancient Greek gods and characters from Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . Son of a Witch Gregory Maguire 2005 Published by ReganBooks . Sequel to Wicked , focusing on Elphaba 's son Liir . A Lion Among Men Gregory Maguire 2008 Published by William Morrow Books , an imprint of HarperCollins . The third book in `` The Wicked Years '' , telling the life story of the Cowardly Lion ( given the name `` Brrr '' by Maguire ) . Out of Oz Gregory Maguire 2011 Published by William Morrow Books , an imprint of HarperCollins . The fourth and final volume in `` The Wicked Years '' , focusing on the life of Rain , daughter of Liir and granddaughter of Elphaba . The story also includes Dorothy 's return to Oz ( and trial for the deaths of the Wicked Witches of the East and West ) , as well as the appearance of Tip and Mombi ( here spelled `` Mombey '' ) from The Marvelous Land of Oz . Oz Squad : March of the Tin Soldiers Steve Ahlquist 2011 This novel takes place a few years after the end of the Oz Squad comic book series . The Squad rushes to foil a plot by Rebecca Eastwitch to enslave both Earth and Oz using the secrets of a grimoire stolen from the Library of Hell . The Oz Saga : The City of Emeralds Landon Parks 2013 The first book in the series finds Dorothy struggling with dreams from her past visit to Oz . After finding a locket in the woods , she starts to feel that perhaps finding it was not as much of a coincidence as she thought . After being torn back into the kingdom of Oz , she finds that the magical kingdom is no longer the great , fabled fairy - country it was on her past visit . Published by Griffin Young Readers . First book in the middle grade series ' The Oz Saga ' Return to `` Return to Oz '' , and Other Tales Justin MacCormack 2014 The collection of horror and dark fantasy stories including the titular story , themed around a man rediscovering his past and coming to terms with the disturbing moments he has experienced , set against the nostalgic memory of the film `` Return to Oz '' .", "Title Writer Year Notes", "The Laughing Dragon of Oz Frank Joslyn Baum 1934 Was a `` Big little book '' written by Baum 's son ( credited as `` Frank Baum '' ) and published by Whitman Publishing . It had none of the characters from the official Oz books , though briefly mentioned the Wizard . Whitman quickly withdrew it after a lawsuit threat from Reilly & Lee .", "The Wizard of the Emerald City Alexander Volkov 1939 , 1959 Volkov 's original adaptation of The Wizard of Oz . Ellie , 9 , and her puppy Totoshka are carried in an hurricane to the Magic Land . After the first shock of the beauty of the land and Totoshka 's sudden gift of wise speech , they meet the Fairy of the Yellow Land , Villina , who tells them that she has allowed their house to be taken by the wind to land on the head of Gingema , the Wicked Witch of the Blue Land , and kill her . Now Ellie is called `` The Fairy of the Killing House '' and is worshipped by the people around . Villina tells Ellie to follow the Yellow Brick Road to find Goodwin , the Great and the Horrible , the ruler of the Magic Land , who lives in the Emerald City . He is supposed to bring Ellie back home to her parents if she fulfills the greatest wishes of three creatures that she will meet on the way . They set off , Ellie wearing the silver shoes that Totoshka has found in Gingema 's house . They meet Strashila the scarecrow , who dreams of having a brain , The Iron Woodman , who dreams of a heart , and the Cowardly Lion , who dreams about courage . This novel is nearly the same as the original , with a few changes and additions .", "Urfin Dzhus and His Wooden Soldiers Alexander Volkov 1963 The first of Volkov 's sequels , all of which have nearly nothing to do with Baum 's . In this one , set one year after the events in the first novel , Urfin Dzhus , a former servant of Gingema , discovers a magical powder that brings things to life . He then creates an army of wooden soldiers and sets off to conquer the Magic Land . On her farm in Kansas , Ellie meets a crow bearing a pictured message : Strashila and The Iron Woodman behind bars . Ellie ( with Totoshka ) and her uncle , the wooden - legged seaman Charlie Black , set off through the desert and the mountains to help their friends .", "Seven Kings of the Underground Alexander Volkov 1964 Trapped in a huge cave after a collapse , Ellie , now 11 , Totoshka and Ellie 's cousin Fred ( 13 ) are forced to move further into the cave . They end up in the underground of the Magic Land , in the Land of the Seven Kings of the Underground , which is currently caught up in a serious political crisis . The people recognize Ellie as the Fairy of the Killing House and keep her hostage , forcing her to use her magical powers to restore the Magical Spring of Sleepy Water that keeps the order in the country . It is up to Fred now to find a way out to seek help from Ellie 's friends .", "The Yellow Fog Alexander Volkov 1970 A giant witch named Arachna wakes up after a 5,000 years ' sleep . She wishes to rule the Magic Land , but seeing that the people would not surrender , sends on them an eerie Yellow Fog that threatens to bring eternal winter and poison all the people , eventually causing mass death and destruction . The people of the Magic Land Once seal rooms to hide inside and use the leaves of a certain tree as gas mask , but this can not last forever . Once again Annie , Tim and Artoshka , accompanied by Charlie Black , rush to the rescue . Charlie builds a giant piloted robot who defeats the witch .", "The Secret of the Abandoned Castle Alexander Volkov 1976 , 1982 This time the people of the Magic Land have to deal with alien invasion . The inseparable Annie and Tim , now 12 and 13 , along with Fred the engineer , arrive to help their friends . They discover that the aliens are not united : some of them , the Arzaks , are enslaved to the Menvits through their hypnotic eyes . The guests of the Outer World discover that the Magic Land may hold the key to the Arzaks ' freedom .", "A Barnstormer in Oz Philip José Farmer 1982 Set approximately 30 years after the events of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the protagonist of this novel is Hank Stover , the son of Dorothy Gale Stover . After his plane is lost in a mysterious green cloud , Hank finds himself in an Oz on the brink of a civil war . The novel states that the events of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz are based on real events . Baum had been a newspaper reporter in Nebraska around the time Dorothy was transported to Oz ; he interviewed her and later used his notes as the basis for the first novel . All subsequent novels by Baum are solely products of his imagination .", "Return to Oz Joan D. Vinge 1985 The book version of the movie Return to Oz ( 1985 ) , which is based on the second and third books , The Land of Oz and Ozma of Oz .", "Dorothy of Oz Roger S. Baum The author is L. Frank Baum 's great grandson . In this story , Dorothy and Toto return to the Land of Oz when it is under attack by a Jester using the wand of the Wicked Witch of the West . Besides help from Scarecrow , Tin Man , and Cowardly Lion , Dorothy gets help in her quest by a China Doll Princess , Tugg ( a tugboat made from the limbs of the Talking Trees with as many personalities as he has pieces ) , and Wiser the Owl ( who has an unlucky attraction to molasses ) . The 2014 film Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return is partially inspired by Dorothy of Oz .", "Was Geoff Ryman Was employs the literary conceit that a Kansas girl named Dorothy existed and that , as a school teacher , L. Frank Baum made up the story of the first Oz book to amuse her . The novel takes place in the real world .", "Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West Gregory Maguire 1995 Published by ReganBooks , an imprint of HarperCollins . It is a parallel novel written by Gregory Maguire and illustrated by Douglas Smith . Based upon the writings of L. Frank Baum , it is a revisionist look at the land and characters of Oz , drawing primarily from Baum 's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . The novel presents events , characters and situations from Baum 's books and the film in new ways , with several differences between the L. Frank Baum series and the Wicked Cycle . These differences arise from the original Oz functioning as a mirror - image of Kansas in a cultural and economic framework : Oz was wealthy , prosperous and had excellent agricultural yields while Kansas was characterized by economic hardship , environmental difficulties and poor harvests . The social strife described in the Wicked Cycle indicates that the two series are set in similar and internally consistent but distinctly separate visions of Oz . The novel focuses on the life of the Wicked Witch of the West , whom Maguire gives the name Elphaba . Unlike the popular 1939 movie and Baum 's writings , this novel is not directed at children , and contains adult language and content . It is the basis for the Broadway musical Wicked by Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman .", "The novel presents events , characters and situations from Baum 's books and the film in new ways , with several differences between the L. Frank Baum series and the Wicked Cycle . These differences arise from the original Oz functioning as a mirror - image of Kansas in a cultural and economic framework : Oz was wealthy , prosperous and had excellent agricultural yields while Kansas was characterized by economic hardship , environmental difficulties and poor harvests . The social strife described in the Wicked Cycle indicates that the two series are set in similar and internally consistent but distinctly separate visions of Oz .", "The novel focuses on the life of the Wicked Witch of the West , whom Maguire gives the name Elphaba .", "Unlike the popular 1939 movie and Baum 's writings , this novel is not directed at children , and contains adult language and content .", "It is the basis for the Broadway musical Wicked by Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman .", "Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage Roger S. Baum 1995", "The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass Stephen King The characters visit an unpopulated version of the Emerald City , called the Green Palace . The Palace is a combination of the versions from the 1939 film and the book , pulled from the protagonists ' imaginations . The man sitting on the Wizard 's throne turns out to be Marten Broadcloak , an alter - ego of one of the Dark Tower Series ' main villains .", "Visitors from Oz Martin Gardner 1998 Dorothy , the Scarecrow , and the Tin Woodman use a Klein bottle to travel to New York City in 1998 . Gardner 's whimsical fantasy includes various characters from the Oz books as well as ancient Greek gods and characters from Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland .", "Son of a Witch Gregory Maguire 2005 Published by ReganBooks . Sequel to Wicked , focusing on Elphaba 's son Liir .", "A Lion Among Men Gregory Maguire 2008 Published by William Morrow Books , an imprint of HarperCollins . The third book in `` The Wicked Years '' , telling the life story of the Cowardly Lion ( given the name `` Brrr '' by Maguire ) .", "Out of Oz Gregory Maguire 2011 Published by William Morrow Books , an imprint of HarperCollins . The fourth and final volume in `` The Wicked Years '' , focusing on the life of Rain , daughter of Liir and granddaughter of Elphaba . The story also includes Dorothy 's return to Oz ( and trial for the deaths of the Wicked Witches of the East and West ) , as well as the appearance of Tip and Mombi ( here spelled `` Mombey '' ) from The Marvelous Land of Oz .", "Oz Squad : March of the Tin Soldiers Steve Ahlquist 2011 This novel takes place a few years after the end of the Oz Squad comic book series . The Squad rushes to foil a plot by Rebecca Eastwitch to enslave both Earth and Oz using the secrets of a grimoire stolen from the Library of Hell .", "The Oz Saga : The City of Emeralds Landon Parks 2013 The first book in the series finds Dorothy struggling with dreams from her past visit to Oz . After finding a locket in the woods , she starts to feel that perhaps finding it was not as much of a coincidence as she thought . After being torn back into the kingdom of Oz , she finds that the magical kingdom is no longer the great , fabled fairy - country it was on her past visit . Published by Griffin Young Readers . First book in the middle grade series ' The Oz Saga '", "Return to `` Return to Oz '' , and Other Tales Justin MacCormack 2014 The collection of horror and dark fantasy stories including the titular story , themed around a man rediscovering his past and coming to terms with the disturbing moments he has experienced , set against the nostalgic memory of the film `` Return to Oz '' ." ]

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[ "This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( January 2015 )", "This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( January 2015 )", "This is a list of infantry weapons used in the American Revolutionary War .", "The Brown Bess Musket muzzle - loading smoothbore musket was one of the most commonly used weapons in the American Revolution . While this was a British weapon , it was used heavily by the American Colonists . This musket was used to fire a single shot ball , or a cluster style shot which fired multiple projectiles giving the weapon a `` shotgun '' effect . There were two variations of the Brown Bess : the Short Land Pattern and the Long Land Pattern . The Short Land was shorter , less bulky , less heavy than the Long Land . Most American fighters implemented the Long Land Pattern .", "Large numbers of Charleville Model 1763 and 1766 muskets were imported into the United States from France during the American Revolution , due in large part to the influence of Marquis de Lafayette. ( 6 ) The Charleville 1766 heavily influenced the design of the Springfield Musket of 1795 .", "Many muskets were produced locally by various gunsmiths in the colonies , often reusing parts from other weapons . These are known as `` Committee of Safety '' muskets , as they were funded by the fledgling local government . Because of the need to produce as many weapons as quick as possible , and also out of fear of prosecution by the British government , many of the muskets did not bear a maker 's mark . Also , the muskets took a long reloading time so during bayonet charges the Americans were vulnerable to the British . Some were simply marked as property of a state , or `` US , '' U : STATES , '' or `` UNITED STATES . ''", "Long rifles were an American design of the 18th century , produced by individual German gunsmiths in Pennsylvania . Based on the Jäger rifle , long rifles , known as `` Pennsylvania Rifles '' , were used by snipers and light infantry throughout the Revolutionary War . The grooved barrel increased the range and accuracy by spinning a snugly fitted ball , giving an accurate range of 300 yards compared to 100 yards for smoothbore muskets . Drawbacks included the low rate of fire due to the complicated reloading process , the impossibility to fit it with a bayonet , the high cost , and lack of standardization that required extensive training with a particular rifle for a soldier to realize the weapon 's full potential . Due to the drawbacks , George Washington argued for a limited role of rifles in the Colonial military , while Congress was more enthusiastic and authorized the raising of several companies of riflemen . Long rifles played a significant part in the battles of Saratoga and New Orleans , where rifleman units picked off officers to disrupt British command and control , but required support by units armed with smoothbore muskets or by artillery to prevent the riflemen from being overrun .", "The bayonet was a crucial weapon because of the limited range and accuracy of the muskets . The weapon downfalls were made up of large infantry charges , in which bayonets were fixed on the ends of the guns . Both sides charged at one another in a large hand - to - hand conflict , with the bayonet leading the charge . The triangular shape of the bayonet created a deep , easily infected puncture wound . The Bayonets are stored in pouches on the side of the British . Bayonets are like knives on the back of guns .", "The Pattern 1776 Rifle was built by William Grice , and was based on German rifles in use by the British Army during its time . About 1,000 of these were built and used by the British Army . The rifle was given to light companies of regiments in the British Army during the American Revolution . The Gun is . 62 Calibre with a 30.5 inch barrel", "The Ferguson rifle is the first breech - loading rifle to be adopted by the military . It had a much faster fire rate than muskets , and was one of only a very few rifles that could be reloaded while in the prone position . The cost was much higher than any other rifle used by the British military . It had an accurate range of approximately 100 yards with a 3 -- 4 inch inaccuracy . The creator of this rifle , Major Patrick Ferguson , used approximately 100 of them for his rifle corps ; however when the Major was mortally wounded the rifle production ended and Ferguson 's unit was disbanded . Only two military examples of Ferguson rifles are known to exist today , along with a few civilian models and modern reproductions .", "The Brown Bess musket was the gun used by the British military from 1722 until about 1838 . It was used throughout the Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars . It was capable of firing approximately three to four shots per minute . The Brown Bess Musket was a flint - lock musket , meaning it would use flint in order to spark the gunpowder loaded into the gun to cause the gun to fire .", "The Charleville musket was the primary musket used by French infantry during the American Revolution . Getting its name from the principal French arsenal located in Charleville , France in the Champagne - Ardenne province , this weapon had a general effective range of 50 yards and fired a . 69 - cal round . A typical Charleville musket is 60.00 inches in length , weighs an average of 10.06 lb ( loaded ) , and is capable of firing two rounds per minute . These single - shot - muzzle - loaded muskets contained iron sights and are notorious for being the superior weapon to the British ' Brown Bess ' due to its lighter weight and ( relatively ) higher accuracy .", "Numerous models of the Charleville musket were utilized in the American Revolution . The French shipped 11,000 muskets to Philadelphia , PA and 37,000 to Portsmouth , New Hampshire ; both of these shipments contained model ' 1760 's ' muskets . The model 1777 was not shipped to American troops , however they were used as the primary armament for General Rochambeau 's regiments that departed for America in 1780 . Many infantrymen utilized a 15 - inch bayonet ; according to many reports , bayonets may have accounted for over 1 / 3 of all kills .", "A tomahawk , or war club , was the favorite weapon of the Native Americans during the revolutionary war . These traditional hatchets were often made of stone and wood and could be used for a variety of purposes . They were useful in hand - to - hand combat , could be thrown short distances , and were often used as tools . Tomahawks usually consisted of a light wooden handle and a thin square blade . More often than not , they would have one thick spike protruding from one end of the blade . These spikes could be used as tools or weapons . Contrary to popular belief , tomahawks very rarely had any decorative markings . Instead , they were simple and functional ." ]

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[ "Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes First meeting October 16 , 1897 Michigan 34 , Ohio State 0 Latest meeting November 26 , 2016 Ohio State 30 , Michigan 27 ( 2OT ) Next meeting November 25 , 2017 , Ann Arbor Statistics Meetings total 113 All - time series Michigan leads , 58 -- 48 -- 6 Largest victory Michigan 86 , Ohio State 0 ( 1902 ) Longest win streak Michigan , 9 ( 1901 -- 1909 ) Current win streak Ohio State , 5 ( 2012 -- present )", "Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes", "Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes", "Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes", "First meeting October 16 , 1897 Michigan 34 , Ohio State 0", "Latest meeting November 26 , 2016 Ohio State 30 , Michigan 27 ( 2OT )", "Next meeting November 25 , 2017 , Ann Arbor", "Statistics", "Meetings total 113", "All - time series Michigan leads , 58 -- 48 -- 6", "Largest victory Michigan 86 , Ohio State 0 ( 1902 )", "Longest win streak Michigan , 9 ( 1901 -- 1909 )", "Current win streak Ohio State , 5 ( 2012 -- present )", "The Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry , known as The Game by some followers , is an American college football rivalry game played annually by the Wolverines of the University of Michigan and the Buckeyes of The Ohio State University . It has attracted particular national interest over the last four decades as most of the games have determined the Big Ten Conference title and the resulting Rose Bowl match ups , and many have influenced the outcome of the national college football championship . The game was ranked by ESPN in 2000 as the greatest North American sports rivalry .", "The two Midwest state schools first met in 1897 , and the rivalry has been played annually since 1918 . The game has been played at the end of the regular season since 1935 ( with exceptions in 1942 , 1986 , and 1998 ) . Since 1918 , the game 's site has alternated between Columbus , Ohio , and Ann Arbor , Michigan ( Michigan hosts it in odd years and Ohio State in even years ) , and has been played in Ohio Stadium since 1922 and Michigan Stadium since 1927 . Through 2010 , Ohio State and Michigan have decided the Big Ten Conference championship between themselves on 22 different occasions , and have affected the determination of the conference title an additional 27 times .", "For many years , the game aired on ABC , usually in the 12 p.m. time slot . Beginning with the 2017 season , the game will air on Fox as a result of that network acquiring the Big Ten 's tier 1 rights in the most recent broadcasting contract .", "When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897 , the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living , and the short - lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams . The inaugural game , held at Ann Arbor , resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan , with the Wolverines posting a 34 -- 0 win over Ohio State 's Buckeyes . The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899 , but played again in 1900 .", "The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak , with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12 -- 0 -- 2 record before the contest was postponed for several years . The Ohio State Alma Mater `` Carmen Ohio '' was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest , which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86 -- 0 . The lyrics and melody ( Spanish Chant ) have remained largely unchanged since its conception .", "Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912 . In 1917 , Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten - year absence . In 1918 , the teams played their first conference matchup , with Michigan prevailing 14 -- 0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes . The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then . In 1919 , the Buckeyes ( led by legendary halfback Chic Harley ) won their first game in the series , beating the Wolverines 13 -- 3 . The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well , to bring the series record to 13 -- 3 -- 2 .", "Harley 's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football . The stadium was completed in 1922 , and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21 , 1922 , the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus . In front of a record 71,000 fans , the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes , 19 -- 0 . According to lore , there was a wager on the outcome of this game , and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium 's rotunda . Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade . At the end of the 1920s , the series stood at 19 -- 5 -- 2 in favor of Michigan .", "Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933 , claiming the national championship twice . In 1934 , Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State . The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan - OSU contests , and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year , he replied , `` Of course we can win , Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do '' . The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan , outscoring the Wolverines 114 -- 0 from 1934 to 1937 . Schmidt 's quote spawned an OSU tradition -- since 1934 , every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan .", "Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940 . The 1940 game , won by Michigan , 40 -- 0 , was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history , and was the final collegiate game of the legendary tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer .", "In 1941 , Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll , which had started in 1936 . The 14th - ranked Buckeyes played the 5th - ranked Wolverines to a 20 -- 20 tie in Ann Arbor .", "In 1945 , Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7 - 3 victory over Ohio State . Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshmen ( freshmen were eligible to play during wartime ) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944 making one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry . Five more times during the 1940s , the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup . Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949 . The series record stood at 30 -- 12 -- 4 at the mid-century mark .", "One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest , colloquially known as the Snow Bowl . Eighth - ranked Ohio State , coached by Wes Fesler , was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record . The Buckeyes , who led the Big Ten , were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan , which would have , by default , given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright . Ohio State refused , and the game was set to be played . Amid howling snow and wind , in a famous example of a `` field position '' game , the teams exchanged 45 punts , often on first down , in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone . Ohio State 's Vic Janowicz , who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year , punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes ' only points . Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts , booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime . Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass , Michigan gained a 9 -- 3 victory , securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth . Heavy criticism of Fesler 's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor .", "Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes , the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests , including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium , the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans . In 1958 , Ohio State had a 20 -- 14 lead towards the end of the game . On the final play , Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one - yard line for what might have been a game - winning touchdown , but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak , forcing a fumble . In the 1968 game , Ohio State won 50 -- 14 , outscoring its foe 29 -- 0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two - point conversion attempt on its final touchdown . In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50 -- 14 lead and he replied , `` because I could n't go for three '' . The victory gave top - ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship . The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37 -- 24 -- 4 .", "Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami ( Ohio ) head coach Bo Schembechler , who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes , to revitalize its football program . On November 22 , 1969 , Hayes led his top - ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler 's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs . The Buckeyes brought a 22 - game winning streak into Ann Arbor , but behind an inspiring 60 - yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter , and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times ( three by Pierson ) , the Wolverines won a defensive battle ( both teams were scoreless in the second half ) for a 24 -- 12 upset .", "The contest was the first in the famous `` Ten - Year War '' between Hayes and Schembechler , which pitted some of OSU 's and UM 's strongest teams against one another . Four times between 1970 and 1975 , Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup . The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once , a 10 -- 7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20 , 1971 . The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season , yet went to the Rose Bowl only once , in 1972 . They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period .", "In 1973 , both teams entered undefeated , with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl . The rivals played to a 10 -- 10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24 , and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game . In a secret ballot , Ohio State won the vote , to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans . Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on - field achievements , and for months afterward , Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits .", "Woody coined the phrase `` That state up north '' and `` That team up north '' , so he would not have to say the word `` Michigan '' . He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend , once refused to get gas in an empty tank , saying : `` No , goddammit ! We do NOT pull in and fill up . And I 'll tell you exactly why we do n't . It 's because I do n't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan ! We 'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money ! ''", "During the `` Ten - Year War , '' Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times . Between 1976 and 1978 , Michigan won the game each year , and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests . Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching an opposing player during the Gator Bowl , which ended the `` War . '' The 1978 game was won by Michigan , 14 -- 3 , giving Schembechler a record of 5 -- 4 -- 1 against Hayes . At the end of the Hayes tenure , the series stood at 42 -- 28 -- 5 .", "Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5 -- 4 record against Schembechler 's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987 , perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry , during which neither team won more than two consecutive games . In 1987 , Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record , but was allowed to coach anyway , and the inspired Buckeyes ( each wearing a sweatband labeled `` Earle '' ) won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines . After the game , Bo Schembechler told Bruce , `` I always mind losing to Ohio State but I did n't mind so much today . '' After 1987 , the series stood at 46 -- 33 -- 5 in favor of UM .", "The 13 games during John Cooper 's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan , as the Wolverines went 10 -- 2 -- 1 during the stretch . Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants , Gary Moeller , who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant , Lloyd Carr , became the head coach in 1995 .", "The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 , in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated . The Buckeyes had a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times . Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie , Che Foster , and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes , 28 -- 0 . After the game , Cooper said : `` This is one of the most embarrassing games I 've ever been involved with . '' `` They outplayed us on offense , on defense , and in the kicking game . If you 'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28 -- 0 , I 'd have probably stayed home . ''", "In 1995 , # 2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League ( NFL ) stars Orlando Pace , Terry Glenn , Mike Vrabel , Shawn Springs , and Rickey Dudley . Glenn insisted there was n't anything special about the Wolverines : `` Michigan 's nothing , '' he said . Perhaps inspired by this remark , the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play . Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan 's 31 -- 23 upset .", "The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest . They boasted an unblemished 10 -- 0 record and were ranked # 2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7 -- 3 Michigan . When Ohio State jumped to a 9 -- 0 halftime lead , the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to # 1 . The Wolverines ' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals , 13 -- 9 . The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes ' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship .", "In 1997 , Ohio State hoped to return the favor : the 10 -- 0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10 -- 1 Buckeyes , who were ranked # 4 . Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson , who ran a punt back for a touchdown , intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone , and caught a 37 - yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas ' touchdown run , the Wolverines prevailed , 20 -- 14 . The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21 -- 16 score , winning their first national championship since 1948 .", "Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest , but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000 . Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game - winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24 -- 17 victory in 1999 . In the 2000 game , Michigan grabbed a 31 -- 12 lead and held on to win , 38 -- 26 . Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run . At the end of the 2000 season , Cooper was fired . While he consistently fielded strong teams , his 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Michigan , including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor , was , along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games , a major contributor to his dismissal . Michigan students held a `` John Cooper Day '' celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10 , 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper 's record in the rivalry .", "In 2001 , Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach . Unlike his predecessor John Cooper , Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry . In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game , against Michigan , he said `` I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people , in the classroom , in the community , and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the football field . '' In his first year , Tressel registered the Buckeyes ' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years , by a 26 -- 20 score . Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells , the Buckeyes raced to a 23 -- 0 halftime lead . With Wells out , Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short . The next year , Tressel achieved what Cooper could not : Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14 -- 9 victory . The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory . The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett , who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown . He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall 's game - winning score . The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season , as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl .", "In 2003 , Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35 -- 21 in Ann Arbor . Senior running back Chris Perry , a Heisman finalist , had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory . Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns . The game 's attendance was 112,118 , the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time . In 2004 , the 6 -- 4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9 -- 1 Wolverines , 37 -- 21 , behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn , Jr . The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21 -- 12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game . In the closing minutes of the game , the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25 -- 21 victory . Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73 % of his passes . Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards .", "Game of the Century ( in 2006 ) Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes ( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 39 42 Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS Total Michigan 7 7 10 15 39 Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42 Date November 18 , 2006 Season 2006 Stadium Ohio Stadium Location Columbus , Ohio", "Game of the Century ( in 2006 )", "Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes ( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 39 42 Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS", "Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes ( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 39 42 Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS", "Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes", "( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 )", "39 42", "Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel", "AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS", "AP Coaches BCS", "AP Coaches BCS", "", "AP Coaches BCS", "AP Coaches BCS", "", "Total Michigan 7 7 10 15 39 Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42", "Total Michigan 7 7 10 15 39 Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42", "Total", "Michigan 7 7 10 15 39", "Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42", "Date November 18 , 2006", "Season 2006", "Stadium Ohio Stadium", "Location Columbus , Ohio", "On November 18 , 2006 , Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown , each carrying an 11 -- 0 record . For the first time in the history of the rivalry , the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings . Ohio State won the game by a score of 42 -- 39 and became the outright Big Ten champion , earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona . Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart , but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points , and at halftime , they were up 28 -- 14 . Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch , Michigan made it 35 -- 31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter . But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth - down situation with six minutes to go , junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer , giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs . Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown , increasing the Buckeyes ' lead to 42 -- 31 with five minutes remaining in the game . After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth - down attempt , giving Michigan an automatic first down , junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16 - yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42 -- 37 . Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two - point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal . Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick , but they failed to do so . The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory , and a trip to the BCS national championship game . Troy Smith completed 71 % of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns , essentially clinching the Heisman trophy . Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown . Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards - per - carry average . Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense . Chad Henne had 267 yards , two touchdowns , and no turnovers on a 60 % completion percentage . Neither performance was , however , sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines . The game was highly touted by ESPN / ABC ( there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff ) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular - season college football game since 1993 , averaging 21.8 million viewers . The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series . The game gained even more significance when , on the eve of the meeting , Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died . Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff . Half an hour after the game ended , the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 9 , matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner , for a total payout of $2.2 million .", "Following the game , there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game , but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State 's opponent .", "Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State . Tressel had compiled a 6 -- 1 record against Carr 's Michigan teams , leaving Carr with a 6 -- 7 career record against Ohio State . In December 2007 , Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program . Rodriguez , known for his expertise in the spread offense , represented a significant departure from the Wolverines ' traditional offensive style . Furthermore , both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now - legendary Schembechler , and Rodriguez 's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the `` Schembechler school . ''", "The 2008 game , Rodriguez 's first against the Buckeyes , featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year . Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3 -- 8 record , having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history . The Buckeyes posted a 42 -- 7 win , and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968 .", "Ohio State won 21 -- 10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games , their longest in the rivalry 's history , and improve Jim Tressel 's record versus Michigan to 8 -- 1 . Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team . The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren , who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008 , become the third player in school history to play for both teams ( J.T. White and Howard Yerges , Jr. being the others ) and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game . In 2010 , Ohio State again prevailed , 37 -- 7 .", "Rodriguez was fired following Michigan 's 2010 season , ending Michigan 's flirtation with the spread -- and with non - `` Michigan Man '' coaches . Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke , who served as Michigan 's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002 . Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan . Meanwhile , in Columbus , the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos . Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials , and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported . On May 30 , 2011 , Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season . In July 2011 , in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation , Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season , including the win over Michigan , leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8 -- 1 , with a win streak of six .", "Michigan won the 2011 meeting , 40 -- 34 , which was the first between two first - year coaches since the 1929 match - up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman . The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing , and five touchdowns .", "On November 28 , 2011 , Urban Meyer , who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987 , was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes , replacing Fickell . In the 2012 matchup , OSU 's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth - ranked Buckeyes , trailing at halftime , shut down No. 20 Michigan 's offense in the second half to prevail 26 -- 21 and cap a 12 -- 0 season .", "In 2013 , Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11 -- 0 record ( 7 -- 0 Big Ten ) and ranked # 3 in the BCS standings . Michigan was a disappointing 7 -- 4 ( 3 -- 4 Big Ten ) . In spite of the seeming mismatch , the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42 -- 41 . Michigan attempted a two - point conversion for the lead , but Devin Gardner 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell , and Ohio State escaped with the win .", "Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5 -- 6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible . Ohio State had a 10 -- 1 record ( 7 -- 0 in the Big Ten ) , and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff . The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns ( two on offense and one on defense ) to go up 42 -- 21 . The Game ended 42 -- 28 . During the contest , OSU quarterback J.T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third - string sophomore quarterback , Cardale Jones . Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship .", "Three days after the game , Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke 's successor . On December 30 , 2014 , Jim Harbaugh , former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986 , was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school 's new head football coach .", "The 2015 game , in Ann Arbor , marked Jim Harbaugh 's first game as a head coach in the rivalry . His Michigan team was 9 -- 2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10 -- 1 . For the first time since 2006 , both teams were ranked in the top 10 , with Ohio State at # 8 and Michigan at # 10 . The first half was close , with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State 's lead to 14 -- 10 . Ohio State , however , scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half , while Michigan could only muster a single field goal . The final score was 42 -- 13 , in favor of Ohio State .", "The 2016 game pitted the third - ranked Wolverines against the second - ranked Buckeyes , only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation 's top three . Michigan led 10 -- 7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17 -- 7 early in the third quarter . An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17 -- 14 heading to the fourth quarter . The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime . The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams . Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time , winning , 30 -- 27 , in double overtime .", "In 2010 , the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year , and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions . When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions , concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back - to - back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game . Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools , as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails , creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale . Ultimately , Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division . The Michigan -- Ohio State game became a `` protected crossover '' game , to be played every year at the end of the regular season .", "The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten 's geographical realignment . Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division .", "During the mid-2000s , ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be `` normal , if it was n't for sports '' . One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt . An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State .", "In 2006 , as part of their `` Midwest Midterm Midtacular '' , The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt . This brought boos , jeers , and a few laughs from the OSU audience . After the sketch was over , Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims .", "The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry focused on the rivalry , chiefly the `` Ten - Year War '' through the present .", "The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin , who attended Michigan , features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game , parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event .", "The 1942 movie The Male Animal , based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent , also features a version of the game .", "In 2011 , 10 - year - old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor . Not liking to use the word `` cancer '' , Reed ( whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan ) decided to call his cancer `` Michigan '' , since `` Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan '' . The move of calling his cancer `` Michigan '' got the support of his parents , Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer ( who Reed later got to meet ) , and even some Michigan fans , including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke . After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission , Reed now tells people that he `` beat Michigan '' .", "Team Michigan Ohio State National titles 11 8 Bowl appearances 45 47 CFP appearances 0 Postseason bowl record 21 -- 24 22 -- 25 Rose Bowl appearances 20 14 Rose Bowl wins 8 7 Big Ten Division titles 0 5 Big Ten titles 42 35 Consensus All - Americans 81 83 Heisman Trophies 7 All - time program record 935 -- 334 -- 36 886 -- 322 -- 53 All - time win percentage . 730 . 724", "Team Michigan Ohio State", "National titles 11 8", "Bowl appearances 45 47", "CFP appearances 0", "Postseason bowl record 21 -- 24 22 -- 25", "Rose Bowl appearances 20 14", "Rose Bowl wins 8 7", "Big Ten Division titles 0 5", "Big Ten titles 42 35", "Consensus All - Americans 81 83", "Heisman Trophies 7", "All - time program record 935 -- 334 -- 36 886 -- 322 -- 53", "All - time win percentage . 730 . 724", "Rankings are from the AP Poll .", "Michigan victories Ohio State victories Ties Vacated wins", "Michigan victories Ohio State victories Ties Vacated wins", "No . Date Location Winner Score 1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 34 -- 0 1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0 1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0 1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0 5 1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6 7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0 8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0 9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0 10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6 11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6 12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3 13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0 14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3 17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7 18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0 19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0 20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0 21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6 22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0 23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16 24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0 25 1928 Columbus Ohio State 19 -- 7 26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0 28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10 30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0 31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0 32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0 33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0 34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0 35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0 36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14 37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0 38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20 39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7 40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7 41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14 42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3 43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 ) 58 -- 6 44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0 45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3 46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7 47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3 48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0 49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7 50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0 51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0 53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0 54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14 55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14 56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14 57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0 58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20 No . Date Location Winner Score 59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0 60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10 61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0 62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7 63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3 64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14 65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14 66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12 67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9 68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7 69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11 70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10 71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10 72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14 73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0 74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6 75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3 76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15 77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3 78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 9 79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14 80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21 81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6 82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17 83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24 84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20 85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31 86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18 87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13 88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3 89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13 90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0 91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6 92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23 93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9 94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14 95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16 96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 10 ) 24 -- 17 97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26 98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20 99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9 100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21 101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21 102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21 103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39 104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3 105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7 106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10 107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7 108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34 109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21 110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41 111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28 112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13 113 2016 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 30 -- 27 114 2017 Ann Arbor Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 48 -- 6", "No . Date Location Winner Score 1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 34 -- 0 1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0 1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0 1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0 5 1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6 7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0 8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0 9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0 10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6 11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6 12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3 13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0 14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3 17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7 18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0 19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0 20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0 21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6 22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0 23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16 24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0 25 1928 Columbus Ohio State 19 -- 7 26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0 28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10 30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0 31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0 32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0 33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0 34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0 35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0 36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14 37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0 38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20 39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7 40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7 41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14 42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3 43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 ) 58 -- 6 44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0 45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3 46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7 47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3 48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0 49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7 50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0 51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0 53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0 54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14 55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14 56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14 57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0 58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20 No . Date Location Winner Score 59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0 60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10 61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0 62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7 63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3 64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14 65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14 66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12 67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9 68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7 69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11 70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10 71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10 72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14 73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0 74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6 75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3 76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15 77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3 78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 9 79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14 80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21 81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6 82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17 83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24 84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20 85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31 86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18 87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13 88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3 89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13 90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0 91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6 92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23 93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9 94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14 95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16 96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 10 ) 24 -- 17 97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26 98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20 99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9 100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21 101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21 102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21 103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39 104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3 105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7 106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10 107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7 108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34 109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21 110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41 111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28 112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13 113 2016 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 30 -- 27 114 2017 Ann Arbor Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 48 -- 6", "No . Date Location Winner Score 1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 34 -- 0 1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0 1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0 1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0 5 1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6 7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0 8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0 9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0 10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6 11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6 12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3 13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0 14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3 17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7 18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0 19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0 20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0 21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6 22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0 23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16 24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0 25 1928 Columbus Ohio State 19 -- 7 26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0 28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10 30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0 31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0 32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0 33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0 34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0 35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0 36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14 37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0 38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20 39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7 40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7 41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14 42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3 43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 ) 58 -- 6 44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0 45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3 46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7 47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3 48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0 49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7 50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0 51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0 53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0 54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14 55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14 56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14 57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0 58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20", "No . Date Location Winner Score", "1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 34 -- 0", "1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0", "1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0", "1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0", "5 1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0", "6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6", "7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0", "8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0", "9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0", "10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6", "11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6", "12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3", "13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0", "14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0", "15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0", "16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3", "17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7", "18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0", "19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0", "20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0", "21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6", "22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0", "23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16", "24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0", "25 1928 Columbus Ohio State 19 -- 7", "26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0", "27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0", "28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0", "29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10", "30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0", "31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0", "32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0", "33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0", "34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0", "35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0", "36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14", "37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0", "38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20", "39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7", "40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7", "41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14", "42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3", "43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 ) 58 -- 6", "44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0", "45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3", "46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7", "47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3", "48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0", "49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7", "50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0", "51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7", "52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0", "53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0", "54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14", "55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14", "56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14", "57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0", "58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20", "No . Date Location Winner Score 59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0 60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10 61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0 62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7 63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3 64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14 65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14 66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12 67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9 68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7 69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11 70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10 71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10 72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14 73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0 74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6 75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3 76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15 77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3 78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 9 79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14 80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21 81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6 82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17 83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24 84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20 85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31 86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18 87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13 88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3 89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13 90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0 91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6 92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23 93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9 94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14 95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16 96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 10 ) 24 -- 17 97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26 98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20 99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9 100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21 101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21 102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21 103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39 104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3 105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7 106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10 107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7 108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34 109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21 110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41 111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28 112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13 113 2016 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 30 -- 27 114 2017 Ann Arbor Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 48 -- 6", "No . Date Location Winner Score", "59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0", "60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10", "61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0", "62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7", "63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3", "64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14", "65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14", "66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12", "67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9", "68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7", "69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11", "70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10", "71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10", "72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14", "73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0", "74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6", "75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3", "76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15", "77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3", "78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 9", "79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14", "80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21", "81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6", "82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17", "83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24", "84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20", "85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31", "86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18", "87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13", "88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3", "89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13", "90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0", "91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6", "92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23", "93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9", "94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14", "95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16", "96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 10 ) 24 -- 17", "97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26", "98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20", "99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9", "100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21", "101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21", "102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21", "103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39", "104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3", "105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7", "106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10", "107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7", "108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34", "109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21", "110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41", "111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28", "112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13", "113 2016 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 30 -- 27", "114 2017 Ann Arbor", "Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 48 -- 6", "In Big Ten Conference play , Ohio State leads the series 48 -- 46 -- 4 through the 2016 meeting . Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season . Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season , and Michigan returned for the 1917 season . The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members ." ]

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[ "A circumpolar star is a star , as viewed from a given latitude on Earth , that never sets below the horizon due to its apparent proximity to one of the celestial poles . Circumpolar stars are therefore visible from said location toward the nearest pole for the entire night on every night of the year ( and would be continuously visible throughout the day too , were they not overwhelmed by the Sun 's glare ) .", "All circumpolar stars lie within a relative circumpolar circle , whose radius equals the observer 's latitude . This was in fact the original meaning of `` Arctic Circle '' , before the current geographical meaning , meaning `` Circle of the Bears '' ( Ursa Major , the Great Bear ; and Ursa Minor , the Little Bear ) , from Greek αρκτικός ( arktikos ) , `` near the Bear '' , from the word άρκτος ( arktos ) bear .", "As Earth rotates daily on its axis , the stars appear to move in circular paths around one of the celestial poles ( the north celestial pole for observers in the Northern Hemisphere , or the south celestial pole for observers in the Southern Hemisphere ) . Stars far from a celestial pole appear to rotate in large circles ; stars located very close to a celestial pole rotate in small circles and hence hardly seem to engage in any diurnal motion at all . Depending on the observer 's latitude on Earth , some stars -- the circumpolar ones -- are close enough to the celestial pole to remain continuously above the horizon , while other stars dip below the horizon for some portion of their daily circular path ( and others remain permanently below the horizon ) .", "The circumpolar stars appear to lie within a circle that is centered at the celestial pole and tangential to the horizon . At the Earth 's North Pole , the north celestial pole is directly overhead , and all stars that are visible at all ( that is , all stars in the Northern Celestial Hemisphere ) are circumpolar . As one travels south , the north celestial pole moves towards the northern horizon . More and more stars that are at a distance from it begin to disappear below the horizon for some portion of their daily `` orbit '' , and the circle containing the remaining circumpolar stars becomes increasingly small . At the Equator , this circle vanishes to a single point -- the celestial pole itself -- which lies on the horizon , and there are thus effectively no circumpolar stars at all .", "As one travels south of the Equator , the opposite happens . The south celestial pole appears increasingly high in the sky , and all the stars lying within an increasingly large circle centered on that pole become circumpolar about it . This continues until one reaches the Earth 's South Pole where , once again , all visible stars are circumpolar .", "The north celestial pole is located very close to the pole star ( Polaris or North Star ) , so from the Northern Hemisphere , all circumpolar stars appear to move around Polaris . Polaris itself remains almost stationary , always at the north ( i.e. azimuth of 0 ° ) , and always at the same altitude ( angle from the horizon ) , equal to the observer 's latitude . These are then classified into quadrants .", "Whether a star is circumpolar depends upon the observer 's latitude . Since the altitude of the north or south celestial pole ( whichever is visible ) equals the absolute value of the observer 's latitude , any star whose angular distance from the visible celestial pole is less than the absolute latitude will be circumpolar . For example , if the observer 's latitude is 50 ° N , any star will be circumpolar if it is less than 50 ° from the north celestial pole . If the observer 's latitude is 35 ° S , then all stars within 35 ° of the south celestial pole are circumpolar . Stars on the celestial equator are not circumpolar when observed from any latitude in either hemisphere of the Earth . `` A star with its polar distance approximately equal to or less than the latitude of the observer '' .", "Whether a given star is circumpolar at the observer 's latitude ( θ ) may be calculated in terms of the star 's declination ( δ ) . The star is circumpolar if θ + δ is greater than + 90 ° ( observer in Northern Hemisphere ) , or θ + δ is less than − 90 ° ( observer in Southern Hemisphere ) . `` A star whose diurnal circle lies above the horizon never sets , even though it can not be seen during the day . Designation of a star as circumpolar depends on the observer 's latitude . At the equator no star is circumpolar . At the North or South Pole all stars are circumpolar , since only one half of the celestial sphere can ever be seen . For an observer at any other latitude a star whose declination is greater than 90 ° minus the observer 's latitude will be circumpolar , appearing to circle the celestial pole and remaining always above the horizon . A constellation made up entirely of circumpolar stars is also called circumpolar . From most of the United States ( above lat. 40 ° N ) the Big Dipper is circumpolar '' .", "Similarly , the star will never rise above the local horizon if δ − θ is less than − 90 ° ( observer in Northern Hemisphere ) , or δ − θ is greater than + 90 ° ( observer in Southern Hemisphere ) . Thus , Canopus is invisible from such locations as San Francisco and Louisville , if marginally visible from Fresno , Tulsa , and Virginia Beach .", "Some stars within the far northern constellation ( such as Cassiopeia , Cepheus , Ursa Major , and Ursa Minor ) roughly north of the Tropic of Cancer ( + 231⁄2 ° ) will be circumpolar stars , which never rise or set .", "For British observers , for example , the first magnitude stars Capella ( declination + 45 ° 59 ' ) and Deneb ( + 45 ° 16 ' ) do not set from anywhere in the country . Vega ( + 38 ° 47 ' ) is technically circumpolar north of latitude + 51 ° 13 ' ( just south of London ) ; taking atmospheric refraction into account , it will probably only be seen to set at sea level from Cornwall and the Scilly Isles .", "Some stars within the far southern constellations ( such as Crux , Musca , and Hydrus ) roughly south of the Tropic of Capricorn ( - 231⁄2 ° ) will also be circumpolar stars .", "Stars ( and constellations ) that are circumpolar in one hemisphere are always invisible in the high latitudes of the opposite hemisphere , and these never rise above the horizon . For example , the southern circumpolar star Acrux is invisible from most of the Contiguous United States , likewise , the seven stars of the northern circumpolar Big Dipper asterism are invisible from most of the Patagonia region of South America ." ]

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[ "A literacy test assesses a person 's literacy skills : their ability to read and write . Literacy tests have been administered by various governments to immigrants , and in the United States between the 1850s and 1960s , literacy tests were also administered to prospective voters and used to disenfranchise African Americans and others .", "From the 1890s to the 1960s , many state governments in the Southern United States administered literacy tests to prospective voters purportedly to test their literacy in order to vote . In practice , these tests were intended to disenfranchise racial minorities . Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century . Literacy tests , along with poll taxes , residency and property restrictions and extra-legal activities ( violence , intimidation ) were all used to deny suffrage to African Americans . The first formal voter literacy tests were introduced in 1890 . At first , whites were generally exempted from the literacy test if they could meet alternate requirements that in practice excluded blacks , such as a grandfather clause or a finding of `` good moral character '' .", "In Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections ( 1959 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court held that literacy tests were not necessarily violations of Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment nor of the Fifteenth Amendment . Southern states abandoned the literacy test only when forced to do so by federal legislation in the 1960s . The Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided that literacy tests used as a qualification for voting in federal elections be administered wholly in writing and only to persons who had completed six years of formal education .", "In part to curtail the use of literacy tests , Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The Act prohibited jurisdictions from administering literacy tests to citizens who attained a sixth - grade education in an American school in which the predominant language was Spanish , such as schools in Puerto Rico . The Supreme Court upheld this provision in Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) . Although the Court had earlier held in Lassiter that literacy tests did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment , in Morgan the Court held that Congress could enforce Fourteenth Amendment rights -- such as the right to vote -- by prohibiting conduct it deemed to interfere with such rights , even if that conduct may not be independently unconstitutional .", "As originally enacted , the Voting Rights Act also suspended the use of literacy tests in all jurisdictions in which less than 50 % of voting - age residents were registered as of November 1 , 1964 , or had voted in the 1964 presidential election . In 1970 , Congress amended the Act and expanded the ban on literacy tests to the entire country . The Supreme Court then upheld the ban as constitutional in Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) . The Court was deeply divided in this case , and a majority of justices did not agree on a rationale for the holding .", "The literacy test was a device to restrict the total number of immigrants while not offending the large element of ethnic voters . The `` old '' immigration ( British , Irish , German , Scandinavian ) had fallen off and was replaced by a `` new '' immigration from Italy , Russia and other points in Southern and eastern Europe . The `` old '' immigrants were voters and strongly approved of restricting the `` new '' immigrants . All groups of American voters strongly opposed Chinese and Asian immigration . The 1896 Republican platform called for a literacy test .", "The American Federation of Labor took the lead in promoting literacy tests that would exclude illiterate immigrants , primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe . A majority of the labor union membership were immigrants or sons of immigrants from Germany , Scandinavia and Britain , but the literacy test would not hinder immigration from those countries .", "Corporate industry however , needed new workers for its mines and factories and opposed any restrictions on immigration . In 1906 , the House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon , a conservative Republican , worked aggressively to defeat a proposed literacy test for immigrants . A product of the western frontier , Cannon felt that moral probity was the only acceptable test for the quality of an immigrant . He worked with Secretary of State Elihu Root and President Theodore Roosevelt to set up the `` Dillingham Commission , '' a blue ribbon body of experts that produced a 41 - volume study of immigration . The Commission recommended a literacy test and the possibility of annual quotas . Presidents Cleveland and Taft vetoed literacy tests in 1897 and 1913 . President Wilson did the same in 1915 and 1917 , but the test was passed over Wilson 's second veto ." ]

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[ "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Presented by Jimmy Carr Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 26 ( as of 26 December 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Anthony Cavenney ( 2004 ) Jane Goldman ( 2004 -- 06 ) Emily Dean ( 2005 -- 06 ) Location ( s ) BBC Television Centre ( 2004 -- 12 , 2017 - ) Elstree Studios ( 2013 ) The London Studios ( 2014 -- 16 ) Running time 90 -- 130 minutes Production company ( s ) Hotsauce TV Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 28 December 2004 -- present External links Website", "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year", "Presented by Jimmy Carr", "Country of origin United Kingdom", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of episodes 26 ( as of 26 December 2017 ) ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Producer ( s ) Anthony Cavenney ( 2004 ) Jane Goldman ( 2004 -- 06 ) Emily Dean ( 2005 -- 06 )", "Location ( s ) BBC Television Centre ( 2004 -- 12 , 2017 - ) Elstree Studios ( 2013 ) The London Studios ( 2014 -- 16 )", "Running time 90 -- 130 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Hotsauce TV", "Release", "Original network Channel 4", "Picture format 1080i ( HDTV )", "Original release 28 December 2004 -- present", "External links", "Website", "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year is an annual British television programme broadcast in the last or first week of the year on Channel 4 . Essentially , the show is a comedy panel game in the style of a pub quiz . Three teams , of two celebrities each , are asked questions relating to the events of the year just gone by , which they write answers to on an electronic board in front of them . At the end of each round , they then display their answers , scoring a point for each correct one .", "The first edition was broadcast in December 2004 . There has been another at the end of each year , as well as a special edition in November 2007 for Channel 4 's 25th anniversary celebrations and three themed special editions in September 2012 , to celebrate Channel 4 's three decades . A second set of `` decades '' editions screened in September 2013 as well as a 10th anniversary special in January 2015 and a Big Fat Quiz of Everything in January 2016 , followed by a series of three episodes in August 2016 . Repeats can usually be found days later on Channel 4 's sister - channel E4 and / or 4seven . Stand - up comedian Jimmy Carr has been the host and quizmaster of each edition to date . Channel 4 has made full episodes of The Big Fat Quiz of the Year available to view on All 4 .", "No . Original airdate Edition Ratings ( millions ) 28 December 2004 2.14 26 December 2005 2005 2.52 27 December 2006 2006 3.07 2 November 2007 Anniversary ( 1st ) 1.98 5 30 December 2007 2007 3.59 6 28 December 2008 2008 3.53 7 1 January 2010 2009 4.24 8 3 January 2011 3.85 9 27 December 2011 2011 4.35 10 16 September 2012 80s ( 1st ) 2.27 11 23 September 2012 90s ( 1st ) 2.14 12 30 September 2012 00s 2.04 13 30 December 2012 2012 4.11 14 22 September 2013 80s ( 2nd ) 1.88 15 29 September 2013 90s ( 2nd ) 1.84 16 26 December 2013 2013 3.70 17 26 December 2014 2014 3.49 18 2 January 2015 Anniversary ( 2nd ) 3.19 19 26 December 2015 2015 3.72 20 5 January 2016 Everything ( 1st ) 2.47 21 15 August 2016 Everything ( 2nd ) 1.40 22 22 August 2016 Everything ( 3rd ) 1.44 23 28 August 2016 Everything ( 4th ) 1.46 24 26 December 2016 2016 3.09 25 6 January 2017 Everything ( 5th ) 2.08 26 26 December 2017 2017 27 12 January 2018 Everything ( 6th )", "No . Original airdate Edition Ratings ( millions )", "28 December 2004 2.14", "26 December 2005 2005 2.52", "27 December 2006 2006 3.07", "2 November 2007 Anniversary ( 1st ) 1.98", "5 30 December 2007 2007 3.59", "6 28 December 2008 2008 3.53", "7 1 January 2010 2009 4.24", "8 3 January 2011 3.85", "9 27 December 2011 2011 4.35", "10 16 September 2012 80s ( 1st ) 2.27", "11 23 September 2012 90s ( 1st ) 2.14", "12 30 September 2012 00s 2.04", "13 30 December 2012 2012 4.11", "14 22 September 2013 80s ( 2nd ) 1.88", "15 29 September 2013 90s ( 2nd ) 1.84", "16 26 December 2013 2013 3.70", "17 26 December 2014 2014 3.49", "18 2 January 2015 Anniversary ( 2nd ) 3.19", "19 26 December 2015 2015 3.72", "20 5 January 2016 Everything ( 1st ) 2.47", "21 15 August 2016 Everything ( 2nd ) 1.40", "22 22 August 2016 Everything ( 3rd ) 1.44", "23 28 August 2016 Everything ( 4th ) 1.46", "24 26 December 2016 2016 3.09", "25 6 January 2017 Everything ( 5th ) 2.08", "26 26 December 2017 2017", "27 12 January 2018 Everything ( 6th )", "For the first Big Fat Quiz , broadcast on 28 December 2004 , the three teams of celebrities were :", "Cut to the Funk : Simon Pegg and Liza Tarbuck ( 41 points ) BJ and The Bear : David Walliams and Rob Brydon ( 43 points ) The Winners : June Sarpong and Jonathan Ross ( winners with 49 points )", "Cut to the Funk : Simon Pegg and Liza Tarbuck ( 41 points )", "BJ and The Bear : David Walliams and Rob Brydon ( 43 points )", "The Winners : June Sarpong and Jonathan Ross ( winners with 49 points )", "Louis Walsh , Nadia Almada and Dame Kelly Holmes all made live appearances to read out the answers for the months of April , June and August respectively . Recorded questions from Bono , Derren Brown and The Bear from Bo ' Selecta ! were shown too along with films of Richard and Judy discussing events . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School in Neasden acted out news stories that happened throughout the year , such as Ricky Gervais winning two Golden Globe Awards for The Office and the Momart fire .", "In 2005 , Big Fat Quiz of the Year was shown on Boxing Day . The teams were :", "The A-List : Sharon Osbourne and Jonathan Ross ( winners with 39 points ) The Double Ds : Denise van Outen and David Mitchell ( 33 points ) Ca n't Cook , Do n't Need to ' Cos I 'm Sat Next to Gordon Ramsay : Gordon Ramsay and Rob Brydon ( 30 points )", "The A-List : Sharon Osbourne and Jonathan Ross ( winners with 39 points )", "The Double Ds : Denise van Outen and David Mitchell ( 33 points )", "Ca n't Cook , Do n't Need to ' Cos I 'm Sat Next to Gordon Ramsay : Gordon Ramsay and Rob Brydon ( 30 points )", "Guest questioners in the studio included Jordan & Peter Andre and David Tennant . There were also recorded questions by several celebrities including Richard and Judy , Charlotte Church , Cameron Diaz , Toni Collette , Derren Brown and Kevin Pietersen . The mystery guests were Walter Wolfgang and a woman genuinely named Sue Doku . This year 's quiz saw the debut of Jon Snow giving fake news stories based on song lyrics , with `` I Predict A Riot '' and `` Crazy Chick '' . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the birth of David and Victoria Beckham 's third child and Jacques Chirac insulting British food on the eve of the G8 Summit .", "In 2006 the show was broadcast on 27 December . The three teams were :", "Raven Spawn / Rod 's Progeny / The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( winners with 39 points ) Rob & Dave : Rob Brydon and David Walliams ( 37 points ) The Conventionally Attractive Team : Jonathan Ross and Cat Deeley ( 38 points )", "Raven Spawn / Rod 's Progeny / The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( winners with 39 points )", "Rob & Dave : Rob Brydon and David Walliams ( 37 points )", "The Conventionally Attractive Team : Jonathan Ross and Cat Deeley ( 38 points )", "Guest questioners in the studio included Boy George , Myleene Klass & Matt Willis and Guy Goma ( famous for incorrectly appearing as a guest on BBC News 24 ) . Pre-recorded questions were asked by Lily Allen , Carol Vorderman , Courtney Love , Girls Aloud , and Sacha Baron Cohen ( in his Borat guise ) . Channel 4 News reporter Jon Snow returned to give fake news reports about songs of the year , reporting on `` Patience '' and `` America '' . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out The Da Vinci Code plagiarism claim and parents rebelling against Jamie Oliver 's school dinners campaign . Ian McKellen gave dramatised readings from the autobiographies of Jade Goody and Kerry Katona .", "Russell Brand and Noel Fielding spent much of the show giving deliberately wrong - and surreal - answers , leaving them trailing far behind the other two teams . This was until towards the end when Jimmy Carr bowed to the pressure of the studio audience , and gave them 22 points for answering one question correctly , which was the amount needed to bring them back into contention at the time and ensuring that they subsequently won the quiz . This led Walliams and Brydon , who came last as a result , to exaggerate their chagrin at the turn of events that had seen Brand and Fielding emerge on top .", "During a discussion about the Bob Skeleton event at that year 's Winter Olympics , the suggestion arose that a character with that name could be the star of Brand and Fielding 's next show together . The pair subsequently became known as the Goth Detectives ( opposed to their original name , which arose from a joke Jimmy Carr made about their supposed parentage ) , which was suggested for the show 's title . Though it began as a joke , the pair eventually performed a Goth Detectives themed show for the Teenage Cancer Trust event at the Royal Albert Hall on 28 March 2007 .", "A special edition of the show , celebrating Channel 4 's 25th anniversary , was broadcast on 2 November 2007 . The three teams were :", "The CarrDees / CarrJack : Alan Carr and Jack Dee ( winners with 34 points ) A&D : Carol Vorderman and Frank Skinner ( 30 points ) The Speccy Nerdy Fucknuts / `` Team Three '' : Richard Ayoade and David Mitchell ( 26 points )", "The CarrDees / CarrJack : Alan Carr and Jack Dee ( winners with 34 points )", "A&D : Carol Vorderman and Frank Skinner ( 30 points )", "The Speccy Nerdy Fucknuts / `` Team Three '' : Richard Ayoade and David Mitchell ( 26 points )", "This show aired on 2 November 2007 . Carr and Dee emerged victorious at the climax , and so had to take part in a special challenge which replicated the finale of The Crystal Maze . The pair had to collect silver and gold pieces of paper being blown around in a glass dome .", "Vic Reeves and Joanna Fisher , who was a member of 1980s Channel 4 programme Minipops both came into the studio to ask bonus questions . Jon Snow read out a fake news report on The Snowman . Quentin Tarantino , Anna Friel , Jonathan Ross , Ram John Holder , Derren Brown , Jo Frost , Jools Holland and others appeared on pre-recorded filmed questions . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary school acted out classic Channel 4 programmes The Word and TFI Friday .", "The 2007 show aired on 30 December 2007 . The teams were :", "The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( 17 points ) The Shadow Cabinet : Rob Brydon and David Mitchell ( winners with 38 points ) Fulham : Jonathan Ross and Lily Allen ( 36 points )", "The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( 17 points )", "The Shadow Cabinet : Rob Brydon and David Mitchell ( winners with 38 points )", "Fulham : Jonathan Ross and Lily Allen ( 36 points )", "Guest questioners in the studio were Christopher Biggins , Cerys Matthews and John Smeaton , a baggage handler at Glasgow Airport who helped foil a terrorist attack . Pre-recorded questions were asked by Take That , Gordon Ramsay and Thom Yorke . Jon Snow returned with a faux news report on `` Umbrella '' . John Hurt read out extracts from the autobiographies of Peter Andre and 50 Cent . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School returned to act out David Beckham 's move to LA Galaxy and when a judge criticised The Jeremy Kyle Show . Paul Croft , the man who had a tattoo of Dumbledore done on his back before J.K. Rowling announced that Dumbledore was gay , was the mystery guest .", "This was the first time that Rob Brydon had been on the winning team , despite having appeared on the panel every year since the first show in 2004 . Also , it was the first time ( and , as of the 2016 edition , the only time ) that the previous year 's winning team - the Goth Detectives - had both returned to defend their title .", "The Big Fat Quiz of the Year 2008 aired on 28 December on Channel 4 at 9 : 00 pm . The teams were as follows :", "Dara ' n ' Dave : Dara Ó Briain and Davina McCall ( winners with 36 points ) Normal & Hooch / Chubb Lock : Sean Lock and James Corden ( 32 points ) Michael McIntyre and Claudia Winkleman / Same Difference : Michael McIntyre and Claudia Winkleman ( 29 points )", "Dara ' n ' Dave : Dara Ó Briain and Davina McCall ( winners with 36 points )", "Normal & Hooch / Chubb Lock : Sean Lock and James Corden ( 32 points )", "Michael McIntyre and Claudia Winkleman / Same Difference : Michael McIntyre and Claudia Winkleman ( 29 points )", "Due to the furore caused by his and Russell Brand 's infamous phone call to actor Andrew Sachs , which resulted in his three - month suspension from the BBC at the end of the year , this was the first occasion that Jonathan Ross did not appear . He also declined his customary executive producer credit . Despite Big Fat Quiz not being a BBC programme , Ross himself had thought it inappropriate to do any broadcasting work during the corporation 's censure ( the same reason that was given for his decision to temporarily concede hosting duties of the British Comedy Awards - broadcast on ITV - around the same time ) .", "This was also the first year that Rob Brydon was absent , leaving host Jimmy Carr as the only regular fixture throughout the Big Fat Quiz of the Year 's entire run to date ( although neither Brydon nor Ross had been panellists for the special Channel 4 anniversary edition ) .", "In - studio guest questions came from Strictly Come Dancing contestants Jodie Kidd and Mark Foster , and 2008 Olympics Team GB gold medalists Christine Ohuruogu and James DeGale . Pre-recorded guest questions came from Katy Perry , the Fonejacker , Alan Carr , Sarah Silverman and Sir Alan Sugar . Jon Snow gave news reports on `` That 's Not My Name '' and `` I Kissed A Girl '' . John Hurt read from the autobiographies of Les Dennis and Christopher Biggins . The children from Mitchell Brook Primary School also returned acting out the divorce of Paul McCartney and Heather Mills and Jay - Z headlining that year 's Glastonbury Festival .", "The 2009 show was recorded on 7 December and aired on 1 January 2010 . The teams were :", "The Moral Minority / Jedward : Jonathan Ross and Russell Brand ( 28 points ) The Newlyweds : Rob Brydon and Claudia Winkleman ( 29 points ) Ignorance & Want / Dancing Queens : David Mitchell and Charlie Brooker ( winners with 32 points )", "The Moral Minority / Jedward : Jonathan Ross and Russell Brand ( 28 points )", "The Newlyweds : Rob Brydon and Claudia Winkleman ( 29 points )", "Ignorance & Want / Dancing Queens : David Mitchell and Charlie Brooker ( winners with 32 points )", "Peter Andre appeared as a guest questioner and musical comedian Tim Minchin asked a question in song format about Google Street View . Newsreader Jon Snow again appeared with news reports on `` Poker Face '' and `` Bonkers '' and the children of Mitchell Brook Primary School also reprised their regular slot , acting out the Parliament expenses scandal and Kanye West invading the stage at the MTV Video Music Awards . Other guest questioners included Sir David Attenborough , cricketer Stuart Broad , actor David Tennant and rapper 50 Cent . Swansea cagefighters Daniel Lerwell and James Lilley , who successfully fended off a homophobic attack in a nightclub ( they were dressed in drag for a stag night ) , were the mystery guests .", "Ross and Brand made a number of references to the Sachsgate scandal of 2008 which occurred last time they appeared together . There was also a discussion about changing Brooker and Mitchell 's team name to The Curmudgeons after they refused to dance to the Lady Gaga song `` Poker Face '' .", "Mitchell and Brooker were the eventual winners and were asked by Jimmy Carr after their victory if they wanted to do a dance . Despite pressure from the audience , they kept up their premise of not dancing .", "The 2010 show was recorded on 13 December and aired on 3 January 2011 . The teams were :", "Posh & Specs / Chatty and Fatty : Michael McIntyre and Alan Carr ( 25 points ) Wagner : Jonathan Ross and Ruth Jones ( winners with 28 points ) The Electric Moccasins / Robson & Jerome : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 12 points )", "Posh & Specs / Chatty and Fatty : Michael McIntyre and Alan Carr ( 25 points )", "Wagner : Jonathan Ross and Ruth Jones ( winners with 28 points )", "The Electric Moccasins / Robson & Jerome : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 12 points )", "Guest questions were provided by Nicole Scherzinger , Jack Black , Simon Pegg , Russell Brand , Seth Rogen , the cast of Misfits and Will Ferrell . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made their annual appearance acting out news stories , which included The Stig scandal and the Icelandic volcano eruption , as did Jon Snow with his fake news report of Lady Gaga and Beyoncé 's `` Telephone '' . Lola , the cat put in a wheelie bin in August by Mary Bale appeared as a mystery guest . Louie Spence posed a question in the form of a dance routine representing the story of the trapped Chilean miners .", "The 2011 show was recorded on 14 December and aired on 27 December 2011 . The teams for this year were :", "Nexus - 6 : David Mitchell and Eddie Izzard ( winners with 28 points ) Les Be Friends : David Walliams and Miranda Hart ( 4 points ) The Lisping Ninnies : Jonathan Ross and Jamie Oliver ( 26 points )", "Nexus - 6 : David Mitchell and Eddie Izzard ( winners with 28 points )", "Les Be Friends : David Walliams and Miranda Hart ( 4 points )", "The Lisping Ninnies : Jonathan Ross and Jamie Oliver ( 26 points )", "Guest questions were provided by Cee Lo Green , Michael Sheen , Tulisa , Lee Evans , Muppet drummer Animal , Rastamouse , Downton Abbey star Jim Carter , Lenny Kravitz , and Professor Brian Cox . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made their annual appearance acting out news stories , which included the arrival of a cat at 10 Downing Street and Cheryl Cole 's firing from The X Factor , as did Jon Snow with his fake news reports of popular songs ( Rebecca Black 's `` Friday '' and Jessie J 's `` Price Tag '' ) . `` Supergran '' Ann Timson , who was seen in a February 2011 viral video fending off four burglars with just her handbag , appeared as a mystery guest . The Only Way Is Essex cast members Lydia Rose Bright , Lauren Goodger , and Kirk Norcross appeared to present a question about the show .", "The 2012 edition aired on 30 December 2012 . The teams , which did not take team names , were :", "Jack Whitehall and James Corden ( 9 points ) Russell Howard and Jonathan Ross ( 30 points ) Richard Ayoade and Gabby Logan ( winners with 45 points )", "Jack Whitehall and James Corden ( 9 points )", "Russell Howard and Jonathan Ross ( 30 points )", "Richard Ayoade and Gabby Logan ( winners with 45 points )", "The in - studio final bonus questions were provided by Team GB and Paralympics GB athletes Nicola Adams , Natasha Baker , Sophie Christiansen , Hannah Cockroft , Helen Glover , Ed McKeever , Etienne Stott , and Peter Wilson . The Great British Bake Off finalists Brendan Lynch , James Morton , and John Whaite provided a live guest question . Recorded guest questions were provided by PSY , Gerard Butler , Usain Bolt , Jessica Ennis , Felix Baumgartner , Kylie Minogue , Cheryl Cole , Simon Callow , Jenson Button , Tom Daley , Warwick Davis , and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from Fifty Shades of Grey ) . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School once again made an appearance acting out the Diamond Jubilee Concert . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was Jon Snow , reporting on `` Call Me Maybe '' . The mystery guest was Gary Connery , the stunt - double for the Queen , who skydived out of a helicopter during the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony .", "During the show , Whitehall and Corden had pizza delivered and ate it with red wine .", "The 2013 edition was recorded on 10 December and aired on 26 December 2013 . The teams , which did not take team names , were :", "Jack Whitehall and Jonathan Ross ( 12 points ) Dara Ó Briain and Kristen Schaal ( joint winners with 30 points ) Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( joint winners with 30 points )", "Jack Whitehall and Jonathan Ross ( 12 points )", "Dara Ó Briain and Kristen Schaal ( joint winners with 30 points )", "Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( joint winners with 30 points )", "Danny Dyer appeared in the studio to provide a live guest question . Pre-recorded guest questions were provided by Russell Brand , Anchorman 2 stars Steve Carell , Will Ferrell , and Paul Rudd , Olly Murs , Christine Ohuruogu , Louis Walsh , Richard Osman , The Great Gonzo ( promoting Muppets Most Wanted ) , Harry Hill , Sophie Ellis - Bextor . Educating Yorkshire teachers Mr Mitchell and Mr Burton , The Great British Bake Off series 4 runner - up Ruby Tandoh , Rizzle Kicks , and astronaut Chris Hadfield . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School returned to act out Edward Snowden 's spy leaks . Jon Snow reported on `` Wrecking Ball '' and Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Lauren Goodger . The mystery guest was Natalie Holt , who threw eggs at Simon Cowell on the final of Britain 's Got Talent .", "The show was dedicated to comedy agent and producer Addison Cresswell , who died on 22 December 2013 .", "Also , Jonathan Ross brought most of a turkey , a loaf of bread and champagne . He ended up making sandwiches for the others .", "The 2014 edition was recorded on 1 December and aired on 26 December 2014 . The teams were :", "The Its : Micky Flanagan and Mel B ( 25 points ) Mother & Son : Sarah Millican and Kevin Bridges ( winners with 36 points ) Two Nasal Men / Global Issues : Richard Ayoade and David Mitchell ( 31 points )", "The Its : Micky Flanagan and Mel B ( 25 points )", "Mother & Son : Sarah Millican and Kevin Bridges ( winners with 36 points )", "Two Nasal Men / Global Issues : Richard Ayoade and David Mitchell ( 31 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Michael Palin , Tom Daley , the cast of The Inbetweeners , Game of Thrones actress Natalie Dormer , Lily Allen , Rio Ferdinand , Pixie Lott and Status Quo members Francis Rossi and Rick Parfitt . Paralympic gold medallists Kelly Gallagher and Charlotte Evans provided the in - studio guest question . Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Joey Essex . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Bernie Ecclestone trial . Jon Snow gave his news report about `` All About That Bass '' . The mystery guest was Dean Farley , the jogger who ran into David Cameron .", "Mel B 's performance received notable negative attention on social media and in the press as having brought down the show by being perceived as sour and humourless .", "The second Big Fat Anniversary Quiz was recorded on 29 September 2014 and aired on 2 January 2015 , to mark the tenth anniversary of the series . The teams that took part were :", "The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( 29 points ) Jonathan Ross and Warwick Davis ( winners with 39 points ) Jack Whitehall and Claudia Winkleman ( 22 points )", "The Goth Detectives : Russell Brand and Noel Fielding ( 29 points )", "Jonathan Ross and Warwick Davis ( winners with 39 points )", "Jack Whitehall and Claudia Winkleman ( 22 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Ian McKellen , Paul Hollywood and Mary Berry , Chico , Gregg Wallace , Ellie Simmonds , Peter Andre and Abbey Clancy . Louie Spence provided the in - studio guest question in the form of an interpretive dance about the 2013 horse meat scandal . Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Jay - Z . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the launch of the Large Hadron Collider in 2008 . Jon Snow gave his news report about `` Sex on Fire '' . The mystery guest was Jon Morter , who started the Facebook campaign to make Rage Against The Machine 's `` Killing in the Name '' the Christmas number 1 in 2009 . A Dalek also appeared in the studio to ask the final bonus question , and to `` exterminate '' Carr at the end of the quiz . Brand and Fielding referenced their past name as the `` Goth Detectives '' several times . They got many of their correct answers from an ongoing text conversation with members of the live studio audience . The ruse was discovered when Carr took Brand 's phone , called one of the numbers , and an audience member answered . Chico also appeared via text , responding to Jack Whitehall .", "The 2015 edition was recorded on 14 December 2015 and aired on 26 December 2015 . The teams , which did not take names , were :", "Rob Brydon and Jo Brand ( winners with 43 points ) Richard Ayoade and Greg Davies ( 31 points ) Claudia Winkleman and David Mitchell ( 35 points )", "Rob Brydon and Jo Brand ( winners with 43 points )", "Richard Ayoade and Greg Davies ( 31 points )", "Claudia Winkleman and David Mitchell ( 35 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Quentin Tarantino , Rita Ora , Simon Pegg , Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg , Josh Groban , Olly Murs , Katie Price and Heston Blumenthal . The Great British Bake Off winner , Nadiya Hussain , provided the in - studio guest question . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Jeremy Clarkson 's dismissal from Top Gear . Jon Snow reported on Drake 's `` Hotline Bling '' . Charles Dance read from `` List of the Lost '' , the debut novel by Morrissey . The mystery guest was Cecilia Bleasdale , who took a photo of a black and blue dress which appeared white and gold on the photo , leading to the dress becoming an internet meme .", "The 2016 edition was recorded on 5 December 2016 and aired on 26 December 2016 . The teams , which did not take names , were :", "David Mitchell and Sarah Millican ( winners with 45 points ) Romesh Ranganathan and Mel Giedroyc ( 28 points ) Rob Delaney and Richard Ayoade ( 40 points )", "David Mitchell and Sarah Millican ( winners with 45 points )", "Romesh Ranganathan and Mel Giedroyc ( 28 points )", "Rob Delaney and Richard Ayoade ( 40 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Professor Green , Bryan Cranston and James Franco , The Vamps , Sadiq Khan , Ryan Tedder and Zach Filkins from OneRepublic , Miranda Hart , Gemma Chan , Michelle Keegan and Rick Astley . In - studio guest questions were provided by Mark - Francis Vandelli from Made in Chelsea and Pamela Anderson . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Traingate . Jon Snow reported on Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling '' . Charles Dance read from Rylan 's autobiography . The mystery guest was Zac Alsop , who posed as a fencer and blagged his way on to one of Team GB 's 2016 Olympics victory parade floats in Manchester .", "A running gag on the episode was host Jimmy Carr inquiring about contestant Romesh 's father , not realising that the latter has already died , and the other contestants repeatedly chiding Carr about not checking beforehand . There was also a running gag with Mel Giedroyc 's obsession with the Crossrail project currently going on in and around London .", "The 2017 edition was recorded at Television Centre on 6 December 2017 and aired on on 26 December 2017 . The teams were :", "The Tinsel Sisters : David Mitchell and Roisin Conaty ( winners with 35 points ) Team Pain : Big Narstie and Katherine Ryan ( 33 points ) Cakes in the Maze : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 19 points )", "The Tinsel Sisters : David Mitchell and Roisin Conaty ( winners with 35 points )", "Team Pain : Big Narstie and Katherine Ryan ( 33 points )", "Cakes in the Maze : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 19 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Kurupt FM , Vince Vaughn , Nadiya Hussain , Clare Balding , Ed Balls and The Script . The in - studio guest question was asked by Great British Bake Off contestant Liam Charles . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the silencing of Big Ben during its renovation . Jon Snow reported on Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . Charles Dance read from the autobiography of Geordie Shore star Charlotte Crosby . The mystery guest was Liam Smyth , the student whose date got stuck between two windows trying to throw her poo out after it failed to flush . Helping Jimmy with the final question were some real penguins and an animatronic polar bear .", "The Big Fat Quiz of Everything is a spin - off series to the annual . These quizzes ask questions based on various subjects including history , geography , films , television , music , science , technology , art , literature , sports and games .", "The first special was recorded in October 2015 and aired on 5 January 2016 . The teams were :", "Cops and Wobbers : Jonathan Ross and Chelsea Peretti ( winners with 41 points ) The Custard Junkies : Jack Whitehall and Mel Giedroyc ( 30 points ) The Ladder Collars : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( 38 points )", "Cops and Wobbers : Jonathan Ross and Chelsea Peretti ( winners with 41 points )", "The Custard Junkies : Jack Whitehall and Mel Giedroyc ( 30 points )", "The Ladder Collars : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( 38 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Little Mix , Gareth Malone , Paul Whitehouse , Joey Essex , Jessica Ennis - Hill , Dom and Steph Parker from Gogglebox , Kevin McCloud , Darcey Bussell and Alesha Dixon . Chris Kamara provided the in - studio guest question . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out The Great Fire of London . Jon Snow reported on Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' .", "The second New Year special was recorded in October 2016 and aired on Friday 6 January 2017 . The teams were :", "Walliams : Jonathan Ross and David Walliams ( winners with 39 points ) Foreign Twerkers : Katherine Ryan and Aisling Bea ( 34 points ) Humanity 's Last Hope : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( 32 points )", "Walliams : Jonathan Ross and David Walliams ( winners with 39 points )", "Foreign Twerkers : Katherine Ryan and Aisling Bea ( 34 points )", "Humanity 's Last Hope : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( 32 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Joe Wicks , Nick Hewer , Joey Essex , Laura and Jason Kenny , Derren Brown , Ollie Locke from Made in Chelsea and Darcey Bussell . Jonnie Peacock provided the in - studio guest question in the form of sporting celebrations . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Napster lawsuits . Jon Snow reported on The Weather Girls ' `` It 's Raining Men '' . Charles Dance read confusing movie reviews from Amazon customers . The London Philharmonic Choir appeared to sing popular hip - hop and rap tunes in a choral style for the final question .", "The third New Year special was recorded on 11 December 2017 at Television Centre and aired on Friday 12 January 2018 . The teams were :", "The British Asians : Jonathan Ross and Nish Kumar ( winners with 46 points ) Ladies Who Lunch , Breakfast , Dinner , Snack and Tea : Claudia Winkleman and Miranda Hart ( 37 points ) Strike Force One : Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer ( 37 points )", "The British Asians : Jonathan Ross and Nish Kumar ( winners with 46 points )", "Ladies Who Lunch , Breakfast , Dinner , Snack and Tea : Claudia Winkleman and Miranda Hart ( 37 points )", "Strike Force One : Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer ( 37 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Luke Evans , Ore Oduba , Dynamo , Christian Slater , Judy Murray and Reverend Kate Bottley . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Garry Kasparov 's defeat to Deep Blue . Jon Snow reported on Billy Ray Cyrus ' `` Achy Breaky Heart '' . Charles Dance read confusing online film reviews . The mystery guests were John Cornelius , Robbie Humphries and Anthony Eden , who all played The Milkybar Kid as children . The Big Fat Question featured several football team mascots for the teams to identify .", "A three - part series of The Big Fat Quiz of Everything was recorded in June and July 2016 at The London Studios .", "The first episode aired on 15 August 2016 .", "The teams for this episode were :", "David & Claudia : Claudia Winkleman and David Mitchell ( winners with 38 points ) The Awesome Clams : Mel Giedroyc and Kristen Schaal ( 31 points ) One and a Half Condoms : Jonathan Ross and Bob Mortimer ( 31 points )", "David & Claudia : Claudia Winkleman and David Mitchell ( winners with 38 points )", "The Awesome Clams : Mel Giedroyc and Kristen Schaal ( 31 points )", "One and a Half Condoms : Jonathan Ross and Bob Mortimer ( 31 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Buzz Aldrin , Deborah Meaden from Dragons ' Den , Joey Essex , Rylan Clark , Warwick Davis and David Haye . The in - studio guest questions were asked by First Dates maitre d ' Fred Sirieix ( who proceeded to open a large bottle of champagne and serve it to the contestants and the studio audience ) and Strictly Come Dancing pair Kevin and Karen Clifton , who performed a series of dances in a minute for the contestants to guess . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Watergate scandal . Jon Snow reported on the Village People 's `` YMCA '' .", "The second episode aired on 22 August 2016 .", "The teams for this episode were :", "The Sultans of Bhunai : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( winners with 25 points ) TGGTTB :) `` Two Great Guys Trying Their Best '' / `` The Ancient Fucks '' : Adam Buxton and Jonathan Ross ( 23 points ) Tits and Teeth : Aisling Bea and Rob Beckett ( 20 points )", "The Sultans of Bhunai : Noel Fielding and Richard Ayoade ( winners with 25 points )", "TGGTTB :) `` Two Great Guys Trying Their Best '' / `` The Ancient Fucks '' : Adam Buxton and Jonathan Ross ( 23 points )", "Tits and Teeth : Aisling Bea and Rob Beckett ( 20 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Jodie Kidd , Dr. Christian Jessen , Joey Essex , Ronan Keating , Jerry Springer and Eddie `` The Eagle '' Edwards . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out the Wars of the Roses . Jon Snow reported on The B - 52 's `` Love Shack '' . The Mariachis appeared to play TV themes in a mariachi style for the final question .", "The third episode aired on 28 August 2016 .", "The teams for this episode were :", "The Twins : Alan Carr and Romesh Ranganathan ( 24 points ) Darsea O Perettiain : Dara Ó Briain and Chelsea Peretti ( joint winners with 27 points ) The Phrologists : Noel Fielding and Eddie Izzard ( joint winner with 27 points )", "The Twins : Alan Carr and Romesh Ranganathan ( 24 points )", "Darsea O Perettiain : Dara Ó Briain and Chelsea Peretti ( joint winners with 27 points )", "The Phrologists : Noel Fielding and Eddie Izzard ( joint winner with 27 points )", "Pre-recorded guest questions came from Jess Glynne , Made in Chelsea 's Jamie Laing , Ricky Wilson , Ray Mears and Joey Essex . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School acted out Henry VIII 's dissolution of the monasteries . Jon Snow reported on Sir Mix - a-Lot 's `` Baby Got Back '' . Two sloths appeared in the studio for a question about the seven deadly sins , and three human statues replicated famous historical statues for the final question .", "In 2012 , three Big Fat Quizzes were recorded as part of Channel 4 's 30th anniversary celebrations , each representing one of the past decades . The shows were recorded on 30 August , 12 September and 19 September .", "The show was recorded on 12 September 2012 and aired on 16 September 2012 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were :", "Jason Manford and Stephen Mangan ( joint winners with 29 points ) Jonathan Ross and Adam Buxton ( joint winners with 29 points ) Micky Flanagan and Carol Vorderman ( 28 points )", "Jason Manford and Stephen Mangan ( joint winners with 29 points )", "Jonathan Ross and Adam Buxton ( joint winners with 29 points )", "Micky Flanagan and Carol Vorderman ( 28 points )", "In - studio guest questions were provided by Kriss Akabusi and Samantha Fox , who presented the final bonus question . Recorded guest questions were provided by Su Pollard , Michael Fish , Clare Grogan , Roland Rat , Nik Kershaw , The Proclaimers , Anne Charleston , Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of The Krankies ) , and Sonia . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made an appearance acting out Live Aid . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was original Newsround anchor John Craven , reporting on `` Thriller '' . Bunty Bailey , the actress who played the female love interest in a-ha 's `` Take on Me '' , appeared as a mystery guest . The four winners were `` presented '' a Sinclair C5 by Samantha Fox .", "The show was recorded on 19 September 2012 and aired on 23 September 2012 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were :", "Phill Jupitus and Alan Davies ( winners with 42 points ) Dara Ó Briain and Claudia Winkleman ( 31 points ) Jack Whitehall and Denise van Outen ( 28 points )", "Phill Jupitus and Alan Davies ( winners with 42 points )", "Dara Ó Briain and Claudia Winkleman ( 31 points )", "Jack Whitehall and Denise van Outen ( 28 points )", "The in - studio final bonus questions were provided ( after a fashion ) by Mr Blobby . Recorded guest questions were provided by Zig and Zag , Chesney Hawkes , B * Witched members Lindsay Armaou and Keavy Lynch , Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen , Vic and Bob ( Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer ) , Linford Christie , and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Melanie Brown ) . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made an appearance acting out the launch and repair of the Hubble Space Telescope . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was former BBC Nine O'Clock News presenter Michael Buerk , reporting on `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . John Simmit and Nikky Smedley , the portrayers of Teletubbies Dipsy and Laa - Laa ( respectively ) , appeared as mystery guests .", "The show was recorded on 30 August 2012 and aired on 30 September 2012 . The teams were :", "Big Gay Al and His Big Scottish Pal : Kevin Bridges and Alan Carr ( 20 points ) Team Three : Sarah Millican and David Mitchell ( winners with 24 points ) The Indoor Kites / Hot Shame : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 14 points )", "Big Gay Al and His Big Scottish Pal : Kevin Bridges and Alan Carr ( 20 points )", "Team Three : Sarah Millican and David Mitchell ( winners with 24 points )", "The Indoor Kites / Hot Shame : Richard Ayoade and Noel Fielding ( 14 points )", "The in - studio final bonus questions were provided by the Cheeky Girls . Dragons ' Den dragon Duncan Bannatyne provided a live guest question . Recorded guest questions were provided by Gregg Wallace , Nick Bateman , Peter Andre , half of McFly , Gareth Gates , Tara Palmer - Tomkinson , and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Katie Price ) . The children of Mitchell Brook Primary School made an appearance acting out the cheating scandal on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was Channel 4 News presenter and Big Fat Quiz regular Jon Snow , reporting on `` It Was n't Me '' . Howard Davies - Carr and his two sons Harry and Charlie , stars of the popular viral video Charlie Bit My Finger appeared as mystery guests . Big Brother voiceover announcer Marcus Bentley read the final scores .", "Due to the success of the Decades specials in 2012 , Channel 4 commissioned two additional Decades specials to air in the autumn of 2013 .", "The show aired on 22 September 2013 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were :", "David Mitchell and Phill Jupitus ( winners with 30 points ) Alan Carr and Sarah Greene ( 20 points ) Jack Dee and Jason Donovan ( 19 points )", "David Mitchell and Phill Jupitus ( winners with 30 points )", "Alan Carr and Sarah Greene ( 20 points )", "Jack Dee and Jason Donovan ( 19 points )", "Anneka Rice provided a live guest question . The mystery guest was Stelios Havatzios , the 1980s Athena Baby in the L'Enfant poster . Recorded guest questions were provided by Toyah Willcox , Kim Wilde , Jim Bowen , Bob Carolgees , Carol Decker , Trevor and Simon ( Going Live ! ) , Tony Robinson , Gordon Burns and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Chas & Dave 's Chas ) . The children of Goldsmith Community Hall made an appearance acting out Operation Deepscan . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was John Craven , reporting on `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' .", "The show aired on 29 September 2013 . The teams , which did not take team names for this special , were :", "Jonathan Ross and Jo Brand ( 29 points ) Sue Perkins and Lee Mack ( winners with 36 points ) Bob Mortimer and Richard Ayoade ( 26 points )", "Jonathan Ross and Jo Brand ( 29 points )", "Sue Perkins and Lee Mack ( winners with 36 points )", "Bob Mortimer and Richard Ayoade ( 26 points )", "Diane Youdale ( the one - time Gladiator Jet ) provided a live guest question . The mystery guest was Todd Watkins , who gained fame for kissing a 77 - year - old woman on a The Word segment called `` The Hopefuls '' . Recorded guest questions were provided by Mr. Motivator , Goldie , Andi Peters , Tony Mortimer , Melinda Messenger , Daniela Nardini , Sally Gunnell , The Shamen 's Mr. C , the members of Hanson and Charles Dance ( doing a dramatic reading from the autobiography of Vanilla Ice ) . The children of Goldsmith Community Hall made an appearance acting out the cloning of Dolly the sheep played by Hannah MacDonald . Providing the song lyric as news story segment was Martyn Lewis , reporting on `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . In the penultimate round , Carr announced that he had hired the gunge tank from Noel 's House Party and the losers would be gunged , however Ross convinced Carr himself to go in it and was gunged by Jet .", "Name Appearances Wins Jimmy Carr ( host ) 26 N / A Jonathan Ross 16 8 Richard Ayoade 13 David Mitchell 12 8 Noel Fielding 11 Rob Brydon 6 Claudia Winkleman 6 Alan Carr 5 Jack Whitehall 5 0 Russell Brand Dara Ó Briain David Walliams Mel Giedroyc 0 Sarah Millican Aisling Bea 0 Jo Brand Kevin Bridges Adam Buxton James Corden 0 Jack Dee Micky Flanagan 0 Eddie Izzard Phill Jupitus Michael McIntyre 0 Bob Mortimer 0 Chelsea Peretti Romesh Ranganathan 0 Katherine Ryan 0 Kristen Schaal Carol Vorderman 0 Denise van Outen 0 Warwick Davis Lily Allen 0 Mel B 0 Rob Beckett 0 Charlie Brooker Roisin Conaty Alan Davies Greg Davies 0 Cat Deeley 0 Rob Delaney 0 Jason Donovan 0 Sarah Greene 0 Miranda Hart 0 Russell Howard 0 Ruth Jones Sean Lock 0 Gabby Logan Lee Mack Jason Manford Stephen Mangan Davina McCall Big Narstie 0 Jamie Oliver 0 Sharon Osbourne Simon Pegg 0 Sue Perkins Gordon Ramsay 0 June Sarpong Frank Skinner 0 Liza Tarbuck 0", "Name Appearances Wins", "Jimmy Carr ( host ) 26 N / A", "Jonathan Ross 16 8", "Richard Ayoade 13", "David Mitchell 12 8", "Noel Fielding 11", "Rob Brydon 6", "Claudia Winkleman 6", "Alan Carr 5", "Jack Whitehall 5 0", "Russell Brand", "Dara Ó Briain", "David Walliams", "Mel Giedroyc 0", "Sarah Millican", "Aisling Bea 0", "Jo Brand", "Kevin Bridges", "Adam Buxton", "James Corden 0", "Jack Dee", "Micky Flanagan 0", "Eddie Izzard", "Phill Jupitus", "Michael McIntyre 0", "Bob Mortimer 0", "Chelsea Peretti", "Romesh Ranganathan 0", "Katherine Ryan 0", "Kristen Schaal", "Carol Vorderman 0", "Denise van Outen 0", "Warwick Davis", "Lily Allen 0", "Mel B 0", "Rob Beckett 0", "Charlie Brooker", "Roisin Conaty", "Alan Davies", "Greg Davies 0", "Cat Deeley 0", "Rob Delaney 0", "Jason Donovan 0", "Sarah Greene 0", "Miranda Hart 0", "Russell Howard 0", "Ruth Jones", "Sean Lock 0", "Gabby Logan", "Lee Mack", "Jason Manford", "Stephen Mangan", "Davina McCall", "Big Narstie 0", "Jamie Oliver 0", "Sharon Osbourne", "Simon Pegg 0", "Sue Perkins", "Gordon Ramsay 0", "June Sarpong", "Frank Skinner 0", "Liza Tarbuck 0" ]

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[ "The National Insurance number is a number used in the United Kingdom in the administration of the National Insurance or social security system . It is also used for some purposes in the UK tax system . The number is described by the United Kingdom government as a `` personal account number '' .", "The number is sometimes referred to as a NI No or NINO .", "People born and resident in the UK are assigned a Child Reference Number shortly after birth when a claim is made for Child Benefit . At age 15 years 9 months HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) notifies each child of their NI number .", "In 1993 , a one - off mass allocation of NI numbers was made to all children under the age of 16 whose parents were in receipt of Child Benefit . As a result of this , siblings who met the criteria above were allocated NI numbers sequentially .", "Persons from abroad who wish to work in the UK , or those to whom a number was not initially allocated as children , must apply for a number through the Department for Work and Pensions ( DWP ) . The prefixes used are typically different from those used in the normal run .", "The format of the number is two prefix letters , six digits , and one suffix letter . The example used is typically QQ123456C . Often , the number is printed with spaces to pair off the digits , like this : QQ 12 34 56 C .", "Neither of the first two letters can be D , F , I , Q , U or V . The second letter also can not be O . The prefixes BG , GB , NK , KN , TN , NT and ZZ are not allocated . Validation lists of issued two - letter prefixes are published from time to time .", "After the two prefix letters , the six digits are issued sequentially from 00 00 00 to 99 99 99 . The last two digits determine the day of the week on which various social security benefits are payable and when unemployed claimants need to attend their Jobcentre to sign on ( renew their claims ) : 00 to 19 for Monday , 20 to 39 for Tuesday , 40 to 59 for Wednesday , 60 to 79 for Thursday and 80 to 99 for Friday .", "The suffix letter is either A , B , C , or D. ( although F , M , and P have been used for temporary numbers in the past ) . The NI number is unique without the suffix letter , so , for example , if AB 12 34 56 C exists , then there will be no other numbers beginning with AB 12 34 56 ( although temporary numbers were not necessarily unique , because two people with the same date of birth would have had the same number ) . In official electronic submissions , the final letter may be represented by a space if not known .", "Until 1975 , the suffixes A , B , C and D at the end of the NI number signified the period of validity of the National Insurance cards originally used to collect National Insurance contributions ( NICs ) . Cards were exchanged every twelve months and because of the very large numbers of cards issued the exchange was staggered . Suffix A cards ran from March of one year until March of the next when they were exchanged for a new one . Stagger B suffix cards ran from June until the following June , stagger C from September until the following September and stagger D from December until the following December . For example , a B stagger card issued in 1955 might have run from the first Monday in June that year until the first Sunday in June the following year . This staggered system operated from 5 July 1948 until 1975 , at which time the A stagger cards were extended to run an extra five weeks , until 5 April 1975 , in line with the end of the tax year . The B , C and D stagger NI Cards had a shorter period of validity in their final year , and ran from June , September and December respectively in 1974 until 6 April 1975 . From 6 April 1975 onwards , a computerised National Insurance Recording System ( NIRS ) was used to allocate all NICs by tax years .", "In Great Britain , expired NI cards were sorted into one hundred separate groups corresponding to the final two numbers of the NI number and were posted to the individual insured person 's NI account ( the RF1 ) by the corresponding one hundred ledger sections at the Records Branch of the Central Office of the Ministry of Labour and its successors -- the Ministry of National Insurance ( from 1945 ) , Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance ( 1953 ) , the Department of Health and Social Security ( 1968 ) , Department of Social Security ( 1988 ) , and Department for Work and Pensions ( since 2001 ) . These 100 sections dealt not only with the recording of NI contributions but with requests for information about qualifying contributions necessary to pay sickness , unemployment , widows , and other benefits and also with any correspondence arising from those NI accounts and NI cards . Within each of the 100 sections , NI numbers were allocated among 16 splits with one clerk administering each split . To trace unknown NI numbers , a general index contained millions of small RF2 index slips , filed in order of surname and listing the name ( s ) , date of birth , and NI number for every person within the National Insurance scheme .", "The Northern Ireland National Insurance scheme is funded and administered separately from the scheme in Great Britain but operates identically so that , in practice , the same rules apply throughout the United Kingdom .", "Until April 2001 , employers sometimes allocated their employees a temporary insurance number , which followed the format `` TN dd mm yy x '' , where ' TN ' stands for temporary number and is static and x is M for male , F for female , or P for pensioner and the numbers in the midsection were the employee 's date of birth . In the case of a woman born on 31 December 1958 , for example , the temporary NI number would have been TN 31 12 58 F. Temporary NI numbers could not be used to trace back any NI credits or personal details . Since 2001 the National Insurance number must be obtained -- the temporary code must not now be used .", "Another type of temporary NI number is the Revenue - issued `` temporary reference '' used when HMRC is unable to trace a taxpayer 's original NI number . It follows the format 63T12345 .", "Reference numbers similar in format to NI numbers are sometimes allocated for tax or benefit purposes with special prefix letters . Special prefixes used in the past include the letters OO ( for Tax Credit claims ) , CR ( for investigations ) , FY ( formerly for Attendance Allowance claims , named after the Fylde social security office where claims were processed ) , MW ( used from 1980 to 1987 for migrant workers ) , NC ( formerly for Stakeholder Pensions , PP ( for use by pension schemes as PP999999P ) , and PY or PZ ( both used for tax - only accounts created prior to 2003 ) .", "From 1984 until 2011 , when a person was allocated an NI number they also received a plastic ' numbercard ' of similar proportions to a credit card with the number raised on the front . Prior to 1984 , a manila notification card was issued instead . The card is only used as a reminder of the number and the card itself is not needed to start work , and is not considered a valid identity card . Numbercards were phased out from September 2010 , and the issue of numbercards ceased completely in October 2011 . NI numbers are now notified by letter .", "National Insurance numbers issued in the Isle of Man hold the prefix MA . Similarly , those issued in Jersey start with JY , and those issued in Guernsey hold the prefix GY . Only Channel Island NINOs issued prior to 1975 are validated , and recognised for UK use by HMRC .", "The National Insurance number is used as a reference number in the Pay As You Earn system , and also by the self - employed . It is also used in applications for Individual Savings Accounts ( ISAs ) , to check that an individual has opened only one ISA in a tax year .", "However , the NI number is not used universally as a tax identification number . Taxpayers who need to file a tax return are given a different number , a Unique Taxpayer Reference ( UTR ) , which is used as a reference number in the self - assessment tax system .", "NI numbers are sometimes used for identification purposes in other contexts which have nothing to do with their original National Insurance purpose -- such as forming part of evidence of right to work in the UK . The NI card , however , is not proof of identity ." ]

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[ "NFL Network Current logo , introduced April 26 , 2012 . Launched November 4 , 2003 Owned by National Football League Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets ) Slogan Together We Make Football Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States Canada Mexico Headquarters Culver City , California Website NFL.com/network Availability Satellite DirecTV ( U.S. ) 212 ( HD / SD ) SKY México 1556 ( HD ) 556 ( SD ) Shaw Direct ( Canada ) 420 Bell TV ( Canada ) 448 Dish Network ( U.S. ) 154 Cable Available on most cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability IPTV Verizon FiOS ( U.S. ) 588 ( HD ) 88 ( SD ) NFL RedZone : 835 ( HD ) 335 ( SD ) AT&T U-verse ( U.S. ) 1630 ( HD ) 630 ( SD ) Google Fiber ( U.S. ) 219 ( HD / SD ) Bell Fibe TV ( Canada ) 448 Telus Optik TV ( Canada ) 684 ( HD ) 132 ( SD ) VMedia ( Canada ) 78 ( HD ) Sling TV ( U.S. ) No assigned channel number PlayStation Vue ( U.S. ) No assigned channel number", "NFL Network", "Current logo , introduced April 26 , 2012 .", "Launched November 4 , 2003", "Owned by National Football League", "Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets )", "Slogan Together We Make Football", "Country United States", "Language English", "Broadcast area United States Canada Mexico", "Headquarters Culver City , California", "Website NFL.com/network", "Availability", "Satellite", "DirecTV ( U.S. ) 212 ( HD / SD )", "SKY México 1556 ( HD ) 556 ( SD )", "Shaw Direct ( Canada ) 420", "Bell TV ( Canada ) 448", "Dish Network ( U.S. ) 154", "Cable", "Available on most cable systems Consult your local cable provider for channel availability", "IPTV", "Verizon FiOS ( U.S. ) 588 ( HD ) 88 ( SD ) NFL RedZone : 835 ( HD ) 335 ( SD )", "AT&T U-verse ( U.S. ) 1630 ( HD ) 630 ( SD )", "Google Fiber ( U.S. ) 219 ( HD / SD )", "Bell Fibe TV ( Canada ) 448", "Telus Optik TV ( Canada ) 684 ( HD ) 132 ( SD )", "VMedia ( Canada ) 78 ( HD )", "Sling TV ( U.S. ) No assigned channel number", "PlayStation Vue ( U.S. ) No assigned channel number", "NFL Network ( occasionally abbreviated on - air as NFLN ) is an American sports - oriented cable and satellite television network that is owned by the National Football League ( NFL ) and is part of NFL Media , which also includes NFL.com , NFL Films , NFL Mobile , NFL Now and NFL RedZone . Dedicated to American football , the network features game telecasts from the NFL , as well as NFL - related content including analysis programs , specials and documentaries . The network is headquartered in the Los Angeles suburb of Culver City , California , and broadcasts its worldwide feed from Encompass Digital Media ( formally Crawford Communications ) in Atlanta , Georgia .", "As of February 2015 , NFL Network is available to approximately 71,867,000 households that subscribe to a cable , satellite and telco television service in the United States ( totaling 61.7 % of U.S. households with at least one television set ) .", "NFL Network was launched on November 4 , 2003 , only eight months after the owners of the league 's 32 teams voted unanimously to approve its formation . The league invested $100 million to fund the network 's operations . NFL Films , which produces commercials , television programs and feature films for the NFL , is a key supplier of NFL Network 's programming , with more than 4,000 hours of footage available in its library . As a result , much of the network 's highlights and recaps feature NFL Films ' trademark style of slow motion game action , sounds of the game , and sideline conversations between players and / or team staff .", "Beginning with the 2006 season , the network began to broadcast eight regular season NFL games during Thursday prime time , branded as Thursday Night Football . In addition to live games , the network has provided coverage of the NFL Draft since 2006 ; its coverage competes with that provided by ESPN and ESPN2 .", "At the 2008 NFL Draft , NFL Network unveiled a revised logo that was updated to match the revised NFL logo introduced around the same time . Unlike the updated logo for the league , the NFL Network 's logo included subtle changes such as using a darker shade of blue and changing the `` NFL '' lettering to match that of the new league logo . During the 2012 NFL Draft , the network debuted an overhauled logo resembling that used by sister network NFL Red Zone ; the network also began to play down the `` HD '' branding used on - air , as the vast majority of cable providers currently carrying NFL Network transmit the channel 's standard definition feed as a downscaled letterboxed version of the high definition feed . The logo underwent another minor change during the 2015 NFL season , when as part of the league 's year - long celebration of Super Bowl 50 , the logo took a gold hue in line with the league celebrating the game 's golden anniversary .", "Prior to the 2012 season , the NFL Network aired live primetime games on Thursdays beginning in mid-November . Starting with the 2012 season , the network began televising one live Thursday night game each week from Weeks 2 through 15 ( excluding Thanksgiving Day ) , as well as one live Saturday night game during Week 16 . As a result of the addition of these extra games , every NFL team now appears in at least one game on either NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football , a Thanksgiving Day game or in the season - opening kickoff game each season ( the season opener falls on the Thursday prior to Week 1 and is televised on NBC , while the Thanksgiving Day tripleheader games air on CBS , Fox and NBC ) . As with the games broadcast by ESPN 's Monday Night Football , the NFL Network telecasts are also aired on a designated broadcast television station in the primary markets of the participating teams , although stations in the home team 's market only carry it if the televised game sells out all remaining available tickets 72 hours prior to the game 's start time .", "When Thursday Night Football premiered , veteran television announcer Bryant Gumbel served as play - by - play announcer , with former Fox and current NBC analyst Cris Collinsworth serving as color commentator for the broadcasts . Collinsworth won the Sports Emmy for best game analyst for his work on the NFL Network telecasts . Dick Vermeil replaced Collinsworth for two games in 2006 ; Marshall Faulk and Deion Sanders replaced Collinsworth when needed in 2007 .", "In August 2007 , the network televised the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New Orleans Saints as NBC opted to cover that year 's preseason game in China , which was later canceled . The 2007 schedule began on November 22 ( Thanksgiving night ) , with a game between the Indianapolis Colts and the Atlanta Falcons at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta . Gumbel and Collinsworth returned as the booth announcers .", "Bob Papa , also the radio voice of the New York Giants on local sports talk station WFAN , announced the games starting in 2008 . Former Detroit Lions general manager Matt Millen was named Collinsworth 's replacement at the same time . Former Washington Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann joined Papa and Millen in the booth for the 2010 - 11 season . In May 2011 , NFL Network announced that Brad Nessler and Mike Mayock would serve as the announcers for that season 's game broadcasts .", "In the 2014 season , CBS Sports took over the production of all of the games in the package , and gained the right to simulcast 8 of the games on broadcast television . In 2016 , NBC Sports also gained a portion of the package under a similar arrangement .", "NFL Network televises all 65 preseason games each August . Some of the games air live on the network , however a majority of these contests air on a tape - delayed basis and use the local broadcast of one of the teams involved . NFL Network had occasionally presented its own preseason broadcasts as special editions of Thursday Night Football .", "On weekdays , Good Morning Football airs live from 7 - 10 am , followed by a repeat from 10 am - 1 pm .", "On Sundays , the NFL GameDay Morning pre-game show airs from 7 am - 1 pm , NFL GameDay Live from 1 - 7 : 30 pm , NFL GameDay Highlights from 7 : 30 - 8 : 30 , and NFL GameDay Prime from 11 : 30 pm - 1 am .", "NFL Network held the broadcast rights to the revived Arena Football League from 2010 to 2012 . Starting with the 2010 season , the network broadcast a weekly Friday Night Football game each week during the regular season and playoff games at 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time from March to August , in addition to rights to playoff games and the ArenaBowl . The NFL stated that unlike when the NFL last showed interest in arena football , there would be no attempts to buy into the league . Broadcasters for the games included Kurt Warner , Tom Waddle , Paul Burmeister , Fran Charles , Charles Davis and Ari Wolfe .", "Starting with the 2010 season , the network obtained the broadcast rights to the Arena Football League . Each Friday , the NFL Network aired a Game of the Week from the AFL through the league 's playoffs and culminating with the ArenaBowl . Also beginning in 2010 , the channel began to broadcast 14 regular season games as well as the Grey Cup from the Canadian Football League .", "NFL Network ceased airing Arena Football League games partway through the 2012 season as a result of ongoing labor problems within the league . The season 's remaining games were carried on a tape delay , before the network terminated the league broadcast contract outright at the end of the season ; the rights were then obtained by CBS Sports Network .", "On December 29 , 2006 , NFL Network televised the 2006 Insight Bowl between Minnesota and Texas Tech from Tempe , Arizona . The game featured the biggest comeback in NCAA Division I-A bowl history , with Texas Tech coming back from a 38 - 7 third - quarter deficit to win 44 - 41 in overtime . The network later made the game available for free to stream on its website . The network also broadcast the Texas Bowl in Houston on December 28 , 2006 , whose promotion rights are owned in part by the NFL 's Houston Texans , in which Rutgers defeated Kansas State , 37 - 10 .", "The network also showed a college all - star game after the college football season : the Under Armour Senior Bowl , which was held in Mobile , Alabama on January 27 , 2007 . NFL Network was also expected to show the Las Vegas All - American Classic in Henderson , Nevada on January 15 , but the game was canceled due to lack of sponsorship . On April 14 , 2007 , the network televised the Nebraska Cornhuskers ' spring football game . The network again aired the Insight , Texas and Senior bowls in late 2007 and early 2008 . In addition , it carried two games between historically black colleges and universities during the 2007 season , including the Circle City Classic at the RCA Dome in Indianapolis , Indiana .", "With the exception of the Senior Bowl , which remains on the network because of the league 's extensive ties to the game , NFL Network no longer airs college football telecasts .", "NFL Network aired two high school all - star games in June 2007 : the Bayou Bowl between players from Texas and Louisiana on June 9 ( via a live feed from regional sports network FSN Southwest ) , and the Big 33 Football Classic between players from Pennsylvania and Ohio on June 16 ( sharing its feed with CN8 ( now the Comcast Network ) and cable outlets in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania and Ohio ) .", "On July 1 , 2010 , NFL Network began airing live Canadian Football League games simulcast from Canadian sports network TSN . NFL Network aired the league 's Thursday games , three Saturday games during the month of July , and then Friday night games beginning in September ( after ArenaBowl XXIII ) . NFL Network did not air CFL games during August as it carried a heavy amount of NFL preseason game broadcasts . In addition , NFL Network did not carry any playoff games , including the Grey Cup championship , as those games are all played on Sundays opposite NFL regular season games . Those games were instead broadcast on the ESPN3 online service ( ESPN owns a 20 % interest in TSN , in a joint venture with majority parent Bell Media ) . On May 25 , 2012 , NFL Network announced it would not renew its contract with the CFL ; The package was subsequently acquired by the NBC Sports Network , then by the ESPN networks .", "NFL Network HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast feed of NFL Network that launched in August 2004 . It is available nationally on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network , and regionally on Verizon FiOS , AT&T U-verse and most Comcast and Cogeco Cable systems .", "In mid-October 2008 , in - studio programs began to air in `` enhanced HD '' , featuring contained additional scores and statistics on a dedicated wing on the right side of the screen that was only visible on the HD feed . Content that is presented in 4 : 3 standard definition is shown with stylized pillarboxes , or for some footage , blurred pillarbox wings . On May 1 , 2009 , NFL Total Access began airing in full HD without pillarboxing or enhanced graphics ; this was followed by the upgrade of NFL GameDay to HD the following September .", "Most providers began to exclusively carry the HD feed of the network during 2011 , transmitting a downscaled and letterboxed version of the HD feed to provide the channel in 4 : 3 standard definition for analog viewers without any deviation , including the `` NFL HD '' logo . The standard definition feed was discontinued entirely in July 2012 , concurrent with the introduction of the network 's current logo .", "The NFL RedZone channel is a special game - day only channel that broadcasts on Sundays during the regular season from 1 : 00 to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( 10 : 00 a.m. to 5 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ) . RedZone provides `` whip around '' coverage of all Sunday afternoon games airing in - progress on CBS and Fox . Whenever a team enters the red zone , the coverage will switch full - screen over to the live feed of that game 's television broadcast , and attempt to cover a potential scoring result ( touchdown or field goal ) . The coverage is hosted by Scott Hanson . This is not to be confused with the completely separate and different Red Zone channel available only on NFL Sunday Ticket .", "Starting in 2016 NFL Network during the offseason replayed one week of NFL RedZone every Sunday from the previous season .", "It was reported that the network would be made available in the United Kingdom in 2008 .", "Since 2017 NFL Network is available by screening on dazn.com .", "According to a February 2008 report in The Wall Street Journal , NFL Network chief executive officer and former ESPN chairman Steve Bornstein had been in `` high - level discussions '' with NFL and executives from The Walt Disney Company including Disney CEO Robert Iger and NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell . An analyst quoted in the report suggested combining NFL Network with ESPN Classic , which has a wide distribution on expanded basic cable tiers but attracts a modest audience . ESPN could use its market weight and demand more than the 16 to 17 cents per month that it currently receives from ESPN Classic . Though such a merger has not occurred as of 2010 , ESPN Networks and NFL Network do share some programming ( such as NFL 's Greatest Games ) .", "The NFL Network has had carriage disputes with a number of cable and satellite providers , although in recent years , major television providers have resolved disputes with the channel , and since 2012 NFL Network has been carried by each of the top ten television providers . The network - run IWantMyNFL.com website was designed to sell customers to push DirecTV to carry the channel instead of the traditional carriage - building strategy of asking cable customers to contact their cable providers and request the network ; the site has since become a redirect to the network 's website as cable coverage has been attained .", "On November 10 , 2006 , Comcast announced it would add NFL Network on its digital tier in time for the debut of the network 's eight - game Thursday - and Saturday - night package . On August 6 , 2007 , Comcast moved NFL Network from the digital tiers to the Sports Entertainment Package . This led to a court battle between NFL Network and Comcast , with the ruling in favor of Comcast ; the NFL Network later appealed the ruling . Comcast sent NFL Network a cease - and - desist letter to stop encouraging subscribers to drop their Comcast service . Comcast 's carriage agreement with the NFL Network ended in mid-2009 . On February 26 , 2008 , a New York appellate court reversed course on a May 2007 judgment that allowed Comcast to move the network from its second-most distributed tier to the company 's sports tier . At that time , a court date had not been set . Four judges at the New York State Supreme Court , Appellate Division , First Department , ruled the language `` concerning additional programming package was ambiguous and that neither party has established that its interpretation of the relevant contracts is a matter of law . '' Comcast 's deal with the NFL Network was set to expire on April 30 , 2009 . According to messages sent out to Comcast , Midco , and some Cable Systems customers with or without set - top boxes , NFL Network might be removed from some customers ' channel lineups . The message said : `` In spite of our efforts to continue carrying NFL Network / NFL Network HD , the NFL may terminate our rights . As a result these networks may be removed from lineups as soon as 5 / 1 . '' On April 10 , 2009 , it was confirmed that Comcast would remove the channel on that date due to failing to reach a carriage agreement . However , on April 30 , 2009 , NFL Network announced that it would continue to be carried on Comcast in the interim while both sides tried to reach an agreemenet on a new contract . On July 30 , 2009 , NFL Network was made available to lower - tiered Comcast digital cable subscribers .", "NFL Network later filed a discrimination case against Comcast with the Federal Communications Commission , claiming that since Comcast does not charge an extra fee for the sports channels it owns , Versus and Golf Channel , it considered Comcast 's move to charge extra for NFL Network unfair . On October 10 , 2008 , the FCC ruled as follows :", "In the Second Report and Order , the Commission emphasized that the statute `` does not explicitly prohibit multichannel distributors from acquiring a financial interest or exclusive rights that are otherwise permissible , '' and thus , that `` multichannel distributors ( may ) negotiate for , but not insist upon such benefits in exchange for carriage on their systems . '' The Commission stated , however , that `` ultimatums , intimidation , conduct that amounts to exertion of pressure beyond good faith negotiations , or behavior that is tantamount to an unreasonable refusal to deal with a vendor who refuses to grant financial interests or exclusivity rights for carriage , should be considered examples of behavior that violates the prohibitions set forth in Section 616 . '' We find that the NFL has presented sufficient evidence to make a prima facie showing that Comcast indirectly and improperly demanded a financial interest in the NFL 's programming in exchange for carriage . We further find that the pleadings and documentation present several factual disputes as to whether Comcast 's retiering of the NFL Network is the result of Comcast 's failure to obtain a financial interest in the NFL 's programming . Accordingly , we direct an Administrative Law Judge to hold a hearing , issue a recommended decision on the facts underlying the financial interest claim and a recommended remedy , if necessary , and then return the matter to the Commission within 60 days .", "The trial before an administrative law judge ( as ordered above ) began on April 14 , 2009 . On April 17 , 2009 , Comcast chairman and CEO Brian Roberts testified that the provider was willing to move the channel from the Sports Entertainment Package to a lower - priced base package if the subscriber fee was reduced to 25 ¢ per month ( at that time , NFL Network was charging 75 ¢ per month ) . He claimed that overall , Comcast saved $50 million a year in license fees by leaving the channel on its Sports Package , which in turn led to savings for its customers .", "On April 30 , 2009 , NFL Network Total Access correspondent Lindsey Soto reported Comcast would continue to carry the network after its contract expired at midnight as negotiations proceeded . On May 19 , 2009 , the NFL and Comcast reached a ten - year agreement to place NFL Network on Comcast 's Digital Classic package by August 1 , 2009 for a monthly price between 45 and 50 ¢ , instead of the 70 ¢ fee that the NFL originally requested . This deal led to speculation that other cable operators would end their holdouts and try to reach deals that would bring the network to a wider audience .", "As of 3 January 2011 , the NFL Network was available only on the Digital Preferred or Sports package on Comcast 's Xfinity system in Atlanta , Georgia , and not on a Digital Classic package ( which does not exist ) . This is contrary to the above - mentioned agreement between Comcast and the NFL .", "On December 20 , 2007 , the NFL Network proposed to Time Warner Cable to enter into binding arbitration , which would have a neutral third party determine the price and tier for NFL Network on the provider 's systems , based on fair market value of the service . The NFL Network noted that the process could take some time and offered to make the December 29 , 2007 game between the then unbeaten New England Patriots and New York Giants immediately available to Time Warner Cable subscribers , upon `` written agreement to participate in the arbitration process and to be bound by its result . '' The network was willing to make the binding arbitration available to cable providers not carrying the NFL Network and for an extension of Comcast 's current contract .", "Time Warner Cable denied the binding arbitration proposal , saying `` the operator has successfully reached agreements with hundreds of programming networks without the use of arbitration . We continue to believe that the best way to achieve results is to privately seek a resolution and not attempt to negotiate through the press or elected officials . '' TWC stated that it would be willing to make the network available on its sports tier , as a premium service , or make the game available to its subscribers on a per - game basis , at a retail price set by the NFL , with 100 % of attendant revenue going to the league .", "On September 21 , 2012 , the Associated Press reported that Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks had reached an agreement to carry NFL Network . Within hours , both NFL Network and NFL RedZone began to be carried on many Time Warner Cable systems in time for that week 's games , with full distribution across the company 's systems planned to be completed by September 27 , in time for the next Thursday Night Football game .", "On November 10 , 2006 , Canadian cable provider Cogeco Cable announced that it had reached a carriage agreement with the NFL Network to carry the network on its `` Sports & Information Tier '' . NFL Network had previously insisted that it would only allow cable providers to carry the network on basic tiers ; Time Warner Cable stated it would only carry the network on a digital sports tier . This makes Cogeco the only major cable provider to reach an agreement with the NFL Network by placing it directly on a digital sports tier without any repercussions from the network . When it was announced that NFL Network would carry Run to the Playoffs on Cogeco but not on a digital basic tier , it was stated that Cogeco 's Sports & Information Tier `` has about 30 % penetration across all Cogeco subscribers and 60 % penetration among Cogeco digital - cable homes . ''", "In 2004 , Insight Communications reached a carriage agreement with the NFL Network to carry the network on the provider 's digital tier , in addition to carrying NFL Network On Demand and NFL Network HD . At first , Insight did not carry the `` Run to the Playoffs '' games due to the extra surcharge providers pay to carry the games . Insight did not show the first - ever game , between the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs on November 23 , 2006 , but the game that aired the following week and future games were available due to a long - term agreement that was later reached . Following Insight 's January 2012 acquisition by Time Warner Cable , TWC chose to let the carriage agreement for NFL Network and NFL RedZone expire on August 1 , 2012 , which resulted in the two channels being removed from Insight 's systems in Ohio , Kentucky and Indiana , due to the long - running carriage impasse between the National Football League and Time Warner Cable . They were restored immediately upon Time Warner reaching a carriage agreement with the network two months later .", "On February 20 , 2008 , Dish Network moved the NFL Network from its `` America 's Top 100 '' package to the `` America 's Top 200 '' package . Dish Network notified customers that the NFL Network was `` moving out of Free Preview into America 's Top 200 package '' on February 20 , 2008 . The move cost NFL Network four million subscribers . On February 27 , 2008 , the NFL Network announced it would file suit against Dish Network for moving the network to `` America 's Top 200 '' . The move stemmed from the NFL Network 's decision to simulcast the 2007 New England Patriots - New York Giants game on CBS and NBC , in addition to the game being shown on the NFL Network . As of 3 March 2008 , the NFL no longer encouraged customers to switch to Dish Network on the IWantMyNFL.com website ; instead , the network only encouraged customers to switch to DirecTV , Verizon FiOS or AT&T U-verse if their provider does not carry the network or has placed the network on a higher - priced tier .", "On January 15 , 2009 , New York State Supreme Court Judge Rich Lowe ruled in favor of NFL Network , claiming their 2006 agreement for carriage on America 's Top 100 package was still valid and Dish Network violated it by moving it to the America 's Top 200 package , but he did not order Dish Network to move the channel to the lower package immediately .", "On April 10 , 2009 , it was announced that NFL Network and Dish Network had reached an out - of - court settlement to place the channel on the `` Classic Silver 200 '' package .", "On June 16 , 2016 , Dish entered a new dispute with the NFL Network when the contract to carry the network expired at 7 PM ET , which resulted in the removal of the NFL Network and NFL Red Zone from the Dish Lineup , which marked the first time in the history of the NFL Network that a carriage agreement contract to carry the NFL Network expired and a new agreement was not reached before the deadline in which resulted in the temporary removal of the network from a cable / satellite provider . As part of the new carriage agreement , Dish subsidiary Sling TV added both networks to its lineup on August 11 , 2016 , in time for the start of the 2016 NFL preseason schedule .", "Charter Communications became one of the first multiple system operators to provide NFL Network , in 2004 . Initially the deal called for the network to be carried on Charter 's digital - basic programming and included NFL HD and NFL On Demand . However , in December 2005 , the network had pulled itself from Charter and filed a breach of contract suit against the provider in the New York Supreme Court over contract language regarding distribution . It was reported that NFL Network wanted a 125 % rate increase in carriage fees and placement on Charter 's expanded basic tiers .", "In August 2011 , Charter Communications and NFL Network announced that the two parties had reached a new , long - term agreement to carry the NFL Network and RedZone in time for the 2011 season .", "On August 25 , 2016 , two weeks after NFL Network and the Red Zone Channel launched on rival service Sling TV , Sony 's IPTV service PlayStation Vue added the two networks to its lineup . NFL Network is available to Vue 's Core , Elite , and Ultra tier subscribers , while Red Zone would be available as a $40 seasonal add - on channel .", "The NFL Network is embroiled in disputes with several cable providers . Perhaps the most public controversy is over its removal on some systems owned by Time Warner Cable , the second - largest system in the United States , which occurred in September 2006 and lasted until September 2012 . That provider pulled the network from systems that it had purchased from Adelphia Communications and its February 2012 purchase of Insight Communications after those providers ' agreements expired .", "NFL Network has insisted that it be placed on basic tiers of participating providers and wishes to charge the cable companies a monthly rate of $0.61 per subscriber , while Time Warner Cable and other major cable providers wish to place it on a sports tier . Cable companies feel that a channel with such marginal interest and few live games with filler programming would be tough to sell outside of the football season . NFL Network 's position is that the demands are unreasonable and many other providers place NFL Network on a basic tier without subscriber backlash .", "NFL Network offered a free preview from December 24 to 30 , 2006 to Suddenlink Communications systems in West Texas and to Time Warner Cable and Cablevision systems in the New York City area . The package included the Texas Bowl and Insight Bowl , but excluded that week 's NFL game between the New York Giants and Washington Redskins , which was shown on NBC owned - and - operated station WNBC ( channel 4 ) ( NFL policy dictates that games that are televised nationally on a cable / satellite network be simulcast on a broadcast television station in the markets of the participating teams ) .", "However , Time Warner Cable and Cablevision were only interested in showing the Texas Bowl , which featured the Rutgers Scarlet Knights , who developed strong local appeal in 2006 and barely missed a berth in the Bowl Championship Series . The NFL denied that request and would only offer the free preview if Cablevision and / or Time Warner Cable made the entire preview week available to customers .", "TWC then offered to carry the free preview on a digital tier . Cablevision , however , continued to refuse to carry any NFL Network programming other than the Texas Bowl . It even announced that Cablevision would put it on channel 14 ( normally occupied by a television listings channel that was used as an overflow feed for MSG Network and FSN New York ) at 6 : 00 p.m. until the end of the network 's postgame coverage . The NFL , however , stated that it would not accept that request .", "On December 21 , however , after New Jersey legislators threatened legal action , Cablevision changed its mind and indeed showed not only the game between Rutgers and Kansas State , but also the entire free preview schedule . Time Warner had made a similar announcement only hours earlier . Suddenlink agreed on December 22 to carry the entire free preview for their customers in West Texas . The free preview did not lead to long - term carriage deals , and the standoff continued between all three cable companies and the NFL Network .", "2007 saw fresh controversy about the NFL Network . That year , the network happened to hold the rights to some match - ups with major implications . The first came in late November when one - loss Dallas hosted one - loss Green Bay . Green Bay 's Brett Favre was also having one of the best seasons of his career and would eventually lead the resurgent Packers to the NFC Championship Game . Most fans could not see the game because of carriage restrictions , more noticeable because it involved nationally respected teams in a highly anticipated match - up . This controversy would pale in comparison to the final game the NFL Network would broadcast that season .", "In December 2007 , U.S. Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts wrote a letter to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell asking for the league to settle their differences in time for the New England Patriots - New York Giants game on December 29 that would be broadcast on Saturday Night Football . The game was the Patriots ' record - sealing win that made them the first undefeated team through the regular season in 35 years . Kerry urged for a solution to be decided upon in time so that Americans could witness `` a historic event '' . An agreement was worked out between the NFL and two of the league 's television partners , NBC and CBS , to allow the NFL Network broadcast of the game to be simulcast on those networks , resulting in the first NFL simulcast since Super Bowl I and the first three - network simulcast in the history of the league .", "In addition , New York City area MyNetworkTV owned - and - operated station WWOR - TV ( channel 9 ) , and Hearst Television - owned ABC affiliates WCVB - TV ( channel 5 ) in Boston and WMUR - TV ( channel 9 ) in Manchester , New Hampshire , expressed dissatisfaction over the CBS / NBC simulcast , stating it violated their agreements with the network . The stations had already been scheduled to air the game , as per NFL rules . Greg Aiello , an NFL spokesperson , stated that NBC and CBS would not have agreed to present the simulcast without clearing the game nationally , including the aforementioned markets . WWOR came to an agreement with the network and showed the game along with WNBC and WCBS - TV ( channel 2 ) in the New York City market . WCVB also would still televise the game and stated that it was still working toward resolving issues with the NFL Network over additional coverage rights . The result of these arrangements was that viewers in the New York , Boston and New Hampshire areas could see the game on up to four networks .", "RCN Corporation , the 12th - largest cable provider in the U.S. , stated that the league 's deal with CBS and NBC `` devalues its contract with the league 's in - house service . '' Greg Aiello , a NFL spokesperson , said he was unaware of dissatisfaction among NFL Network affiliates over the simulcast and if any were seeking a rebate or other form of compensation because the game was being more widely distributed . If that were the case , he said , those discussions would `` take place privately with our TV partners . ''", "On August 20 , 2010 , the National Cable Television Cooperative reached an agreement , of which Suddenlink Communications is a member , to carry the NFL Network on the organization 's participating providers . As a result , Suddenlink announced it would offer NFL Network and NFL RedZone and immediately began carrying the channels . Suddenlink expected that the network 's rollout to all of its service areas would be completed by or before September 12 , the first Sunday of the NFL 's 2010 regular season ." ]

[ [ "from Bob Dylan's song \"The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest\"" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Judas Priest Judas Priest in Redeemer of Souls concert on 9 October 2014 at Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York Background information Origin West Bromwich , England Genres Heavy metal Years active 1969 -- present Labels Sony Epic Columbia / CBS SPV CMC Atlantic Gull Associated acts Fight Website judaspriest.com Members Ian Hill Rob Halford Glenn Tipton Scott Travis Richie Faulkner Past members Al Atkins Alan Moore John Hinch Les Binks Dave Holland Tim `` Ripper '' Owens K.K. Downing", "Judas Priest", "Judas Priest in Redeemer of Souls concert on 9 October 2014 at Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York", "Background information", "Origin West Bromwich , England", "Genres Heavy metal", "Years active 1969 -- present", "Labels Sony Epic Columbia / CBS SPV CMC Atlantic Gull", "Sony Epic Columbia / CBS SPV CMC Atlantic Gull", "Columbia / CBS", "Associated acts Fight", "Fight", "Website judaspriest.com", "Members Ian Hill Rob Halford Glenn Tipton Scott Travis Richie Faulkner", "Ian Hill Rob Halford Glenn Tipton Scott Travis Richie Faulkner", "Past members Al Atkins Alan Moore John Hinch Les Binks Dave Holland Tim `` Ripper '' Owens K.K. Downing", "Al Atkins Alan Moore John Hinch Les Binks Dave Holland Tim `` Ripper '' Owens K.K. Downing", "Tim `` Ripper '' Owens", "Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band formed in West Bromwich in 1969 . The band have sold over 50 million copies of their albums to date . They are frequently ranked as one of the greatest metal bands of all time . Despite an innovative and pioneering body of work in the latter half of the 1970s , the band struggled with indifferent record production , repeated changes of drummer , and lack of major commercial success or attention until 1980 , when they adopted a more simplified sound on the album British Steel , which helped shoot them to rock superstar status .", "The band 's membership has seen much turnover , including a revolving cast of drummers in the 1970s , and the temporary departure of singer Rob Halford in the early 1990s . The current line - up consists of Halford , guitarists Glenn Tipton and Richie Faulkner , bassist Ian Hill , and drummer Scott Travis . The band 's best - selling album is 1982 's Screaming for Vengeance with their most commercially successful line - up , featuring Halford , Tipton , Hill , guitarist K.K. Downing , and drummer Dave Holland . Tipton and Hill are the only two members of the band to appear on every album .", "Halford 's operatic vocal style and the twin guitar sound of Downing and Tipton have been a major influence on metal and have been adopted by many bands . Their image of leather , spikes , and other taboo articles of clothing were widely influential during the glam metal era of the 1980s . The Guardian referred to British Steel as the record that defines heavy metal . Despite a decline in exposure during the mid 1990s , the band has once again seen a resurgence , including worldwide tours , being inaugural inductees into the VH1 Rock Honors in 2006 , receiving a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 2010 , and their songs featured in video games such as Guitar Hero and the Rock Band series .", "Judas Priest were formed in 1969 in industrial West Bromwich , in the Black Country , by vocalist Al Atkins and bassist Brian `` Bruno '' Stapenhill , with John Perry on guitar and John `` Fezza '' Partridge on drums . Perry soon died in a road accident , and amongst the replacements the band auditioned were future Judas Priest guitarist Kenny `` K.K. '' Downing ; at the time , they turned him down in favour of 17 - year - old multi-instrumentalist Ernest Chataway , who had played with Birmingham band Black Sabbath when they were still called Earth . Stapenhill came up with the name Judas Priest from Bob Dylan 's song `` The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest '' on the album John Wesley Harding . No member of that early lineup lasted long enough to play on the band 's recordings , though several songs co-written by Atkins appeared on their first two albums .", "The band gained a three - album recording contract with the label Immediate in late 1969 after a gig in Walsall , but the label went out of business before an album could be recorded , and the band split in 1970 . Late in the year , Atkins found a heavy rock band rehearsing without a singer called Freight , made up of K.K. Downing on guitar , his childhood friend Ian `` Skull '' Hill on bass , and drummer John Ellis . He joined them , and they took on Atkins ' defunct band 's name . Their first gig was on 6 March 1971 . Ellis quit later that year and was replaced with Alan Moore . Early shows included Hendrix and Quatermass covers , and in 1972 the set list included the originals `` Never Satisfied '' , `` Winter '' , and the show - closer `` Caviar and Meths '' .", "Moore left and was replaced with Christopher Louis `` Congo '' Campbell , and the band joined Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi 's management agency Iommi Management Agency . Atkins continued to write material for the band -- including `` Whiskey Woman '' , which became the base for the Judas Priest staple `` Victim of Changes '' -- but as finances were tight and he had a family to support , he played his last gigs with the band in December 1972 . Campbell left soon afterwards , and the band enlisted two members of the band Hiroshima : drummer John Hinch and vocalist Rob Halford , the brother of Hill 's girlfriend . Judas Priest made their first tour of continental Europe in early 1974 and returned to England that April to sign a recording deal with the label Gull . Gull suggested adding a fifth member to fill out the band 's sound ; they took on as a second lead guitarist Glenn Tipton , whose group The Flying Hat Band were also managed by Iommi 's agency .", "Judas Priest went into the studio in June -- July 1974 with Black Sabbath producer Rodger Bain . The band released their debut single `` Rocka Rolla '' that August and followed in September with an album of the same name . The album features a variety of styles -- straight - up rock , heavy riffing , and progressive .", "Technical problems during the recording contributed to the poor sound quality of the record . Producer Rodger Bain , whose resume included Black Sabbath 's first three albums as well as Budgie 's first album , dominated the production of the album and made decisions with which the band did not agree . Bain also chose to leave fan favourites from the band 's live set , such as `` Tyrant '' , `` Genocide '' and `` The Ripper '' , off the album and he cut the song `` Caviar and Meths '' from a 10 - minute song down to a 2 - minute instrumental .", "The tour for Rocka Rolla was Judas Priest 's first international tour with dates in Germany , the Netherlands , Norway and Denmark including one show at Hotel Klubben in Tønsberg , one hour from Oslo , Norway , which scored them a somewhat negative review in the local press . The album flopped upon release , leaving Priest in dire financial straits . Priest attempted to secure a deal with Gull Records to get a monthly pay of 50 pounds , however , because Gull Records were struggling as well , they declined . Rocka Rolla ( 1974 ) has been for the most part dismissed by the band and none of its songs were played live after 1976 except for `` Never Satisfied '' , which was revived during the Epitaph Tour in 2011 .", "The band performed `` Rocka Rolla '' on BBC Two 's The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1975 , as well as the `` Dreamer Deceiver '' -- `` Deceiver '' pair the year before the songs appeared on Sad Wings of Destiny . Hinch left the band for reasons that are disputed and was replaced with Alan Moore , who returned to the band in October 1975 . Finances were tight : band members restricted themselves to one meal a day -- and several took on part - time work -- while they recorded their follow - up album on a budget of £ 2000 . The group intended to make an album mixing straight - ahead rock with a progressive edge .", "The band recorded Sad Wings of Destiny over two weeks in November and December 1975 at Rockfield Studios in Wales . The band stayed sober during the 12 - hour recording sessions . The cover depicts a struggling , grounded angel surrounded by flames and wearing a devil 's three - pronged cross , which became the band 's symbol . The album was released in March 1976 , with `` The Ripper '' as lead single . The band supported the album with a headlining tour of the UK from April to June 1976 . By this time Halford joked that fans should burn their copies of Rocka Rolla .", "The album had little commercial success at first and had difficulty getting noticed due to critical competition from the rise of punk rock , though it peaked at No. 48 in the UK and had a positive review in Rolling Stone . Fans , critics , and the band have since come to see Sad Wings of Destiny as the album on which Judas Priest consolidated their sound and image . It features heavy riffing and complex song arrangements that Tipton and Downing have said were inspired by the factories of The Black Country . The album 's centrepiece `` Victim of Changes '' evolved from a combination of Atkins ' `` Whiskey Woman '' and Halford 's `` Red Light Woman '' , and went on to become a fan favourite .", "The band grew dissatisfied with Gull ; the tight finances led Moore to leave the band a second time -- this time permanently . Sad Wings of Destiny caught the attention of CBS Records , and with the help of new manager David Hemmings , the band signed with CBS and received a £ 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60 000 budget for their next album . The signing required breaking their contract with Gull , resulting in the rights to the first two albums and all related recordings -- including demos -- becoming property of Gull . Gull periodically repackaged and re-released the material from these albums .", "Judas Priest recorded their major - label début in January 1977 at The Who 's Ramport Studios , with Deep Purple bassist Roger Glover as producer . Moore left again during the sessions and was replaced with session drummer Simon Phillips . The album features significant developments in heavy metal technique , in particular its use of double - kick drumming on tracks such as `` Dissident Aggressor '' , and includes a pop - metal cover of `` Diamonds & Rust '' by folk singer Joan Baez .", "Their next album , Sin After Sin , appeared in April 1977 . It was the first Priest record under a major label , CBS , and the first of eleven consecutive albums to be certified Gold or higher by the RIAA . Phillips declined to become a permanent member of Judas Priest , so the band hired Les Binks on Glover 's recommendation . Together , they recorded 1978 's Stained Class , produced by Dennis MacKay , and Killing Machine ( released in America as Hell Bent for Leather ) . Binks , credited with co-writing `` Beyond the Realms of Death '' , now regarded as one of the band 's classics , was an accomplished and technically skilled drummer and his addition added a dexterous edge to the band 's sound . Binks also played on Unleashed in the East ( 1979 ) , which was recorded live in Japan during the Killing Machine tour . While the first three Judas Priest albums had considerable traces of Black Sabbath , Led Zeppelin , and Deep Purple in them , as well as ballads , Stained Class did not contain any ballads aside from `` Beyond the Realms of Death '' . Killing Machine was the first nod to a more commercial sound , with simpler songs that brought back some blues influences . At about the same time , the band members adopted their now - famous `` leather - and - studs '' image .", "Following the release of Killing Machine ( 1978 ) was the live release from the supporting tour , Unleashed in the East ( 1979 ) . It was the first of many Judas Priest albums to go platinum . There was some criticism of the band 's use of studio enhancements and overdubbing in what was marketed as a live album . By this point the playing style of the band had grown progressively heavier , with live versions of songs such as `` Exciter '' and `` Diamonds and Rust '' sounding much heavier and faster than their studio counterparts .", "Les Binks quit in late 1979 , as he was unhappy with the band 's desire to move towards a simplified radio rock sound , so they replaced him with Dave Holland , formerly of the band Trapeze . With this line - up , Judas Priest recorded six studio and one live album , which garnered different degrees of critical and financial success .", "In 1980 , the band released British Steel . The songs were shorter and had more mainstream radio hooks , but retained the familiar heavy metal feel . Tracks such as `` United '' , `` Breaking the Law '' , and `` Living After Midnight '' were frequently played on the radio . The next release , 1981 's Point of Entry , followed the same formula , and the tour in support of the album featured new songs such as `` Solar Angels '' and `` Heading Out to the Highway '' .", "The 1982 album Screaming for Vengeance featured `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' , which became a major radio hit in the US . Songs such as `` Electric Eye '' and `` Riding on the Wind '' also appeared on this album , and proved to be popular live . `` ( Take These ) Chains '' ( by Bob Halligan , Jr ) was released as a single and received heavy airplay . This album went Double Platinum .", "On Sunday , May 29 , 1983 , the band played on Heavy Metal Day of the US Festival , a music festival in San Bernardino , California sponsored by Steve Wozniak . The band was fourth in the lineup that also included Quiet Riot , Mötley Crüe , Ozzy Osbourne , Triumph , Scorpions , and Van Halen .", "Priest continued their success through the mid-1980s . `` Freewheel Burning '' , released in 1983 , was a regular on rock radio . Its album Defenders of the Faith was released the following year . Some critics dubbed it `` Screaming for Vengeance II '' , due to its musical similarity to the previous album .", "On 13 July 1985 , Judas Priest , along with Black Sabbath and other performers , played at Live Aid . The band played at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia . Their setlist was `` Living After Midnight '' , `` The Green Manalishi ( With The Two - Pronged Crown ) '' and `` ( You 've Got ) Another Thing Comin ' '' .", "Turbo was released in April 1986 . The band adopted a more colourful stage look and gave their music a more mainstream feel by adding guitar synthesisers . The album also went Platinum and had a successful arena tour in support , with 100 concerts in North America , Europe and Japan in 1986 . A live album recorded on the tour , titled Priest ... Live ! , was released the next year , offering live tracks from the era . The video documentary Heavy Metal Parking Lot was created by Jeff Krulik and John Heyn in 1986 . It documents the heavy metal fans waiting on 31 May 1986 for a Judas Priest concert ( with special guests Dokken ) at the Capital Center ( later renamed US Airways Arena ) in Landover , Maryland .", "In May 1988 , Ram It Down was released , featuring several reworked songs left over from Turbo , in addition to new songs . The band recorded three tracks with pop producers Stock - Aitken - Waterman : two originals , `` Runaround '' and `` I Will Return '' , and a cover of The Stylistics ' hit `` You Are Everything '' ; however , they were ultimately not included on this album due to a management decision . A reviewer has called Ram It Down a `` stylistic evolution '' that resulted from the band 's `` attempt to rid themselves of the tech synthesiser approach ... and return to the traditional metal of their fading glory days '' . The reviewer argued the album showed `` how far behind they were lagging ... the thrashers they helped influence '' in earlier years . In 1989 , longtime drummer Dave Holland left the band .", "In September 1990 , the Painkiller album used a new drummer , Scott Travis ( formerly from Racer X ) . This comeback album dropped the 1980s - style synthesisers for all songs except `` A Touch of Evil '' . The tour used bands such as Annihilator , Megadeth , Pantera , Sepultura and Testament as opening bands , and culminated in the Rock in Rio performance in Brazil in front of 100,000 + fans .", "Part of the Judas Priest stage show often featured Halford riding onstage on a Harley - Davidson motorbike , dressed in motorcycle leathers and sunglasses . In a Toronto show in August 1991 , Halford was seriously injured as he rode on stage , when he collided with a drum riser hidden behind clouds of dry ice mist . Though the show was delayed , he performed the set before going to a hospital . Hill later noted `` he must have been in agony '' . In a 2007 interview , Rob claimed the accident had nothing to do with his departure from the band .", "In 1990 , the band was involved in a civil action that alleged they were responsible for the self - inflicted gunshot wounds in 1985 of 20 - year - old James Vance and 18 - year - old Raymond Belknap in Sparks , Nevada , USA . On 23 December 1985 , Vance and Belknap , after hours of drinking alcohol , smoking marijuana and allegedly listening to Judas Priest , went to a playground at a church in Sparks with a 12 - gauge shotgun to end their lives . Belknap was the first to place the shotgun under his chin . He died instantly after pulling the trigger . Vance then shot himself but survived , suffering severe facial injuries . Following numerous complications , Vance too died in 1988 , three years after the suicide pact .", "The men 's parents and their legal team alleged that a subliminal message of `` do it '' had been included in the Judas Priest song `` Better by You , Better than Me '' ( a cover of the Spooky Tooth number ) from Stained Class ( 1978 ) . They alleged the command in the song triggered the suicide attempt . The trial lasted from 16 July to 24 August 1990 , when the suit was dismissed after the judge ruled that the so - called `` do it '' message was a result of an accidental mixup of background lyrics . One of the defence witnesses , Dr. Timothy E. Moore , wrote an article for Skeptical Inquirer chronicling the trial . The trial was covered in the 1991 documentary Dream Deceivers : The Story Behind James Vance Vs. Judas Priest .", "Comedian Bill Hicks ridiculed the lawsuit as part of his act , pointing out the absurdity of the notion that a successful band would wish to kill off their purchasing fanbase .", "After Painkiller 's tour in 1991 , Halford left Judas Priest . In September 1991 , there were indications of internal tensions within the band . Halford went on to form a street - style thrash metal group named Fight , with Scott Travis on drums for the recording sessions . He formed this band to explore new musical territory , but due to contractual obligations , he remained with Judas Priest until May 1992 .", "Halford collaborated with Judas Priest in the release of a compilation album entitled Metal Works ' 73 -- ' 93 to commemorate their 20th anniversary . He also appeared in a video by the same title , documenting their history , in which his departure from the band was officially announced later that year .", "In a February 1998 interview on MTV , Halford publicly revealed his homosexuality .", "Tim `` Ripper '' Owens , who had previously sung in a Judas Priest tribute band called British Steel , was hired in 1996 as Judas Priest 's new singer . This line - up released two albums , Jugulator ( 1997 ) and Demolition ( 2001 ) , as well as two live double - albums -- ' 98 Live Meltdown and Live in London ( 2003 ) , the latter of which had a live DVD counterpart . Although Jugulator sold relatively well , it was given mixed reviews .", "After eleven years apart , faced with an ever - growing demand for a reunion , Judas Priest and Rob Halford announced they would reunite in July 2003 , to coincide with the release of the Metalogy box set ( despite Halford 's earlier insistence that he `` would never do it '' ) . They did a concert tour in Europe in 2004 , and co-headlined the 2004 Ozzfest , being named as the `` premier act '' by almost all US media coverage of the event . Judas Priest and `` Ripper '' Owens parted amicably , with Owens joining American heavy metal band Iced Earth .", "A new studio album , Angel of Retribution , was released on 1 March 2005 ( US ) on Sony Music / Epic Records to critical and commercial success , earning the band a 2005 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Award for Best Album . A global tour in support of the album ensued . Award As for the band Halford , writing for the fourth release was cut off . After the Retribution tour in June 2006 , however , Halford announced he would create his own record company , Metal God Entertainment , where he would release all his solo material under his own control . In November 2006 he remastered his back catalogue and released it exclusively through Apple 's iTunes Store . Two new songs allegedly set for the fourth release , `` Forgotten Generation '' and `` Drop Out '' , were released through iTunes as well .", "Along with Queen , Kiss and Def Leppard , Judas Priest was an inaugural inductee into the `` VH1 Rock Honors '' . The ceremony took place 25 May 2006 in Las Vegas , Nevada , and first aired on 31 May . Their presentation was preceded by Godsmack performing a medley of `` Electric Eye '' / `` Victim of Changes '' / `` Hell Bent for Leather . '' Judas Priest then played `` Breaking the Law '' , `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' and `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' , before which Halford rode a Harley onstage .", "In a June 2006 interview with MTV.com , Halford said of the group 's concept album about the 16th - century French writer Nostradamus , `` Nostradamus is all about metal , is n't he ? He was an alchemist as well as a seer -- a person of extraordinary talent . He had an amazing life that was full of trial and tribulation and joy and sorrow . He 's a very human character and a world - famous individual . You can take his name and translate it into any language and everybody knows about him , and that 's important because we 're dealing with a worldwide audience . '' In addition to digging new lyrical ground for the band , the album would contain musical elements which might surprise fans . `` It 's going to have a lot of depth '' , Halford said . `` There 'll be a lot of symphonic elements . We might orchestrate it , without it being overblown . There may be a massive choir at parts and keyboards will be featured more prominently , whereas they 've always been in the background before . '' The album Nostradamus was released in June 2008 ; the band began a support tour in that same month .", "In early February 2009 , the band joined the ranks of bands speaking out against ticket - touting ( `` scalping '' ) , issuing a statement condemning the practice of selling tickets at well above face value , and urging fans to buy tickets only from official sources . In the same month , Judas Priest continued their tour , bringing their `` Priest Feast '' ( with guests Megadeth and Testament ) to multiple arenas in England , Wales , Scotland , and Ireland in February and March 2009 . From there the tour progressed to multiple venues in Sweden . Later in March , Judas Priest performed in Portugal ( at Lisbon on the Atlantic Pavilion ) , which they had not visited since 2005 . The tour then continued to Milan , Italy , and then Paris , France ; Halford had last performed with Judas Priest in Paris in 1991 .", "From June through August 2009 , Judas Priest completed a North American tour to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the release of British Steel ( 1980 ) ; the album was performed in its entirety on each tour date , with some other songs thrown in . This tour was to be a joint effort with fellow Englishman David Coverdale and Whitesnake . Unfortunately , Whitesnake would have to leave the tour after the show in Denver , Colorado on 11 August 2009 due to Coverdale falling ill with a serious throat infection ; he was advised to stop singing immediately to avoid permanently damaging his vocal cords .", "On 14 July 2009 , Judas Priest released a new live album , featuring 11 previously unreleased live tracks from the 2005 and 2008 world tours , A Touch of Evil : Live . The performance of `` Dissident Aggressor '' won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance .", "In May 2010 , Halford said the band had been offered a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , but `` we 've just never been there when they wanted to do the ceremony . '' He also revealed that a Nostradamus tour was still being contemplated : `` We were in Hollywood recently and met with some producers and agents , so there are a lot of things going on behind the scenes . ''", "Judas Priest announced on 7 December 2010 , that their Epitaph World Tour would be the band 's farewell tour and would run up until 2012 . In a January 2011 interview , Rob Halford said about the band 's impending retirement : `` I think it 's time , you know . We 're not the first band to say farewell , it 's just the way everyone comes to at some point and we 're gon na say a few more things early next year , so I think the main thing that we just want to ask everybody to consider is do n't be sad about this , start celebrating and rejoicing over all the great things we 've done in Judas Priest . ''", "On 27 January 2011 , it was announced that Judas Priest was in the process of writing new material ; the band also clarified their plans for the future , saying , `` this is by no means the end of the band . In fact , we are presently writing new material , but we do intend this to be the last major world tour . '' Speaking at a press conference in Los Angeles on 26 May of the new material Glenn Tipton said : `` It 's quite a mixed bag . Really , there 's more sentiment on this album . In a way , I suppose , it 's also our farewell album , although it might not be our last one . There are some anthems on there , which pay tribute to our fans '' .", "On 20 April 2011 , it was announced that K.K. Downing had retired from the band and would not complete the Epitaph World Tour . Downing cited differences with the band and the management , and a breakdown in their relationship . Richie Faulkner , guitarist for Lauren Harris 's band , was announced as his replacement for the Epitaph World Tour . Downing 's retirement leaves bassist Ian Hill as the only remaining founder member of the band .", "On 25 May 2011 , Judas Priest played during the finale of American Idol season 10 with James Durbin , making it their first live performance without K.K. Downing . The band played a mixture of two songs : `` Living After Midnight '' and `` Breaking the Law '' .", "On 7 June 2011 , the band announced that it planned to release the box set Single Cuts , a collection of singles , the following August .", "In an August 2011 interview with Billboard , Halford explained that he and Tipton had `` about 12 or 14 tracks completely mapped out '' for a new studio album , with four of those tracks already recorded and mixed . The band made a point to take its time with the album , with Halford explaining `` I 'm of the attitude it 'll be ready when it 's ready ... I do n't think we 're going to slack off . We 're determined to do a lot of work and be just as dedicated as we 've always been and take a lot of care and attention with all the songs . We 're not going to just bang this one out , so to speak . ''", "On 13 September 2011 , Priest announced its plans to release a new compilation album , The Chosen Few , a set of Priest songs chosen by other iconic heavy metal musicians .", "On 5 June 2013 , Rob Halford confirmed that the Epitaph World Tour would not be the band 's final tour . On 22 December , Judas Priest released a short Christmas message on their official website , which confirmed that they would be releasing their next album in 2014 .", "On 17 March 2014 at the Ronnie James Dio Awards in Los Angeles , Rob Halford announced that the band 's 17th studio album was finished . On 28 April , the band released the album 's title track `` Redeemer of Souls '' for streaming on their official website . Redeemer of Souls was released on 8 July 2014 . It sold around 32,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to land at position No. 6 on The Billboard 200 chart , the band 's highest charting position in the US after the double - disc concept album , Nostradamus , debuted at No. 11 . This was the band 's first top 10 album in the US . The band went on tour in support of the album which ran from 1 October 2014 until 17 December 2015 . The Redeemer of Souls Tour led to the sixth live album Battle Cry , which was released on 25 March 2016 after being recorded at the Wacken Open Air festival in Germany on 1 August 2015 .", "In a November 2015 interview with Reverb.com , Richie Faulkner said that the band would start work on a new album in 2016 . In April 2016 , Loudwire posted a photo showing Rob Halford , Glenn Tipton and Faulkner himself in the studio beginning the process of the album , with Halford confirming in a radio interview that the album would be ready by early 2017 . During an interview at the 2016 edition of the Rock ' n ' Roll Fantasy Camp , Halford expressed dissatisfaction on making a Redeemer of Souls part two : `` I think it 's very important that we make another stand alone record again , a heavy metal record that 's going to have its own legs and just be as different as all of them have been so far . '' Faulkner then stated that the band would begin recording in January 2017 and also said that they would not go on tour until 2018 .", "While discussing the 30th anniversary release of Turbo with Ultimate Classic Rock in January 2017 , Halford hesitated to say that the band was `` still slaving away in the studio . It 's sounding great . I ca n't really say any more than that , because it 's still very nebulous , but it is sounding incredibly exciting and I 'm sure we 'll talk about that when the time comes . '' In March 2017 , the band confirmed that they had entered the studio to begin recording the new album with support from long time producer Tom Allom along with former Sabbat guitarist and producer Andy Sneap and engineer Mike Exeter , who worked with the band on the previous album . This marks the first time since 1988 's Ram It Down that they had worked with Allom .", "In an April 2017 interview with Planet Rock , Halford said that the band was `` coming to some of the final moments '' of completion of the new album . He also promised `` a very exciting 2018 period '' with a world tour taking place next year . In a post on Instagram in June , Andy Sneap said that the band completed tracking . In October 2017 , Judas Priest , along with 18 other artists , were announced as nominees for the 2018 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , but lost to Bon Jovi . They later announced their eighteenth album Firepower , which was released on 9 March 2018 with a world tour taking place thereafter , beginning in North America with Saxon and Black Star Riders as their support acts . The cover artwork was then unveiled along with a 15 - second audio sample of the title track . On 5 January 2018 , the band released a music video for the song `` Lightning Strike '' .", "On 12 February 2018 , Glenn Tipton revealed that he had Parkinson 's disease , with which he was first diagnosed with in 2008 , thus ceasing his duties to perform on tour . He stated that he was still a member of the band despite his diagnosis and did not rule out future on - stage appearances . Sneap was then announced as his replacement for the tour . Faulkner later assured fans that Tipton would perform with the band `` at some point in the tour . '' When speaking to Long Island Pulse in March 2018 , Faulkner said that there had been `` no discussions yet '' on whether Judas Priest would continue without Tipton or not , with Halford disregarding any talks of retirement .", "At the 20 March 2018 show in Newark , New Jersey , Tipton joined the band on stage to perform `` Metal Gods '' , `` Breaking the Law '' and `` Living After Midnight .", "Judas Priest 's style has always been rooted in heavy metal , and many of their albums reflect diverse aspects of the genre . For example , their first album , Rocka Rolla ( 1974 ) , is primarily rooted in heavy blues rock . From Sad Wings of Destiny ( 1976 ) through Stained Class ( 1978 ) , their style was somewhat progressive , with complex guitar passages and poetic lyrics . Songs would often shift in dynamics and tempo , and the music was some of the heaviest of its day . This would later have a major influence on progressive metal bands . 1977 's Sin After Sin used a combination of double bass drum ( or `` double kick '' ) and rapid 16th bass rhythms combined with rapid 16th guitar rhythms used by Black Sabbath , Venom , and Motörhead that came to define the genre . While the double - bass rhythms of Judas Priest are generally measured and technical , the song `` Dissident Aggressor '' ( 1977 ) pushed an increase in `` tempo and aggression '' which was later adopted by other bands with a much harder - edged approach .", "Starting with their fifth album , Killing Machine ( 1978 ) , the band began to incorporate a more commercial , radio - friendly style to their music . British Steel has been referred to as the `` record that , more than any other , codified what we mean by heavy metal '' . The lyrics and music were simplified , and this style prevailed up to their seventh album , Point of Entry ( 1981 ) . With their eighth album , Screaming for Vengeance ( 1982 ) , the band incorporated a balance of these two styles . This continued on Defenders of the Faith ( 1984 ) . With the follow - up album , Turbo ( 1986 ) , the band incorporated guitar synthesizers into its signature heavy metal sound . On 1988 's Ram It Down the band retained some of the more commercial qualities of Turbo but also returned to some of the fast tempo heavy metal found on their earlier works . This fast - tempo style continued with 1990 's Painkiller . Jugulator ( 1997 ) tried to incorporate some of the 1990s contemporary groove metal styles . Demolition ( 2001 ) has a more traditional heavy metal sound with nu metal elements . Following the return of Halford for Angel of Retribution and Nostradamus , the band returned to the style of its early albums .", "The band 's popularity and status as one of the exemplary and influential heavy metal bands has earned them the nickname `` Metal Gods '' from their song of the same name .", "Halford listened to and was influenced by Little Richard , Elvis Presley , Janis Joplin and Robert Plant as a vocalist . He learned to push to the limits of his vocal abilities by their vocal demonstrations on record . He developed a powerful , operatic vocal style with an impressive range from lower throaty growls to ear - piercing high screams with strong vibrato . He was also a fan of Freddie Mercury , referring to him as his ultimate hero .", "Judas Priest have influenced a great deal of metal music since the late - mid 70s . They were ranked by MTV as the second `` Greatest Metal Band '' of all time ( after Black Sabbath ) , and VH1 named them the 78th greatest artist of all time in 2010 . The band has sold over 45 million albums to date . They were nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018 , but were passed over despite placing among the top 5 fan - voted nominees .", "The band has sold over 50 million records so far , having 11 top 30 albums in the United Kingdom .", "In addition to the sound , Judas Priest is also known for being revolutionary in heavy metal fashion . In the late 1970s , Rob Halford began incorporating leather and studs into his stage wardrobe , with outfits inspired by S&M style . The rest of the band adopted a similar style which became prominent at the time of their 1978 release , Killing Machine . This style would go on to be adopted by many heavy metal bands in the early 1980s , especially those of the NWOBHM and early Black Metal movements . To this day , it is not uncommon to find metal artists and fans sporting such a look at concerts .", "The 2001 drama - comedy film Rock Star starring Mark Wahlberg , is loosely based on the story of how Tim `` Ripper '' Owens replaced Rob Halford as the vocalist in Judas Priest .", "The Judas Priest song `` Electric Eye '' was used in the temp score for Toy Story 3 but was ultimately replaced by another piece of music .", "On 5 January 2014 , the band appeared in the episode `` Steal This Episode '' of comedy cartoon show The Simpsons playing a parody of their song `` Breaking the Law '' . Their music was referred to as `` death metal '' , for which the producers subsequently apologised by having Bart Simpson write `` Judas Priest is not ' Death Metal ' '' in the opening sequence chalkboard gag .", "Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 2005 Judas Priest The Metal Guru Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "2005 Judas Priest The Metal Guru Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 1991 Painkiller Best Metal Performance Nominated 1999 `` Bullet Train '' Best Metal Performance Nominated 2009 `` Visions '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated `` Nostradamus '' Best Metal Performance Nominated `` Dissident Aggressor '' Best Metal Performance Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "1991 Painkiller Best Metal Performance Nominated", "1999 `` Bullet Train '' Best Metal Performance Nominated", "2009 `` Visions '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated", "`` Nostradamus '' Best Metal Performance Nominated", "`` Dissident Aggressor '' Best Metal Performance Won", "Kerrang ! Awards", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 2007 Judas Priest Hall of Fame Won 2015 Judas Priest Inspiration Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "2007 Judas Priest Hall of Fame Won", "2015 Judas Priest Inspiration Won", "Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards", "Year Nominee / work Award Result 2005 Angel of Retribution Best Album Won 2011 Judas Priest Icons Won", "Year Nominee / work Award Result", "2005 Angel of Retribution Best Album Won", "2011 Judas Priest Icons Won", "Current members", "Ian Hill -- bass ( 1969 -- present ) Rob Halford -- vocals ( 1973 -- 1992 , 2003 -- present ) Glenn Tipton -- guitars ( 1974 -- present ; Studio and occasional live appearances since 2018 ) Scott Travis -- drums ( 1989 -- present ) Richie Faulkner -- guitars ( 2011 -- present )", "Ian Hill -- bass ( 1969 -- present )", "Rob Halford -- vocals ( 1973 -- 1992 , 2003 -- present )", "Glenn Tipton -- guitars ( 1974 -- present ; Studio and occasional live appearances since 2018 )", "Scott Travis -- drums ( 1989 -- present )", "Richie Faulkner -- guitars ( 2011 -- present )", "Touring members", "Andy Sneap -- guitars ( 2018 -- present )", "Andy Sneap -- guitars ( 2018 -- present )", "Rocka Rolla ( 1974 ) Sad Wings of Destiny ( 1976 ) Sin After Sin ( 1977 ) Stained Class ( 1978 ) Killing Machine ( 1978 ) British Steel ( 1980 ) Point of Entry ( 1981 ) Screaming for Vengeance ( 1982 ) Defenders of the Faith ( 1984 ) Turbo ( 1986 ) Ram It Down ( 1988 ) Painkiller ( 1990 ) Jugulator ( 1997 ) Demolition ( 2001 ) Angel of Retribution ( 2005 ) Nostradamus ( 2008 ) Redeemer of Souls ( 2014 ) Firepower ( 2018 )", "Rocka Rolla ( 1974 )", "Sad Wings of Destiny ( 1976 )", "Sin After Sin ( 1977 )", "Stained Class ( 1978 )", "Killing Machine ( 1978 )", "British Steel ( 1980 )", "Point of Entry ( 1981 )", "Screaming for Vengeance ( 1982 )", "Defenders of the Faith ( 1984 )", "Turbo ( 1986 )", "Ram It Down ( 1988 )", "Painkiller ( 1990 )", "Jugulator ( 1997 )", "Demolition ( 2001 )", "Angel of Retribution ( 2005 )", "Nostradamus ( 2008 )", "Redeemer of Souls ( 2014 )", "Firepower ( 2018 )" ]

[ [ "1973" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Cape Canaveral Cabo Cañaveral View from space in 1991 Location in Florida Cape Canaveral ( the US ) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all Location Florida , United States Coordinates 28 ° 28 ′ N 80 ° 32 ′ W  /  28.46 ° N 80.53 ° W  / 28.46 ; - 80.53 Coordinates : 28 ° 28 ′ N 80 ° 32 ′ W  /  28.46 ° N 80.53 ° W  / 28.46 ; - 80.53 Offshore water bodies Atlantic Ocean Elevation 10 ft ( 3 m )", "Cape Canaveral", "Cabo Cañaveral", "View from space in 1991", "Location in Florida Cape Canaveral ( the US ) Show map of Florida Show map of the US Show all", "Location Florida , United States", "Coordinates 28 ° 28 ′ N 80 ° 32 ′ W  /  28.46 ° N 80.53 ° W  / 28.46 ; - 80.53 Coordinates : 28 ° 28 ′ N 80 ° 32 ′ W  /  28.46 ° N 80.53 ° W  / 28.46 ; - 80.53", "Offshore water bodies Atlantic Ocean", "Elevation 10 ft ( 3 m )", "Cape Canaveral , from the Spanish Cabo Cañaveral , is a cape in Brevard County , Florida , United States , near the center of the state 's Atlantic coast . Known as Cape Kennedy from 1963 to 1973 , it lies east of Merritt Island , separated from it by the Banana River . It was discovered by the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1513 .", "It is part of a region known as the Space Coast , and is the site of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station . Since many U.S. spacecraft have been launched from both the station and the Kennedy Space Center on adjacent Merritt Island , the two are sometimes conflated with each other . In homage to its spacefaring heritage , the Florida Public Service Commission allocated area code 321 ( as in a launch countdown ) to the Cape Canaveral area .", "Other features of the cape include the Cape Canaveral lighthouse and Port Canaveral , one of the busiest cruise ports in the world . The city of Cape Canaveral lies just south of the Port Canaveral District . Mosquito Lagoon , the Indian River , Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are also features of this area .", "Humans have occupied the area for at least 12,000 years .", "During the middle Archaic period , from 5000 BC to 2000 BC , the Mount Taylor period culture region covered northeast Florida , including the area around Cape Canaveral . Late in the Archaic period , from 2000 BC to 500 BC , the Mount Taylor culture was succeeded by the Orange culture , which was among the earliest cultures in North America to produce pottery . The Orange culture was followed by the St. Johns culture , from 500 BC until after European contact . The area around the Indian River was in the Indian River variant of the St. Johns culture , with influences from the Belle Glade culture to the south .", "During the first Spanish colonial period the area around the Indian River , to the south of Cape Canaveral , was occupied by the Ais people , while the area around the Mosquito Lagoon , to the north of the Cape , was occupied by the Surruque people . The Surruque were allied with the Ais , but it is not clear whether the Surruque spoke a Timucua language , or a language related to the Ais language .", "In the early 16th century , Cape Canaveral was noted on maps , although without being named . It was named by Spanish explorers in the first half of the 16th century as Cabo Cañareal . The name `` Canaveral '' ( Cañaveral in Spanish , meaning `` reed bed '' or `` sugarcane plantation '' ) is the third oldest surviving European place name in the US . The first application of the name , according to the Smithsonian Institution , was from the 1521 -- 1525 explorations of Spanish explorer Francisco Gordillo . A point of land jutting out into an area of the Atlantic Ocean with swift currents , it became a landing spot for many shipwrecked sailors . An early alternative name was `` Cape of Currents '' . By at least 1564 , the name appeared on maps .", "English privateer John Hawkins and his journalist John Sparke gave an account of their landing at Cape Canaveral in the 16th century . A Presbyterian missionary was wrecked here and lived among the Indians . Other histories tell of French survivors from Jean Ribault 's colony at Fort Caroline , whose ship the Trinité wrecked on the shores of Cape Canaveral in 1565 , and built a fort from its timbers .", "In December 1571 , Pedro Menéndez was wrecked off the Coast of Cape Canaveral and encountered the Ais Indians . From 1605 to 1606 , the Spanish Governor of Florida Pedro de Ibarra sent Alvaro Mexia on a diplomatic mission to the Ais Indian nation . The mission was a success ; diplomatic ties were made and an agreement for the Ais to receive ransoms for all the shipwrecked sailors they returned .", "The first Cape Canaveral Lighthouse was completed in January 1848 to warn ships of the coral shoals off the coast .", "The hurricane of August 1885 , pushed a `` wall of water '' over the barrier island ( elevation , 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) ) devastating Cape Canaveral and adjacent areas . The ocean waves flooded the homesteaders and discouraged further settlement in the area . The beach near the lighthouse was severely eroded prompting its relocation one mile ( 1.6 km ) west inland .", "The 1890 graduating class of Harvard University started a gun club called the `` Canaveral Club '' at the Cape . This was founded by C.B. Horton of Boston and George H. Reed . A number of distinguished visitors including presidents Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison were reported to have stayed here . In the 1920s , the grand building fell in disrepair and later burned to the ground .", "In the 20th century , several communities sprang up in Cape Canaveral with names like Canaveral , Canaveral Harbor , Artesia and De Soto Beach . While the area was predominantly a farming and fishing community , some visionaries saw its potential as a resort for vacationers . However , the stock market crash of 1929 hampered its development .", "In the 1930s , a group of wealthy journalists started a community called `` Journalista Beach '' , now called Avon by the Sea . The Brossier brothers built houses in this area and started a publication entitled the Evening Star Reporter that was the forerunner of the Orlando Sentinel .", "Construction of Port Canaveral for military and commercial purposes was started in July 1950 and dedicated on November 4 , 1953 . Congress approved the construction of a deep - water port in 1929 , half a century after it was first petitioned by the U.S. Navy in 1878 . It is now the major deep - water port of Central Florida .", "Cape Canaveral became the test site for missiles when the legislation for the Joint Long Range Proving Ground was passed by the 81st Congress and signed by President Harry Truman on May 11 , 1949 . Work began on May 9 , 1950 , under a contract with the Duval Engineering Company of Jacksonville , Florida , to build the Cape 's first paved access road and its first permanent launch site .", "The first rocket launched at the Cape was a V - 2 rocket named Bumper 8 from Launch Complex 3 on July 24 , 1950 . On February 6 , 1959 , the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile was accomplished . NASA 's Project Mercury and Gemini space flights were launched from Cape Canaveral , as were Apollo flights using the Saturn I and Saturn IB rockets .", "Cape Canaveral was chosen for rocket launches to take advantage of the Earth 's rotation . The linear velocity of the Earth 's surface is greatest towards the equator ; the relatively southerly location of the cape allows rockets to take advantage of this by launching eastward , in the same direction as the Earth 's rotation . It is also highly desirable to have the downrange area sparsely populated , in case of accidents ; an ocean is ideal for this . The east coast of Florida has logistical advantages over potential competing sites . The Spaceport Florida Launch Complex 46 of the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is the easternmost near the tip of the cape .", "A post office in the area was built and listed in the U.S. Post Office application as `` Artesia '' and retained this name from 1893 to 1954 . It was `` Port Canaveral '' from 1954 to 1962 , and lastly the City of Cape Canaveral from 1962 to 1963 , when a larger post office was built .", "From 1963 to 1973 , the area had a different name when President Lyndon Johnson by executive order renamed the area `` Cape Kennedy '' after President John F. Kennedy , who had set the goal of landing on the moon . After Kennedy 's assassination in November 1963 , his widow , Jacqueline Kennedy , suggested to President Johnson that renaming the Cape Canaveral facility would be an appropriate memorial . Johnson recommended the renaming of the entire cape , announced in a televised address six days after the assassination , on Thanksgiving evening . Accordingly , Cape Canaveral was officially renamed Cape Kennedy . Kennedy 's last visit to the space facility was on November 16 , six days before his death ; the final Mercury mission had concluded six months earlier .", "Although the name change was approved by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names of the Department of the Interior in December 1963 , it was not popular in Florida from the outset , especially in the bordering city of Cape Canaveral . In 1973 , the Florida Legislature passed a law in May restoring the former 400 - year - old name , and the Board went along . The name restoration to Cape Canaveral became official on October 9 , 1973 . Senator Ted Kennedy had stated in 1970 that it was a matter to be decided by the citizens of Florida . The Kennedy family issued a letter stating they `` understood the decision , '' and NASA 's Kennedy Space Center retains the `` Kennedy '' name .", "The Gemini , Apollo , and first Skylab missions were all launched from `` Cape Kennedy . '' The first manned launch under the restored name of `` Cape Canaveral '' was the final Skylab mission , on November 16 , 1973 .", "Cape Canaveral is n't the same as Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) . KSC is located on the island Merritt Island . Merritt Island is separated from Cape Canaveral by the Banana River . KSC is where the space shuttle launches from and where the Apollo moon rockets were launched from .", "Cape Canaveral is n't the same as Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) . KSC is located on the island Merritt Island . Merritt Island is separated from Cape Canaveral by the Banana River . KSC is where the space shuttle launches from and where the Apollo moon rockets were launched from ." ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "A minority government , or minority cabinet or minority parliament , is a cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the parliament . It is sworn into office , with or without the formal support of other parties , to enable a government to be formed . Under such a government , legislation can only be passed with the support of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority , encouraging multi-partisanship . In bicameral parliaments , the term relates to the situation in chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government .", "A minority government tends to be much less stable than a majority government because , if they can unite for the purpose , opposing parliamentary members have the numbers to vote against legislation , or even bring down the government with a vote of no confidence .", "To deal with situations in parliamentary systems where no clear majority to support a government exists , two or more parties may establish a formal coalition government , commanding a clear majority of the parliamentary members , or a party might enter into less formal alliances or agreements with other parties , or individual members , to allow the minority government to stay in office .", "A common situation is governance with `` jumping majorities '' : the cabinet stays as long as it can negotiate support from a majority in the parliament , even though that majority may be differently formed from issue to issue or from bill to bill . On occasion the legislature may permit a minority cabinet to continue in office despite having been defeated on a given vote , and a minority government might even bring on a confidence vote and threaten to resign should the legislature vote against it .", "An alternative arrangement is a looser alliance of parties , exemplified by Sweden . There the long - governing Social Democrats have ruled with more or less formal support from other parties -- in the mid-20th century from Agrarians , after 1968 from Communists , and more recently from Greens and ex-Communists -- and have thus been able to retain executive power and ( in practice ) legislative initiative . This is also common in Canada , where nine elections from 1921 to 2005 effectively produced minority federal governments . The parties can rarely cooperate enough to establish a formal coalition , but operate under a loose agreement instead .", "Occasionally a confidence and supply agreement may be formed . This is a more formal pact which still falls short of creating a coalition government . In the Canadian province of Ontario , the Liberal Party formed a minority government from 1985 to 1987 on the basis of a formal accord with the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) : the NDP agreed to support the Liberals for two years on all confidence motions and budgetary legislation , in exchange for the passage of certain legislative measures proposed by the NDP . This was not a formal coalition , because the NDP remained an opposition party and was not given seats in the cabinet . In this case the Liberals did not even have a plurality of seats : the Progressive Conservatives were the largest single party with 52 seats , but the Liberals had 48 and the NDP had 25 .", "New Zealand 's 48th Parliament operated with both a coalition and a looser agreement : the government was a coalition between the Labour Party and the Progressives , while United Future and New Zealand First had an agreement to support the government on confidence matters , while the Green Party abstained .", "In most Westminster system nations , each constituency elects one member of parliament by simple plurality voting . This system heavily biases the vote towards increasing the number of seats of the top two parties and reducing the seats of smaller parties , a principle known in political science as Duverger 's law , and thus minority governments are relatively uncommon . Advocates of this system see this as one of its advantages . A party with less than 40 % of the popular vote can often win an outright majority of the seats . ( For instance , in the 2005 UK General Election , the governing Labour party won by a majority of 66 seats in the House of Commons with only 35.2 % of the popular vote . ) If support for some parties is regionally concentrated , however , then Duverger 's law applies separately to each region , and so it is quite possible for no party to be sufficiently dominant in each region so as to receive a majority of the seats . This was the situation in Canada in the 2004 , 2006 , and 2008 federal elections , with no party obtaining a majority due in part to the dominance of the Bloc Québécois in the province of Quebec .", "In Westminster systems , in minority situations , the incumbent government usually has the first opportunity to attempt to win the confidence of the House . This is so even if the incumbents have fewer seats -- the incumbent prime minister still holds his or her commission for the duration of the writ period and immediately following an election . If ( s ) he can not form a government that commands the confidence of the House then it is expected that ( s ) he will resign that commission voluntarily -- it is not considered acceptable for the Sovereign ( or her representative ) to revoke said commission unless the prime minister was acting in serious breach of constitutional protocol . Nevertheless , usually an incumbent government that loses its plurality in the House simply resigns , especially if the main opposition party is only a few seats short of having a majority or if it feels it has no chance of winning the support of enough members of smaller parties to win an initial confidence vote .", "Nevertheless , the now - common practice of the party with the most seats forming the government has led to a widespread misconception among voters that a convention exists whereby the party with the most seats always gets to form the government . In fact , the most compelling reason for this practice is that the party with the most seats can survive confidence votes so long as the smaller party ( or parties ) simply abstain from confidence votes , whereas a governing party without a plurality in the House needs at least one other party to vote with it at all times ( assuming the largest party will always vote no confidence , but that is almost certain to occur when they are denied the opportunity to govern ) . This means that in most situations , the party with the most seats has the best chance and the least complicated route to winning a confidence vote , regardless of its place on the political spectrum . At the Canadian federal level , in the four most recent of the five occasions a governing party lost the plurality without another winning a majority ( 1957 , 1963 , 1979 , and 2006 ) the incumbent governments resigned rather than attempt to stay in power .", "Whatever party forms the government must either form a coalition with one or more other parties , or they must win some form of support from the other parties or independents so as to avoid no - confidence motions . Because of no - confidence motions , minority governments are frequently short - lived or fall before their term is expired . The leader of a minority government will also often call an election in hopes of winning a stronger mandate from the electorate . In Canada , for instance , federal minority governments last an average of 18 months .", "There have been few occasions since 1900 when a single party has not commanded a parliamentary majority . The 2010 - 2015 Conservative / Liberal Democrat coalition government was the first of its type in Britain since the National Government between 1931 and 1945 .", "The Labour Party , led by Harold Wilson , formed a minority government for seven months after the General Election of February 1974 . That situation lasted until the prime minister called another election in October that year , following which the Labour Government obtained a tiny majority of three .", "The following administration also became a minority government after the collapse of the Lib -- Lab pact in 1977 , and the then British Prime Minister James Callaghan 's Government fell in March 1979 as the result of a vote of no confidence which was carried by a single vote .", "A minority Government held power in the UK between December 1996 and the general election in May 1997 . The Conservative Party , led by John Major , had won the 1992 General Election with an absolute majority of 21 seats over all other parties . That majority was progressively whittled away through defections and by - elections defeats , the most notable of the latter including those in Newbury , South East Staffordshire and Wirral South , resulting in the eventual loss of the Major government 's majority in Parliament .", "Westminster and the British media tend to perceive minority governments as unstable and ineffective , possibly because recent examples of minority governments ( Callaghan and Major ) occurred as the result of governments in decline .", "In the 2010 General Election , the Conservatives won the most seats and votes , but only a minority of seats in parliament . There was some discussion after the election of the possibility of creating a Conservative minority government and , because the then Prime Minister Gordon Brown had the first opportunity to form a government , there were also talks about creating some sort of alliance between the Labour Party , the Liberal Democrats and other smaller parties . However Brown waived his right , acknowledging that because the Conservative Party had won the largest number of seats in the House of Commons , it should have the first opportunity to form a government . Further discussions then led to the establishment of a formal coalition between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats , which enabled the formation of a majority government , because it was thought that would ensure more stability .", "In the 2017 General Election , the Conservatives won the most seats and votes , but lost their majority in the House of Commons . The Conservative Party , led by Theresa May , formed a minority government , with 317 seats , on 9 June 2017 . On 10 June , the Prime Minister 's Office announced a deal with the Democratic Unionist Party which would see the DUP support the Conservative government on a confidence and supply arrangement . However , the DUP later announced that no such deal had been reached . This remained the case until 26 June 2017 , when a deal was agreed and announced between the two parties .", "After the 2007 parliamentary elections , the Scottish National Party led by Alex Salmond constituted a minority government in the Scottish Parliament . This was because the SNP gained 47 seats out of 129 in the election , which was some way short of achieving an absolute majority of seats in the Scottish Parliament , but more than any other single party gained . The SNP were unable to negotiate a majority coalition government with any other party , but as no other combination of parties were able to agree a deal , the SNP chose to form a one - party minority government , with confidence and supply support from the Scottish Green Party and the Scottish Conservative Party .", "After the 2007 Assembly elections , the Welsh Labour Party led by Rhodri Morgan initially formed a minority government in the Welsh Assembly . This was because they gained 26 seats in the election , which was short of an absolute majority of seats in the Assembly . Whilst Labour were initially unable to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats , a ' Rainbow Coalition ' of the Conservative Party ( UK ) , Liberal Democrats and Plaid Cymru failed to come to fruition . However , on 6 July 2007 , Welsh Labour Party members voted for a coalition with Plaid , which was followed by a similar result from Plaid Cymru members the next day . As a result , the Welsh Assembly was controlled by the Labour - Plaid alliance with Rhodri Morgan as First Minister ( up until his retirement in 2009 and subsequent replacement by Carwyn Jones as First Minister ) and Plaid Leader Ieuan Wyn Jones as his deputy . After the 2011 Welsh General Election , Welsh Labour won 30 seats and entered into a new government , with a minority of 0 . In 2016 Welsh Labour returned with 29 seats out of 30 and formed a minority government of 0 with the one remaining Liberal Democrat AM .", "During the history of Canadian politics there have been twelve minority governments on the federal level , in eleven separate minority parliaments ( there were two minority governments during the life of 15th Parliament ) . One of these minorities , the 14th Parliament , was only a minority for half of its duration owing to floor - crossings and by - elections . The tenth and eleventh were elected twice in Canadian federal elections of 2005 / 2006 and again in the 2008 election . There have also been numerous minority governments in provincial legislatures , particularly in provinces such as Ontario where there are strong third parties .", "At the federal level , the party which has won the most seats in a general election has formed the government in all but the 15th Parliament . There have also been instances of parties which did not win a plurality forming the government at the provincial level ( notably under David Peterson ) . For information about minority governments at both the federal and provincial levels see Minority governments in Canada .", "Coalitions in the Netherlands are formed with the support from parliamentary parties , elected by proportional representation . Although very rare , minority governments can be formed during the formation period of a Dutch cabinet , if an election result makes a majority coalition impossible . More often , a minority government is formed when one of the cabinet 's coalition partners withdraws its support , or when all ministers of a given parliamentary party resign . In these cases , the Prime Minister offers the full cabinet 's resignation to the Dutch Monarch .", "At this point , the Monarch may choose to dissolve Parliament and hold a general election . The cabinet continues to serve as demissionary . A demissionary cabinet is not a minority government but a form of caretaker government , enjoying only limited powers until the new Parliament assembles .", "If the Monarch does not dissolve Parliament , the remaining cabinet continues as a minority cabinet , in full possession of its powers . It can finish any legislation already before underpreparation , if Parliament passes it by majority vote ; this necessitates the support of parties outside the government . Theoretically , early general elections need not be held , but they are often necessary in practice , since the coalition agreement no longer has parliamentary support .", "A third option is available to the Monarch : the formation of a new cabinet of different Parliamentary parties ( which may include the defecting coalition partner ) . Elections are then held as scheduled at the end of the parliamentary term , since the Monarch does not dissolve parliament if an informateur has been able to negotiate a new coalition agreement .", "The Netherlands had a minority government in 2010 - 2012 : the First Rutte cabinet . The Second Rutte cabinet ( 2012 - ) consists of the conservative liberal VVD and the social - democratic PvdA and has a clear majority in the House of Representatives , but none in the Senate . On 11 October 2013 , the cabinet reached a budgetary agreement with the social - liberal D66 and the smaller Christian parties ChristenUnie and SGP . This provides the VVD / PvdA cabinet a single - seat majority in the Senate ( see also : Purple ( government ) ) .", "The Irish parliamentary system broadly works on a simple majority system , where the Taoiseach is elected by the Dáil when they achieve 50 % + 1 of the votes in favour of their nomination . The Taoiseach then appoints his or her own cabinet . Until the 1980s , Irish politics was dominated by two parties , either of whom could achieve a simple majority of seats in the Dáil and therefore elect their party leader as Taoiseach . Since the 1980s , the popularity of other parties has increased such that coalition governments are now typical and expected , with one of the two major parties being the `` Senior '' partner , and with one or more `` Junior '' partners ensuring that the coalition retains a majority in the Dáil .", "A minority government is formed when a party ( or a coalition ) secures agreement from one or more other parties or independents to support their nomination for Taoiseach and achieve majority support , but without any formal coalition agreement with the parties who supported the nomination . Support for bills and other items requiring a Dáil majority vote is then negotiated on a bill - by - bill basis .", "In the event that no agreement can be reached to nominate an individual to lead a minority government , the previous Taoiseach ( acting in a caretaker capacity ) can then seek dissolution of the Dáil and call a new general election . However , this scenario has not yet occurred .", "The last Dáil with a single - party simple majority government was in 1977 . Minority governments have been relatively common in the short history of the Dáil , making up 14 of the 32 governments ( 44 % ) formed since the Dáil was founded .", "1922 1923 June 1927 September 1927 1932 1933 1937 1943 1951 1961 1981 February 1982 2016", "The period of 1987 - 2016 ( 29 years ) is the longest that there has not been a minority government in charge ." ]

[ [ "178 minutes" ] ]

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[ "The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Jackson Produced by Barrie M. Osborne Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Tim Sanders Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson Based on The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R. Tolkien Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Viggo Mortensen Liv Tyler Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis Music by Howard Shore Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by John Gilbert Production companies WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date 10 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 10 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( North America ) 20 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) ( New Zealand ) Running time 178 minutes Country New Zealand United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $871.5 million", "The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Peter Jackson", "Produced by Barrie M. Osborne Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Tim Sanders", "Barrie M. Osborne Peter Jackson Fran Walsh Tim Sanders", "Barrie M. Osborne", "Screenplay by Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson", "Fran Walsh Philippa Boyens Peter Jackson", "Based on The Fellowship of the Ring by J.R.R. Tolkien", "Starring Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Viggo Mortensen Liv Tyler Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis", "Elijah Wood Ian McKellen Viggo Mortensen Liv Tyler Sean Astin Cate Blanchett John Rhys - Davies Billy Boyd Dominic Monaghan Orlando Bloom Christopher Lee Hugo Weaving Sean Bean Ian Holm Andy Serkis", "John Rhys - Davies", "Music by Howard Shore", "Cinematography Andrew Lesnie", "Edited by John Gilbert", "Production companies WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company", "WingNut Films The Saul Zaentz Company", "The Saul Zaentz Company", "Distributed by New Line Cinema", "Release date 10 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 10 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( North America ) 20 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) ( New Zealand )", "10 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 10 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square ) 19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( North America ) 20 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) ( New Zealand )", "10 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 10 ) ( Odeon Leicester Square )", "19 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) ( North America )", "20 December 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 20 ) ( New Zealand )", "Running time 178 minutes", "Country New Zealand United States", "New Zealand United States", "Language English", "Budget $93 million", "Box office $871.5 million", "The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 epic adventure fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) . It is the first instalment in The Lord of the Rings series , and was followed by The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) , based on the second and third volumes of The Lord of the Rings .", "Set in Middle - earth , the story tells of the Dark Lord Sauron ( Sala Baker ) , who is seeking the One Ring . The Ring has found its way to the young hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) . The fate of Middle - earth hangs in the balance as Frodo and eight companions who form the Fellowship of the Ring begin their journey to Mount Doom in the land of Mordor , the only place where the Ring can be destroyed .", "Released on 10 December 2001 , the film was highly acclaimed by critics and fans alike who considered it to be a landmark in film - making and an achievement in the fantasy film genre . It has continued to be featured on critic lists of the greatest fantasy films ever made , as of 2017 . The film earned over $871 million worldwide and became the second highest - grossing film of 2001 in the US and worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ) .", "It was nominated for thirteen Oscars at the 74th Academy Awards ceremony , including Best Picture , Best Director , and Best Supporting Actor for McKellen , winning four for Best Cinematography , Best Makeup , Best Original Score , and Best Visual Effects . It also won four British Academy Film Awards , including Best Film and Best Director BAFTA awards . The Special Extended Edition was released to DVD on 12 November 2002 and to Blu - ray Disc on 28 June 2011 . In 2007 , The Fellowship of the Ring was voted No. 50 on the American Film Institute 's list of 100 greatest American films . The AFI also voted it the second greatest fantasy film of all time during their 10 Top 10 special . The film ranks # 24 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time .", "In the Second Age of Middle - earth , the lords of Elves , Dwarves , and Men are given Rings of Power . Unbeknownst to them , the Dark Lord Sauron forges the One Ring in Mount Doom , infusing into it a great part of his power to dominate , through it and at a distance , the other Rings , so he might conquer Middle - earth . A final alliance of men and elves battles Sauron 's forces in Mordor , where Prince Isildur of Gondor severs Sauron 's finger , and the Ring with it , thereby destroying his physical form . Unfortunately , the Ring 's influence corrupts Isildur , and , rather than destroy the Ring , Isildur takes it for himself . Isildur is later killed by Orcs , and the Ring is lost for 2,500 years , until it is found by Gollum , who owns it for five centuries . The Ring is then found by a Hobbit named Bilbo Baggins .", "Sixty years later , Bilbo celebrates his 111th birthday in the Shire , reuniting with his old friend , Gandalf the Grey . Bilbo reveals that he intends to leave the Shire for one last adventure , and he leaves his inheritance , including the Ring , to his nephew , Frodo . Although Bilbo has begun to become corrupted by the Ring and tries to take it for himself , Gandalf intervenes . Gandalf , suspicious of the Ring , tells Frodo to keep it secret and to keep it safe . Gandalf then investigates the Ring , discovers its true identity , and returns to warn Frodo . Gandalf also learns that Gollum was tortured by Orcs , and that Gollum uttered two words during his torture : `` Shire '' and `` Baggins . '' Gandalf instructs Frodo to leave the Shire , accompanied by his gardener Samwise Gamgee . Gandalf rides to Isengard to meet with fellow wizard Saruman the White , but learns that he has joined forces with Sauron , who has unleashed the Ringwraiths to find Frodo . After a brief battle , Saruman imprisons Gandalf . Frodo and Sam are joined by fellow Hobbits , Merry and Pippin , and they evade the Ringwraiths , arriving in Bree , where they are meant to meet Gandalf . However , Gandalf never arrived , and they are instead aided by a ranger named Strider , a friend of Gandalf 's , who escorts them to Rivendell .", "The Hobbits are ambushed by the Ringwraiths , and one stabs Frodo with a cursed Morgul blade . Arwen , an elf and Strider 's lover , comes to Frodo 's aid and successfully takes him to Rivendell , where he is healed . Frodo meets Gandalf , who escaped Isengard on the back of a giant Eagle . Arwen 's father , Lord Elrond , holds a council that decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom . While the members argue , Frodo volunteers to take the Ring , accompanied by Gandalf , Sam , Merry , Pippin , elf Legolas , dwarf Gimli , Boromir of Gondor , and Strider , who is revealed to be Aragorn , Isildur 's heir and the rightful King of Gondor . Bilbo gives Frodo his sword , Sting . The Fellowship of the Ring sets off , but Saruman 's magic forces them to travel through the Mines of Moria , much to Gandalf 's displeasure .", "The Fellowship discovers that the dwarves within Moria have been slain , and they are attacked by Orcs and a cave troll . They defeat them , but are confronted by an ancient demon called a Balrog . Gandalf casts the Balrog into a vast chasm , but it drags Gandalf down into the darkness with it . The rest of the Fellowship , now commanded by Aragorn , reaches Lothlórien , home to elves Galadriel and Celeborn . Galadriel privately informs Frodo that only he can complete the quest , and that one of his friends will try to take the Ring . Meanwhile , Saruman creates an army of Uruk - hai to track down and kill the Fellowship .", "The Fellowship leaves Lothlórien by river to Parth Galen . Frodo wanders off and is confronted by Boromir , who tries to take the Ring in desperation . Afraid of the Ring corrupting his friends , Frodo decides to travel to Mordor alone . The Fellowship is then ambushed by the Uruk - hai . Merry and Pippin are taken captive , and Boromir is mortally wounded by the Uruk chieftain . After slaying the chieftain , Aragorn watches Boromir die peacefully . Sam follows Frodo , accompanying him to keep his promise to Gandalf to protect Frodo , while Aragorn , Legolas , and Gimli go to rescue Merry and Pippin .", "Before filming began on 11 October 1999 , the principal actors trained for six weeks in sword fighting ( with Bob Anderson ) , riding and boating . Jackson hoped such activities would allow the cast to bond so chemistry would be evident on screen as well as getting them used to life in Wellington . They were also trained to pronounce Tolkien 's verses properly . After the shoot , the nine cast members playing the Fellowship got a tattoo of the English word `` nine '' written in Tengwar , with the exception of John Rhys - Davies , whose stunt double got the tattoo instead . The film is noted for having an ensemble cast , and some of the cast and their respective characters include :", "Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins : a young hobbit who inherits the One Ring from his uncle Bilbo . Wood was the first actor to be cast on 7 July 1999 . Wood was a fan of the book , and he sent in an audition dressed as Frodo , reading lines from the novel . Wood was selected from 150 actors who auditioned , including Jake Gyllenhaal . Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey : an Istari wizard and mentor to Frodo . Sean Connery was approached for the role , but did not understand the plot , while Patrick Stewart turned it down as he disliked the script . Before being cast , McKellen had to sort his schedule with 20th Century Fox as there was a two - month overlap with X-Men . He enjoyed playing Gandalf the Grey more than his transformed state in the next two films , and based his accent on Tolkien . Unlike his on - screen character , McKellen did not spend much time with the actors playing the Hobbits ; instead he worked with their scale doubles . Sean Astin as Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee : a hobbit gardener and Frodo 's best friend . Astin , who had recently become a father , bonded with the 18 - year - old Wood in a protective manner , which mirrored Sam 's relationship with Frodo . Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II Elessar : a Dúnedain ranger , the descendant of Isildur , and heir to Gondor 's throne . Daniel Day - Lewis was offered the part at the beginning of pre-production , but turned it down . Nicolas Cage also received an offer , declining because of `` family obligations '' , while Vin Diesel , a fan of the book , auditioned for Aragorn . Stuart Townsend was cast in the role , before being replaced during filming when Jackson realised he was too young . Russell Crowe was considered as a replacement , but he turned it down after taking what he thought to be a similar role in Gladiator . Day - Lewis was offered the role for a second time , but declined again . Executive Producer Mark Ordesky saw Mortensen in a play . Mortensen 's son , a fan of the book , convinced him to take the role . Mortensen read the book on the plane , received a crash course lesson in fencing from Bob Anderson and began filming the scenes on Weathertop . Mortensen became a hit with the crew by patching up his costume and carrying his `` hero '' sword around with him off - camera . Billy Boyd as Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took : a hobbit who travels with the Fellowship on their journey to Mordor . Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck : a distant cousin of Frodo . Monaghan was cast as Merry after auditioning for Frodo . John Rhys - Davies as Gimli : a dwarf warrior who accompanies the Fellowship to Mordor after they set out from Rivendell and a descendant of Durin 's Folk . Billy Connolly , who was considered for the part of Gimli , later portrayed Dáin II Ironfoot in Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film trilogy . Rhys - Davies wore heavy prosthetics to play Gimli , which limited his vision , and eventually developed eczema around his eyes . Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf : a prince of the elves ' Woodland Realm and a skilled archer . Bloom initially auditioned for Faramir , who appears in the second film , a role which went to David Wenham . Sean Bean as Boromir : a prince of the Stewards of Gondor who journeys with the Fellowship towards Mordor . Bruce Willis , a fan of the book , expressed interest in the role , while Liam Neeson was sent the script , but passed . Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins : Frodo 's uncle who gives him the Ring after he decides to retire to Rivendell . Holm previously played Frodo in a 1981 radio adaption of The Lord of the Rings , and was cast as Bilbo after Jackson remembered his performance . Sylvester McCoy , who would later play Radagast the Brown in The Hobbit , was contacted about playing the role , and was kept in place as a potential Bilbo for six months before Jackson went with Holm . Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel : a beautiful half - elf princess of Rivendell and Aragorn 's lover . The filmmakers approached Tyler after seeing her performance in Plunkett & Macleane , and New Line Cinema leaped at the opportunity of having one Hollywood star in the film . Actress Helena Bonham Carter had expressed interest in the role . Peter Jackson wanted to cast Uma Thurman as Arwen , but Thurman pulled out due to pregnancy , Tyler came to shoot on short occasions , unlike the rest of the actors . She was one of the last actors to be cast , on 25 August 1999 . Cate Blanchett as Galadriel : the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside her husband Celeborn . Peter Jackson wanted to cast Lucy Lawless as Galadriel , but she declined due to pregnancy . Christopher Lee as Saruman the White : the fallen head of the Istari Order who succumbs to Sauron 's will through his use of the palantír. Lee was a major fan of the book , and read it once a year . He had also met J.R.R. Tolkien . He originally auditioned for Gandalf , but was judged too old . Hugo Weaving as Elrond : the elven Lord of Rivendell who leads the Council of Elrond , which ultimately decides to destroy the Ring . David Bowie expressed interest in the role , but Jackson stated , `` To have a famous , beloved character and a famous star colliding is slightly uncomfortable . '' Sala Baker as Sauron : the Dark Lord of Mordor and the Ring 's true master who manifests as an Eye after the destruction of his physical form . Originally hired as one of the several stunt performers for the film trilogy , Baker ended up landing the role . In addition , he went on to play several Orcs as well . Andy Serkis as Gollum voice and motion capture : a wretched hobbit - like creature whose mind was poisoned over centuries by the Ring . David Weatherley as Barliman Butterbur , proprietor in Bree Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz : the commander of Saruman 's Orc forces ; Marton Csokas as Celeborn : the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside his wife Galadriel ; Craig Parker as Haldir : the leader of the Galadhrim warriors guarding the border of Lothlórien ; Mark Ferguson as Ereinion Gil - galad , the last Elven - King of Noldor ; Peter McKenzie as Elendil the Tall : the last High King of Arnor and Gondor ; Harry Sinclair as Isildur : Elendil 's son and Aragorn 's ancestor who originally defeated Sauron . Peter Jackson as Albert Dreary : a man of Bree .", "Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins : a young hobbit who inherits the One Ring from his uncle Bilbo . Wood was the first actor to be cast on 7 July 1999 . Wood was a fan of the book , and he sent in an audition dressed as Frodo , reading lines from the novel . Wood was selected from 150 actors who auditioned , including Jake Gyllenhaal .", "Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey : an Istari wizard and mentor to Frodo . Sean Connery was approached for the role , but did not understand the plot , while Patrick Stewart turned it down as he disliked the script . Before being cast , McKellen had to sort his schedule with 20th Century Fox as there was a two - month overlap with X-Men . He enjoyed playing Gandalf the Grey more than his transformed state in the next two films , and based his accent on Tolkien . Unlike his on - screen character , McKellen did not spend much time with the actors playing the Hobbits ; instead he worked with their scale doubles .", "Sean Astin as Samwise `` Sam '' Gamgee : a hobbit gardener and Frodo 's best friend . Astin , who had recently become a father , bonded with the 18 - year - old Wood in a protective manner , which mirrored Sam 's relationship with Frodo .", "Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn II Elessar : a Dúnedain ranger , the descendant of Isildur , and heir to Gondor 's throne . Daniel Day - Lewis was offered the part at the beginning of pre-production , but turned it down . Nicolas Cage also received an offer , declining because of `` family obligations '' , while Vin Diesel , a fan of the book , auditioned for Aragorn . Stuart Townsend was cast in the role , before being replaced during filming when Jackson realised he was too young . Russell Crowe was considered as a replacement , but he turned it down after taking what he thought to be a similar role in Gladiator . Day - Lewis was offered the role for a second time , but declined again . Executive Producer Mark Ordesky saw Mortensen in a play . Mortensen 's son , a fan of the book , convinced him to take the role . Mortensen read the book on the plane , received a crash course lesson in fencing from Bob Anderson and began filming the scenes on Weathertop . Mortensen became a hit with the crew by patching up his costume and carrying his `` hero '' sword around with him off - camera .", "Billy Boyd as Peregrin `` Pippin '' Took : a hobbit who travels with the Fellowship on their journey to Mordor .", "Dominic Monaghan as Meriadoc `` Merry '' Brandybuck : a distant cousin of Frodo . Monaghan was cast as Merry after auditioning for Frodo .", "John Rhys - Davies as Gimli : a dwarf warrior who accompanies the Fellowship to Mordor after they set out from Rivendell and a descendant of Durin 's Folk . Billy Connolly , who was considered for the part of Gimli , later portrayed Dáin II Ironfoot in Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film trilogy . Rhys - Davies wore heavy prosthetics to play Gimli , which limited his vision , and eventually developed eczema around his eyes .", "Orlando Bloom as Legolas Greenleaf : a prince of the elves ' Woodland Realm and a skilled archer . Bloom initially auditioned for Faramir , who appears in the second film , a role which went to David Wenham .", "Sean Bean as Boromir : a prince of the Stewards of Gondor who journeys with the Fellowship towards Mordor . Bruce Willis , a fan of the book , expressed interest in the role , while Liam Neeson was sent the script , but passed .", "Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins : Frodo 's uncle who gives him the Ring after he decides to retire to Rivendell . Holm previously played Frodo in a 1981 radio adaption of The Lord of the Rings , and was cast as Bilbo after Jackson remembered his performance . Sylvester McCoy , who would later play Radagast the Brown in The Hobbit , was contacted about playing the role , and was kept in place as a potential Bilbo for six months before Jackson went with Holm .", "Liv Tyler as Arwen Undomiel : a beautiful half - elf princess of Rivendell and Aragorn 's lover . The filmmakers approached Tyler after seeing her performance in Plunkett & Macleane , and New Line Cinema leaped at the opportunity of having one Hollywood star in the film . Actress Helena Bonham Carter had expressed interest in the role . Peter Jackson wanted to cast Uma Thurman as Arwen , but Thurman pulled out due to pregnancy , Tyler came to shoot on short occasions , unlike the rest of the actors . She was one of the last actors to be cast , on 25 August 1999 .", "Cate Blanchett as Galadriel : the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside her husband Celeborn . Peter Jackson wanted to cast Lucy Lawless as Galadriel , but she declined due to pregnancy .", "Christopher Lee as Saruman the White : the fallen head of the Istari Order who succumbs to Sauron 's will through his use of the palantír. Lee was a major fan of the book , and read it once a year . He had also met J.R.R. Tolkien . He originally auditioned for Gandalf , but was judged too old .", "Hugo Weaving as Elrond : the elven Lord of Rivendell who leads the Council of Elrond , which ultimately decides to destroy the Ring . David Bowie expressed interest in the role , but Jackson stated , `` To have a famous , beloved character and a famous star colliding is slightly uncomfortable . ''", "Sala Baker as Sauron : the Dark Lord of Mordor and the Ring 's true master who manifests as an Eye after the destruction of his physical form . Originally hired as one of the several stunt performers for the film trilogy , Baker ended up landing the role . In addition , he went on to play several Orcs as well .", "Andy Serkis as Gollum voice and motion capture : a wretched hobbit - like creature whose mind was poisoned over centuries by the Ring .", "David Weatherley as Barliman Butterbur , proprietor in Bree", "Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz : the commander of Saruman 's Orc forces ;", "Marton Csokas as Celeborn : the elven co-ruler of Lothlórien alongside his wife Galadriel ;", "Craig Parker as Haldir : the leader of the Galadhrim warriors guarding the border of Lothlórien ;", "Mark Ferguson as Ereinion Gil - galad , the last Elven - King of Noldor ;", "Peter McKenzie as Elendil the Tall : the last High King of Arnor and Gondor ;", "Harry Sinclair as Isildur : Elendil 's son and Aragorn 's ancestor who originally defeated Sauron .", "Peter Jackson as Albert Dreary : a man of Bree .", "Jackson , Walsh and Boyens made numerous changes to the story , for purposes of pacing and character development . Jackson said his main desire was to make a film focused primarily on Frodo and the Ring , the `` backbone '' of the story . The prologue condenses Tolkien 's backstory , in which The Last Alliance 's seven - year siege of the Barad - dûr is a single battle , where Sauron is shown to explode , though Tolkien only said his spirit flees .", "Events from the book are condensed or omitted altogether at the beginning of the film . The time between Gandalf leaving the Ring to Frodo and returning to reveal its inscription , which is 17 years in the book , is compressed for timing reasons . Frodo also spends a few months preparing to move to Buckland , on the eastern border of the Shire . This move is omitted , and associated events , including the involvement of Merry and Pippin , are changed and combined with him setting out for Bree . Characters such as Tom Bombadil and the incidents in the Old Forest and the Barrow Downs are left out to simplify the plot and increase the threat of the Ringwraiths . Such sequences are left out to make time to introduce Saruman , who does n't appear in the book until Gandalf 's account at the Council of Elrond . While some characters are left out , some are referenced such as Tom , Bert , and William to show how The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings series intertwine . Saruman 's role is enhanced : he is to blame for the blizzard on Caradhras , a role taken from Sauron and / or Caradhras itself in the book . Gandalf 's capture by Saruman is also expanded with a fight sequence .", "The role of Barliman Butterbur at the Prancing Pony is largely removed for time and dramatic flow . In the film Pippin is seen to identify Frodo explicitly with the phrase `` why there 's Baggins over there '' whereas in the book Pippin is only telling the tale of Bilbo 's disappearance when Strider tells Frodo to create a distraction , which he does by singing a song .", "The events at Weathertop were also altered . The location of the fight against the Ringwraiths was changed to the ruins on top of the hill rather than a campsite at its base . When Frodo was stabbed in the book , the party spent two weeks travelling to Rivendell , but in the film this is shortened to less than a week , with Frodo 's condition worsening at a commensurately greater rate . Arwen was given a greater role in the film , accompanying Frodo all the way to Rivendell , while in the book Frodo faced the Ringwraiths alone at the Ford of Bruinen . The character of Glorfindel was omitted entirely and his scenes were also given to Arwen . She was tacitly credited with the river rising against the Ringwraiths , which was the work of her father Elrond with aid from Gandalf in the book .", "A significant new addition is Aragorn 's self - doubt , which causes him to hesitate to claim the kingship of Gondor . This element is not present in the book , where Aragorn intends to claim the throne at an appropriate time . In the book Narsil is reforged immediately when he joins the Fellowship , but this event is held over until Return of the King in film to symbolically coincide with his acceptance of his title . These elements were added because Peter Jackson believed that each character should be forced to grow or change over the course of the story .", "Elrond 's character gained an adversarial edge ; he expresses doubts in the strength of Men to resist Sauron 's evil after Isildur 's failure to destroy the ring as depicted in the prologue. Jackson also shortens the Council of Elrond by spreading its exposition into earlier parts of the film . Elrond 's counsellor , Erestor -- who suggested the Ring be given to Tom Bombadil -- was completely absent from this scene . Gimli 's father , Glóin , was also deemed unnecessary . In addition , the movie makes it seem by chance that the Fellowship is made of nine companions , whereas in the book Elrond suggests there be nine in the fellowship in response to the nine Nazgûl .", "The tone of the Moria sequence was altered . In the book , following the defeat on the Caradhras road , Gandalf advocates the Moria road against the resistance of the rest of the Fellowship ( save Gimli ) , suggesting `` there is a hope that Moria is still free ... there is even a chance that Dwarves are there , '' though no one seems to think this likely . Frodo proposes they take a company vote , but the discovery of Wargs on their trail forces them to accept Gandalf 's proposal . They only realise the Dwarves are all dead once they reach Balin 's tomb . The filmmakers chose instead for Gandalf to resist the Moria plan as a foreshadowing device . Gandalf says to Gimli he would prefer not to enter Moria , and Saruman is shown to be aware of Gandalf 's hesitance , revealing an illustration of the Balrog in one of his books . The corpses of the dwarves are instantly shown as the Fellowship enter Moria . One detail that many critics commented upon is the fact that , in the novel , Pippin tosses a mere pebble into the well in Moria ( `` They then hear what sounds like a hammer tapping in the distance '' ) , whereas in the film , he knocks an entire skeleton in ( `` Next , the skeleton ... falls down the well , also dragging down a chain and bucket . The noise is incredible . '' )", "In terms of dramatic structure , the book simply ends ; there is no climax , because Tolkien wrote the `` trilogy '' as a single story published in three volumes . Jackson 's version incorporates the first chapter of ' `` The Two Towers '' and makes its events , told in real time instead of flashback , simultaneous with the Breaking of the Fellowship . This finale is played as a climactic battle , into which he introduces the Uruk - hai referred to as Lurtz in the script . In the book , Boromir is unable to tell Aragorn which hobbits were kidnapped by the orcs before he dies . From there , Aragorn deduces Frodo 's intentions when he notices that a boat is missing and Sam 's pack is gone . In the film , Aragorn and Frodo have a scene together in which Frodo 's intentions are explicitly stated .", "Peter Jackson began working with Christian Rivers to storyboard the series in August 1997 , as well as getting Richard Taylor and Weta Workshop to begin creating his interpretation of Middle - earth . Jackson told them to make Middle - earth as plausible and believable as possible , to think of Middle - earth in a historical manner .", "In November , Alan Lee and John Howe became the film trilogy 's primary conceptual designers , having had previous experience as illustrators for the book and various other tie - ins . Lee worked for the Art Department creating places such as Rivendell , Isengard , Moria and Lothlórien , giving Art Nouveau and geometry influences to the Elves and Dwarves respectively . Though Howe contributed with Bag End and the Argonath , he focused working on armour having studied it all his life . Weta and the Art Department continued to design , with Grant Major turning the Art Department 's designs into architecture , and Dan Hennah scouting locations . On 1 April 1999 , Ngila Dickson joined the crew as costume designer . She and 40 seamstresses would create 19,000 costumes , 40 per version for the actor and their doubles , ageing and wearing them out for impression of age .", "Filming took place in various locations across New Zealand . A list of filming locations , sorted by appearance order in the film :", "Fictional location Specific location in New Zealand General area in New Zealand . Mordor ( Prologue ) Whakapapa skifield Tongariro National Park Hobbiton Matamata Waikato Gardens of Isengard Harcourt Park Upper Hutt The Shire woods Otaki Gorge Road Kapiti Coast District Bucklebury Ferry Keeling Farm , Manakau Horowhenua Forest near Bree Takaka Hill Nelson Trollshaws Waitarere Forest Horowhenua Flight to the Ford Tarras Central Otago Ford of Bruinen Arrow River , Skippers Canyon Queenstown and Arrowtown Rivendell Kaitoke Regional Park Upper Hutt Eregion Mount Olympus Nelson Dead Marshes Kepler Mire Southland Dimrill Dale Lake Alta The Remarkables Dimrill Dale Mount Owen Nelson Lothlórien Paradise Glenorchy River Anduin Upper Waiau River Fiordland National Park River Anduin Rangitikei River Rangitikei District River Anduin Poets ' Corner Upper Hutt Parth Galen Paradise Glenorchy Amon Hen Mavora Lakes , Paradise and Closeburn Southern Lakes", "Fictional location Specific location in New Zealand General area in New Zealand .", "Mordor ( Prologue ) Whakapapa skifield Tongariro National Park", "Hobbiton Matamata Waikato", "Gardens of Isengard Harcourt Park Upper Hutt", "The Shire woods Otaki Gorge Road Kapiti Coast District", "Bucklebury Ferry Keeling Farm , Manakau Horowhenua", "Forest near Bree Takaka Hill Nelson", "Trollshaws Waitarere Forest Horowhenua", "Flight to the Ford Tarras Central Otago", "Ford of Bruinen Arrow River , Skippers Canyon Queenstown and Arrowtown", "Rivendell Kaitoke Regional Park Upper Hutt", "Eregion Mount Olympus Nelson", "Dead Marshes Kepler Mire Southland", "Dimrill Dale Lake Alta The Remarkables", "Dimrill Dale Mount Owen Nelson", "Lothlórien Paradise Glenorchy", "River Anduin Upper Waiau River Fiordland National Park", "River Anduin Rangitikei River Rangitikei District", "River Anduin Poets ' Corner Upper Hutt", "Parth Galen Paradise Glenorchy", "Amon Hen Mavora Lakes , Paradise and Closeburn Southern Lakes", "The Fellowship of the Ring makes extensive use of digital , practical and make - up special effects throughout . One noticeable illusion that appears in almost every scene involves setting a proper scale so that the characters are all the correct height . Elijah Wood , who plays Frodo , is 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) tall in real life , but the character of Frodo Baggins is barely four feet in height . Many different tricks were used to depict the hobbits ( and Gimli the Dwarf ) as being of diminutive stature . ( In a happy coincidence , John - Rhys Davies -- who played Gimli -- is as tall compared to the Hobbit actors as his character needed to be compared to theirs , so he did not need to be filmed separately as a third variation of height , and is quite taller than Orlando Bloom , who played Legolas . ) Large - and small - scale doubles were used in certain scenes , while entire duplicates of certain sets ( including Bag End in Hobbiton ) were built at two different scales , so that the characters would appear to be the appropriate size . At one point in the film , Frodo runs along a corridor in Bag End , followed by Gandalf . Elijah Wood and Ian McKellen were filmed in separate versions of the same corridor , built at two different scales , and a fast camera pan conceals the edit between the two . Forced perspective was also employed , so that it would look as though the short Hobbits were interacting with taller Men and Elves . Even the simple use of kneeling down , to the filmmakers ' surprise , turned out to be an effective method in creating the illusion .", "For the battle between the Last Alliance and Sauron 's forces that begins the film , an elaborate CGI animation system , called MASSIVE , was developed by Stephen Regelous ; it allowed thousands of individual animated `` characters '' in the program to act independently . This helped give the illusion of realism to the battle sequences . The `` Making of '' Lord of the Rings DVD reports some interesting initial problems : in the first execution of a battle between groups of characters , the wrong groups attacked each other . In another early demo , some of the warriors at the edge of the field could be seen running away . They were initially moving in the wrong direction , and had been programmed to keep running until they encountered an enemy .", "The digital creatures were important due to Jackson 's requirement of biological plausibility . Their surface was scanned from large maquettes before numerous digital details of their skeletons and muscles were added . In the case of the Balrog , Gray Horsfield created a system that copied recorded imagery of fire .", "The musical score for The Lord of the Rings films was composed by Howard Shore . It was performed by the 100 - strong New Zealand Symphony Orchestra , the London Philharmonic Orchestra , the London Voices , The London Oratory School Schola , and the Maori Samoan Choir , and featured several vocal soloists . Shore wrote almost four hours of finalised music for the film ( of which just over three hours are used as underscore ) , featuring a number of non-orchestral instruments , and a large number ( 49 - 62 ) of leitmotives .", "Two original songs , `` Aníron '' and the end title theme `` May It Be '' , were composed and sung by Enya , who allowed her label , Reprise Records , to release the soundtrack to this and its two sequels . In addition to these songs , Shore composed `` In Dreams '' , which was sung by Edward Ross of the London Oratory School Schola .", "A special behind - the - scenes trailer was released in 2000 . Two teasers were shown before Spy Kids and Pearl Harbor ( film ) . The final trailer was with the television premiere of Angel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and on the DVD and VHS of Rush Hour 2 .", "The Fellowship of the Ring was released on VHS and DVD in August 2002 .", "In November 2002 , an extended edition was released on VHS and DVD , with 30 minutes of new material , added special effects and music , plus 20 minutes of fan - club credits , totalling to 228 minutes . The DVD set included four commentaries and over three hours of supplementary material .", "In August 2006 , a limited edition of The Fellowship of the Ring was released on DVD . The set included both the film 's theatrical and extended editions on a double - sided disc along with all - new bonus material .", "The theatrical Blu - ray version of The Lord of the Rings was released in the United States in April 2010 . There were two separate sets : one with digital copies and one without . The individual Blu - ray disc of The Fellowship of the Ring was released in September 2010 with the same special features as the complete trilogy release , except there was no digital copy .", "The extended Blu - ray editions were released in the US in June 2011 . This version has a runtime of 238 minutes ( the extended editions include the names of all fan club members at the time of their release ; the additional 9 minutes in the Blu - ray version are because of expanded member rolls , not any additional story material ) .", "The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 19 December 2001 in 3,359 cinemas where it grossed $47.2 million on its opening weekend . The world premiere was held at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . It went on to make $314.7 million in North America and $555.9 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $870.7 million . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 54 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run .", "The Fellowship of the Ring was acclaimed by film critics and was one of 2001 's best reviewed films . The film holds a 91 % approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes based on 227 reviews and an average score of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's main consensus reads `` Full of eye - popping special effects , and featuring a pitch - perfect cast , The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring brings J.R.R. Tolkien 's classic to vivid life '' . The film holds a score of 92 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 34 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' .", "Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and stating that while it is not `` a true visualization of Tolkien 's Middle - earth '' , it is `` a work for , and of , our times . It will be embraced , I suspect , by many Tolkien fans and take on aspects of a cult . It is a candidate for many Oscars . It is an awesome production in its daring and breadth , and there are small touches that are just right '' . USA Today also gave the film three out of four stars and wrote , `` this movie version of a beloved book should please devotees as well as the uninitiated '' . In his review for The New York Times , Elvis Mitchell wrote , `` The playful spookiness of Mr. Jackson 's direction provides a lively , light touch , a gesture that does n't normally come to mind when Tolkien 's name is mentioned '' . Entertainment Weekly magazine gave the film an `` A '' rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote , `` The cast take to their roles with becoming modesty , certainly , but Jackson also makes it easy for them : His Fellowship flows , never lingering for the sake of admiring its own beauty ... Every detail of which engrossed me . I may have never turned a page of Tolkien , but I know enchantment when I see it '' .", "In her review for The Washington Post , Rita Kempley praised the cast , in particular , `` Mortensen , as Strider , is a revelation , not to mention downright gorgeous . And McKellen , carrying the burden of thousands of years ' worth of the fight against evil , is positively Merlinesque '' . Time magazine 's Richard Corliss praised Jackson 's work : `` His movie achieves what the best fairy tales do : the creation of an alternate world , plausible and persuasive , where the young -- and not only the young -- can lose themselves . And perhaps , in identifying with the little Hobbit that could , find their better selves '' . In his review for The Village Voice , J. Hoberman wrote , `` Peter Jackson 's adaptation is certainly successful on its own terms '' . Rolling Stone magazine 's Peter Travers wrote , `` It 's emotion that makes Fellowship stick hard in the memory ... Jackson deserves to revel in his success . He 's made a three - hour film that leaves you wanting more '' . However , in his review for The Guardian , Peter Bradshaw wrote , `` there is a strange paucity of plot complication , an absence of anything unfolding , all the more disconcerting because of the clotted and indigestible mythic back story that we have to wade through before anything happens at all '' .", "In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale .", "In 2002 , the film won four Academy Awards from thirteen nominations . The winning categories were for Best Cinematography , Best Visual Effects , Best Makeup , and Best Original Score . It was also nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Ian McKellen ) , Best Art Direction , Best Director , Best Film Editing , Best Original Song ( Enya , Nicky Ryan and Roma Ryan for `` May It Be '' ) , Best Picture , Best Sound ( Christopher Boyes , Michael Semanick , Gethin Creagh and Hammond Peek ) , Best Costume Design and Best Adapted Screenplay .", "As of January 2014 , it is the 31st highest - grossing film worldwide , with US $871,530,324 in worldwide theatrical box office receipts .", "The film won the 2002 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . It also won Empire readers ' Best Film award , as well as five BAFTAs , including Best Film , the David Lean Award for Best Direction , the Audience Award ( voted for by the public ) , Best Special Effects , and Best Make - up . The film was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Fight between Gandalf and Saruman .", "In June 2008 , AFI revealed its `` 10 Top 10 '' -- the ten best films in ten `` classic '' American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . The Fellowship of the Ring was acknowledged as the second best film in the fantasy genre . The film was also listed as the 50th best film in the 2007 list AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) ." ]

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[ "`` Just the Two of Us '' Single by Grover Washington Jr . & Bill Withers from the album Winelight B - side `` Make Me a Memory ( Sad Samba ) '' Released February 1981 Recorded 1980 Genre R&B , soul , jazz Length 7 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( 7 '' edit ) Label Elektra Records Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers , Ralph MacDonald , William Salter Producer ( s ) Grover Washington Jr. , Ralph MacDonald Grover Washington Jr. singles chronology `` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 ) `` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Just the Two of Us ''", "Single by Grover Washington Jr . & Bill Withers", "from the album Winelight", "B - side `` Make Me a Memory ( Sad Samba ) ''", "Released February 1981", "Recorded 1980", "Genre R&B , soul , jazz", "Length 7 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( 7 '' edit )", "Label Elektra Records", "Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers , Ralph MacDonald , William Salter", "Producer ( s ) Grover Washington Jr. , Ralph MacDonald", "Grover Washington Jr. singles chronology", "`` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Winelight '' ( 1980 ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1981 ) `` Be Mine ( Tonight ) '' ( 1982 )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' is a 1981 R&B single written by Bill Withers , William Salter and Ralph MacDonald , which was recorded by Grover Washington Jr. and Bill Withers . The song originally appeared on Washington 's 1980 album Winelight . An edited version reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , staying there for 3 weeks , behind `` Morning Train ( 9 to 5 ) '' by Sheena Easton and `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes . The song won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song . Bill Withers included the edited version on the 1981 compilation Bill Withers ' Greatest Hits and many subsequent greatest hits collections .", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia KMR 31 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5 UK Official Charts Official Charts 34 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Canada 78 US Billboard Hot 100 18", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia KMR 31 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5 UK Official Charts Official Charts 34 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Canada 78 US Billboard Hot 100 18", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia KMR 31 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5 UK Official Charts Official Charts 34 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position", "Australia KMR 31", "Canada RPM Top Singles 10", "Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 5", "UK Official Charts Official Charts 34", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Billboard Hot Soul Singles", "US Billboard Adult Contemporary", "US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Canada 78 US Billboard Hot 100 18", "Chart ( 1981 ) Rank", "Canada 78", "US Billboard Hot 100 18", "`` Just the Two of Us '' Single by Toshi Kubota featuring Caron Wheeler from the album Kubojah : Parallel World I and Sunshine , Moonlight Released June 25 , 1996 Format CD , digital download Recorded 1991 1995 ( re-recorded ) Genre Reggae ( Kubojah version ) R&B , soul ( Sunshine , Moonlight version ) Length 4 : 28 ( album version ) 3 : 33 ( single version ) Label Sony Music Entertainment Japan Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers , Ralph MacDonald , William Salter Producer ( s ) Toshinobu Kubota , Ralph MacDonald , William Salter , Bill Withers Toshinobu Kubota singles chronology `` La La La Love Song '' ( 1996 ) La La La Love Song 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Body - Cation '' ( 1996 ) Body - Cation1996 Caron Wheeler singles chronology `` Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) '' ( 1996 ) Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Star '' ( 1999 ) Star1999", "`` Just the Two of Us ''", "Single by Toshi Kubota featuring Caron Wheeler", "from the album Kubojah : Parallel World I and Sunshine , Moonlight", "Released June 25 , 1996", "Format CD , digital download", "Recorded 1991 1995 ( re-recorded )", "Genre Reggae ( Kubojah version ) R&B , soul ( Sunshine , Moonlight version )", "Length 4 : 28 ( album version ) 3 : 33 ( single version )", "Label Sony Music Entertainment Japan", "Songwriter ( s ) Bill Withers , Ralph MacDonald , William Salter", "Producer ( s ) Toshinobu Kubota , Ralph MacDonald , William Salter , Bill Withers", "Toshinobu Kubota singles chronology", "`` La La La Love Song '' ( 1996 ) La La La Love Song 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Body - Cation '' ( 1996 ) Body - Cation1996", "`` La La La Love Song '' ( 1996 ) La La La Love Song 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Body - Cation '' ( 1996 ) Body - Cation1996", "`` La La La Love Song '' ( 1996 ) La La La Love Song 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Body - Cation '' ( 1996 ) Body - Cation1996", "Caron Wheeler singles chronology", "`` Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) '' ( 1996 ) Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Star '' ( 1999 ) Star1999", "`` Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) '' ( 1996 ) Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Star '' ( 1999 ) Star1999", "`` Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) '' ( 1996 ) Keep On Movin ' ( Remix ) 1996 `` Just the Two of Us '' ( 1996 ) Just the Two of Us1996 `` Star '' ( 1999 ) Star1999", "`` Just the Two of Us '' was covered by Japanese singer Toshinobu Kubota as a duet with Caron Wheeler in 1991 , for his album Kubojah : Parallel World I . The song was credited as `` Just the 2 of Us '' , featuring a reggae - style beat . In 1995 , Kubota re-recorded the song , which appeared on his album Sunshine , Moonlight , with a more R&B - style beat . In 1996 , he released the song as the second single from the album . The song charted at number 30 on the Oricon Weekly Singles chart and remained on the charts for a duration of five weeks . The song was included the setlist during the Oyeees ! Tour . During the tour , Joi Cardwell , who sang backing vocals during the tour , performed the song as a duet with Kubota . In 2007 , Double performed the song the MTV Japan Icons Special . During the performance , Kubota walk onto the stage to complete the song with her . In 2012 , Kubota performed the song with Japanese singer Yuri , who was also a background vocalist during his `` Party Ai n't A Party Tour '' . The performance was included on his concert DVD `` Party Ai n't A Party '' , which was released in May 2012 .", "In 1996 , Toshi Kubota and Caron Wheeler shot a music video for the song . The video setting takes place during the night at a party in Kubota 's apartment . Wheeler watches the party from the fire escape of the next apartment building . The single version was used for the audio format of the video . There are also video shots of other musicians playing their instruments during the party , a group of elderly men playing cards outside the apartment on the sidewalk , and a couple dancing in another room of the apartment .", "CD single", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Butcher Bros. LP Remix ) ( duet with Caron Wheeler )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Butcher Bros. LP Remix ) ( duet with Caron Wheeler )", "Maxi single", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Butcher Bros. LP Remix ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( Smooth R&B Mix ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( So So Def Remix ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( Club Mix Radio Edit ) `` Just the Two of Us '' ( Street Mix ) ( featuring Fat Man Scoop and E. Bros . )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Butcher Bros. LP Remix )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Smooth R&B Mix )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( So So Def Remix )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Club Mix Radio Edit )", "`` Just the Two of Us '' ( Street Mix ) ( featuring Fat Man Scoop and E. Bros . )", "José José recorded the song in Spanish titled `` Sólo Tú y Yo '' , included in his album Gracias of 1981 . In 1991 CKBE - FM David Tyler Bill Cosby did a parody version , `` Just the Slew of Us '' , as the theme music for his movie Bill Cosby : Himself . Ralph MacDonald was the writer / producer . Regina Belle covered `` Just the Two of Us '' in 1991 on the tribute album To Grover , With Love , produced by Jason Miles , which reached number four on Top Contemporary Jazz Albums Chart in Billboard . Christian McBride covered the song with overdubbed basses only in a hidden track included in the album Philadelphia Experiment , released on Rope - A-Dope Records . Mietta in 1995 recorded an Italian language `` Just the Two of Us ( Dentro L'Anima ) '' for her album Daniela è Felice . In 2004 Rebirth Brass Band released a New Orleans brass band - style cover on their album The Main Event : Live at the Maple Leaf . Keri Hilson sampled `` Just the Two of Us '' for her song `` Pretty Girl Rock '' , off her 2010 No Boys Allowed album . The South Korean K - Pop Indie band Urban Zakapa ( 어반 자 카파 ) covered this song for their album Beautiful Day . The Japanese band Exile covered this song for their 2011 Exile Cover album . Jessica Frech covered the song on her album Reality ( 2012 ) . The German / Italian singer / songwriter Nevio Passaro covered the song for his YouTube series `` The Monday Session '' . Adult Swim 's online show entitled FishCenter Live made a parody of the song entitled `` Just the Ten of Us '' about the fish . Matt Dusk and Margaret version was a single release , which promoted their collaborative jazz album of the same name . Will Smith released a version in 1997 which samples and incorporates lyrics from the original . Instead of love between a couple , `` Just the Two of Us '' focuses on the relationship between a father and son . Smith originally wrote a children 's book with the same title and lyrics . For his album , he performed it in rap form . Dr. Evil ( Mike Myers ) parodied the Will Smith version in the 1999 film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me . Carlos Mojica recorded a salsa version of `` Just the Two of Us '' for his 2015 album Competencia Es Ninguna . Michael Sanchez on The Voice . Tiro de Gracia sampled `` Just the Two of Us '' for her song `` El Juego Verdadero '' , off her 1997 Ser humano ! ! album .", "José José recorded the song in Spanish titled `` Sólo Tú y Yo '' , included in his album Gracias of 1981 .", "In 1991 CKBE - FM David Tyler", "Bill Cosby did a parody version , `` Just the Slew of Us '' , as the theme music for his movie Bill Cosby : Himself . Ralph MacDonald was the writer / producer .", "Regina Belle covered `` Just the Two of Us '' in 1991 on the tribute album To Grover , With Love , produced by Jason Miles , which reached number four on Top Contemporary Jazz Albums Chart in Billboard .", "Christian McBride covered the song with overdubbed basses only in a hidden track included in the album Philadelphia Experiment , released on Rope - A-Dope Records .", "Mietta in 1995 recorded an Italian language `` Just the Two of Us ( Dentro L'Anima ) '' for her album Daniela è Felice .", "In 2004 Rebirth Brass Band released a New Orleans brass band - style cover on their album The Main Event : Live at the Maple Leaf .", "Keri Hilson sampled `` Just the Two of Us '' for her song `` Pretty Girl Rock '' , off her 2010 No Boys Allowed album .", "The South Korean K - Pop Indie band Urban Zakapa ( 어반 자 카파 ) covered this song for their album Beautiful Day .", "The Japanese band Exile covered this song for their 2011 Exile Cover album .", "Jessica Frech covered the song on her album Reality ( 2012 ) .", "The German / Italian singer / songwriter Nevio Passaro covered the song for his YouTube series `` The Monday Session '' .", "Adult Swim 's online show entitled FishCenter Live made a parody of the song entitled `` Just the Ten of Us '' about the fish .", "Matt Dusk and Margaret version was a single release , which promoted their collaborative jazz album of the same name .", "Will Smith released a version in 1997 which samples and incorporates lyrics from the original . Instead of love between a couple , `` Just the Two of Us '' focuses on the relationship between a father and son . Smith originally wrote a children 's book with the same title and lyrics . For his album , he performed it in rap form .", "Dr. Evil ( Mike Myers ) parodied the Will Smith version in the 1999 film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me .", "Carlos Mojica recorded a salsa version of `` Just the Two of Us '' for his 2015 album Competencia Es Ninguna .", "Michael Sanchez on The Voice .", "Tiro de Gracia sampled `` Just the Two of Us '' for her song `` El Juego Verdadero '' , off her 1997 Ser humano ! ! album ." ]

[ [ "1948" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article needs attention from an expert in U.S. Supreme Court cases . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject U.S. Supreme Court cases may be able to help recruit an expert . ( November 2008 )", "This article needs attention from an expert in U.S. Supreme Court cases . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject U.S. Supreme Court cases may be able to help recruit an expert . ( November 2008 )", "United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc . Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 9 -- 11 , 1948 Decided May 3 , 1948 Full case name United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. et al . Citations 334 U.S. 131 ( more ) 68 S. Ct. 915 ; 92 L. Ed . 1260 ; 1948 U.S. LEXIS 2850 ; 77 U.S.P.Q. ( BNA ) 243 ; 1948 Trade Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 62,244 Prior history Injunction granted , U.S. District Court ( 66 F. Supp. 323 ) Holding Practice of block booking and ownership of theater chains by film studios constituted anti-competitive and monopolistic trade practices . Court membership Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harold H. Burton Case opinions Majority Douglas Concur / dissent Frankfurter Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case . Laws applied Sherman Antitrust Act ; 15 U.S.C. § 1 , 2", "United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc .", "Supreme Court of the United States", "Argued February 9 -- 11 , 1948 Decided May 3 , 1948", "Full case name United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. et al .", "Citations 334 U.S. 131 ( more ) 68 S. Ct. 915 ; 92 L. Ed . 1260 ; 1948 U.S. LEXIS 2850 ; 77 U.S.P.Q. ( BNA ) 243 ; 1948 Trade Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 62,244", "Prior history Injunction granted , U.S. District Court ( 66 F. Supp. 323 )", "Holding", "Practice of block booking and ownership of theater chains by film studios constituted anti-competitive and monopolistic trade practices .", "Court membership", "Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harold H. Burton", "Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harold H. Burton", "Fred M. Vinson", "Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harold H. Burton", "Case opinions", "Majority Douglas", "Concur / dissent Frankfurter", "Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case .", "Laws applied", "Sherman Antitrust Act ; 15 U.S.C. § 1 , 2", "Wikisource has original text related to this article : United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc .", "Wikisource has original text related to this article : United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc .", "United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. , 334 US 131 ( 1948 ) ( also known as the Hollywood Antitrust Case of 1948 , the Paramount Case , the Paramount Decision or the Paramount Decree ) was a landmark United States Supreme Court antitrust case that decided the fate of movie studios owning their own theatres and holding exclusivity rights on which theatres would show their films . It would also change the way Hollywood movies were produced , distributed , and exhibited . The Court held in this case that the existing distribution scheme was in violation of the antitrust laws of the United States , which prohibit certain exclusive dealing arrangements .", "The case is important both in U.S. antitrust law and film history . In the former , it remains a landmark decision in vertical integration cases ; in the latter , it is seen as the first nail in the coffin of the old Hollywood studio system .", "The legal issues originated in the silent era , when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating film companies for potential violations under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 .", "The major film studios owned the theaters where their motion pictures were shown , either in partnerships or outright and complete . Thus specific theater chains showed only the films produced by the studio that owned them . The studios created the films , had the writers , directors , producers and actors on staff ( `` under contract '' as it was called ) , owned the film processing and laboratories , created the prints and distributed them through the theaters that they owned : In other words , the studios were vertically integrated , creating a de facto oligopoly . By 1945 , the studios owned either partially or outright 17 % of the theaters in the country , accounting for 45 % of the film - rental revenue .", "Ultimately , this issue of the studios ' allegedly illegal trade practices led to all the major movie studios being sued in 1938 by the U.S. Department of Justice . As the largest studio , Paramount was the primary defendant , but all of the other Big Five ( Loew 's ( MGM ) , Warner Bros. , 20th Century Fox , RKO Pictures ) and Little Three ( Universal Studios , Columbia Pictures , United Artists ) were named , as well as numerous subsidiaries and executives from each company . Separate cases were also filed against large independent chains , including the 148 - theater Schine .", "The federal government 's case was settled with a consent decree in 1940 , which allowed the government to reinstate the lawsuit if , by November 1943 , it had not seen a satisfactory level of compliance . Among other requirements , the consent decree included the following conditions :", "The Big Five studios could no longer block - book short film subjects along with feature films ( known as one - shot , or full force , block booking ) ; The Big Five studios could continue to block - book features , but the block size would be limited to five films ; Blind buying ( buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand ) would now be outlawed and replaced with `` trade showing , '' special screenings every two weeks at which representatives of all 31 theater districts in the United States could see films before they decided to book a film ; and The creation of an administration board to enforce these requirements .", "The Big Five studios could no longer block - book short film subjects along with feature films ( known as one - shot , or full force , block booking ) ;", "The Big Five studios could continue to block - book features , but the block size would be limited to five films ;", "Blind buying ( buying of films by theater districts without seeing films beforehand ) would now be outlawed and replaced with `` trade showing , '' special screenings every two weeks at which representatives of all 31 theater districts in the United States could see films before they decided to book a film ; and", "The creation of an administration board to enforce these requirements .", "The studios did not fully implement the consent decree , and in 1942 with Allied Theatre Owners proposed an alternate `` Unity Plan '' . They proposed booking larger blocks of theatres with the caveat of allowing theaters to reject films . This led to the formation of the Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers ( SIMPP ) , which also filed a lawsuit against Paramount Detroit Theaters , the first major lawsuit of producers against exhibitors . The government declined the Unity proposal and reinstated the 1943 lawsuit . The case went to trial on October 8 , 1945 , one month and six days after the end of World War II . The case was decided in favor of the studios , and the government immediately appealed .", "The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1948 ; their verdict went against the movie studios , forcing all of them to divest themselves of their movie theater chains . This , coupled with the advent of television and the attendant drop in movie ticket sales , brought about a severe slump in the movie business , a slump that would not be reversed until 1972 , with the release of The Godfather , the first modern blockbuster .", "The Paramount decision is a bedrock of corporate antitrust law , and as such is cited in most cases where issues of vertical integration play a prominent role in restricting fair trade .", "The Court ruled 7 - 1 in the government 's favor , affirming much of the consent decree ( Justice Robert H. Jackson took no part in the proceedings ) . William O. Douglas delivered the Court 's opinion , with Felix Frankfurter dissenting in part , arguing the Court should have left all of the decree intact but its arbitration provisions .", "Douglas 's opinion reiterated the facts and history of the case and reviewed the District Court 's opinion , agreeing that its conclusion was `` incontestable '' . He considered five different trade practices addressed by the consent decree :", "Clearances and runs , under which movies were scheduled so they would only be showing at particular theatres at any given time , to avoid competing with another theater 's showing ; Pooling agreements , the joint ownership of theaters by two nominally competitive studios ; Formula deals , master agreements , and franchises : arrangements by which an exhibitor or distributor allocated profits among theaters that had shown a particular film , and awarded exclusive rights to independent theatres , sometimes without competitive bidding ; Block booking , the studios ' practice of requiring theaters to take an entire slate of its films , sometimes without even seeing them , sometimes before the films had even been produced ( `` blind bidding '' ) , and Discrimination against smaller , independent theaters in favor of larger chains .", "Clearances and runs , under which movies were scheduled so they would only be showing at particular theatres at any given time , to avoid competing with another theater 's showing ;", "Pooling agreements , the joint ownership of theaters by two nominally competitive studios ;", "Formula deals , master agreements , and franchises : arrangements by which an exhibitor or distributor allocated profits among theaters that had shown a particular film , and awarded exclusive rights to independent theatres , sometimes without competitive bidding ;", "Block booking , the studios ' practice of requiring theaters to take an entire slate of its films , sometimes without even seeing them , sometimes before the films had even been produced ( `` blind bidding '' ) , and", "Discrimination against smaller , independent theaters in favor of larger chains .", "Douglas let stand the District Court 's sevenfold test for when a clearance agreement was a restraint of trade , as he agreed they had a legitimate purpose . Pooling agreements and joint ownership , he agreed , were `` bald efforts to substitute monopoly for competition ... Clearer restraints of trade are difficult to imagine . '' He allowed , however , that courts could consider how an interest in an exhibitor was acquired and sent some other issues back to the District Court for further inquiry and resolution . He set aside the lower court findings on franchises so that they might be reconsidered from the perspective of allowing competitive bidding . On the block booking question , he rejected the studios ' argument that it was necessary to profit from their copyrights : `` The copyright law , like the patent statutes , makes reward to the owner a secondary consideration '' . The prohibitions on discrimination he let stand entirely .", "Frankfurter took exception to the extent to which his brethren had agreed with the studios that the District Court had not adequately explored the underlying facts in affirming the consent decree . He pointed to another recent Court decision , International Salt Co. v. United States that lower courts are the proper place for such findings of fact , to be deferred to by higher courts . Also , he reminded the Court that the District Court had spent fifteen months considering the case and reviewed almost 4,000 pages of documentary evidence : `` I can not bring myself to conclude that the product of such a painstaking process of adjudication as to a decree appropriate for such a complicated situation as this record discloses was an abuse of discretion . '' He would have modified the District Court decision only to permit the use of arbitration to resolve disputes .", "Movie studios previously charged low rents to exhibitors because they were owned by the studio . When the studios were forced to sell their theaters , the result was higher rental rates charged to exhibitors ( rising from an average of approximately 35 % to its current level of approximately 50 % ) , so the studios could recoup their expenses . The inability to block - book an entire year 's worth of movies caused studios to be more selective in the movies they made , resulting in higher production costs and dramatically fewer movies made . This caused studios to further raise the rates they charged theaters , since the volume of movies fell .", "The court orders forcing the separation of motion picture production and exhibition companies are commonly referred to as the Paramount Decrees . Paramount Pictures Inc. was forced to split into two companies : the film company Paramount Pictures Corp. and the theater chain ( United Paramount Theaters ) which merged in 1953 with the American Broadcasting Company .", "Consequences of the decision include :", "More independent producers and studios to produce their film product free of major studio interference . The beginning of the end of the old Hollywood studio system and its golden age . The weakening of the ( Hays ) Production Code , since it saw the rise of independent and `` art house '' theaters which showed foreign or independent films made outside of its jurisdiction .", "More independent producers and studios to produce their film product free of major studio interference .", "The beginning of the end of the old Hollywood studio system and its golden age .", "The weakening of the ( Hays ) Production Code , since it saw the rise of independent and `` art house '' theaters which showed foreign or independent films made outside of its jurisdiction .", "Following the decision , and with the rise of television , the major studios felt that the loss of their exclusive theatre arrangements would reduce the opportunity to re-release product from their film libraries . Paramount , for example , sold its pre-1950 sound feature film library to MCA , which created EMKA ( today Universal Television ) to manage this library . Other studios , such as 20th Century Fox or Warner Bros. , also sold or leased their classic back catalogs to other companies . By contrast , Walt Disney believed his film library was much more valuable than RKO had estimated it to be ; in 1953 , he formed a holding company that held rights to work he did prior to 1953 as well as distributed new material from his studio -- that company became its own in - house distribution unit , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The growth of television in subsequent years has resulted in these supposedly `` worthless '' films earning billions of dollars in rentals from television stations and networks ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington , D.C. The team is a member of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Capitals played at the Capital Centre from their inaugural season in 1974 to 1997 , when they moved to the MCI Center , now known as the Capital One Arena . In 42 completed seasons , the Capitals have qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs 27 times , making two Stanley Cup Finals appearances during the 1997 -- 98 and 2017 -- 18 seasons , winning the latter .", "The Capitals were founded in 1974 as an expansion team in the Prince of Wales Conference . The team had an 8 -- 67 -- 5 record and lost 37 straight road games in their inaugural season . The Capitals made their first playoffs in the 1982 -- 83 season and qualified for the playoffs for the following 13 seasons in a row . The Capitals won the Eastern Conference during their 1997 -- 98 season but were swept by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals .", "After reaching the Finals , the Capitals were assigned to the Southeast Division , in which they remained in for 15 years , until a NHL division realignment brought them into the newly formed Metropolitan Division in 2013 . Through these times , the Capitals won three Presidents ' Trophies in the 2009 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 seasons , before finally winning their first Stanley Cup in the 2017 -- 18 season , after 42 seasons ( not counting the cancelled 2004 -- 05 season ) .", "Key of colors and symbols Color / symbol Explanation Stanley Cup champions Conference champions Division champions Led league in points", "Color / symbol Explanation", "Stanley Cup champions", "Conference champions", "Division champions", "Led league in points", "Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Capitals ' opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Capitals ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season ) Pts Number of points Number of ties Number of wins -- Does not apply", "Term or abbreviation Definition", "Finish Final position in division standings", "GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Capitals ' opponents )", "GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Capitals )", "GP Number of games played", "Number of losses", "OT Number of losses in overtime ( since the 1999 -- 2000 season )", "Pts Number of points", "Number of ties", "Number of wins", "-- Does not apply", "Year by year listing of all seasons played by the Washington Capitals NHL season Capitals season Conference Division Regular season Postseason Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result 1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 Wales Norris 5th 80 8 67 5 -- 21 181 446 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 Wales Norris 5th 80 11 59 10 -- 32 224 394 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 42 14 -- 62 221 307 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 Wales Norris 5th 80 17 49 14 -- 48 195 321 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 41 15 -- 63 273 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 Wales Patrick 5th 80 27 40 13 -- 67 261 293 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 36 18 -- 70 286 317 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 41 13 -- 65 319 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 39 25 16 -- 94 306 283 11 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 3 1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 48 27 5 -- 101 308 226 8 28 25 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 4 1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 46 25 9 -- 101 322 240 5 12 14 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 3 1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 50 23 7 -- 107 315 272 9 5 36 24 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Islanders , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Rangers , 2 -- 4 1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 32 10 -- 86 285 278 7 19 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 3 -- 4 1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 33 9 -- 85 281 249 14 7 7 54 50 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 3 Lost Division Finals to New Jersey Devils , 3 -- 4 1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 Wales Patrick 1st 80 41 29 10 -- 92 305 259 6 18 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 2 -- 4 1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 36 38 6 -- 78 284 275 15 8 7 49 48 Won Division Semifinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4 1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 37 36 7 -- 81 258 258 11 5 6 29 35 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 2 Lost Division Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 45 27 8 -- 98 330 275 7 27 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 Wales Patrick 2nd 84 43 34 7 -- 93 325 286 6 15 23 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 4 1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 84 39 35 10 -- 88 277 263 11 5 6 32 32 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 4 1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 48 22 18 8 -- 52 136 120 7 10 17 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 4th 82 39 32 11 -- 89 234 204 6 17 21 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 33 40 9 -- 75 214 231 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 40 30 12 -- 92 219 202 21 12 9 53 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings , 0 -- 4 1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 31 45 6 -- 68 200 218 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 44 24 12 102 227 194 5 6 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4 2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 41 27 10 96 233 211 6 10 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 36 33 11 85 228 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 39 29 8 6 92 224 220 6 15 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 2 -- 4 2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 23 46 10 59 186 253 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout 2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 29 41 -- 12 70 237 306 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 28 40 -- 14 70 235 286 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 43 31 -- 8 94 242 231 7 20 23 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 4 2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 50 24 -- 8 108 272 245 14 7 7 41 38 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 54 15 -- 13 121 318 233 7 22 20 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens , 3 -- 4 2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 48 23 -- 11 107 224 197 9 5 23 24 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 0 -- 4 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 42 32 -- 8 92 222 230 14 7 7 28 30 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 - 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 1st 48 27 18 -- 57 149 130 7 13 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Eastern Metropolitan 5th 82 38 30 -- 14 90 235 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Eastern Metropolitan 2nd 82 45 26 -- 11 101 242 203 14 7 7 28 28 Won First Round vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Lost Second Round to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 56 18 -- 8 120 252 193 12 6 6 29 22 Won First Round vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 55 19 -- 8 118 263 182 13 7 6 36 34 Won First Round vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 49 26 -- 7 105 259 239 24 16 8 86 61 Won First Round vs. Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 2 Won Second Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 1 Totals 3426 1575 1406 303 142 3595 10750 10861 275 132 143 793 776", "NHL season Capitals season Conference Division Regular season Postseason", "Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result", "1974 -- 75 1974 -- 75 Wales Norris 5th 80 8 67 5 -- 21 181 446 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1975 -- 76 1975 -- 76 Wales Norris 5th 80 11 59 10 -- 32 224 394 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1976 -- 77 1976 -- 77 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 42 14 -- 62 221 307 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1977 -- 78 1977 -- 78 Wales Norris 5th 80 17 49 14 -- 48 195 321 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1978 -- 79 1978 -- 79 Wales Norris 4th 80 24 41 15 -- 63 273 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1979 -- 80 1979 -- 80 Wales Patrick 5th 80 27 40 13 -- 67 261 293 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1980 -- 81 1980 -- 81 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 36 18 -- 70 286 317 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1981 -- 82 1981 -- 82 Wales Patrick 5th 80 26 41 13 -- 65 319 338 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1982 -- 83 1982 -- 83 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 39 25 16 -- 94 306 283 11 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 3", "1983 -- 84 1983 -- 84 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 48 27 5 -- 101 308 226 8 28 25 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Islanders , 1 -- 4", "1984 -- 85 1984 -- 85 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 46 25 9 -- 101 322 240 5 12 14 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 3", "1985 -- 86 1985 -- 86 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 50 23 7 -- 107 315 272 9 5 36 24 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Islanders , 3 -- 0 Lost Division Finals to New York Rangers , 2 -- 4", "1986 -- 87 1986 -- 87 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 32 10 -- 86 285 278 7 19 19 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 3 -- 4", "1987 -- 88 1987 -- 88 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 38 33 9 -- 85 281 249 14 7 7 54 50 Won Division Semifinals vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 3 Lost Division Finals to New Jersey Devils , 3 -- 4", "1988 -- 89 1988 -- 89 Wales Patrick 1st 80 41 29 10 -- 92 305 259 6 18 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 2 -- 4", "1989 -- 90 1989 -- 90 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 36 38 6 -- 78 284 275 15 8 7 49 48 Won Division Semifinals vs. New Jersey Devils , 4 -- 2 Won Division Finals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Finals to Boston Bruins , 0 -- 4", "1990 -- 91 1990 -- 91 Wales Patrick 3rd 80 37 36 7 -- 81 258 258 11 5 6 29 35 Won Division Semifinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 2 Lost Division Finals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4", "1991 -- 92 1991 -- 92 Wales Patrick 2nd 80 45 27 8 -- 98 330 275 7 27 25 Lost Division Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4", "1992 -- 93 1992 -- 93 Wales Patrick 2nd 84 43 34 7 -- 93 325 286 6 15 23 Lost Division Semifinals to New York Islanders , 2 -- 4", "1993 -- 94 1993 -- 94 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 84 39 35 10 -- 88 277 263 11 5 6 32 32 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Pittsburgh Penguins , 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 1 -- 4", "1994 -- 95 1994 -- 95 Eastern Atlantic 2nd 48 22 18 8 -- 52 136 120 7 10 17 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4", "1995 -- 96 1995 -- 96 Eastern Atlantic 4th 82 39 32 11 -- 89 234 204 6 17 21 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4", "1996 -- 97 1996 -- 97 Eastern Atlantic 5th 82 33 40 9 -- 75 214 231 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1997 -- 98 1997 -- 98 Eastern Atlantic 3rd 82 40 30 12 -- 92 219 202 21 12 9 53 44 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals vs. Ottawa Senators , 4 -- 1 Won Conference Finals vs. Buffalo Sabres , 4 -- 2 Lost Stanley Cup Finals to Detroit Red Wings , 0 -- 4", "1998 -- 99 1998 -- 99 Eastern Southeast 3rd 82 31 45 6 -- 68 200 218 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "1999 -- 2000 1999 -- 2000 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 44 24 12 102 227 194 5 6 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 4", "2000 -- 01 2000 -- 01 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 41 27 10 96 233 211 6 10 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4", "2001 -- 02 2001 -- 02 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 36 33 11 85 228 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "2002 -- 03 2002 -- 03 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 39 29 8 6 92 224 220 6 15 14 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 2 -- 4", "2003 -- 04 2003 -- 04 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 23 46 10 59 186 253 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "2004 -- 05 2004 -- 05 Eastern Southeast Season cancelled due to 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout", "2005 -- 06 2005 -- 06 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 29 41 -- 12 70 237 306 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "2006 -- 07 2006 -- 07 Eastern Southeast 5th 82 28 40 -- 14 70 235 286 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "2007 -- 08 2007 -- 08 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 43 31 -- 8 94 242 231 7 20 23 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Philadelphia Flyers , 3 -- 4", "2008 -- 09 2008 -- 09 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 50 24 -- 8 108 272 245 14 7 7 41 38 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4", "2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 54 15 -- 13 121 318 233 7 22 20 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to Montreal Canadiens , 3 -- 4", "2010 -- 11 2010 -- 11 Eastern Southeast 1st 82 48 23 -- 11 107 224 197 9 5 23 24 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. New York Rangers , 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals to Tampa Bay Lightning , 0 -- 4", "2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 2nd 82 42 32 -- 8 92 222 230 14 7 7 28 30 Won Conference Quarterfinals vs. Boston Bruins , 4 - 3 Lost Conference Semifinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4", "2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 1st 48 27 18 -- 57 149 130 7 13 15 Lost Conference Quarterfinals to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4", "2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Eastern Metropolitan 5th 82 38 30 -- 14 90 235 240 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify", "2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Eastern Metropolitan 2nd 82 45 26 -- 11 101 242 203 14 7 7 28 28 Won First Round vs. New York Islanders , 4 -- 3 Lost Second Round to New York Rangers , 3 -- 4", "2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 56 18 -- 8 120 252 193 12 6 6 29 22 Won First Round vs. Philadelphia Flyers , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 2 -- 4", "2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 55 19 -- 8 118 263 182 13 7 6 36 34 Won First Round vs. Toronto Maple Leafs , 4 -- 2 Lost Second Round to Pittsburgh Penguins , 3 -- 4", "2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 Eastern Metropolitan 1st 82 49 26 -- 7 105 259 239 24 16 8 86 61 Won First Round vs. Columbus Blue Jackets 4 -- 2 Won Second Round vs. Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 2 Won Conference Finals vs. Tampa Bay Lightning 4 -- 3 Won Stanley Cup Finals vs. Vegas Golden Knights 4 -- 1", "Totals 3426 1575 1406 303 142 3595 10750 10861 275 132 143 793 776" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Pamir Mountains Pamir Mountains from an airplane , June 2008 Highest point Peak Kongur Tagh Elevation 7,649 m ( 25,095 ft ) Coordinates 38 ° 35 ′ 39 '' N 75 ° 18 ′ 48 '' E  /  38.59417 ° N 75.31333 ° E  / 38.59417 ; 75.31333 Geography Countries Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan and China States / Provinces Gorno - Badakhshan , Osh Region , Wakhan and Xinjiang Range coordinates 38 ° 30 ′ N 73 ° 30 ′ E  /  38.5 ° N 73.5 ° E  / 38.5 ; 73.5 Coordinates : 38 ° 30 ′ N 73 ° 30 ′ E  /  38.5 ° N 73.5 ° E  / 38.5 ; 73.5", "Pamir Mountains", "Pamir Mountains from an airplane , June 2008", "Highest point", "Peak Kongur Tagh", "Elevation 7,649 m ( 25,095 ft )", "Coordinates 38 ° 35 ′ 39 '' N 75 ° 18 ′ 48 '' E  /  38.59417 ° N 75.31333 ° E  / 38.59417 ; 75.31333", "Geography", "Countries Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Afghanistan and China", "States / Provinces Gorno - Badakhshan , Osh Region , Wakhan and Xinjiang", "Range coordinates 38 ° 30 ′ N 73 ° 30 ′ E  /  38.5 ° N 73.5 ° E  / 38.5 ; 73.5 Coordinates : 38 ° 30 ′ N 73 ° 30 ′ E  /  38.5 ° N 73.5 ° E  / 38.5 ; 73.5", "The Pamir Mountains , or the Pamirs , are a mountain range in Central Asia at the junction of the Himalayas with the Tian Shan , Karakoram , Kunlun , Hindu Kush , Suleman and Hindu Raj ranges . They are among the world 's highest mountains .", "The precise extent of the Pamir Mountains is subject to debate . They lie mostly in Gorno - Badakhshan province of Tajikistan . To the north they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of Kyrgyzstan . To the south they border the Hindu Kush mountains along Afghanistan 's Wakhan Corridor . To the east they are generally considered to extend to the range that includes China 's Kongur Tagh , a peak which is included in the `` Eastern Pamirs '' more often than in the Kunlun Mountains , as Kongur Tagh and the Kunlun range are separated by the large Yarkand River valley ; no valley of such significance separates the Pamirs and Kongur Tagh , just political boundaries .", "Since Victorian times , they have been known as the `` Roof of the World '' , presumably a translation from Persian .", "In other languages they are called : Kyrgyz Памир тоолору , Pamir Tooloru , پامىر توولورۇ ; Persian : رشته کوه های پامیر ‎ ‎ , Rešte Kūh - hāye Pāmīr ; Tajik : Ришта Кӯҳҳои Помир , Rişta Kûhhoyi Pomir ; Pashto : د پامير غرونه ‎ Da Pāmir Ğruna ; Uyghur : پامىر ئېگىزلىكى , Памир Езгизлики , Pamir Ëzgizliki ; Urdu : پامیر کوهستان Pamir Kuhestan ; simplified Chinese : 葱 岭 ; traditional Chinese : 蔥 嶺 ; pinyin : Cōnglǐng ; Wade -- Giles : Ts'ung - ling or `` Onion Range '' ( after the wild onions growing in the region ) ; Dungan : Памир or Цунлин , written in Xiao'erjing : پَامِعَر or ڞوْلٍْ . The name `` Pamir '' is used more commonly in Modern Chinese and loaned as simplified Chinese : 帕 米尔 ; traditional Chinese : 帕 米爾 ; pinyin : Pàmǐ'ěr .", "According to Middleton and Thomas , `` pamir '' is a geological term . A pamir is a flat plateau or U-shaped valley surrounded by mountains . It forms when a glacier or ice field melts leaving a rocky plain . A pamir lasts until erosion forms soil and cuts down normal valleys . This type of terrain is found in the east and north of the Wakhan , and the east and south of Gorno - Badakhshan , as opposed to the valleys and gorges of the west . Pamirs are used for summer pasture .", "The Great Pamir is around Lake Zorkul . The Little Pamir is east of this in the far east of Wakhan . The Taghdumbash Pamir is between Tashkurgan and the Wakhan west of the Karakoram Highway . The Alichur Pamir is around Yashil Kul on the Gunt River . The Sarez Pamir is around the town of Murghab . The Khargush Pamir is south of Lake Karakul . There are several others .", "The Pamir River is in the south - west of the Pamirs .", "The three highest mountains in the Pamirs core are Ismoil Somoni Peak ( known from 1932 -- 1962 as Stalin Peak , and from 1962 -- 1998 as Communism Peak ) , 7,495 m ( 24,590 ft ) ; Ibn Sina Peak ( still unofficially known as Lenin Peak ) , 7,134 m ( 23,406 ft ) ; and Peak Korzhenevskaya ( Russian : Пик Корженевской , Pik Korzhenevskoi ) , 7,105 m ( 23,310 ft ) . In the Eastern Pamirs , China 's Kongur Tagh is the highest at 7,649 m ( 25,095 ft ) .", "Among the significant peaks of the Pamir Mountains are the following :", "Name Height in ( m ) Coord . Sub-range Country Kongur ( Kungur Tagh ) 7,649 ( 38 ° 35 ′ 36 '' N 75 ° 18 ′ 45 '' E  /  38.593428 ° N 75.312560 ° E  / 38.593428 ; 75.312560  ( Kongur ) ) Kongur Shan China Kongur Jiubie ( Kungur Tjube Tagh ) 7,530 ( 38 ° 36 ′ 57 '' N 75 ° 11 ′ 45 '' E  /  38.615833 ° N 75.195833 ° E  / 38.615833 ; 75.195833  ( Kungur Tjube Tagh ) ) Kongur Shan China Muztagh Ata 7,509 ( 38 ° 16 ′ 33 '' N 75 ° 06 ′ 58 '' E  /  38.275855 ° N 75.1161 ° E  / 38.275855 ; 75.1161  ( Muztagata ) ) Muztagh Ata Massif China Ismoil Somoni Peak ( formerly Communism Peak , Stalin Peak ) 7,495 ( 38 ° 56 ′ 36 '' N 72 ° 00 ′ 57 '' E  /  38.943422 ° N 72.015803 ° E  / 38.943422 ; 72.015803  ( Ismoil Somoni Peak ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan Lenin Peak ( new name : Abu Ali Ibn Sino Peak ; formerly Kaufmann Peak ) 7,134 ( 39 ° 20 ′ 37 '' N 72 ° 52 ′ 39 '' E  /  39.343724 ° N 72.877536 ° E  / 39.343724 ; 72.877536  ( Pik Lenin ) ) Trans - Alay Range Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan Peak Korzhenevskaya 7,105 ( 39 ° 03 ′ 26 '' N 72 ° 00 ′ 35 '' E  /  39.057317 ° N 72.00983 ° E  / 39.057317 ; 72.00983  ( Peak Korzhenevskaya ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan Independence Peak ( also Qullai Istiqlol , formerly Revolution Peak , Dreispitz ) 6,940 ( 38 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 72 ° 21 ′ 15 '' E  /  38.51 ° N 72.354167 ° E  / 38.51 ; 72.354167  ( Independence Peak ) ) Yazgulem Range Tajikistan Russia Peak 6,875 ( 38 ° 53 ′ 46 '' N 72 ° 01 ′ 44 '' E  /  38.896 ° N 72.029 ° E  / 38.896 ; 72.029  ( Russia Peak ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan Moscow Peak 6,785 ( 38 ° 56 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 50 ′ 04 '' E  /  38.948563 ° N 71.8344 ° E  / 38.948563 ; 71.8344  ( Moscow Peak ) ) Peter I Range Tajikistan Karl Marx Peak 6,726 ( 37 ° 09 ′ 45 '' N 72 ° 28 ′ 54 '' E  /  37.1625 ° N 72.481667 ° E  / 37.1625 ; 72.481667  ( Karl Marx Peak ) ) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan Gora Kurumdy 6,614 ( 39 ° 27 ′ 21 '' N 73 ° 34 ′ 01 '' E  /  39.455812 ° N 73.566978 ° E  / 39.455812 ; 73.566978  ( Gora Kurumdy ) ) Trans - Alay Range Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan Mount Garmo 6,595 ( 38 ° 48 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 04 ′ 20 '' E  /  38.810955 ° N 72.072344 ° E  / 38.810955 ; 72.072344  ( Mount Garmo ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan Engels Peak 6,510 ( 37 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 72 ° 31 ′ 22 '' E  /  37.171671 ° N 72.522898 ° E  / 37.171671 ; 72.522898  ( Engels Peak ) ) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan Koh - e Pamir 6,320 ( 37 ° 09 ′ N 73 ° 13 ′ E  /  37.15 ° N 73.21 ° E  / 37.15 ; 73.21  ( Koh - e Pamir ) ) Wachan Range Afghanistan Peak of the Soviet Officers 6,233 ( 38 ° 25 ′ 26 '' N 73 ° 18 ′ 07 '' E  /  38.424 ° N 73.302 ° E  / 38.424 ; 73.302  ( Peak of the Soviet Officers ) ) Muskol Range Tajikistan Mayakovskiy Peak 6,095 ( 37 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 71 ° 42 ′ 54 '' E  /  37.021092 ° N 71.715138 ° E  / 37.021092 ; 71.715138  ( Mayakovskiy Peak ) ) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan Patkhor Peak 6,083 ( 37 ° 53 ′ 21 '' N 72 ° 11 ′ 21 '' E  /  37.889167 ° N 72.189167 ° E  / 37.889167 ; 72.189167  ( Patkhor Peak ) ) Ruschan Range Tajikistan Leipzig Peak 5725 ( 39 ° 20 ′ 53 '' N 72 ° 28 ′ 37 '' E  /  39.348 ° N 72.477 ° E  / 39.348 ; 72.477  ( Leipzig Peak ) ) Trans - Alay Range Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan Pik Skalisty 5707 ( 37 ° 36 ′ 02 '' N 72 ° 13 ′ 37 '' E  /  37.6005 ° N 72.227 ° E  / 37.6005 ; 72.227  ( Skalisty Peak ) ) Schugnan Range Tajikistan Kysyldangi Peak 5704 ( 37 ° 24 ′ 02 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 37 '' E  /  37.4006 ° N 72.8435 ° E  / 37.4006 ; 72.8435  ( Kysyldangi Peak ) ) Southern Alitschur Range Tajikistan", "Name Height in ( m ) Coord . Sub-range Country", "Kongur ( Kungur Tagh ) 7,649 ( 38 ° 35 ′ 36 '' N 75 ° 18 ′ 45 '' E  /  38.593428 ° N 75.312560 ° E  / 38.593428 ; 75.312560  ( Kongur ) ) Kongur Shan China", "Kongur Jiubie ( Kungur Tjube Tagh ) 7,530 ( 38 ° 36 ′ 57 '' N 75 ° 11 ′ 45 '' E  /  38.615833 ° N 75.195833 ° E  / 38.615833 ; 75.195833  ( Kungur Tjube Tagh ) ) Kongur Shan China", "Muztagh Ata 7,509 ( 38 ° 16 ′ 33 '' N 75 ° 06 ′ 58 '' E  /  38.275855 ° N 75.1161 ° E  / 38.275855 ; 75.1161  ( Muztagata ) ) Muztagh Ata Massif China", "Ismoil Somoni Peak ( formerly Communism Peak , Stalin Peak ) 7,495 ( 38 ° 56 ′ 36 '' N 72 ° 00 ′ 57 '' E  /  38.943422 ° N 72.015803 ° E  / 38.943422 ; 72.015803  ( Ismoil Somoni Peak ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan", "Lenin Peak ( new name : Abu Ali Ibn Sino Peak ; formerly Kaufmann Peak ) 7,134 ( 39 ° 20 ′ 37 '' N 72 ° 52 ′ 39 '' E  /  39.343724 ° N 72.877536 ° E  / 39.343724 ; 72.877536  ( Pik Lenin ) ) Trans - Alay Range Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan", "Peak Korzhenevskaya 7,105 ( 39 ° 03 ′ 26 '' N 72 ° 00 ′ 35 '' E  /  39.057317 ° N 72.00983 ° E  / 39.057317 ; 72.00983  ( Peak Korzhenevskaya ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan", "Independence Peak ( also Qullai Istiqlol , formerly Revolution Peak , Dreispitz ) 6,940 ( 38 ° 30 ′ 36 '' N 72 ° 21 ′ 15 '' E  /  38.51 ° N 72.354167 ° E  / 38.51 ; 72.354167  ( Independence Peak ) ) Yazgulem Range Tajikistan", "Russia Peak 6,875 ( 38 ° 53 ′ 46 '' N 72 ° 01 ′ 44 '' E  /  38.896 ° N 72.029 ° E  / 38.896 ; 72.029  ( Russia Peak ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan", "Moscow Peak 6,785 ( 38 ° 56 ′ 55 '' N 71 ° 50 ′ 04 '' E  /  38.948563 ° N 71.8344 ° E  / 38.948563 ; 71.8344  ( Moscow Peak ) ) Peter I Range Tajikistan", "Karl Marx Peak 6,726 ( 37 ° 09 ′ 45 '' N 72 ° 28 ′ 54 '' E  /  37.1625 ° N 72.481667 ° E  / 37.1625 ; 72.481667  ( Karl Marx Peak ) ) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan", "Gora Kurumdy 6,614 ( 39 ° 27 ′ 21 '' N 73 ° 34 ′ 01 '' E  /  39.455812 ° N 73.566978 ° E  / 39.455812 ; 73.566978  ( Gora Kurumdy ) ) Trans - Alay Range Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan", "Mount Garmo 6,595 ( 38 ° 48 ′ 39 '' N 72 ° 04 ′ 20 '' E  /  38.810955 ° N 72.072344 ° E  / 38.810955 ; 72.072344  ( Mount Garmo ) ) Academy of Sciences Range Tajikistan", "Engels Peak 6,510 ( 37 ° 10 ′ 18 '' N 72 ° 31 ′ 22 '' E  /  37.171671 ° N 72.522898 ° E  / 37.171671 ; 72.522898  ( Engels Peak ) ) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan", "Koh - e Pamir 6,320 ( 37 ° 09 ′ N 73 ° 13 ′ E  /  37.15 ° N 73.21 ° E  / 37.15 ; 73.21  ( Koh - e Pamir ) ) Wachan Range Afghanistan", "Peak of the Soviet Officers 6,233 ( 38 ° 25 ′ 26 '' N 73 ° 18 ′ 07 '' E  /  38.424 ° N 73.302 ° E  / 38.424 ; 73.302  ( Peak of the Soviet Officers ) ) Muskol Range Tajikistan", "Mayakovskiy Peak 6,095 ( 37 ° 01 ′ 16 '' N 71 ° 42 ′ 54 '' E  /  37.021092 ° N 71.715138 ° E  / 37.021092 ; 71.715138  ( Mayakovskiy Peak ) ) Shakhdara Range Tajikistan", "Patkhor Peak 6,083 ( 37 ° 53 ′ 21 '' N 72 ° 11 ′ 21 '' E  /  37.889167 ° N 72.189167 ° E  / 37.889167 ; 72.189167  ( Patkhor Peak ) ) Ruschan Range Tajikistan", "Leipzig Peak 5725 ( 39 ° 20 ′ 53 '' N 72 ° 28 ′ 37 '' E  /  39.348 ° N 72.477 ° E  / 39.348 ; 72.477  ( Leipzig Peak ) ) Trans - Alay Range Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan", "Pik Skalisty 5707 ( 37 ° 36 ′ 02 '' N 72 ° 13 ′ 37 '' E  /  37.6005 ° N 72.227 ° E  / 37.6005 ; 72.227  ( Skalisty Peak ) ) Schugnan Range Tajikistan", "Kysyldangi Peak 5704 ( 37 ° 24 ′ 02 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 37 '' E  /  37.4006 ° N 72.8435 ° E  / 37.4006 ; 72.8435  ( Kysyldangi Peak ) ) Southern Alitschur Range Tajikistan", "Remark : The summits of the Kongur and Muztagata Group are in some sources counted as part of the Kunlun , which would make Pik Ismoil Somoni the highest summit of the Pamir .", "There are many glaciers in the Pamir Mountains , including the 77 km ( 48 mi ) long Fedchenko Glacier , the longest in the former USSR and the longest glacier outside the polar regions . Approximately 12,500 km2 ( ca . 10 % ) of the Pamirs are glaciated . Glaciers in the Southern Pamirs are retreating rapidly . Ten percent of annual runoff is supposed to origin from retreating glaciers in the Southern Pamirs . In the North - Western Pamirs , glaciers have almost stable mass balances .", "Covered in snow throughout the year , the Pamirs have long and bitterly cold winters , and short , cool summers . Annual precipitation is about 130 mm ( 5 in ) , which supports grasslands but few trees .", "The East - Pamir , in the centre of which the massifs of Mustagh Ata ( 7620 m ) and Kongur Tagh ( Qungur Shan , 7578 , 7628 or 7830 m ) are situated , shows from the W - margin of the Tarim Basin an East - West extension of c. 200 km . Its North - South extension from King Ata Tagh up to the North - West Kunlun foothills amounts to c. 170 km . Whilst the up to 21 km long current valley glaciers are restricted to mountain massifs exceeding 5600 m in height , during the Last Glacial Period the glacier ice has covered the high plateau with its set - up highland relief , continuing west of Mustagh Ata and Kongur . From this glacier area an outlet glacier has flowed down to the north - east through the Gez valley up to c. 1850 m asl and thus as far as to the margin of the Tarim basin . This outlet glacier received inflow from the Kaiayayilak glacier from the Kongur - north - flank . From the north - adjacent Kara Bak Tor ( Chakragil , c. 6800 or 6694 m ) - massif the Oytag valley glacier in the same exposition flowed also down up to c. 1850 m asl . At glacial times the glacier snowline ( ELA ) as altitude limit between glacier nourishing area and ablation zone , was lowered about 820 to 1250 altitude metres against today . Under the condition of comparable proportions of precipitation there results from this a glacial depression of temperature of at least 5 to 7.5 ° C .", "Coal is mined in the west , though sheep herding in upper meadowlands are the primary source of income for the region .", "This section is based on the book by R. Middleton and H. Thomas", "This section is based on the book by R. Middleton and H. Thomas", "The lapis lazuli found in Egyptian tombs is thought to come from the Pamir area in Badakhshan province of Afghanistan . About 138 BC Zhang Qian reached the Fergana Valley northwest of the Pamirs . Ptolemy vaguely describes a trade route through the area . From about 600 AD , Buddhist pilgrims travelled on both sides of the Pamirs to reach India from China . In 747 a Tang army was on the Wakhan River . There are various Arab and Chinese reports . Marco Polo may have travelled along the Panj River . In 1602 Bento de Goes travelled from Kabul to Yarkand and left a meager report on the Pamirs . In 1838 Lieutenant John Wood reached the headwaters of the Pamir River . From about 1868 to 1880 , a number of Indians in the British service secretly explored the Panj area . In 1873 the British and Russians agreed to an Afghan frontier along the Panj River . From 1871 to around 1893 several Russian military - scientific expeditions mapped out most of the Pamirs ( Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko , Nikolai Severtzov , Captain Putyata and others . Later came Nikolai Korzhenevskiy ) . Several local groups asked for Russian protection from Afghan raiders . The Russians were followed by a number of non-Russians including Ney Elias , George Littledale , the Earl of Dunmore , Wilhelm Filchner and Lord Curzon who was probably the first to reach the Wakhan source of the Oxus River . In 1891 the Russians informed Francis Younghusband that he was on their territory and later escorted a Lieutenant Davidson out of the area ( ' Pamir Incident ' ) . In 1892 a battalion of Russians under Mikhail Ionov entered the area and camped near the present Murghab . In 1893 they built a proper fort there ( Pamirskiy Post ) . In 1895 their base was moved to Khorog facing the Afghans .", "In 1928 the last blank areas around the Fedchenko Glacier were mapped out by a German - Soviet expedition under Willi Rickmer Rickmers .", "In the early 1980s , a deposit of gemstone - quality clinohumite was discovered in the Pamir Mountains . It was the only such deposit known until the discovery of gem - quality material in the Taymyr region of Siberia , in 2000 .", "The Pamir Highway , the world 's second highest international road , runs from Dushanbe in Tajikistan to Osh in Kyrgyzstan through the Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province , and is the isolated region 's main supply route . The Great Silk Road crossed a number of Pamir Mountain ranges .", "In December 2009 , the New York Times featured articles on the possibilities for tourism in the Pamir area of Tajikistan. 2013 proved to be the most successful year ever for tourism in the region and tourism development continues to be the fastest growing economic sector . The META ( Murghab Ecotourism Association ) website ( www.meta.tj ) provides an excellent repository of tourism related resources for the Eastern Pamir region .", "Historically , the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between Kashgar and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests . The Northern Silk Road ( about 2,600 km ( 1,616 mi ) in length ) connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an over the Pamir Mountains towards the west to emerge in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia . In the 20th century , they have been the setting for Tajikistan Civil War , border disputes between China and Soviet Union , establishment of US , Russian , and Indian military bases , and renewed interest in trade development and resource exploration . China has since resolved most of those disputes with Central Asian countries ." ]

[ [] ]

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[ "The Girl Ca n't Help It original poster Directed by Frank Tashlin Produced by Frank Tashlin Written by Frank Tashlin Herbert Baker Starring Tom Ewell Jayne Mansfield Edmond O'Brien Henry Jones Julie London Music by Bobby Troup Cinematography Leon Shamroy Edited by James B. Clark Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 12 - 01 ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1,310,000 Box office $6,250,000", "The Girl Ca n't Help It", "original poster", "Directed by Frank Tashlin", "Produced by Frank Tashlin", "Written by Frank Tashlin Herbert Baker", "Starring Tom Ewell Jayne Mansfield Edmond O'Brien Henry Jones Julie London", "Music by Bobby Troup", "Cinematography Leon Shamroy", "Edited by James B. Clark", "Distributed by 20th Century Fox", "Release date December 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 12 - 01 )", "December 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 12 - 01 )", "December 1 , 1956 ( 1956 - 12 - 01 )", "Running time 99 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $1,310,000", "Box office $6,250,000", "The Girl Ca n't Help It is a 1956 musical comedy starring Jayne Mansfield in the titular role , Tom Ewell , Edmond O'Brien , Henry Jones , and Julie London . The picture was produced and directed by Frank Tashlin , with a screenplay adapted by Tashlin and Herbert Baker from an uncredited 1955 novel Do Re Mi by Garson Kanin . The movie was originally intended as a vehicle for the American sex symbol Jayne Mansfield , with a satirical subplot involving teenagers and rock ' n ' roll music . The unintended result has been called the `` most potent '' celebration of rock music ever captured on film .", "The original music score , including a title song performed by Little Richard , was by Bobby Troup , with an additional credit to Ray Anthony for the tune `` Big Band Boogie '' . Tom Ewell had portrayed Marilyn Monroe 's leading man in The Seven Year Itch the previous year .", "A slot machine mobster , Marty `` Fats '' Murdock ( Edmond O'Brien ) , wants his blonde girlfriend , Jerri Jordan ( Jayne Mansfield ) , to be a singing star , despite her seeming lack of talent . He hires alcoholic press agent Tom Miller ( Tom Ewell ) to promote Jordan , both because of his past success with the career of singer Julie London ( a fiction of the script ) and because he never makes sexual advances towards his female clients .", "Miller sets to work by showing Jordan off around numerous night spots ; his machinations arouse interest in Jordan and soon offers of contracts follow . However , Miller realizes that Jordan really just wants to be a homemaker and tries to persuade Murdock not to push Jordan into a show - business career . He thinks he 's succeeded when he reveals to Murdock that Jordan 's singing is so bad it shatters light bulbs , but Murdock suggests that Jordan would be perfect for a song he composed while in prison , `` Rock Around the Rock Pile '' ( a parody of Rock Around the Clock ) . Miller reluctantly records Jordan performing the part of a prison siren in Murdock 's song and heads to Chicago to promote it to Wheeler ( John Emery ) , a former mob rival of Murdock who now has a monopoly over the jukebox industry .", "Suspicious of Miller 's reluctance to promote Jordan and of the obvious attraction between Miller and Jordan , Murdock has his associate Mousie ( Henry Jones ) wiretap a phone call between the pair . Feeling pity for them , Mousie edits out the romantic portions of their conversations and convinces Murdock that their relationship is strictly business .", "In Chicago , Wheeler is impressed by the song and Jordan 's voice and offers to sign both Jordan and the song writer . However , when Miller reveals that the song writer is Murdock , Wheeler throws him out of his office and vows never to play the song . A furious Murdock bullies bar owners into buying jukeboxes from him instead and successfully promotes his and Jordan 's song . To prevent Murdock from stealing his business , Wheeler arranges to have Murdock assassinated at the rock show where Jordan will be making her debut .", "On his way to the show , Murdock confesses to Mousie that he does n't want to marry Jordan . Mousie confesses that he altered the tape of Jordan and Miller 's phone call and encourages Murdock to let Jordan marry Miller . Backstage at the show , Jordan confesses her love to Miller and they kiss . Jordan also admits that she is a talented singer , who lied because she did not want a show business career ; she goes on stage and performs a song about her love for Miller . When Murdock arrives , Miller declares to him that he and Jordan are in love ; the delighted Murdock surprises Miller by shaking his hand and offering to be the best man .", "Before Miller and Murdock can tell Jordan the good news , Wheeler 's assassins shoot at Murdock . Miller fights them off and shoves Murdock on stage to perform his song , reasoning that the assassins wo n't shoot Murdock in front of so many witnesses . Wheeler arrives and , impressed by the audience 's response to Murdock , calls off the assassination and signs Murdock instead . The film ends with Miller and Jordan kissing on their honeymoon , as Murdock and Mousie perform on a TV show in the background .", "Tom Ewell as Tom Miller Jayne Mansfield as Jerri Jordan Edmond O'Brien as Fats Murdock Julie London as Herself Ray Anthony as Himself Barry Gordon as Barry the paperboy Henry Jones as Mousie John Emery as Wheeler Juanita Moore as Hilda Fats Domino as Himself Little Richard as Himself Eddie Cochran as Himself The Platters as Themselves Gene Vincent as Himself The Treniers as Themselves Eddie Fontaine as Himself The Chuckles as Themselves Abbey Lincoln as Herself Johnny Olenn as Himself Nino Tempo as Himself", "Tom Ewell as Tom Miller", "Jayne Mansfield as Jerri Jordan", "Edmond O'Brien as Fats Murdock", "Julie London as Herself", "Ray Anthony as Himself", "Barry Gordon as Barry the paperboy", "Henry Jones as Mousie", "John Emery as Wheeler", "Juanita Moore as Hilda", "Fats Domino as Himself", "Little Richard as Himself", "Eddie Cochran as Himself", "The Platters as Themselves", "Gene Vincent as Himself", "The Treniers as Themselves", "Eddie Fontaine as Himself", "The Chuckles as Themselves", "Abbey Lincoln as Herself", "Johnny Olenn as Himself", "Nino Tempo as Himself", "The film was not received well by critics . Bosley Crowther of the New York Times noted that Jayne Mansfield performance was underwhelming , stating , `` Her range , at this stage , appears restricted to a weak imitation of Marilyn Monroe '' .", "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists :", "2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated", "2006 : AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated", "The movie 's influence on rock music is significant . The film reached Liverpool , England , in the early summer of 1957 . The cameo performances of early rock ' n ' roll stars such as Little Richard , Eddie Cochran , and Gene Vincent and His Bluecaps fascinated a 16 - year - old John Lennon by showing him , for the first time , his `` worshipped '' American rock ' n ' roll stars as living humans and thus further inspiring him to pursue his own rock and roll dream . On July 6 , 1957 , 15 - year - old Paul McCartney was introduced to Lennon after the latter had performed at a village church garden party with his skiffle group The Quarrymen . McCartney demonstrated his musical prowess to Lennon by performing `` Twenty Flight Rock '' in a manner similar to how he had seen it played by Eddie Cochran in The Girl Ca n't Help It . This led to Lennon inviting McCartney to join the group . McCartney talks about the movie in the documentary series The Beatles Anthology .", "On Wednesday September 18 , 1968 The Beatles interrupted recording `` Birthday '' at Abbey Road Studios so they could go back to Paul McCartney 's house to watch the British TV premiere of the film .", "Also , some film buffs have pointed to Elvis Presley 's famous performance of the song `` Jailhouse Rock '' in MGM 's the movie of the same name ( often cited as the first music video ) , released one year after The Girl Ca n't Help It , as bearing a remarkable resemblance to the theme and performance of a song called `` Rock Around the Rockpile '' from the earlier movie . In that performance , Edmond O'Brien , seeks to escape an assassination attempt by jumping on stage and singing the lyrics , `` rock , rock , rock around the rockpile , '' while backed up by The Ray Anthony Band wearing striped inmate uniforms . O'Brien , then 42 years old , even awkwardly attempts some of the hip - swiveling and leg motions for which Elvis had already became famous , as he had appeared already 10 times , to cumulative audiences in excess of 180 million viewers , and on national television , before and during the filming of `` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' , the production for which commencing in mid September 1956 . Moreover , other film buffs point to the fact that it was the famous acrobatic dancer and Elvis contemporary , as well as MGM star Russ Tamblyn , ( Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ) who visited Elvis at his suite at the Knickerboker Hotel on the night before the filming of the `` Jailhouse Rock '' scene . He had trouble , that same day at the rehearsals , in interpreting what the MGM choreographer Alex Romero demanded of him , so Tamblyn 's input at the suite that night helped Elvis deliver the first of that dancing sequence which , incidentally , was witnessed by none other than the then MGM megastar , Gene Kelly . In fact , the producers had wanted Elvis for The Girl Ca n't Help It , but Elvis 's manager Colonel Tom Parker had demanded too much money . Two uncredited composers on The Girl Ca n't Help It , Hugo Friedhofer and Lionel Newman , had also composed music for the Elvis classic movie , Love Me Tender , in the same year , 1956 .", "`` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' -- Little Richard `` Tempo 's Tempo '' -- Nino Tempo `` My Idea of Love '' -- Johnny Olenn `` I Ai n't Gonna Cry No More '' -- Johnny Olenn `` Ready Teddy '' -- Little Richard `` She 's Got It '' -- Little Richard `` Cool It Baby '' -- Eddie Fontaine `` Cinnamon Sinner '' -- Teddy Randazzo and the Three Chuckles `` Spread the Word '' -- Abbey Lincoln `` Cry Me a River '' -- Julie London `` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' -- Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps `` Twenty Flight Rock '' -- Eddie Cochran `` Rock Around the Rockpile '' -- Edmond O'Brien ; Ray Anthony and his Orchestra `` Rockin ' Is Our Business '' -- The Treniers `` Big Band Boogie '' -- Ray Anthony and his Orchestra `` Blue Monday '' -- Fats Domino `` You 'll Never , Never Know '' -- The Platters `` Ev'ry Time ( It Happens ) '' -- Jayne Mansfield ( dubbed by Eileen Wilson ) `` Giddy Up a Ding Dong '' -- Freddy Bell & The Bell - Boys", "`` The Girl Ca n't Help It '' -- Little Richard", "`` Tempo 's Tempo '' -- Nino Tempo", "`` My Idea of Love '' -- Johnny Olenn", "`` I Ai n't Gonna Cry No More '' -- Johnny Olenn", "`` Ready Teddy '' -- Little Richard", "`` She 's Got It '' -- Little Richard", "`` Cool It Baby '' -- Eddie Fontaine", "`` Cinnamon Sinner '' -- Teddy Randazzo and the Three Chuckles", "`` Spread the Word '' -- Abbey Lincoln", "`` Cry Me a River '' -- Julie London", "`` Be-Bop - A-Lula '' -- Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps", "`` Twenty Flight Rock '' -- Eddie Cochran", "`` Rock Around the Rockpile '' -- Edmond O'Brien ; Ray Anthony and his Orchestra", "`` Rockin ' Is Our Business '' -- The Treniers", "`` Big Band Boogie '' -- Ray Anthony and his Orchestra", "`` Blue Monday '' -- Fats Domino", "`` You 'll Never , Never Know '' -- The Platters", "`` Ev'ry Time ( It Happens ) '' -- Jayne Mansfield ( dubbed by Eileen Wilson )", "`` Giddy Up a Ding Dong '' -- Freddy Bell & The Bell - Boys" ]

[ [ "stop-motion animation" ] ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "King Kong Theatrical release poster Directed by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Produced by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Screenplay by James Creelman Ruth Rose Story by Edgar Wallace Merian C. Cooper Starring Fay Wray Robert Armstrong Bruce Cabot Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Eddie Linden Vernon Walker J.O. Taylor Edited by Ted Cheesman Production company Radio Pictures Distributed by Radio Pictures Release date March 2 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 02 ) ( New York City ) March 24 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 24 ) ( Los Angeles ) April 7 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes 104 minutes ( with overture ) Country United States Language English Budget $672,000 ( $12 million adjusted for inflation ) Box office $2.8 million ( $51 million adjusted for inflation )", "King Kong", "Theatrical release poster", "Directed by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack", "Produced by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack", "Screenplay by James Creelman Ruth Rose", "Story by Edgar Wallace Merian C. Cooper", "Starring Fay Wray Robert Armstrong Bruce Cabot", "Music by Max Steiner", "Cinematography Eddie Linden Vernon Walker J.O. Taylor", "Edited by Ted Cheesman", "Production company Radio Pictures", "Distributed by Radio Pictures", "Release date March 2 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 02 ) ( New York City ) March 24 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 24 ) ( Los Angeles ) April 7 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) ( United States )", "March 2 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 02 ) ( New York City ) March 24 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 24 ) ( Los Angeles ) April 7 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) ( United States )", "March 2 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 02 ) ( New York City )", "March 24 , 1933 ( 1933 - 03 - 24 ) ( Los Angeles )", "April 7 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) ( United States )", "Running time 100 minutes 104 minutes ( with overture )", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $672,000 ( $12 million adjusted for inflation )", "Box office $2.8 million ( $51 million adjusted for inflation )", "King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack . The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace . It stars Fay Wray , Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong , and opened in New York City on March 2 , 1933 , to rave reviews . It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the greatest horror film of all time and the twentieth greatest film of all time .", "The film tells of a gigantic , prehistoric , island - dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman . King Kong is especially noted for its stop - motion animation by Willis O'Brien and a groundbreaking musical score by Max Steiner . In 1991 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically and aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It has been remade twice , in 1976 and 2005 , while a reboot , Kong : Skull Island , was released in 2017 .", "In New York Harbor , filmmaker Carl Denham ( Robert Armstrong ) , famous for making wildlife films in remote and exotic locations , charters Captain Englehorn 's ( Frank Reicher ) ship Venture for his new project , but is unable to secure an actress for a female role he has reluctantly added to the script . Due to set sail that night , Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman . He meets penniless Ann Darrow ( Fay Wray ) and convinces her to join him for what he proposes as the adventure of a lifetime . The Venture quickly gets underway and , during the voyage , the surly first mate , Jack Driscoll ( Bruce Cabot ) , gradually falls in love with Ann .", "After weeks of secrecy , Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island , an uncharted land shown on a map in Denham 's possession . Denham also cryptically alludes to some monstrous creature rumored to dwell on the island , a legendary entity known only as `` Kong '' . When they find the island and anchor offshore , they see a native village , separated from the rest of the island by an enormous ancient stone wall . A landing party , including the filming crew and Ann , witnesses a group of natives preparing to sacrifice a young maiden as the `` bride of Kong '' . The intruders are spotted and the native chief ( Noble Johnson ) angrily stops the ceremony . When he sees the blonde Ann , he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the `` golden woman '' . They rebuff him and return to the Venture .", "That night , a band of natives kidnap Ann from the ship and lead her through a huge wooden gate in the wall . Tied to an altar , she is offered to Kong , who turns out to be an enormous gorilla - like ape . Kong carries her off into the jungle as the Venture crew , alerted to Ann 's abduction , arrive . They open the gate and Denham , Driscoll and some volunteers enter the jungle in hopes of rescuing Ann . They soon discover that Kong is far from the only giant prehistoric creature on the island when they are charged by a Stegosaurus , which they manage to kill . After constructing a raft in order to cross a swamp , a Brontosaurus capsizes their supplies , killing several of the men . Fleeing through the jungle , they soon encounter Kong , who tries to stop them from crossing a ravine by shaking them off a fallen tree that bridges it . Only Driscoll and Denham , on opposite sides , survive .", "A Tyrannosaurus threatens Ann , but Kong kills it after a colossal battle by breaking its neck and jaw . Driscoll continues to shadow Kong and Ann while Denham returns to the village for more men . Upon arriving in Kong 's lair in a mountain cave , Ann is menaced by a snake - like Elasmosaurus , which Kong wrestles and kills . While Kong is distracted killing a Pteranodon that tried to fly away with Ann , Driscoll reaches her and they climb down a vine dangling from a cliff ledge . When Kong notices and starts pulling them back up , they let go and fall unharmed into the water below . They run through the jungle and back to the village , where Denham , Englehorn and the surviving crewmen are waiting . Kong , following , breaks open the gate and murderously rampages through the village . On shore , Denham , now determined to bring Kong back alive , knocks him unconscious with a gas bomb .", "Shackled in chains of chrome steel , Kong is presented to a Broadway theatre audience as `` Kong , the Eighth Wonder of the World '' . Ann and Jack are brought on stage to join him , followed by an invited group of press photographers . Kong , believing that the ensuing flash photography is an attack , breaks loose as the audience flees in terror . Ann is whisked away to a hotel room on a high floor , but Kong , scaling the building , soon finds her . Kong 's hand smashes through the hotel room window , knocking Jack unconscious and seizing Ann . Kong rampages through the city . He wrecks a crowded elevated train and ultimately climbs the Empire State Building . At its top , he is met by four Observation Aircraft . Kong sets Ann down and battles the planes , managing to down one of them , but he finally succumbs to their gunfire and falls to his death . Ann and Jack are reunited . Denham arrives and pushes through a crowd surrounding Kong 's body in the street . When a policeman remarks that the planes got him , Denham tells him , `` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . ''", "Fay Wray as Ann Darrow Robert Armstrong as Carl Denham Bruce Cabot as Jack Driscoll Frank Reicher as Captain Englehorn Sam Hardy as Charles Weston Noble Johnson as the Native Chief Steve Clemente as the Witch King James Flavin as Briggs , 2nd Mate Victor Wong as Charlie the Cook ( uncredited ) Everett Brown as the Native in Ape Costume ( uncredited )", "Fay Wray as Ann Darrow", "Robert Armstrong as Carl Denham", "Bruce Cabot as Jack Driscoll", "Frank Reicher as Captain Englehorn", "Sam Hardy as Charles Weston", "Noble Johnson as the Native Chief", "Steve Clemente as the Witch King", "James Flavin as Briggs , 2nd Mate", "Victor Wong as Charlie the Cook ( uncredited )", "Everett Brown as the Native in Ape Costume ( uncredited )", "Before King Kong entered production , a long tradition of jungle films existed , and , whether drama or documentary , such films generally adhered to a narrative pattern that followed an explorer or scientist into the jungle to test a theory only to discover some monstrous aberration in the undergrowth ( see Stark Mad ) . In such films , scientific knowledge could be turned topsy - turvy at any time , and it was this that provided the genre with its vitality , appeal , and endurance .", "In the early 20th century , few zoos had primate exhibits so there was popular demand to see them on film . At the turn of the 20th century , the Lumière Brothers sent film documentarians to places westerners had never seen , and Georges Méliès utilized trick photography in film fantasies that prefigured that in King Kong . Jungle films were launched in the United States in 1913 with Beasts in the Jungle , a film that mixed live actors with lions , a tiger , and other animals . The film 's popularity spawned similar pictures , including a few about `` ape men '' and gorillas . In 1918 , Elmo Lincoln starred in Tarzan of the Apes , and , in 1925 , The Lost World made movie history with special effects by Willis O'Brien and a crew that later would work on King Kong . William S. Campbell specialized in monkey - themed films with Monkey Stuff and Jazz Monkey in 1919 , with Prohibition Monkey following in 1920 . King Kong producer Ernest B. Schoedsack had earlier monkey experience directing Chang : A Drama of the Wilderness in 1927 ( also with Merian C. Cooper ) and Rango in 1931 , both of which prominently featured monkeys in authentic jungle settings . Capitalizing on this trend , Congo Pictures released the hoax documentary Ingagi in 1930 , advertising the film as `` an authentic incontestable celluloid document showing the sacrifice of a living woman to mammoth gorillas . '' Ingagi was an unabashed black exploitation film , immediately running afoul of the Hollywood code of ethics , as it implicitly depicted black women having sex with gorillas , and baby offspring that looked more ape than human . The film was an immediate hit , and by some estimates it was one of the highest - grossing movies of the 1930s at over $4 million . Although Cooper never listed Ingagi among his influences for King Kong , it has long been held that RKO green - lit Kong because of the bottom - line example of Ingagi and the formula that `` gorillas plus sexy women in peril equals enormous profits '' .", "Merian C. Cooper 's fascination with gorillas began with his boyhood reading of Paul Du Chaillu 's Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa ( 1861 ) and was furthered in 1929 by studying a tribe of baboons in Africa while filming The Four Feathers . After reading W. Douglas Burden 's The Dragon Lizards of Komodo , he fashioned a scenario depicting African gorillas battling Komodo dragons intercut with artificial stand - ins for joint shots . He then narrowed the dramatis personae to one ferocious , lizard - battling gorilla ( rather than a group ) and included a lone woman on expedition to appease those critics who belabored him for neglecting romance in his films . A remote island would be the setting and the gorilla would be dealt a spectacular death in New York City .", "Cooper took his concept to Paramount Studios in the first years of the Great Depression but executives shied away from a project that sent film crews on costly shoots to Africa and Komodo . In 1931 , David O. Selznick brought Cooper to RKO as his executive assistant , and , to sweeten the deal , promised him he could make his own films . Cooper began immediately developing The Most Dangerous Game , a story about a big game hunter , and hired his friend and former film partner , Ernest B. Schoedsack , to direct . A huge jungle stage set was built , with Robert Armstrong and Fay Wray as the stars . Once the film was underway , Cooper turned his attention to the studio 's big - budget - out - of - control fantasy , Creation , a story about a group of travelers shipwrecked on an island of dinosaurs . The film employed special effects wizard Willis O'Brien .", "When Cooper screened O'Brien's stop - motion Creation footage , he was unimpressed , but realized he could economically make his gorilla picture by scrapping the Komodo dragons and costly location shoots for O'Brien's animated dinosaurs and the studio 's existing jungle set . It was at this time Cooper probably cast his gorilla as a giant named Kong , and planned to have him die at the Empire State Building . The RKO board was wary about the project , but gave its approval after Cooper organized a presentation with Wray , Armstrong , and Cabot , and O'Brien's model dinosaurs . In his executive capacity , Cooper ordered the Creation production shelved , and put its crew to work on Kong .", "Cooper assigned recently hired RKO screenwriter and best - selling British mystery / adventure writer Edgar Wallace the job of writing a screenplay and a novel based on his gorilla fantasy . Cooper understood the commercial appeal of Wallace 's name and planned to publicize the film as being `` based on the novel by Edgar Wallace '' . Wallace conferred with Cooper and O'Brien ( who contributed , among other things , the `` Ann 's dress '' scene ) and began work on January 1 , 1932 . He completed a rough draft called The Beast on January 5 , 1932 . Cooper thought the draft needed considerable work but Wallace died on February 10 , 1932 , just after beginning revisions . Despite not using any of the draft in the final production beyond the previously agreed upon plot outline , Cooper gave a screen credit to Wallace as he had promised it as a producer .", "Cooper called in James Ashmore Creelman ( who was working on the script of The Most Dangerous Game at the time ) and the two men worked together on several drafts under the title The Eighth Wonder . Some details from Wallace 's rough draft were dropped , notably his boatload of escaped convicts . Wallace 's Danby Denham character , a big game hunter , became film director Carl Denham . His Shirley became Ann Darrow and her lover - convict John became Jack Driscoll . The ' beauty and the beast ' angle was first developed at this time . Kong 's escape was switched from Madison Square Garden to Yankee Stadium and ( finally ) to a Broadway theater . Cute moments involving the gorilla in Wallace 's draft were cut because Cooper wanted Kong hard and tough in the belief that his fall would be all the more awesome and tragic .", "Time constraints forced Creelman to temporarily drop The Eighth Wonder and devote his time to the Game script . RKO staff writer Horace McCoy was called in to work with Cooper , and it was he who introduced the island natives , a giant wall , and the sacrificial maidens into the plot . Leon Gordon also contributed to the screenplay in a minimal capacity ; both he and McCoy went uncredited in the completed film . When Creelman returned to the script full - time , he hated McCoy 's ' mythic elements ' , believing the script already had too many over-the - top concepts , but Cooper insisted on keeping them in . RKO head Selznick and his executives wanted Kong introduced earlier in the film ( believing the audience would grow bored waiting for his appearance ) , but Cooper persuaded them that a suspenseful build - up would make Kong 's entrance all the more exciting .", "Cooper felt Creelman 's final draft was slow - paced , too full of flowery dialogue , weighted - down with long scenes of exposition , and written on a scale that would have been prohibitively expensive to film . Writer Ruth Rose ( Schoedsack 's wife ) was brought in to for rewrites and , although she had never written a screenplay , undertook the task with a complete understanding of Cooper 's style , streamlining the script and tightening the action . Rather than explaining how Kong would be transported to New York , for example , she simply cut from the island to the theater . She incorporated autobiographical elements into the script with Cooper mirrored in the Denham character , her husband Schoedsack in the tough but tender Driscoll character , and herself in struggling actress Ann Darrow . Rose also rewrote the dialogue and created the film 's opening sequence , showing Denham meeting Ann on the streets of New York . Cooper was delighted with Rose 's script , approving the newly re-titled Kong for production . Cooper and Schoedsack decided to co-direct scenes but their styles were different ( Cooper was slow and meticulous , Schoedsack brisk ) and they finally agreed to work separately , with Cooper overseeing O'Brien's miniature work and directing the special effects sequences , and Schoedsack directing the dialogue scenes .", "Fay Wray played bit parts in Hollywood until cast as the lead in Erich von Stroheim 's 1928 silent film , The Wedding March . She met Kong co-directors Cooper and Schoedsack when cast as Ethne Eustace in The Four Feathers in 1929 . Cooper cast her in 1932 as Eve Trowbridge in The Most Dangerous Game .", "After the RKO board approved the Kong test , Cooper decided a blonde would provide contrast to the gorilla 's dark pelt . Dorothy Jordan , Jean Harlow , and Ginger Rogers were considered , but the role finally went to Wray who wore a blonde wig in the film and was inspired more by Cooper 's enthusiasm than the script to accept the role . According to her autobiography , On the Other Hand , Wray recounts that Cooper had told her he planned to star her opposite the `` tallest , darkest leading man in Hollywood '' . She assumed he meant Clark Gable until he showed her a picture of Kong climbing the Empire State Building .", "On the film 's 50th anniversary in 1983 , one New York theater held a Fay Wray scream - alike contest in its lobby , and , two days after her death on August 8 , 2004 , the lights of the Empire State Building were dimmed for 15 minutes in her memory .", "Michigan native and veteran Broadway and silent film character actor Robert Armstrong played Wray 's alcoholic brother in The Most Dangerous Game and , during filming , became a member of the Cooper - Schoedsack inner circle . He was a shoo - in as Denham when Kong was cast . The film 's romantic angle ( rather than its jungle or animal angle ) was played - up after animal films fared poorly at the box office in the early months of 1933 . One exhibitor displayed a promotional still of Wray swooning in Armstrong 's arms with the caption , `` Their Hearts Stood Still ... For There Stood Kong ! A Love Story of Today That Spans the Ages ! '' . Although the film 's romantic subplot belongs to Cabot and Wray , established star Armstrong was chosen for the ad rather than the unknown Cabot . Months later , Armstrong again played Carl Denham in Kong 's sequel , Son of Kong ( 1933 ) .", "New Mexico native Jacques De Bujac was signed by Selznick as a contract player , given the name Bruce Cabot , and met Cooper when auditioning for The Most Dangerous Game . He almost walked out of his Kong audition ( mistakenly believing he was trying out as a stunt double for Joel McCrea ) but was convinced otherwise and received the role of Jack Driscoll , his first starring role . He was an inexperienced actor and described his participation in Kong as standing in the right place , doing what he was told , and collecting a paycheck .", "German - born Broadway veteran and silent film director Frank Reicher was cast as Captain Englehorn of the SS Venture , Victor Wong as the ship 's cook Charlie , James Flavin as Second Mate Briggs , and a host of stuntmen and bit players as the ship 's crew . Noble Johnson and Steve Clemente were members of the Cooper - Schoedsack inner circle and cast as the Native Chief and the Witch Doctor respectively while Etta McDaniel played a native mother of a child she rescues from Kong 's rampage . Sam Hardy was cast as a theatrical agent and Sandra Shaw ( later Mrs. Gary Cooper ) was cast as the New York woman Kong drops to the street from the hotel ledge . Merian C. Cooper , who was shot down in World War I in an Airco DH. 4 and made a prisoner of war by the Germans , and who later flew with the Kosciuszko Squadron , played the airplane pilot and Schoedsack the machine gunner in uncredited roles in the film 's final scenes .", "After the RKO board approved the production of a test reel , Marcel Delgado constructed Kong ( or the `` Giant Terror Gorilla '' as he was then known ) per designs and directions from Cooper and O'Brien on a one - inch - equals - one - foot scale to simulate a gorilla 18 feet tall . Four models were built : two jointed 18 - inch aluminum , foam rubber , latex , and rabbit fur models ( to be rotated during filming ) , one jointed 24 - inch model of the same materials for the New York scenes , and a small model of lead and fur for the plummeting - down - the - Empire - State - Building scene . At least two armatures have survived - one believed to be the original made for the test footage - and are owned by Peter Jackson and Bob Burns . In 2009 , one sold for £ 121,000 ( $200,000 ) at Christie 's in London .", "Kong 's torso was streamlined to eliminate the comical appearance of the real world gorilla 's prominent belly and buttocks . His lips , eyebrows , and nose were fashioned of rubber , his eyes of glass , and his facial expressions controlled by thin , bendable wires threaded through holes drilled in his aluminum skull . During filming , Kong 's rubber skin dried out quickly under studio lights , making it necessary to replace it often and completely rebuild his facial features .", "A huge bust of Kong 's head , neck , and upper chest was made of wood , cloth , rubber , and bearskin by Delgado , E.B. Gibson , and Fred Reefe . Inside the structure , metal levers , hinges , and an air compressor were operated by three men to control the mouth and facial expressions . Its fangs were 10 inches in length and its eyeballs 12 inches in diameter . The bust was moved from set to set on a flatcar . Its scale matched none of the models and , if fully realized , Kong would have stood thirty to forty feet tall .", "Two versions of Kong 's right hand and arm were constructed of steel , sponge rubber , rubber , and bearskin . The first hand was non articulated , mounted on a crane , and operated by grips for the scene in which Kong grabs at Driscoll in the cave . The other hand and arm had articulated fingers , was mounted on a lever to elevate it , and was used in the several scenes in which Kong grasps Ann . A non articulated leg was created of materials similar to the hands , mounted on a crane , and used to stomp on Kong 's victims .", "The dinosaurs were made by Delgado in the same fashion as Kong and based on Charles R. Knight 's murals in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City . All the armatures were manufactured in the RKO machine shop . Materials used were cotton , foam rubber , latex sheeting , and liquid latex . Football bladders were placed inside some models to simulate breathing . A scale of one - inch - equals - one - foot was employed and models ranged from 18 inches to 3 feet in length . Several of the models were originally built for Creation and sometimes two or three models were built of individual species . Prolonged exposure to studio lights wreaked havoc with the latex skin so John Cerasoli carved wooden duplicates of each model to be used as stand - ins for test shoots and lineups . He carved wooden models of Ann , Driscoll , and other human characters . Models of the Venture , railway cars , and war planes were built .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "King Kong is well known for its groundbreaking use of special effects , such as stop - motion animation , matte painting , rear projection and miniatures , all of which were conceived decades before the digital age .", "The numerous prehistoric creatures inhabiting Skull Island were brought to life through the use of stop - motion animation by Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator , Buzz Gibson . The stop - motion animation scenes were painstaking and difficult to achieve and complete after the special effects crew realized that they could not stop , because it would make the movements of the creatures seem inconsistent and the lighting would not have the same intensity over the many days it took to fully animate a finished sequence . A device called the surface gauge was used in order to keep track of the stop - motion animation performance . The iconic fight between Kong and the Tyrannosaurus took seven weeks to be completed . O'Brien's protegé , Ray Harryhausen , who would work with him on several films and become one of the most prominent stop - motion animators in Hollywood , stated that O'Brien's second wife noticed that there was so much of her husband in Kong .", "The backdrop of Skull Island seen when the Venture crew first arrive was painted on glass by matte painters Henry Hillinck , Mario Larrinaga and Byron C. Crabbé . The scene was then composted with separate bird elements and rear projected behind the ship and the actors . The background of the scenes in the jungle ( a miniature set ) were also painted on several layers of glass to convey the illusion of deep and dense jungle foliage .", "The most difficult task for the special effects artists to achieve was to make live - action footage interact with separately filmed stop - motion animation - to make the interaction between the humans and the creatures of the island seem believable . The most simple of these effects were accomplished by exposing part of the frame , than running the same piece of the film through the camera again by exposing the other part of the frame with a different image . The most complex shots , where the live - action actors interacted with the stop - motion animation , were achieved via two different techniques , the Dunning process and the Williams process , in order to produce the effect of a travelling matte . The Dunning process , invented by cinematographer Carroll H. Dunning , employed the use of blue and yellow lighting , filtered and photographed into black - and - white film . Bi packing of the camera was used for these types of effects . With it , the special effects crew could combine two strips of different film at the same time , creating the final composite shot in the camera . It was used in the climactic scene where one of the Curtiss Helldiver planes attacking Kong crashes from the top of the Empire State Building , and in the scene where natives are running through the foreground , while Kong is fighting other natives at the wall .", "On the other hand , the Williams process , invented by cinematographer Frank D. Williams , did not require a system of colored lights and could be used for wider shots . It was used in the scene where Kong is shaking the sailors off the log , as well as the scene where Kong pushes the gates open . The Williams process did not use bipacking , but rather an optical printer , the first such device that synchronized a projector with a camera , so that several strips of film could be combined into a single composted image . Through the use of the optical printer , the special effects crew could film the foreground , the stop - motion animation , the live - action footage , and the background , and combine all of those elements into one single shot . The optical printer would continue to be used for films until the late 1980s , when they were superseded by digital composting .", "Another technique that was used in combining live actors and stop - motion animation was rear - screen projection . The actor would have a translucent screen behind him where a projector would project footage onto the back of the translucent screen . The translucent screen was developed by Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman , who received a Special Achievement Oscar . It was used in the famous scene where Kong and the Tyrannosaurus fight while Ann watches from the branches of a nearby tree . The stop - motion animation was filmed first . Fay Wray then spent a twenty - two hour period sitting in a fake tree acting out her observation of the battle , which was projected onto the translucent screen while the camera filmed her witnessing the projected stop - motion battle . She was sore for days after the shoot . The same process was also used for the scene where sailors from the Venture kill a Stegosaurus .", "O'Brien and his special effects crew also devised a way to use rear - projection in miniature sets . A tiny screen was built into the miniature onto which live - action footage would then be projected . A fan pumped cool air to prevent the footage that was projected from melting or catching fire . This miniature rear projection was used in the scene where Kong is trying to grab Driscoll , who is hiding in a cave . The scene where Kong puts Ann in the top of a tree switched from a puppet in Kong 's hand to a projected footage of Ann sitting .", "The scene where Kong fights the snake - like reptile in his lair was likely the most significant special effects achievement of the film , due to the way in which all of the elements in the sequence work together at the same time . The scene was accomplished through the use of a miniature set , stop - motion animation for Kong , background matte paintings , real water , foreground rocks with bubbling mud , smoke and two miniature rear screen projections of Driscoll and Ann .", "Over the years , some media reports have alleged that in certain scenes Kong was played by an actor wearing a gorilla suit . However , film historians are generally agreed that all scenes involving Kong were achieved with animated models .", "King Kong was filmed in several stages over an eight - month period . Some actors had so much time between their Kong periods that they were able to fully complete work on other films . Cabot completed Road House and Wray appeared in the horror films Dr. X and Mystery of the Wax Museum . She estimated she worked for ten weeks on Kong over its eight - month production .", "In May and June 1932 , Cooper directed the first live - action Kong scenes on the jungle set built for The Most Dangerous Game . Some of these scenes were incorporated into the test reel later exhibited for the RKO board . The script was still in revision when the jungle scenes were shot and much of the dialogue was improvised . The jungle set was scheduled to be struck after Game was completed , so Cooper filmed all of the other jungle scenes at this time . The last scene shot was that of Driscoll and Ann racing through the jungle to safety following their escape from Kong 's lair .", "In July 1932 , the native village was readied while Schoedsack and his crew filmed establishing shots in the harbor of New York City . Curtiss F8C - 5 / O2C - 1 Helldiver war planes taking off and in flight were filmed at a U.S. Naval airfield on Long Island . Views of New York City were filmed from the Empire State Building for backgrounds in the final scenes and architectural plans for the mooring mast were secured from the building 's owners for a mock - up to be constructed on the Hollywood sound stage .", "In August 1932 , the island landing party scene and the gas bomb scene were filmed south of Los Angeles on a beach at San Pedro , California . All of the native village scenes were then filmed on the RKO - Pathé lot in Culver City with the native huts recycled from Bird of Paradise ( 1932 ) . The great wall in the island scenes was a hand - me - down from DeMille 's The King of Kings ( 1927 ) and dressed up with massive gates , a gong , and primitive carvings . The scene of Ann being led through the gates to the sacrificial altar was filmed at night with hundreds of extras and 350 lights for illumination . A camera was mounted on a crane to follow Ann to the altar . The Culver City Fire Department was on hand due to concerns that the set might go up in flames from the many native torches used in the scene . The wall and gate were destroyed in 1939 for Gone With the Wind 's burning of Atlanta sequence . Hundreds of extras were once again used for Kong 's rampage through the native village , and filming was completed with individual vignettes of mayhem and native panic .", "Meanwhile , the scene depicting a New York woman being dropped to her apparent death from a hotel window was filmed on the sound stage using the articulated hand . At the same time , a scene depicting poker players surprised by Kong 's face peering through a window was filmed using the ' big head ' , although the scene was eventually dropped . When filming was completed , a break was scheduled to finish construction of the interior sets and to allow screenwriter Ruth Rose time to finish the script .", "In September -- October 1932 , Schoedsack returned to the sound stage after completing the native village shoots in Culver City . The decks and cabins of the Venture were constructed and all the live - action shipboard scenes were then filmed . The New York scenes were filmed , including the scene of Ann being plucked from the streets by Denham , and the diner scene . Following completion of the interior scenes , Schoedsack returned to San Pedro and spent a day on a tramp steamer to film the scene of Driscoll punching Ann , and various atmospheric harbor scenes . The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles was rented for one day to film the scenes where Kong is displayed in chains and the backstage theater scenes following his escape . Principal photography wrapped at the end of October 1932 with the filming of the climax wherein Driscoll rescues Ann at the top of the Empire State Building . Schoedsack 's work was completed and he headed to Syria to film outdoor scenes for Arabia , a project that was never completed .", "In December 1932 -- January 1933 , the actors were called back to film a number of optical effects shots which were mostly rear - screen projections . Technical problems inherent in the process made filming difficult and time - consuming . Wray spent most of a twenty - two hour period sitting in a fake tree to witness the battle between Kong and a Tyrannosaurus . She was sore for days after . Many of the scenes featuring Wray in the articulated hand were filmed at this time . In December , Cooper re shot the scene of the female New Yorker falling to her death . Stunt doubles were filmed for the water scenes depicting Driscoll and Ann escaping from Kong . A portion of the jungle set was reconstructed to film Denham snagging his sleeve on a branch during the pursuit scene . Originally , Denham ducked behind a bush to escape danger , but this was later considered cowardly and the scene was re shot . The final scene was originally staged on the top of the Empire State Building , but Cooper was dissatisfied and re shot the scene with Kong lying dead in the street with the crowd gathered about him .", "King Kong was settled upon as the title , and the film cut from 125 to 100 minutes , with scenes that slowed the pace or diverted attention from Kong deleted . Infamously , the deleted scene was what later became known as the `` Spider Pit Sequence '' , where a number of sailors from the Venture survived a fall into a ravine , only to be eaten alive by various large spiders , insects and other creatures . In a studio memo , Merian C. Cooper said that he cut the scene out himself because it `` stopped the story '' . Aside from some still photographs and pre-production artwork , no trace of it has ever been found . Decades later , Peter Jackson would incorporate a re-imagining of this sequence for his 2005 King Kong remake , and he also shot another version of the scene for fun using stop - motion animation , which was included among the bonus features of the two - disc DVD of the 1933 original .", "Murray Spivack provided the sound effects for the film . Kong 's roar was created by mixing the recorded roars of zoo lions and tigers , subsequently played backwards slowly . Spivak himself provided Kong 's `` love grunts '' by grunting into a megaphone and playing it at a slow speed . For the huge ape 's footsteps , Spivak stomped across a gravel - filled box with plungers wrapped in foam attached to his own feet , while the sounds of his chest beats were recorded by Spivak hitting his assistant ( who had a microphone held to his back ) on the chest with a drumstick . Spivak created the hisses and croaks of the dinosaurs with an air compressor for the former and his own vocals for the latter . The vocalizations of the Tyrannosaurus were additionally mixed in with puma screams . Bird squawks were used for the Pteranodon . Spivak also provided the numerous screams of the various sailors . Fay Wray herself provided all of her character 's screams in a single recording session .", "For budget reasons , RKO decided not to have an original film score composed , instead instructing composer Max Steiner to simply reuse music from other films . Cooper thought the film deserved an original score and paid Steiner $50,000 to compose it . Steiner completed the score in six weeks and recorded it with a 46 - piece orchestra . The studio later reimbursed Cooper . The score was unlike any that came before and marked a significant change in the history of film music . King Kong 's score was the first feature - length musical score written for an American `` talkie '' film , the first major Hollywood film to have a thematic score rather than background music , the first to mark the use of a 46 - piece orchestra , and the first to be recorded on three separate tracks ( sound effects , dialogue , and music ) . Steiner used a number of new film scoring techniques , such as drawing upon opera conventions for his use of leitmotifs .", "King Kong opened at the 6,200 - seat Radio City Music Hall in New York City and the 3,700 - seat RKO Roxy across the street on Thursday , March 2 , 1933 . The film was preceded by a stage show called Jungle Rhythms . Crowds lined up around the block on opening day , tickets were priced at $. 35 to $. 75 , and , in its first four days , every one of its ten - shows - a-day were sold out -- setting an all - time attendance record for an indoor event . Over the four - day period , the film grossed $89,931 .", "The film had its official world premiere on March 23 , 1933 at Grauman 's Chinese Theater in Hollywood . The ' big head bust ' was placed in the theater 's forecourt and a seventeen - act show preceded the film with The Dance of the Sacred Ape performed by a troupe of African American dancers the highpoint . Kong cast and crew attended and Wray thought her on - screen screams distracting and excessive . The film opened nationwide on April 10 , 1933 , and worldwide on Easter Day in London , England .", "Variety thought the film was a powerful adventure . The New York Times gave readers an enthusiastic account of the plot and thought the film a fascinating adventure . John Mosher of The New Yorker called it `` ridiculous '' , but wrote that there were `` many scenes in this picture that are certainly diverting '' . The New York World - Telegram said it was `` one of the very best of all the screen thrillers , done with all the cinema 's slickest camera tricks '' . The Chicago Tribune called it `` one of the most original , thrilling and mammoth novelties to emerge from a movie studio . ''", "On February 3 , 2002 , Roger Ebert included King Kong in his `` Great Movies '' list , writing that `` In modern times the movie has aged , as critic James Berardinelli observes , and ' advances in technology and acting have dated aspects of the production . ' Yes , but in the very artificiality of some of the special effects , there is a creepiness that is n't there in today 's slick , flawless , computer - aided images ... Even allowing for its slow start , wooden acting and wall - to - wall screaming , there is something ageless and primeval about `` King Kong '' that still somehow works . '' King Kong holds an average score of 98 % based on 54 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes .", "In the 19th and early twentieth century , people of African descent were commonly visually represented as ape - like , a metaphor that fitted racist stereotypes , further bolstered by the emergence of scientific racism . Early blockbuster films frequently mirrored racial tensions . While King Kong is often compared to the story of Beauty and the Beast , many film scholars have argued that the film was a racist cautionary tale about interracial romance , in which the film 's `` carrier of blackness is not a human being , but an ape '' . Cooper and Schoedsack rejected any allegorical interpretations , insisting in interviews that the film 's story contained no hidden meanings .", "The film was a box office success making about $2 million in rentals on its initial release , with an opening weekend estimated at $90,000 . Receipts fell by up to 50 % in the second week of the film 's release because of the national `` bank holiday '' called in President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first days in office ; the film still did nicely . During the film 's first run it made a profit of $650,000 . It was re-released in 1938 , 1942 , 1946 , 1952 and 1956 . After the 1952 re-release , Variety estimated the film had made $4 million in cumulative domestic rentals for that year .", "Kong did not receive any Academy Awards nominations . Selznick wanted to nominate O'Brien and his crew for a special award in visual effects but the Academy declined . Such a category did not exist at the time and would not exist until 1938 . Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman received a special achievement award for the development of the translucent acetate / cellulose rear screen -- the only Kong - related award .", "The film has since received some significant honors . In 1975 , Kong was named one of the 50 best American films by the American Film Institute , and , in 1991 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically and aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 1998 , the AFI ranked the film # 43 on its list of the 100 greatest movies of all time .", "American Film Institute Lists", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 43 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 12 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 24 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Kong -- Nominated Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . '' -- # 84 AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 13 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 41 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Fantasy film", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 43", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 12", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 24", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Kong -- Nominated Villain", "Kong -- Nominated Villain", "Kong -- Nominated Villain", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . '' -- # 84", "`` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . '' -- # 84", "`` Oh , no , it was n't the airplanes . It was Beauty killed the Beast . '' -- # 84", "AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 13", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 41", "AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- # 4 Fantasy film", "King Kong was re-released in 1938 , 1942 , 1946 , 1952 and 1956 , to great box office success . Stricter decency rules had been put into effect in Hollywood since its 1933 premiere and each time it was censored further , with several scenes , being either trimmed or excised altogether .", "These scenes were as follows :", "A Brontosaurus mauling crewmen in the water , chasing one up a tree and killing him ; Kong undressing Ann Darrow and sniffing his fingers ; Kong biting and stepping on natives when he attacks the village ; Kong biting a reporter in New York ; Kong mistaking a sleeping woman for Ann and dropping her to her death , after realizing his mistake .", "A Brontosaurus mauling crewmen in the water , chasing one up a tree and killing him ;", "Kong undressing Ann Darrow and sniffing his fingers ;", "Kong biting and stepping on natives when he attacks the village ;", "Kong biting a reporter in New York ;", "Kong mistaking a sleeping woman for Ann and dropping her to her death , after realizing his mistake .", "After the 1956 re-release , the film was sold to television ( first being broadcast March 5 , 1956 ) .", "RKO had failed to preserve copies of film 's negative or release prints with the excised footage , and the cut scenes were considered lost for years . In 1969 , a 16mm print , including the censored footage , was found in Philadelphia . The cut scenes were added to the film , restoring it to its original theatrical running time of 100 minutes . This version was re-released to art houses by Janus Films in 1970 .", "Over the next two decades , Universal Studios carried out further photochemical restoration on King Kong . This was based on a 1942 release print , with missing censor cuts taken from a 1937 print , which `` contained heavy vertical scratches from projection . '' An original release print located in the UK in the 1980s was found to contain the cut scenes in better quality .", "After a 6 - year worldwide search for the best surviving materials , a further , fully digital , restoration utilizing 4K resolution scanning was completed by Warner Bros. in 2005 . This restoration also had a 4 - minute overture added , bringing the overall running time to 104 minutes . King Kong was also , somewhat controversially , colorized in the late 1980s for television .", "In 1984 , King Kong was one of the first films to be released on LaserDisc by the Criterion Collection , and was the very first movie to have an audio commentary track included . Criterion 's audio commentary was by film historian Ron Haver ; in 1985 Image Entertainment released another LaserDisc , this time with a commentary by film historian and soundtrack producer Paul Mandell . Neither of these commentaries has since resurfaced on any other format .", "King Kong had numerous VHS and LaserDisc releases of varying quality prior to receiving an official studio release on DVD . Those included a Turner 60th anniversary edition in 1993 featuring a front cover which had the sound effect of Kong roaring when his chest was pressed . It also included the colorized version of the film and a 25 - minute documentary , It Was Beauty Killed the Beast ( 1992 ) . The documentary is also available on two different UK King Kong DVDs , while the colorized version is available on DVD in the UK and Italy . Warner Home Video re-released the black and white version on VHS with the 25 - minute documentary included under the Warner Bros. Classics label in 1999 .", "In 2005 Warner Bros. released their digital restoration of King Kong in a US 2 - disc Special Edition DVD , coinciding with the theatrical release of Peter Jackson 's remake . It had numerous extra features , including a new , third audio commentary by visual effects artists Ray Harryhausen and Ken Ralston , with archival excerpts from actress Fay Wray and producer / director Merian C. Cooper . Warners issued identical DVDs in 2006 in Australia and New Zealand , followed by a US digibook - packaged Blu - ray in 2010 . In 2014 the Blu - ray was repackaged with three unrelated films in a 4 Film Favorites : Colossal Monster Collection .", "At present , Universal holds worldwide rights to Kong 's home video releases outside of the US , Australia and New Zealand . All Universal 's releases only contain their earlier , 100 minute , pre-2005 restoration .", "The 1933 King Kong film and character inspired imitations and installments . Son of Kong , a direct sequel to the 1933 film was released nine months after the first film 's release . In the early 1960s , RKO had licensed the King Kong character to Japanese studio Toho and produced two King Kong films , King Kong vs. Godzilla and King Kong Escapes , both directed by Ishirō Honda .", "In 1976 , Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis released his version of King Kong , a modern remake of the 1933 film , which was followed by a sequel in 1986 titled King Kong Lives . In 2005 , Universal Pictures released another remake of King Kong , directed by Peter Jackson . Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. released a Kong reboot film titled Kong : Skull Island in 2017 which was directed by Jordan Vogt - Roberts ." ]

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[ "Look up double - dip , double - dipped , double - dipping , or double - dips in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Look up double - dip , double - dipped , double - dipping , or double - dips in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .", "Double dip may refer to :", "Food", "Chips and dip # Double - dipping , to put a food item ( like a vegetable or tortilla chip ) into a food dip , take a bite and put it back in Double Dip ( confectionery ) , a confectionery produced by Swizzels Matlow", "Chips and dip # Double - dipping , to put a food item ( like a vegetable or tortilla chip ) into a food dip , take a bite and put it back in", "Double Dip ( confectionery ) , a confectionery produced by Swizzels Matlow", "Economics", "The practice of selling a media item to a consumer multiple times via a special edition Double - dip recession , a recession shape used by economists During the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal , the term `` double dipping '' was used to refer to two Members of Parliament ( generally a married couple ) who live together , both claiming expenses on the rent / mortgage / expenses of the same home . It also applied where one MP claimed their original home on expenses , and the other claimed their London home on expenses .", "The practice of selling a media item to a consumer multiple times via a special edition", "Double - dip recession , a recession shape used by economists", "During the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal , the term `` double dipping '' was used to refer to two Members of Parliament ( generally a married couple ) who live together , both claiming expenses on the rent / mortgage / expenses of the same home . It also applied where one MP claimed their original home on expenses , and the other claimed their London home on expenses .", "Other", "A meteorological term referring to both an `` early high '' temperature and a `` late low '' temperature in the same day Double dipping , the practice of simultaneously holding multiple elected positions Double dipping , another name for circular analysis in statistics A lifeline in the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? in which a contestant takes two tries at a question . If the contestant 's first answer is wrong , he or she must choose from the remaining three answers , but if the second answer is also wrong , the contestant 's game is over The practice of using both a tanning bed and a sunless tanning method to achieve a very dark tan Double dipping ( Open Access ) , institutions ( universities ) pay for open access publishing of an article and pay for the subscription of this journals", "A meteorological term referring to both an `` early high '' temperature and a `` late low '' temperature in the same day", "Double dipping , the practice of simultaneously holding multiple elected positions", "Double dipping , another name for circular analysis in statistics", "A lifeline in the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? in which a contestant takes two tries at a question . If the contestant 's first answer is wrong , he or she must choose from the remaining three answers , but if the second answer is also wrong , the contestant 's game is over", "The practice of using both a tanning bed and a sunless tanning method to achieve a very dark tan", "Double dipping ( Open Access ) , institutions ( universities ) pay for open access publishing of an article and pay for the subscription of this journals", "Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Double dip . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article .", "Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Double dip . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article ." ]

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[ "NYPD Blue Genre Drama Police procedural Created by Steven Bochco David Milch Starring See : Main cast Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 261 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 47 -- 49 minutes Production company ( s ) Steven Bochco Productions 20th Television ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 20th Century Fox Television ( 1995 -- 2005 ) Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1993 -- 2001 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- 2005 ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 4.0 ( 1993 -- 2005 DVD ) Original release September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) -- March 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) Chronology Related shows Brooklyn South Public Morals The Practice", "NYPD Blue", "Genre Drama Police procedural", "Drama Police procedural", "Created by Steven Bochco David Milch", "Starring See : Main cast", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "No. of seasons 12", "No. of episodes 261 ( list of episodes )", "Production", "Running time 47 -- 49 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Steven Bochco Productions 20th Television ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 20th Century Fox Television ( 1995 -- 2005 )", "Distributor 20th Television", "Release", "Original network ABC", "Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1993 -- 2001 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- 2005 )", "4 : 3 ( 1993 -- 2001 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 -- 2005 )", "4 : 3 ( 1993 -- 2001 )", "16 : 9 ( 2001 -- 2005 )", "Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 4.0 ( 1993 -- 2005 DVD )", "Original release September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) -- March 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 )", "Chronology", "Related shows Brooklyn South Public Morals The Practice", "NYPD Blue is an American police procedural drama television series set in New York City , exploring the struggles of the fictional 15th Precinct detective squad in Manhattan . Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble cast .", "The show was created by Steven Bochco and David Milch , and was inspired by Milch 's relationship with Bill Clark , a former member of the New York City Police Department who eventually became one of the show 's producers . The series was originally broadcast on the ABC network , debuted on September 21 , 1993 ‚ and aired its final episode on March 1 , 2005 . It was ABC 's longest - running primetime one - hour drama series until Grey 's Anatomy surpassed it in 2016 .", "NYPD Blue was met with critical acclaim , praised for its grittiness and realistic portrayal of the cast 's personal and professional lives , though the show garnered controversy for its depiction of nudity and alcoholism . In 1997 , `` True Confessions '' ( Season 1 , Episode 4 ) , written by Art Monterastelli and directed by Charles Haid , was ranked # 36 on `` TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . '' In 2009 , `` Hearts and Souls '' ( Season 6 , Episode 5 ) , Jimmy Smits ' final episode as a main cast member , # 30 on `` TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . ''", "Character Actor Position Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 John Kelly David Caruso Detective Andy Sipowicz Dennis Franz Detective / Sergeant Arthur Fancy James McDaniel Lieutenant / Captain Laura Michaels Sherry Stringfield A.D.A. Janice Licalsi Amy Brenneman Officer / Detective James Martinez Nicholas Turturro Officer / Detective / Sergeant Sylvia Costas Sharon Lawrence A.D.A. Greg Medavoy Gordon Clapp Detective Donna Abandando Gail O'Grady P.A.A. Bobby Simone Jimmy Smits Detective Adrienne Lesniak Justine Miceli Detective Diane Russell Kim Delaney Detective Jill Kirkendall Andrea Thompson Detective John Irvin Bill Brochtrup P.A.A. Danny Sorenson Rick Schroder Detective Baldwin Jones Henry Simmons Detective Valerie Haywood Garcelle Beauvais A.D.A. Connie McDowell Charlotte Ross Detective Tony Rodriguez Esai Morales Lieutenant John Clark , Jr . Mark - Paul Gosselaar Detective Rita Ortiz Jacqueline Obradors Detective Eddie Gibson John F. O'Donohue Detective / Sergeant Thomas Bale Currie Graham Lieutenant Laura Murphy Bonnie Somerville Detective", "Character Actor Position Seasons", "5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12", "John Kelly David Caruso Detective", "Andy Sipowicz Dennis Franz Detective / Sergeant", "Arthur Fancy James McDaniel Lieutenant / Captain", "Laura Michaels Sherry Stringfield A.D.A.", "Janice Licalsi Amy Brenneman Officer / Detective", "James Martinez Nicholas Turturro Officer / Detective / Sergeant", "Sylvia Costas Sharon Lawrence A.D.A.", "Greg Medavoy Gordon Clapp Detective", "Donna Abandando Gail O'Grady P.A.A.", "Bobby Simone Jimmy Smits Detective", "Adrienne Lesniak Justine Miceli Detective", "Diane Russell Kim Delaney Detective", "Jill Kirkendall Andrea Thompson Detective", "John Irvin Bill Brochtrup P.A.A.", "Danny Sorenson Rick Schroder Detective", "Baldwin Jones Henry Simmons Detective", "Valerie Haywood Garcelle Beauvais A.D.A.", "Connie McDowell Charlotte Ross Detective", "Tony Rodriguez Esai Morales Lieutenant", "John Clark , Jr . Mark - Paul Gosselaar Detective", "Rita Ortiz Jacqueline Obradors Detective", "Eddie Gibson John F. O'Donohue Detective / Sergeant", "Thomas Bale Currie Graham Lieutenant", "Laura Murphy Bonnie Somerville Detective", "Produced by 20th Century Fox and Steven Bochco Productions , film production primarily took place in the greater Los Angeles area . The show did film in New York , but only for exterior shots that used New York landmarks . In the final season , the show was filmed only in Los Angeles to save money .", "Exterior shots of the 15th Precinct used the 9th Precinct building on East 5th Street in New York City , also used for Kojak .", "Steven Bochco -- Executive Producer / Writer David Milch -- Executive Producer / Writer Paris Barclay -- Supervising Producer / Director Steven DePaul -- Supervising Producer / Director Matt Olmstead -- Executive Producer / Writer Nicholas Wootton -- Executive Producer / Writer Bill Clark -- Executive Producer / Writer Mark Tinker -- Executive Producer / Director Hans VanDoornewaard -- Executive Producer William M. Finkelstein -- Executive Producer Gregory Hoblit -- Executive Producer / Director Kathy Bates -- Director Leonard Gardner -- Producer / Writer Mike Post -- Music Edward Rogers -- Music", "Steven Bochco -- Executive Producer / Writer", "David Milch -- Executive Producer / Writer", "Paris Barclay -- Supervising Producer / Director", "Steven DePaul -- Supervising Producer / Director", "Matt Olmstead -- Executive Producer / Writer", "Nicholas Wootton -- Executive Producer / Writer", "Bill Clark -- Executive Producer / Writer", "Mark Tinker -- Executive Producer / Director", "Hans VanDoornewaard -- Executive Producer", "William M. Finkelstein -- Executive Producer", "Gregory Hoblit -- Executive Producer / Director", "Kathy Bates -- Director", "Leonard Gardner -- Producer / Writer", "Mike Post -- Music", "Edward Rogers -- Music", "The show was initially a vehicle for David Caruso . John Kelly was the main character , and the first season revolved around him and his professional and personal lives . Promotional shots for the show depicted Caruso in the foreground and other first - season characters set off behind him . Season two had the departure of John Kelly , and the show was thereafter built around an ensemble cast .", "Dennis Franz , as Andy Sipowicz , a veteran New York City Police detective , evolved into the show 's lead character , who increasingly assumed a mentorship role to other characters as the series progressed . His co-stars included ( season two and beyond ) Jimmy Smits as Det . Bobby Simone ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , Rick Schroder as Det . Danny Sorenson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , and Mark - Paul Gosselaar as Det . John Clark , Jr. ( 2001 -- 2005 ) .", "John Kelly and Andy Sipowicz are detectives in the 15th squad . Sipowicz is the elder partner , but is an alcoholic who drinks on the job , as well as off duty , and his behavior causes doubt that the partnership will last much longer . Kelly has a genuine affection for his partner , but becomes increasingly exasperated by Sipowicz 's behavior . In addition to his alcoholism , Sipowicz is a deeply negative , misogynist , homophobic bigot . In the pilot , Sipowicz is shot by a suspect he had attacked and humiliated earlier . This leads to his decision to sober up and save his job . While Sipowicz is recuperating , the squad 's lieutenant , Arthur Fancy , teams Kelly with a young cop from Anticrime , James Martinez .", "Kelly 's personal life is as frenetic as his professional life . He is reluctantly going through a divorce from his wife , Laura , and is embarking on an affair with a uniformed cop , Janice Licalsi . To complicate matters further , Licalsi 's police - officer father is on the payroll of mob boss Angelo Marino . Licalsi , in an attempt to protect her father , has been ordered to do a `` hit '' on Kelly . Instead , Licalsi murders Marino , and the repercussions come back to haunt both Kelly and her .", "Sipowicz , meanwhile , sobers up and begins a relationship with ADA Sylvia Costas . The other detective in the squad , Greg Medavoy , a married man , embarks on an affair with the squad 's new administrative aide , Donna Abandando .", "Licalsi is found guilty of the manslaughter of Marino and his driver , and is given a two - year sentence . Because of Kelly 's involvement with Licalsi , and the widely held belief that he withheld evidence that could have given her a longer sentence , he is transferred out of the 15th and chooses to leave the department altogether . He is replaced by Bobby Simone , a widower whose previous job was that of driver for the police commissioner . This does not sit well with Sipowicz , but after learning that Simone took the assignment to be present for his wife , who was suffering from cancer , Sipowicz learns to accept his new partner and eventually builds a strong friendship with him . When Sipowicz 's relationship with Sylvia leads to marriage , he asks Simone to be his best man .", "After an affair with a journalist whom he suspects has used information that he disclosed to her after an intimate moment to boost her career , Simone begins a relationship with another new member of the squad , Diane Russell . Sipowicz , as a recovering alcoholic , recognizes from Russell 's behavior that she also has a drinking problem . After much prompting , she begins attending Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . In another storyline , due to his low self - esteem and disbelief that a woman like Donna could love him , Medavoy 's relationship with her breaks down , due in no small part to Donna 's visiting sister .", "At the beginning of the season , Sylvia becomes pregnant with Andy 's child . A baby boy , Theo , is born towards the end of the season . This is contrasted with the fate that awaits Sipowicz 's older son , Andy Jr. , who announces that he plans to join the police force in nearby Hackensack , New Jersey , after being discharged from the Air Force due to an injury . Sipowicz is finally bonding with his long - estranged son when Andy Jr. is gunned down trying to help people in a bar holdup . This causes the elder Sipowicz to fall off the wagon . Simone kills Andy Jr. 's murderers in an act of self - defense while attempting to arrest them .", "Bobby and Diane , who had placed their relationship on hold while she attended AA , resume seeing each other . Diane begins drinking again when her abusive father beats her mother . Her father is eventually killed , and her mother becomes the prime suspect .", "James Martinez and new detective Adrienne Lesniak begin an affair , but Lesniak later breaks it off and tells Medavoy ( Martinez 's partner and the squad gossip ) that she is gay , because her last relationship with a fellow cop ended disastrously . After James is shot , recovers , and returns to work , and Lesniak and he get to know each other , she admits that the story she told Medavoy was a lie . Martinez later breaks up with her due to her controlling and unpleasant behavior , and Lesniak eventually leaves the squad . Medavoy leaves his wife , recognizing that she is holding him back , but it is too late to save his relationship with Donna , who leaves to take a job with Apple in California .", "During the next two seasons , a few minor cast changes are made : Donna is replaced by several PAAs , most notably by Gina Colon ( played by Lourdes Benedicto ) , who eventually marries Martinez and is written out ; and Det . Jill Kirkendall ( played by Andrea Thompson ) is partnered with Russell . Sipowicz 's battle with prostate cancer and the up - and - down Simone / Russell relationship , which includes Russell 's revelation that she had been sexually abused by her father , are prominent storylines . Also during this time , Franz won four Emmy Awards , and both Delaney and Clapp each won an Emmy for supporting roles .", "Season six is a major turning point for the series , as Smits decided not to renew his contract and left the show . In episode five , `` Heart and Souls '' , just episodes after marrying Russell , Simone dies due to an enlarged heart and a subsequent infection caused by complications from a heart transplant . Smits was replaced by Rick Schroder , as Det . Danny Sorenson .", "Two additional critical incidents occur during season six , the heroin overdose death of PAA Dolores Mayo ( played by Lola Glaudini ) , and the death of Costas , who is accidentally gunned down by Mayo 's distraught father at the trial of the suspect accused in Mayo 's death . Costas 's final words to Sipowicz , `` Take care of the baby '' , lead to his initial withdrawal from the squad . Yet , his keen perceptiveness allows him to gain a confession from the suspect in Mayo 's death , who had tried to buy his way out of trouble . Furthermore , Sipowicz reaches a level of understanding with PAA John Irvin ( portrayed by Bill Brochtrup ) , whose homosexuality had been a stumbling block for Sipowicz in their interactions to that point .", "The next two seasons had the continuation of Sipowicz 's relationship with Sorenson ( in whom Sipowicz sees a resemblance to his late son ) , along with more changes in the squad . Departing during this time were Kirkendall ( due to her unknowing involvement in her ex-husband's dirty dealings ) , Martinez ( following his promotion to uniformed sergeant ) , Fancy as squad leader ( following his promotion to captain ) , and Russell ( for a leave of absence to grieve the loss of Simone ) . Arriving to replace them are Det . Baldwin Jones ( played by Henry Simmons ) , Det . Connie McDowell ( played by Charlotte Ross ) , and Lt. Tony Rodriguez ( played by Esai Morales ) . Also arriving in season eight was new full - time ADA Valerie Haywood ( played by Garcelle Beauvais - Nilon ) .", "At the end of season eight , Sorenson is approached by the owners of a strip club to work for them providing information . Still reeling from Russell 's abruptly ending their brief affair , he accepts the offer . After reporting to Lt. Rodriguez , Sorenson goes undercover , but then turns up missing , after a stripper he was seeing turns up dead in his apartment ( though not by his doing ) . The Sorenson character was written out at the start of season nine , at Schroder 's request ; he wanted to spend more time with his family in Montana .", "The fourth and final phase of the show took place over the final four seasons . Season nine initially tied - in with the September 11 terrorist attacks . In the `` Sorenson missing '' storyline , continuing from the previous season , a suspect trades immunity for a robbery and shooting in exchange for information on a buried rug in Brooklyn that turns out to include Sorenson 's dead body .", "Assisting on the investigation is Officer John Clark , Jr. , played by Mark - Paul Gosselaar . He is promoted to detective third grade for his heroic actions in the shootout that ended with the death of the hitman who had murdered Danny and an undercover Federal agent ; Sipowicz is promoted to detective first grade at the same time . Fancy had previously recommended Sipowicz for first grade at the same time as Simone for a high - profile case they both worked several years earlier ; while Simone was promoted , the negative incidents in his past caused the department to disapprove Sipowicz 's promotion .", "The newly minted Det . Clark becomes Sipowicz 's newest ( and greenest ) partner . As had occurred with Simone and Sorenson , initially tension exists between Clark and Sipowicz , largely due to an old feud from years earlier involving Sipowicz and Clark 's father , John Clark , Sr. ( Joe Spano ) , an average , by - the - book detective from a low crime precinct , who is enraged that his son chose to join the 15th Precinct to work with Andy . Season nine also has the introduction of Det . Rita Ortiz ( played by Jacqueline Obradors ) . Two other actresses were first cast in roles as young , Latina detectives who were intended to be regular cast members ; one was dropped in the pre-filming process over creative differences , and Vanessa Marcil 's made an appearance as Det . Carmen Olivera in the Season 9 premiere , with the possibility of becoming a regular cast member . Producers were not convinced about Marcil , and made her character a one - time guest role , then continued casting until they hired Obradors . ( Marcil did come back for another one - episode guest spot in Season 11 ) .", "The remaining four years had a continuing focus on Sipowicz as the main character , as had been the case since Simone 's death . Another unlikely romance developed between Sipowicz and Connie McDowell . This came about due to her ability to stand up to Sipowicz 's gruffness , and her tender relationship with Theo ( played by Austin Majors ) . They eventually married , and after adopting McDowell 's sister 's baby daughter ( following the sister 's murder by her husband , Connie 's brother - in - law ) , had a child of their own . The McDowell character eventually became an off - screen character in the second half of the 11th season and throughout the final season due to issues between Ross and show executives .", "Other departures and arrivals that occurred during this time :", "Rodriguez was written out halfway through the 11th season , after his IAB enemy Capt . Pat Fraker shot and nearly killed him in a drunken rage , then was acquitted ; the acquittal , combined with Tony not making the Captain 's promotion list , caused him to retire and take a lucrative job in private security . Sgt . Eddie Gibson , played by former NYPD officer John F. O'Donohue , replaced Lt. Rodriguez as Squad Commander . Gibson had previously served in the squad both on night watch and briefly on the `` day tour '' . Haywood , after failing to convict Rodriguez 's shooter , appeared in fewer episodes and then left at the end of the 11th season . Kelly Ronson , played by Jessalyn Gilsig , replaced McDowell and appeared in a handful of episodes in the closing stretch of Season 11 . Ronson was never a main - credits character and did not return in Season 12 . Lt. Thomas Bale , played by Currie Graham , replaced Gibson at the start of season 12 . Det . Laura Murphy , played by Bonnie Somerville , replaced Ronson .", "Rodriguez was written out halfway through the 11th season , after his IAB enemy Capt . Pat Fraker shot and nearly killed him in a drunken rage , then was acquitted ; the acquittal , combined with Tony not making the Captain 's promotion list , caused him to retire and take a lucrative job in private security .", "Sgt . Eddie Gibson , played by former NYPD officer John F. O'Donohue , replaced Lt. Rodriguez as Squad Commander . Gibson had previously served in the squad both on night watch and briefly on the `` day tour '' .", "Haywood , after failing to convict Rodriguez 's shooter , appeared in fewer episodes and then left at the end of the 11th season .", "Kelly Ronson , played by Jessalyn Gilsig , replaced McDowell and appeared in a handful of episodes in the closing stretch of Season 11 . Ronson was never a main - credits character and did not return in Season 12 .", "Lt. Thomas Bale , played by Currie Graham , replaced Gibson at the start of season 12 .", "Det . Laura Murphy , played by Bonnie Somerville , replaced Ronson .", "In the final few episodes , the storylines revolved around the impending retirement of Det . Medavoy and Sipowicz 's promotion to Sergeant and later assumption of command of the 15th Detective Squad . The series finale introduced two newly minted young detectives named Quinn and Slovak , who sort of echoed the first days of Irish - American Det . John Kelly and Polish - American Det . Andy Sipowicz .", "hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2015 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2015 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2015 )", "This article 's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article 's neutral point of view of the subject . Please integrate the section 's contents into the article as a whole , or rewrite the material . ( April 2015 )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The series included more nudity than was common on broadcast television , which prompted Rev. Donald Wildmon and his American Family Association ( AFA ) to call it a `` soft - core porn '' series and take out full - page ads in major newspapers , asking viewers to boycott the show . Fifty - seven of ABC 's 225 affiliates pre-empted the first episode , mostly in smaller markets comprising 10 -- 15 % of potential viewers , forcing the network to recruit independent stations or Fox affiliates to air the first season in a few cases . The show 's ratings success led most affiliates ( and advertisers ) to end their opposition . By the end of the first season , the show was a top - 20 hit , and protests by the AFA were countered by support from Viewers For Quality Television .", "In 2005 , L. Brent Bozell III told TIME that the nudity on the series influenced him to establish the Parents Television Council , for which he served as president from 1995 to 2006 . The PTC has directly criticized several episodes of the show for perceived vulgarity and filed complaint with the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) over the use of obscene language in several episodes aired in early 2003 , at the last half of the 10th season of the show , associating the series with a perceived increase in profanity and violence on prime - time television from the late 1990s to early 2000s . The FCC ruled that the language in the episodes was indecent but decided not to fine ABC , because the episodes aired before a 2004 ruling that obscenities would lead to an automatic fine . However , on January 25 , 2008 , the FCC fined ABC $1.4 million for the episode `` Nude Awakening '' ( airdate February 25 , 2003 ) , due to scenes of `` adult sexual nudity '' . The fine was ultimately rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on January 6 , 2011 .", "According to NYPD Blue : A Final Tribute , a retrospective broadcast aired the same night as the last episode , the controversy was not limited to what was on the screen . David Milch , the show 's co-creator and head writer , was a controversial figure on the set during the seven years he was with the show . His working style and tendency to procrastinate or make last - minute , on - set changes contributed to a frustrating working environment for some of the cast and crew . Smits left the show when his contract ended because of it , as did Andrea Thompson . Milch cites his own alcoholism and other addictions as factors contributing to the difficult environment . In spite of the controversy , Milch is usually credited as a major creative force during the years he worked on the show ; he won two Emmy Awards for his writing , shared another as executive producer , and shared in a further 10 nominations for his writing and production .", "NYPD Blue has won 84 out of 285 award nominations . The series has garnered 84 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , winning 20 of them . Of the 20 wins , the series won the award for Outstanding Drama Series ; Dennis Franz won four times for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series ; Kim Delaney won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ; Gordon Clapp won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ; Shirley Knight and Debra Monk each won for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series and Paris Barclay won twice for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series . It has received thirteen Golden Globe Award nominations , with David Caruso , Franz and Jimmy Smits each winning for Best Actor - Television Series Drama and the series winning Best Television Series -- Drama . The series received 23 Screen Actors Guild Award nominations , with Franz winning twice for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and the cast winning for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . NYPD Blue received 13 TCA Award nominations , winning once for Outstanding Achievement in Drama . Additional accolades include two Peabody Awards , the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama , the Writers Guild of America Award for Television : Episodic Drama , and the Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Drama .", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 17 ) 18 13.9 22 October 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 11 ) May 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 23 ) 7 16.5 22 October 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 24 ) May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 10 14.1 22 October 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 15 ) May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 13 12.5 5 22 September 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 30 ) May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) 17 10.8 6 22 October 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 20 ) May 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 25 ) 12 10.5 7 22 January 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 11 ) May 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) 15 10.7 8 20 January 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 09 ) May 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) 22 9.7 9 23 November 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 06 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 23 8.3 10 22 September 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) 29 7.8 11 22 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) May 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 11 ) N / A N / A 12 20 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) March 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) N / A N / A", "Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings", "First aired Last aired Rank Rating", "22 September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 17 ) 18 13.9", "22 October 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 11 ) May 23 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 23 ) 7 16.5", "22 October 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 24 ) May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 10 14.1", "22 October 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 15 ) May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 13 12.5", "5 22 September 30 , 1997 ( 1997 - 09 - 30 ) May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) 17 10.8", "6 22 October 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 20 ) May 25 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 25 ) 12 10.5", "7 22 January 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 11 ) May 23 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 23 ) 15 10.7", "8 20 January 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 09 ) May 22 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 22 ) 22 9.7", "9 23 November 6 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 06 ) May 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 21 ) 23 8.3", "10 22 September 24 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 20 ) 29 7.8", "11 22 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) May 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 11 ) N / A N / A", "12 20 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) March 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 01 ) N / A N / A", "Jump up ^ Tied with Wings Jump up ^ Tied with Primetime Live Jump up ^ Tied with Stark Raving Mad Jump up ^ Tied with Cursed / The Weber Show and Touched by an Angel Jump up ^ Tied with The Practice", "Jump up ^ Tied with Wings", "Jump up ^ Tied with Primetime Live", "Jump up ^ Tied with Stark Raving Mad", "Jump up ^ Tied with Cursed / The Weber Show and Touched by an Angel", "Jump up ^ Tied with The Practice", "NYPD Blue has generally received rave reviews from leading television critics . Variety even went as far as to say that broadcast television had lost its edge after NYPD Blue was cancelled . In 2013 , TV Guide placed the series at number 44 on its list of the 60 best television shows of all time , and complex.com ranked it as the eighth best television drama of all time .", "20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the first four seasons of NYPD Blue on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 , and 4 . All of the sets contain the original master recordings , the original ABC broadcasts , and custom - made credits . After the release of the fourth season in 2006 , Fox announced that they would be reviewing the possibility of further releases , citing the lack of sales .", "On October 3 , 2013 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series in Region 1 . They have subsequently released seasons five to 12 on DVD .", "In Region 2 , Mediumrare acquired the rights to release the remaining eight seasons of the show on DVD in the United Kingdom . All seasons have now been released .", "DVD Name Ep # DVD Release dates Extra features Region 1 Region 2 ( UK ) Region 4 The Complete 1st Season 22 March 18 , 2003 May 19 , 2003 June 17 , 2003 Audio commentary on one episode on each disc `` The Making Of Season 1 '' featurette `` Love On NYPD Blue '' featurette `` Cast Blotter '' featurette Script - to - screen comparison Cast / Crew Biographies The Complete 2nd Season 22 August 19 , 2003 October 6 , 2003 February 17 , 2004 Audio Commentaries `` Season Two : A Season of Change '' featurette `` Wedding Bell Blues '' featurette `` The Music of Mike Post '' featurette Script - to - screen comparisons : `` Sipowicz Meets Simone '' , `` Sylvia Meets Simone '' , and `` Simone and Sipowicz Bond '' The Complete 3rd Season 22 February 21 , 2006 April 17 , 2006 May 29 , 2006 Audio commentary on three episodes Season - three overview `` The 15th Precinct '' featurette `` Fathers and Sons '' featurette `` Women of NYPD Blue '' featurette The Complete 4th Season 22 June 20 , 2006 August 14 , 2006 August 21 , 2006 Audio commentaries `` Through the Lens : The Look of Blue '' featurette `` In With the New '' featurette The Complete 5th Season 22 January 21 , 2014 December 10 , 2012 N / A The Complete 6th Season 22 June 24 , 2014 December 10 , 2012 N / A The Complete 7th Season 22 September 30 , 2014 February 25 , 2013 N / A The Complete 8th Season 20 January 13 , 2015 February 25 , 2013 N / A The Complete 9th Season 23 April 5 , 2016 March 25 , 2013 N / A The Complete 10th Season 22 August 23 , 2016 April 1 , 2013 N / A The Complete 11th Season 22 November 15 , 2016 April 29 , 2013 N / A The Complete 12th Season 20 January 17 , 2017 April 29 , 2013 N / A", "DVD Name Ep # DVD Release dates Extra features", "Region 1 Region 2 ( UK ) Region 4", "The Complete 1st Season 22 March 18 , 2003 May 19 , 2003 June 17 , 2003 Audio commentary on one episode on each disc `` The Making Of Season 1 '' featurette `` Love On NYPD Blue '' featurette `` Cast Blotter '' featurette Script - to - screen comparison Cast / Crew Biographies", "Audio commentary on one episode on each disc `` The Making Of Season 1 '' featurette `` Love On NYPD Blue '' featurette `` Cast Blotter '' featurette Script - to - screen comparison Cast / Crew Biographies", "Audio commentary on one episode on each disc", "`` The Making Of Season 1 '' featurette", "`` Love On NYPD Blue '' featurette", "`` Cast Blotter '' featurette", "Script - to - screen comparison", "Cast / Crew Biographies", "The Complete 2nd Season 22 August 19 , 2003 October 6 , 2003 February 17 , 2004 Audio Commentaries `` Season Two : A Season of Change '' featurette `` Wedding Bell Blues '' featurette `` The Music of Mike Post '' featurette Script - to - screen comparisons : `` Sipowicz Meets Simone '' , `` Sylvia Meets Simone '' , and `` Simone and Sipowicz Bond ''", "Audio Commentaries `` Season Two : A Season of Change '' featurette `` Wedding Bell Blues '' featurette `` The Music of Mike Post '' featurette Script - to - screen comparisons : `` Sipowicz Meets Simone '' , `` Sylvia Meets Simone '' , and `` Simone and Sipowicz Bond ''", "`` Season Two : A Season of Change '' featurette", "`` Wedding Bell Blues '' featurette", "`` The Music of Mike Post '' featurette", "Script - to - screen comparisons : `` Sipowicz Meets Simone '' , `` Sylvia Meets Simone '' , and `` Simone and Sipowicz Bond ''", "The Complete 3rd Season 22 February 21 , 2006 April 17 , 2006 May 29 , 2006 Audio commentary on three episodes Season - three overview `` The 15th Precinct '' featurette `` Fathers and Sons '' featurette `` Women of NYPD Blue '' featurette", "Audio commentary on three episodes Season - three overview `` The 15th Precinct '' featurette `` Fathers and Sons '' featurette `` Women of NYPD Blue '' featurette", "Audio commentary on three episodes", "Season - three overview", "`` The 15th Precinct '' featurette", "`` Fathers and Sons '' featurette", "`` Women of NYPD Blue '' featurette", "The Complete 4th Season 22 June 20 , 2006 August 14 , 2006 August 21 , 2006 Audio commentaries `` Through the Lens : The Look of Blue '' featurette `` In With the New '' featurette", "Audio commentaries `` Through the Lens : The Look of Blue '' featurette `` In With the New '' featurette", "`` Through the Lens : The Look of Blue '' featurette", "`` In With the New '' featurette", "The Complete 5th Season 22 January 21 , 2014 December 10 , 2012 N / A", "The Complete 6th Season 22 June 24 , 2014 December 10 , 2012 N / A", "The Complete 7th Season 22 September 30 , 2014 February 25 , 2013 N / A", "The Complete 8th Season 20 January 13 , 2015 February 25 , 2013 N / A", "The Complete 9th Season 23 April 5 , 2016 March 25 , 2013 N / A", "The Complete 10th Season 22 August 23 , 2016 April 1 , 2013 N / A", "The Complete 11th Season 22 November 15 , 2016 April 29 , 2013 N / A", "The Complete 12th Season 20 January 17 , 2017 April 29 , 2013 N / A", "TV reviewer and author Alan Sepinwall informally began his career by blogging recaps and analyses of NYPD Blue episodes ." ]

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[ "Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana Official Poster Directed by Manish Harishankar Produced by TP Aggarwal Rahul Aggarwal Written by Manish Harishankar Starring Vivaan Shah Akshara Haasan Gurmeet Choudhary Kavitta Verma Music by Songs Vipin Patwa Revant Siddharth Arko Malini Awasthi Background Music Rohit Kulkarni Cinematography Ravi Yadav Edited by Steven Bernard Production company Star Entertainment Worldwide Distributed by White Lion Entertainment Release date 7 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) Running time 130 minutes Country India Language Hindi Box office ₹ 1.23 crore ( ( US $ 0.19 Million ) )", "Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana", "Official Poster", "Directed by Manish Harishankar", "Produced by TP Aggarwal Rahul Aggarwal", "Written by Manish Harishankar", "Starring Vivaan Shah Akshara Haasan Gurmeet Choudhary Kavitta Verma", "Music by Songs Vipin Patwa Revant Siddharth Arko Malini Awasthi Background Music Rohit Kulkarni", "Cinematography Ravi Yadav", "Edited by Steven Bernard", "Production company Star Entertainment Worldwide", "Distributed by White Lion Entertainment", "Release date 7 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 )", "7 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 )", "7 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 )", "Running time 130 minutes", "Country India", "Language Hindi", "Box office ₹ 1.23 crore ( ( US $ 0.19 Million ) )", "Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana is a 2017 Hindi - language , Indian family film , written and directed by Manish Harishankar , and produced by TP Aggarwal and Rahul Aggarwal . The film stars Vivaan Shah , Akshara Haasan , Gurmeet Choudhary & Kavitta verma in pivotal roles . The teaser posters of the film were released on 20 February 2017 while the Trailer was launched on YouTube on February 27 , 2017 . The film got released on 7 April 2017 .", "The movie revolves around a royal marriage and quirky characters , who are trapped in their own tragedies .", "Akshara Haasan as Laali Vivaan Shah as Laddoo Gurmeet Choudhary as Veer Kavitta Verma as Palak Saurabh Shukla as Laali 's Father Sanjay Mishra as Kabir Darshan Jariwala as Laddoo 's Father Ravi Kishan as A crooked corporate executive Suhasini Mulay as Veer 's Grandmother Navni Parihar as Laddoo 's Mother Kishori Shahane as Laali 's Mother Jyoti Kalash as Kishor Kumar Ehshan Khan as Singh Ji", "Akshara Haasan as Laali", "Vivaan Shah as Laddoo", "Gurmeet Choudhary as Veer", "Kavitta Verma as Palak", "Saurabh Shukla as Laali 's Father", "Sanjay Mishra as Kabir", "Darshan Jariwala as Laddoo 's Father", "Ravi Kishan as A crooked corporate executive", "Suhasini Mulay as Veer 's Grandmother", "Navni Parihar as Laddoo 's Mother", "Kishori Shahane as Laali 's Mother", "Jyoti Kalash as Kishor Kumar", "Ehshan Khan as Singh Ji", "Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana Soundtrack album by Revant , Siddharth , Vipin Patwa & Arko Released 21 March 2017 ( 2017 - March - 21 ) Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 29 : 27 Label Zee Music Company External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube", "Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana", "Soundtrack album by Revant , Siddharth , Vipin Patwa & Arko", "Released 21 March 2017 ( 2017 - March - 21 )", "Genre Feature film soundtrack", "Length 29 : 27", "Label Zee Music Company", "External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube", "External audio Audio Jukebox on YouTube", "Audio Jukebox on YouTube", "Tracklist No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Laali Ki Shaadi '' Manish Harishankar Revant & Siddharth Sukhwinder Singh 03 : 45 2 . `` Bezubaan '' Mahima Bhardwaj Vipin Patwa KK 04 : 48 3 . `` Rishta '' Ghulam Mohd Khavar Arko Ankit Tiwari & Arko 04 : 27 4 . `` Rog Jaane - Rahat Version '' Dr. Sagar Vipin Patwa Palak Muchhal & Rahat Fateh Ali Khan 04 : 12 5 . `` Rog Jaane - Mohit Version '' Dr. Sagar Vipin Patwa Palak Muchchal & Mohit Lalwani 04 : 12 6 . `` Mano Ya Na Mano '' Traditional Revant & Siddharth Malini Awasthi 03 : 51 7 . `` Naino Ke Pokhar '' Dr. Sagar Vipin Patwa Mohd Irffan & Vipin Patwa 04 : 27 Total length : 29 : 27", "Tracklist", "No . Title Lyrics Music Singer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Laali Ki Shaadi '' Manish Harishankar Revant & Siddharth Sukhwinder Singh 03 : 45", "2 . `` Bezubaan '' Mahima Bhardwaj Vipin Patwa KK 04 : 48", "3 . `` Rishta '' Ghulam Mohd Khavar Arko Ankit Tiwari & Arko 04 : 27", "4 . `` Rog Jaane - Rahat Version '' Dr. Sagar Vipin Patwa Palak Muchhal & Rahat Fateh Ali Khan 04 : 12", "5 . `` Rog Jaane - Mohit Version '' Dr. Sagar Vipin Patwa Palak Muchchal & Mohit Lalwani 04 : 12", "6 . `` Mano Ya Na Mano '' Traditional Revant & Siddharth Malini Awasthi 03 : 51", "7 . `` Naino Ke Pokhar '' Dr. Sagar Vipin Patwa Mohd Irffan & Vipin Patwa 04 : 27", "Total length : 29 : 27", "Nihit Bhave of The Times of India gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that , `` Akshara and Vivaan deliver embarrassingly over-the - top performances . The film is structured so that you connect all the dots within half an hour and are then left with a whole lot nothing to look forward to . '' Sreehari Nair of Rediff gave the film a arating of 1.5 out of 5 and said that , `` Laali Ki Shaadi Mein Laaddoo Deewana is insipid , terribly made , and yet a Warm Enterprise '' . Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 saying that , `` Akshara Haasan 's film is a tedious rom - com that fails to shrug off its loopy quality despite a few entertaining performances '' . Mohar Basu of Mid-Day gave the film a rating of 1 out of 5 and said that , `` Director Manish Ravishankar wanted to give us a Rajshri - styled dramedy with a Kya Kehna twist . But it 's boring , unfunny and utterly ridiculous . If you survive the first hour , you might just get a gallantry award . ''" ]

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[ "Baja California Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California ( Spanish ) State Free and Sovereign State of Baja California Seal Anthem : Canto a Baja California State of Baja California within Mexico Coordinates : 30 ° 00 ′ N 115 ° 10 ′ W  /  30.000 ° N 115.167 ° W  / 30.000 ; - 115.167 Coordinates : 30 ° 00 ′ N 115 ° 10 ′ W  /  30.000 ° N 115.167 ° W  / 30.000 ; - 115.167 Country Mexico Capital Mexicali Largest city Tijuana Municipalities 5 Admission 16 January 1952 Order 29th Government Governor Francisco Vega de Lamadrid Senators Ernesto Ruffo Appel Víctor Hermosillo y Celada Marco Antonio Blásquez Salinas Area Total 71,450 km ( 27,590 sq mi ) Ranked 12th Population ( 2015 ) Total 3,315,766 Rank 14th Density 46 / km ( 120 / sq mi ) Density rank 19th Demonym ( s ) Bajacaliforniano ( a ) Time zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) Postal code 21 , 22 Area code Area codes ( show ) 615 616 646 653 658 661 664 665 686 ISO 3166 code MX - BCN HDI 0.765 high Ranked 7th GDP US $23.03 billion . Website Official Web Site ^ a . 2010 and later . Baja California is the only state to use the US DST schedule state wide , while the rest of Mexico ( except for small portions of other northern states ) starts DST 3 -- 4 weeks later and ends DST one week earlier . ^ b . The state 's GDP was 294.8 billion of pesos in 2008 , amount corresponding to 23.03 billion of dollars , being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos ( value of 3 June 2010 ) .", "Baja California Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California ( Spanish )", "State", "Free and Sovereign State of Baja California", "Seal", "Seal", "Seal", "Anthem : Canto a Baja California", "State of Baja California within Mexico", "Coordinates : 30 ° 00 ′ N 115 ° 10 ′ W  /  30.000 ° N 115.167 ° W  / 30.000 ; - 115.167 Coordinates : 30 ° 00 ′ N 115 ° 10 ′ W  /  30.000 ° N 115.167 ° W  / 30.000 ; - 115.167", "Country Mexico", "Capital Mexicali", "Largest city Tijuana", "Municipalities 5", "Admission 16 January 1952", "Order 29th", "Government", "Governor Francisco Vega de Lamadrid", "Senators Ernesto Ruffo Appel Víctor Hermosillo y Celada Marco Antonio Blásquez Salinas", "Ernesto Ruffo Appel Víctor Hermosillo y Celada Marco Antonio Blásquez Salinas", "Ernesto Ruffo Appel", "Víctor Hermosillo y Celada", "Marco Antonio Blásquez Salinas", "Area", "Total 71,450 km ( 27,590 sq mi )", "Ranked 12th", "Population ( 2015 )", "Total 3,315,766", "Rank 14th", "Density 46 / km ( 120 / sq mi )", "Density rank 19th", "Demonym ( s ) Bajacaliforniano ( a )", "Time zone PST ( UTC - 8 )", "Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 )", "Postal code 21 , 22", "Area code Area codes ( show ) 615 616 646 653 658 661 664 665 686", "615 616 646 653 658 661 664 665 686", "ISO 3166 code MX - BCN", "HDI 0.765 high Ranked 7th", "GDP US $23.03 billion .", "Website Official Web Site", "^ a . 2010 and later . Baja California is the only state to use the US DST schedule state wide , while the rest of Mexico ( except for small portions of other northern states ) starts DST 3 -- 4 weeks later and ends DST one week earlier . ^ b . The state 's GDP was 294.8 billion of pesos in 2008 , amount corresponding to 23.03 billion of dollars , being a dollar worth 12.80 pesos ( value of 3 June 2010 ) .", "^ a . 2010 and later . Baja California is the only state to use the US DST schedule state wide , while the rest of Mexico ( except for small portions of other northern states ) starts DST 3 -- 4 weeks later and ends DST one week earlier .", "Baja California ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈbaxa kaliˈfoɾnja ) ( listen ) ) , ( English : Lower California ) , officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California ) , is a state in Mexico . It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico . Before becoming a state in 1952 , the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California ( El Territorio Norte de Baja California ) . It has an area of 70,113 km ( 27,071 sq mi ) , or 3.57 % of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula , north of the 28th parallel , plus oceanic Guadalupe Island . The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean , on the east by Sonora , the U.S. state of Arizona , and the Gulf of California ( also known as the `` Sea of Cortez '' ) , and on the south by Baja California Sur . Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California .", "The state has an estimated population of 3,315,766 ( 2015 ) much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south , and similar to San Diego County , California on its north . Over 75 % of the population lives in the capital city , Mexicali , in Ensenada , or in Tijuana . Other important cities include San Felipe , Rosarito and Tecate . The population of the state is composed of Mestizos , mostly immigrants from other parts of Mexico , and , as with most northern Mexican states , a large population of Mexicans of Spanish ancestry , and also a large minority group of East Asian , Middle Eastern and indigenous descent . Additionally , there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the lower cost of living compared to San Diego . There is also a significant population from Central America . Many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America .", "Baja California is the twelfth largest state by area in Mexico . Its geography ranges from beaches to forests and deserts . The backbone of the state is the Sierra de Baja California , where the Picacho del Diablo , the highest point of the peninsula , is located . This mountain range effectively divides the weather patterns in the state . In the northwest , the weather is semi-dry and mediterranean . In the narrow center , the weather changes to be more humid due to altitude . It is in this area where a few valleys can be found , such as the Valle de Guadalupe , the major wine producing area in Mexico . To the east of the mountain range , the Sonoran Desert dominates the landscape . In the south , the weather becomes drier and gives way to the Vizcaino Desert . The state is also home to numerous islands off both of its shores . In fact , the westernmost point in Mexico , the Guadalupe Island , is part of Baja California . The Coronado , Todos Santos and Cedros Islands are also on the Pacific Shore . On the Gulf of California , the biggest island is the Angel de la Guarda , separated from the peninsula by the deep and narrow Canal de Ballenas .", "The first people came to the peninsula at least 11,000 years ago . At that time two main native groups are thought to have been present on the peninsula . In the south were the Cochimí . In the north were several groups belonging to the Yuman language family , including the Kiliwa , Paipai , Kumeyaay , Cocopa , and Quechan . These peoples were diverse in their adaptations to the region . The Cochimí of the peninsula 's Central Desert were generalized hunter - gatherers who moved frequently ; however , the Cochimí on Cedros Island off the west coast had developed a strongly maritime economy . The Kiliwa , Paipai , and Kumeyaay in the better - watered northwest were also hunter - gatherers , but that region supported denser populations and a more sedentary lifestyle . The Cocopa and Quechan of northeastern Baja California practiced agriculture in the floodplain of the lower Colorado River .", "Another group of people were the Guachimis , who came from the north and created much of the Sierra de Guadalupe cave paintings . Not much is known about them except that they lived in the area between 100 BC and the coming of the Europeans and created World Heritage rock art .", "Europeans reached the present state of Baja California in 1539 , when Francisco de Ulloa reconnoitered its east coast on the Gulf of California and explored the peninsula 's west coast at least as far north as Cedros Island . Hernando de Alarcón returned to the east coast and ascended the lower Colorado River in 1540 , and Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo ( or João Rodrigues Cabrilho ( in Portuguese ) ) completed the reconnaissance of the west coast in 1542 . Sebastián Vizcaíno again surveyed the west coast in 1602 , but outside visitors during the following century were few .", "The Jesuits founded a permanent mission colony on the peninsula at Loreto in 1697 . During the following decades , they gradually extended their sway throughout the present state of Baja California Sur . In 1751 -- 1753 , the Croatian Jesuit mission - explorer Ferdinand Konščak made overland explorations northward into the state of Baja California . Jesuit missions were subsequently established among the Cochimí at Santa Gertrudis ( 1752 ) , San Borja ( 1762 ) , and Santa María ( 1767 ) .", "After the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768 , the short - lived Franciscan administration ( 1768 -- 1773 ) resulted in one new mission at San Fernando Velicatá . More importantly , the 1769 expedition to settle Alta California under Gaspar de Portolà and Junípero Serra resulted in the first overland exploration of the northwestern portion of the state .", "The Dominicans took over management of the Baja California missions from the Franciscans in 1773 . They established a chain of new missions among the northern Cochimí and western Yumans , first on the coast and subsequently inland , extending from El Rosario ( 1774 ) to Descanso ( 1817 ) , just south of Tijuana .", "1804 : The Spanish colony of California was divided into Alta ( `` Upper '' ) and Baja ( `` Lower '' ) California at the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south .", "1804 : The Spanish colony of California was divided into Alta ( `` Upper '' ) and Baja ( `` Lower '' ) California at the line separating the Franciscan missions in the north from the Dominican missions in the south .", "The colonial governors were : 1804 -- 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga ( s.a. ) 1806 -- 1814 Felipe de Goicoechea 1814 -- 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello", "The colonial governors were : 1804 -- 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga ( s.a. ) 1806 -- 1814 Felipe de Goicoechea 1814 -- 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello", "1804 -- 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga ( s.a. ) 1806 -- 1814 Felipe de Goicoechea 1814 -- 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello", "1804 -- 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga ( s.a. ) 1806 -- 1814 Felipe de Goicoechea 1814 -- 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello", "1804 -- 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga ( s.a. ) 1806 -- 1814 Felipe de Goicoechea 1814 -- 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello", "1804 -- 1805 José Joaquín de Arillaga ( s.a. )", "1806 -- 1814 Felipe de Goicoechea", "1814 -- 11 April 1822 José Darío Argüello", "1833 : Mexican secularization act of 1833 1848 : Alta California is annexed by the United States . 1853 : Soldier of fortune William Walker captures La Paz , declaring himself President of the Republic of Lower California . The Mexican government forces his retreat after several months . 1884 : Luis Huller and George H. Sisson obtain a concession covering much of the present state , in return for promises to develop the area . 1905 : The Magonista revolution , an anarchist movement based on the writings of Ricardo Flores Magón and Enrique Flores Magón , begins . 1911 : Mexicali and Tijuana are captured by the Mexican Liberal Party ( Partido Liberal Mexicano , PLM ) , but soon surrender to Federal forces . 1917 : On 11 December , `` ( a ) prominent Mexican , close friend of President Carranza '' offered to U.S. Senator Henry Ashurst to sell Baja California to the U.S. for `` fifty million dollars gold . '' 1930 : Baja California is further divided into Northern and Southern territories . 1952 : The North Territory of Baja California becomes the 29th state of Mexico , Baja California . The southern portion , below 28 ° N , remains a federally administered territory . 1974 : The South Territory of Baja California becomes the 31st state , Baja California Sur . 1989 : Ernesto Ruffo Appel of the PAN becomes the first non-PRI governor of Baja California and the first opposition governor of any state since the Revolution .", "1833 : Mexican secularization act of 1833", "1848 : Alta California is annexed by the United States .", "1853 : Soldier of fortune William Walker captures La Paz , declaring himself President of the Republic of Lower California . The Mexican government forces his retreat after several months .", "1884 : Luis Huller and George H. Sisson obtain a concession covering much of the present state , in return for promises to develop the area .", "1905 : The Magonista revolution , an anarchist movement based on the writings of Ricardo Flores Magón and Enrique Flores Magón , begins .", "1911 : Mexicali and Tijuana are captured by the Mexican Liberal Party ( Partido Liberal Mexicano , PLM ) , but soon surrender to Federal forces .", "1917 : On 11 December , `` ( a ) prominent Mexican , close friend of President Carranza '' offered to U.S. Senator Henry Ashurst to sell Baja California to the U.S. for `` fifty million dollars gold . ''", "1930 : Baja California is further divided into Northern and Southern territories .", "1952 : The North Territory of Baja California becomes the 29th state of Mexico , Baja California . The southern portion , below 28 ° N , remains a federally administered territory .", "1974 : The South Territory of Baja California becomes the 31st state , Baja California Sur .", "1989 : Ernesto Ruffo Appel of the PAN becomes the first non-PRI governor of Baja California and the first opposition governor of any state since the Revolution .", "Baja California encompasses a territory , within The Californias region of North America , which exhibits diverse geography for a relatively small area . The Peninsular ranges of the California cordillera run down the geographic center of the state . The most notable ranges of these mountains are the Sierra de Juarez and the Sierra de San Pedro Martir . These ranges are the location of forests reminiscent of Southern California 's San Gabriel Mountains . Picacho del Diablo is the highest peak in the whole peninsula . Valleys between the mountain ranges are located within a climate zone that are suitable for agriculture . Such valleys included the Valle de Guadalupe and the Valle de Ojos Negros , areas that produce citrus fruits and grapes . The mineral - rich mountain range extends southwards to the Gulf of California , where the western slope becomes wider , forming the Llanos del Berrendo in the border with Baja California Sur . The mountain ranges located in the center and southern part of the state include the Sierra de La Asamblea , Sierra de Calamajué , Sierra de San Luis and the Sierra de San Borja .", "Temperate winds from the Pacific Ocean and the cold California Current make the climate along the northwestern coast pleasant year - round . As a result of the state 's location on the California current , rains from the north barely reach the peninsula , thus leaving southern areas drier . South of El Rosario River the state changes from a Mediterranean landscape to a desert one . This desert exhibits diversity in succulent flora species that flourish in part due to the coastal fog .", "To the east , the Sonoran Desert enters the state from both California and Sonora . Some of the highest temperatures in Mexico are recorded in or nearby the Mexicali Valley . However , with irrigation from the Colorado River , this area has become truly an agricultural center . The Cerro Prieto geothermal province is near Mexicali as well ( this area is geologically part of a large pull apart basin ) ; producing about 80 % of the electricity consumed in the state and enough more to export to California . Laguna Salada , a saline lake below sea level lying between the rugged Sierra de Juarez and the Sierra de los Cucapah , is also in the vicinity of Mexicali . The state government has recently been considering plans to revive Laguna Salada . The highest mountain in the Sierra de los Cucapah is the Cerro del Centinela or Mount Signal . The Cucapah are the primary indigenous people of that area and up into the Yuma , Arizona area .", "There are numerous islands on the Pacific shore . Guadalupe Island is located in the extreme west of the state 's boundaries and is the site of large colonies of sea lions . Cedros Island exists in the southwest of the state 's maritime region . The Todos Santos Islands and Coronado Islands are located off the coast of Ensenada and Tijuana respectively . All of the islands in the Gulf of California , on the Baja California side , belong to the municipality of Mexicali .", "Baja California obtains much of its water from the Colorado River . Historically the river drained into the Colorado River Delta which flowed into the Gulf of California , but due to large demands for water in the American Southwest , less water now reaches the Gulf . The Tijuana metropolitan area also relies on the Tijuana River as a source of water . Much of rural Baja California depends predominantly on wells , a few dams and even oases . Tijuana also purchases water from San Diego County 's Otay Water District . Potable water is the largest natural resource issue of the state .", "Baja California 's climate varies from Mediterranean to arid . The Mediterranean climate is observed in the northwestern corner of the state where the summers are dry and mild and the winters cool and rainy . This climate is observed in areas from Tijuana to San Quintin and nearby interior valleys . The cold oceanic California Current often creates a low - level marine fog near the coast . The fog occurs along any part of the Pacific Coast of the state .", "The change of altitude towards the Sierra de Baja California creates an alpine climate in this region . Summers are cool while winters can be cold with below freezing temperatures at night . It is common to see snow in the Sierra de Juarez and Sierra de San Pedro Martir ( and in the valleys in between ) from December to April . Due to orographic effects , precipitation is much higher in the mountains of northern Baja California than on the western coastal plain or eastern desert plain . Pine , cedar and fir forests are found in the mountains .", "The east side of the mountains produce a rain shadow , creating an extremely arid environment . The Sonoran Desert region of Baja California experiences hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters . The Mexicali Valley ( which is below sea level ) , experiences the highest temperatures in Mexico , that frequently surpass 47 ° C ( 116.6 ° F ) in mid-summer , and have exceeded 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) on some occasions .", "Further south along the Pacific coast , the Mediterranean climate transitions into a desert climate but it is milder and not as hot as along the gulf coast . Transition climates , from Mediterranean to Desert , can be found from San Quintin to El Rosario . Further inland and along the Gulf of California the vegetation is scarce and temperatures are very high during the summer months . The islands in the Gulf of California also belong to the desert climate . Some oases can be found in the desert in which few towns are located -- for instance , Catavina , San Borja and Santa Gertrudis .", "California , United States ( North ) Arizona , United States ( Northeast ) Baja California Sur ( South ) Sonora ( East )", "California , United States ( North )", "Arizona , United States ( Northeast )", "Baja California Sur ( South )", "Sonora ( East )", "Common trees are the Jeffrey Pine , Sugar Pine and Pinon Pine . Understory species include Manzanita . Fauna include a variety of reptiles including the Western fence lizard , which is at the southern extent of its range . The name of the fish genus Bajacalifornia is derived from the Baja California Peninsula .", "In the main terrestrial wildlife refuges on the peninsula of Baja California , Constitution 1857 National Park and Sierra de San Pedro Mártir National Park contain several coniferous species ; the most abundant are : pinus jeffreyi , pinus ponderosa , pinus cembroide , pinus quadrifolia , pinus monophylla , juniperus , arctostaphylos drupacea , artemisa ludoviciana , and adenostoma esparcifolium . The flora share many species with the Laguna Mountains and San Jacinto Mountains in southwest California . The lower elevations of the Sierra Juárez are characterized by chaparral and desert shrub .", "The fauna in the parks exhibit a large number of mammals primarily : mule deer , bighorn sheep , cougar , bobcat , ringtail cat , coyote , rabbit , squirrel and more than 30 species of bats . The park is also home to many avian species like : bald eagle , golden eagle , falcon , woodpecker , black vulture , crow , several species of Sittidae and duck .", "Flora and fauna of Baja California Sea otter Cougar California quail Vaquita California condor Pronghorn Great white shark Guadalupe fur seal Crotalus cerastes Bighorn sheep Fouquieria columnaris Eschscholzia californica Washingtonia filifera Coreopsis gigantea Pinus radiata", "Flora and fauna of Baja California", "", "Sea otter Cougar California quail Vaquita California condor", "", "Pronghorn Great white shark Guadalupe fur seal Crotalus cerastes Bighorn sheep", "", "Fouquieria columnaris Eschscholzia californica Washingtonia filifera Coreopsis gigantea Pinus radiata", "At 3 : 40 : 41 pm PDT on Easter Sunday , 4 April 2010 a 7.2 M w ( \\ displaystyle M_ ( \\ mathrm ( w ) ) ) magnitude northwest trending strike - slip earthquake hit the Mexicali Valley , with its epicenter 26 km southwest of the city of Guadalupe Victoria , Baja California , Mexico . The main shock was felt as far as the Los Angeles , Las Vegas , Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas , and in Yuma . At least a half - dozen aftershocks with magnitudes between 5.0 and 5.4 were reported , including a 5.1 - magnitude shaker at 4 : 14 am . that was centered near El Centro . As of 6 : 31 am PDT , 5 April 2010 , two people were confirmed dead .", "Presidential elections results Year PRI PAN PRD 2012 36.99 % 446,192 27.2 % 328,116 31.15 % 375,803 2006 21.38 % 203,233 47.35 % 450,186 23.59 % 224,275 2000 37.04 % 319,477 49.76 % 429,194 8.97 % 77,340 48.92 % 402,332 36.18 % 297,565 8.35 % 68,669", "Year PRI PAN PRD", "2012 36.99 % 446,192 27.2 % 328,116 31.15 % 375,803", "2006 21.38 % 203,233 47.35 % 450,186 23.59 % 224,275", "2000 37.04 % 319,477 49.76 % 429,194 8.97 % 77,340", "48.92 % 402,332 36.18 % 297,565 8.35 % 68,669", "Baja California is subdivided into five municipios ( municipalities ) . These are Ensenada , Mexicali , Tecate , Tijuana and Rosarito .", "Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1895 42,875 -- 1900 7,583 − 82.3 % 1910 9,760 + 28.7 % 1921 23,537 + 141.2 % 1930 48,327 + 105.3 % 1940 78,907 + 63.3 % 1950 226,965 + 187.6 % 1960 520,165 + 129.2 % 1970 870,421 + 67.3 % 1980 1,177,886 + 35.3 % 1,660,855 + 41.0 % 1995 2,112,140 + 27.2 % 2000 2,487,367 + 17.8 % 2005 2,844,469 + 14.4 % 3,155,070 + 10.9 % 2015 3,315,766 + 5.1 %", "Historical population", "Year Pop . ± %", "1895 42,875 --", "1900 7,583 − 82.3 %", "1910 9,760 + 28.7 %", "1921 23,537 + 141.2 %", "1930 48,327 + 105.3 %", "1940 78,907 + 63.3 %", "1950 226,965 + 187.6 %", "1960 520,165 + 129.2 %", "1970 870,421 + 67.3 %", "1980 1,177,886 + 35.3 %", "1,660,855 + 41.0 %", "1995 2,112,140 + 27.2 %", "2000 2,487,367 + 17.8 %", "2005 2,844,469 + 14.4 %", "3,155,070 + 10.9 %", "2015 3,315,766 + 5.1 %", "Religion in Baja California ( 2010 census ) Roman Catholicism 72.1 % Other Christian 15.1 % Other religion 0.1 % No religion 10.0 % Unspecified 2.7 %", "Religion in Baja California ( 2010 census )", "", "Roman Catholicism 72.1 %", "Other Christian 15.1 %", "Other religion 0.1 %", "No religion 10.0 %", "Unspecified 2.7 %", "The majority of the population of Baja California is Mestizo , however the state has one of the larger percentages of White ( European ) Mexicans ( about 40 % ) . There are small indigenous communities as well .", "Historically , the state has had sizable East Asian immigration . Mexicali has a large Chinese community , as well as many Filipinos from the Philippines who arrived to the state during the eras of Spanish and American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) in much of the 19th and 20th centuries . Tijuana and Ensenada were a major port of entry for East Asians entering the U.S. ever since the first Asian - Americans were present in California .", "Also a significant number of Middle Eastern immigrants such as Lebanese , Syrians and Armenians settle near the U.S. border , and small waves of settlers in the early 20th century , usually members of the Molokan sect of the Russian Orthodox church fled the Russian Revolution of 1917 when the Soviet Union took power , had established a few villages along the Pacific coast south of Ensenada .", "Since 1960 , large numbers of migrants from southern Mexican states have arrived to work in agriculture ( esp . the Mexicali Valley and nearby Imperial Valley , California , US ) and manufacturing . The cities of Ensenada , Tijuana and Mexicali grew as a result of migrants , primarily those who sought US citizenship and those temporary residents awaiting their entry into the United States are called Flotillas , which is derived from the Spanish word `` flota , '' meaning `` fleet . ''", "There is also a sizable immigrant community from Central and South America , and from the United States and Canada . An estimated 200,000 + American expatriates live in the state , especially in coastal resort towns such as Ensenada , known for affordable homes purchased by retirees who continue to hold US citizenship . San Felipe , Rosarito and Tijuana also have a large American population ( second largest in Mexico next to Mexico City ) , particularly for its cheaper housing and proximity to San Diego .", "Some 60,000 Oaxacans live in Baja California , the vast majority being indigenous . Some 40 % of them lack proper birth certificates .", "According to a Conacyt investigator , a bit under a million people were classified as `` poor '' in the state , up from 2008 when there were roughly 810,000 . Exactly who these people are , whether locals , interstate or international migrants , was not explained .", "Baja California offers one of the best educational programs in the country , with high rankings in schooling and achievement .", "The State Government provides education and qualification courses to increase the workforce standards , such as School - Enterprise linkage programs which helps the development of labor force according to the needs of the industry .", "91.60 % of the population from six to fourteen years of age attend elementary school . 61.95 % of the population over fifteen years of age attend or have already graduated from high school . Public School is available in all levels , from kindergarten to university .", "The state has 32 universities offering 103 professional degrees . These universities have 19 research and development centers for basic and applied investigation in advanced projects of biotechnology , physics , oceanography , computer science , digital geothermal technology , astronomy , aerospace , electrical engineering and clean energy , among others . At this educational level , supply is steadily growing . Baja California has developed a need to be self - sufficient in matters of technological and scientific innovation and to be less dependent on foreign countries . Current businesses demand new production processes as well as technology for the incubation of companies . The number of graduate degrees offered , including Ph. D. programs , is 121 . The state has 53 graduate schools .", "As of 2005 , Baja California 's economy represents 3.3 % of Mexico 's gross domestic product or 21,996 million USD . Baja California 's economy has a strong focus on tariff - free export oriented manufacturing ( maquiladora ) . As of 2005 , 284,255 people are employed in the manufacturing sector . There are a more than 900 companies operating under the federal Prosec program in Baja California .", "The Foreign Investment Law of 1973 allows foreigners to purchase land within the borders and coasts of Mexico by way of a trust , handled through a Mexican bank ( Fideicomiso ) . This trust assures to the buyer all the rights and privileges of ownership , and it can be sold , inherited , leased , or transferred at any time . Since 1994 , the Foreign Investment Law stipulates that the Fideicomiso must be to a 50 - year term , with the option to petition for a 50 - year renewal at any time .", "Any Mexican citizen buying a bank trust property has the option to either remain within the Trust or opt out of it and request the title in `` Escritura '' .", "Mexico 's early history involved foreign invasions and the loss of vast amounts of land ; in fear of history being repeated , the Mexican constitution established the concept of the `` Restricted Zone '' . In 1973 , in order to bring in more foreign tourist investment , the Bank Trust of Fideicomiso was created , thus allowing non-Mexicans to own land without any constitutional amendment necessary . Since the law went into effect , it has undergone many modifications in order to make purchasing land in Mexico a safer investment .", "This section is incomplete . ( July 2013 )", "This section is incomplete . ( July 2013 )", "Mexican Federal Highway 1 Mexican Federal Highway 2 Mexican Federal Highway 3 Mexican Federal Highway 5 Mexican Federal Highway 12", "Mexican Federal Highway 1", "Mexican Federal Highway 2", "Mexican Federal Highway 3", "Mexican Federal Highway 5", "Mexican Federal Highway 12" ]

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[ "Chris Sullivan Sullivan at the 2017 Heroes and Villains Fan Fest ( 1980 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1980 ( age 37 ) Palm Springs , California Alma mater Loyola Marymount University ( BFA Theatre Arts 2002 ) Occupation Actor , musician Years active 2006 -- present Height 6 ft 4 in ( 193 cm ) Weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Television The Knick , This Is Us Spouse ( s ) Rachel Sullivan Website sullynyc.com", "Chris Sullivan", "Sullivan at the 2017 Heroes and Villains Fan Fest", "( 1980 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1980 ( age 37 ) Palm Springs , California", "Alma mater Loyola Marymount University ( BFA Theatre Arts 2002 )", "Occupation Actor , musician", "Years active 2006 -- present", "Height 6 ft 4 in ( 193 cm )", "Weight 250 lb ( 113 kg )", "Television The Knick , This Is Us", "Spouse ( s ) Rachel Sullivan", "Website sullynyc.com", "Chris Sullivan ( born July 19 , 1980 ) is an American actor and musician known for playing Taserface in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . He first gained attention for his portrayal of Tom Cleary on the Cinemax drama The Knick . He played Benny Hammond in Stranger Things and currently stars as Toby on the NBC drama This Is Us .", "He has starred in single episodes of various TV series : A Gifted Man ( 2012 ) , Elementary , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , and The Americans ( 2013 ) .", "He also played Sprit in the 2008 Sundance Film Festival nominated movie North Starr , and appeared in such films as The Normal Heart and The Drop ( 2014 ) , this last with The Knick co-star Jeremy Bobb .", "Year Title Role Notes 2008 North Starr Sprit 2008 Sugar Loud Cook Short film 2012 Death and the Red Dress Smitty Short film 2014 The Drop Jimmy 2016 Morgan Dr. Darren Finch 2016 Imperium Andrew Blackwell 2016 Live by Night Brendan Loomis 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Taserface", "Year Title Role Notes", "2008 North Starr Sprit", "2008 Sugar Loud Cook Short film", "2012 Death and the Red Dress Smitty Short film", "2014 The Drop Jimmy", "2016 Morgan Dr. Darren Finch", "2016 Imperium Andrew Blackwell", "2016 Live by Night Brendan Loomis", "2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Taserface", "Year Title Role Notes Pleading Guilty Rash TV movie 2011 Weekends at Bellevue Officer Mike TV movie 2012 A Gifted Man Biker 1 episode 2013 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eddy Galtin 1 episode 2013 The Americans Assassin 1 episode 2014 The Normal Heart Mike TV movie 2014 Peter Pan Live ! Noodler 2014 Where 's This Party ? Tristan Barlow Web series ; 1 episode 2014 -- 2015 The Knick Tom Cleary Main cast 2016 Stranger Things Benny Hammond 2016 -- present This Is Us Toby Damon", "Year Title Role Notes", "Pleading Guilty Rash TV movie", "2011 Weekends at Bellevue Officer Mike TV movie", "2012 A Gifted Man Biker 1 episode", "2013 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eddy Galtin 1 episode", "2013 The Americans Assassin 1 episode", "2014 The Normal Heart Mike TV movie", "2014 Peter Pan Live ! Noodler", "2014 Where 's This Party ? Tristan Barlow Web series ; 1 episode", "2014 -- 2015 The Knick Tom Cleary Main cast", "2016 Stranger Things Benny Hammond", "2016 -- present This Is Us Toby Damon", "Year Title Role Notes Chicago Amos Hart Replacement Lombardi Jim Taylor Original 2012 Nice Work If You Can Get It Duke Mahoney Original", "Year Title Role Notes", "Chicago Amos Hart Replacement", "Lombardi Jim Taylor Original", "2012 Nice Work If You Can Get It Duke Mahoney Original" ]

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[ "Ai n't No Grave ( also known as Gonna Hold This Body Down ) is a traditional American gospel song attributed to Claude Ely ( 1922 - 1978 ) of Virginia .", "Claude Ely describes composing the song while sick with tuberculosis in 1934 when he was twelve years old . His family prayed for his health , and in response he spontaneously performed this song . Originally recorded by Bozie Sturdivant in 1941 in a slower , Appalachian gospel style and in 1946 - 7 by Sister Rosetta Tharpe with barrelhouse piano ; the song in Ely 's version was recorded in 1953 but composed in 1934 . Many notable artists have performed the song , including Johnny Cash on the posthumous album American VI : Ai n't No Grave .", "In 1967 the song was featured in the film Cool Hand Luke while Luke ( Paul Newman ) is digging a grave , performed by Harry Dean Stanton .", "In 1989 Russ Taff covered this song on the album The Way Home and also as an extended version on the 1991 album Under Their Influence .", "In 1997 it was featured in the film , The Apostle , performed by the movie 's star Robert Duvall .", "In 2006 Crooked Still recorded the song on the album Shaken by a Low Sound .", "In 2015 Tom Jones recorded the song on his Praise and Blame album .", "In 2017 , Bonfire Records Bluegrass recording artists , Wilson Banjo Co. recorded a cover of `` Ai n't No Grave '' on their album SPIRITS IN THE HILLS , charting on the Roots Music Report and garnering significant attention to their music video on social media .", "In 2017 a cover of the song by Hidden Citizens appears in the trailer for the film Aftermath .", "In 2018 , the song was used as the end credits to the final episode of the first season of Altered Carbon .", "Johnny Cash covered `` Ai n't No Grave '' shortly before his death in September 2003 . The recording was released on February 26 , 2010 , as part of a posthumous album titled American VI : Ai n't No Grave .", "In 2010 Cash 's version of the song was featured on the episode Patriot Down of NCIS .", "In 2011 WWE professional wrestler The Undertaker briefly used Cash 's version as his entrance theme in the lead up to and including his match at Wrestlemania XXVII with Triple H .", "In 2012 Quentin Tarantino used Cash 's version for the trailer for Django Unchained .", "In 2016 Cash 's version was featured in the end credits to the first episode of Westworld .", "In 2017 Cash 's version was featured in the second trailer for the movie Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales .", "In 2017 Cash 's version was featured in the 2017 BBC television documentary The Scottish Bounty Hunter starring Christian Matlock ." ]

[ [ "Clothing in ancient Rome generally comprised a short-sleeved or sleeveless, knee-length tunic for men and boys, and a longer, usually sleeved tunic for women and girls. On formal occasions, adult male citizens could wear a woolen toga, draped over their tunic, and married citizen women wore a woolen mantle, known as a palla, over a stola, a simple, long-sleeved, voluminous garment that hung to midstep. Clothing, footwear and accoutrements identified gender, status, rank and social class, and thus offered a means of social control. This was probably most apparent in the segregation of seating tiers at public theatres, games and festivals. Magistrates, priesthoods and the military had their own distinctive and privileged forms of dress." ] ]

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[ "Clothing in ancient Rome generally comprised a short - sleeved or sleeveless , knee - length tunic for men and boys , and a longer , usually sleeved tunic for women and girls . On formal occasions , adult male citizens could wear a woolen toga , draped over their tunic , and married citizen women wore a woolen mantle , known as a palla , over a stola , a simple , long - sleeved , voluminous garment that hung to midstep . Clothing , footwear and accoutrements identified gender , status , rank and social class , and thus offered a means of social control . This was probably most apparent in the segregation of seating tiers at public theatres , games and festivals . Magistrates , priesthoods and the military had their own distinctive and privileged forms of dress .", "The toga was considered Rome 's `` national costume '' but for day - to - day activities , most Romans preferred more casual , practical and comfortable clothing ; in various forms , the tunic was the basic garment for all classes , both sexes and most occupations . It was usually made of linen , and was augmented as necessary with underwear , or with various kinds of cold - or - wet weather wear , such as knee - breeches for men , and cloaks , coats and hats . In colder parts of the empire , full length trousers were worn . Most urban Romans wore shoes , slippers , boots or sandals of various types ; in the countryside , some wore clogs .", "Relative to the overall basic cost of living , even simple clothing was expensive , and was recycled many times down the social scale . Most clothing was simple in structure and basic form , and its production required minimal cutting and tailoring , but all was produced by hand and every process required skill , knowledge and time . Spinning and weaving were thought virtuous , frugal occupations for Roman women of all classes . Wealthy matrons , including Augustus ' wife Livia , might show their traditionalist values by producing home - spun clothing , but most men and women who could afford it bought their clothing from specialist artisans .", "Rome 's governing elite produced laws designed to limit public displays of personal wealth and luxury . None were particularly successful ; the same wealthy elite had an appetite for luxurious clothing . Exotic fabrics were available , at a price ; silk damasks , translucent gauzes , cloth of gold , and intricate embroideries ; and vivid , expensive dyes such as saffron yellow or Tyrian purple . Not all dyes were costly , however , and most Romans wore colourful clothing . Clean , bright clothing was a mark of respectability and status among all social classes . The fastenings and brooches used to secure garments such as cloaks provided further opportunities for personal embellishment and display .", "The basic garment for both genders and all classes was the tunica ( tunic ) , often worn beneath one or more additional layers . In its simplest form , the tunic was a single rectangle of woven fabric , originally woolen , but from the mid-republic onward , increasingly made from linen . It was sewn into a sleeveless tubular shape and pinned around the shoulders like a Greek chiton , to form openings for the neck and arms . In some examples from the eastern part of the empire , neck openings were formed in the weaving . Sleeves could be added . Most working men wore knee - length , short - sleeved tunics , secured at the waist with a belt . Some traditionalists considered long sleeved tunics appropriate only for women , very long tunics on men as a sign of effeminacy , and short or unbelted tunics as marks of servility . Women 's tunics were usually ankle or foot - length , long - sleeved , and could be worn loosely or belted . Though essentially simple in basic design , tunics could also be luxurious in their fabric , colours and detailing .", "Loincloths , known as subligacula or subligaria could be worn under a tunic . They could also be worn on their own , particularly by slaves who engaged in hot , sweaty or dirty work . Women wore both loincloth and strophium ( a breast cloth ) under their tunics ; and some wore tailored underwear for work or leisure . A 4th century AD Sicillian mosaic shows several `` bikini girls '' performing athletic feats ; in 1953 a Roman leather bikini bottom was excavated from a well in London .", "Roman society was graded into several citizen and non-citizen classes and ranks , ruled by a powerful minority of wealthy , landowning citizen - aristocrats . Even the lowest grade of citizenship carried certain privileges denied to non-citizens , such as the right to vote for representation in government . In tradition and law , an individual 's place in the citizen - hierarchy - or outside it - should be immediately evident in their clothing . The seating arrangements at theatres and games enforced this idealised social order , with varying degrees of success .", "In literature and poetry , Romans were the gens togata ( `` togate race '' ) , descended from a tough , virile , intrinsically noble peasantry of hard - working , toga - wearing men and women . The toga 's origins are uncertain ; it may have begun as a simple , practical work - garment and blanket for peasants and herdsmen . It eventually became formal wear for male citizens ; at much the same time , respectable female citizens adopted the stola . The morals , wealth and reputation of citizens were subject to official scrutiny . Male citizens who failed to meet a minimum standard could be demoted in rank , and denied the right to wear a toga ; by the same token , female citizens could be denied the stola . Respectable citizens of either sex might thus be distinguished from freedmen , foreigners , slaves and infamous persons .", "The basic , unadorned toga virilis ( `` toga of manhood '' ) was a semi-elliptical , white woolen cloth some 6 feet in width and 12 feet in length , draped across the shoulders and around the body , over a plain white linen tunic . A commoner 's toga virilis was a naturally off - white ; the senatorial version was more voluminous , and brighter . The toga praetexta of curule magistrates and some priesthoods added a wide purple edging , and was worn over a tunic with two vertical purple stripes . It could also be worn by noble and freeborn boys and girls , and represented their protection under civil and divine law . Equites wore the trabea ( a shorter , `` equestrian '' form of white toga or a purple - red wrap , or both ) over a white tunic with two narrow vertical purple - red stripes . The toga pulla , used for mourning , was made of dark wool . The rare , prestigious toga picta and tunica palmata were entirely purple , save for their gold embroidery ; they were originally awarded to Roman generals for the day of their triumph , and later worn by emperors and Imperial consuls .", "From at least the late Republic onward , the toga became increasingly unsuited to manual work or physically active leisure . It was expensive , heavy , hot and sweaty , hard to keep clean , costly to launder and challenging to wear . A toga worn correctly constrained both posture and gait ; it was best suited to stately processions , oratory , sitting in the theatre or circus , and displaying oneself before one 's peers and inferiors while `` ostentatiously doing nothing '' at salutationes . These early morning , formal `` greeting sessions '' were an essential part of Roman life , in which clients attended their patrons , competing for favours or investment in business ventures . A client who dressed well and correctly - in his toga , if a citizen - showed respect for himself and his patron , and might stand out among the crowd . A canny patron might equip his entire family , his friends , freedmen , even his slaves , with elegant , costly and impractical clothing , impyling his entire extended family 's condition as one of `` honorific leisure '' ( otium ) , buoyed by limitless wealth .", "The vast majority of citizens had to work for a living , and avoided wearing the toga whenever possible . Several emperors tried to compel its use as the public dress of true Romanitas but none were particularly successful . The aristocracy clung to it as a mark of their prestige , but eventually abandoned it for the more comfortable and practical pallium .", "Besides tunics , married citizen women wore a simple garment known as a stola ( pl . stolae ) which was associated with traditional Roman female virtues . Stolae typically comprised two rectangular segments of cloth joined at the side by fibulae and buttons in a manner allowing the garment to drape freely over the front of the wearer .", "Over the stola , women often wore the palla , a sort of rectangular shawl up to 11 feet long , and five wide . It could be worn as a coat , or draped over the left shoulder , under the right arm , and then over the left arm . No respectable woman went bareheaded in public , so the palla could also serve as a hooded cloak . The combination of stola and palla identified the wearer as a respectable married woman , not to be insulted or trifled with , and certainly not available for sexual predation . In contrast , some Roman literary sources have been interpreted as evidence that high - caste women convicted of adultery , and high - class female prostitutes ( meretrices ) , were not only forbidden public use of the stola , but were expected to wear the toga instead , as a sign of their infamy .", "For citizens , salutationes meant wearing the toga appropriate to their rank . For freedmen , it meant whatever dress disclosed their status and wealth ; a man should be what he seemed , and low rank was no bar to making money . Notwithstanding the commonplace snobbery and mockery of their social superiors , some freedmen and freedwomen were highly cultured and well - connected . Most freedmen became clients of their former master , and could share his personal and business connections . Those with an aptitude for business could amass a fortune ; and many did . They could function as patrons , own grand town - houses , and `` dress to impress '' .", "Under Roman dress codes , the only certain condition imposed on freedmen was a negative ; they were explicitly forbidden to wear any kind of toga . Elite invective mocked the aspirations of wealthy , upwardly mobile freedmen who boldly flouted this probibition , and donned a toga , or even the trabea of an equites , to insert themselves as equals among their social superiors at the games and theatres . If detected , they were evicted from their seats .", "Roman infants were usually swaddled . Apart from those few , typically formal garments reserved for adults , most children wore a scaled - down version of what their parents wore . Girls often wore a long tunic that reached the foot or instep , belted at the waist and very simply decorated , most often white . Outdoors , they might wear another tunic over it . Boy 's tunics were shorter .", "Boys and girls of citizen family wore amulets to protect them from immoral or baleful influences such as the evil eye and sexual predation . For boys , the amulet was a bulla , worn around the neck ; the equivalent for girls was a crescent - shaped lunula . The toga praetexta , which was thought to offer similar apotropaic protection , was formal wear for freeborn boys until puberty , usually around 14 years of age , when they gave their toga praetexta and childhood bulla into the care of their family lares and put on the adult male 's toga virilis . According to some Roman literary sources , freeborn girls might also wear - or at least , had the right to wear - a toga praetexta until marriage , when they offered their childhood toys , and perhaps their maidenly praetexta to Fortuna Virginalis ; others claim a gift made to the family Lares , or to Venus , as part of their passage to adulthood . In traditionalist families , unmarried girls might be expected to wear their hair demurely bound in a fillet .", "Notwithstanding such attempts to protect the maidenly virtue of Roman girls , there is little anecdotal or artistic evidence of their use or effective imposition . Some unmarried daughters of respectable families seem to have enjoyed going out and about in flashy clothing , jewellery , perfume and make - up ; and some parents , anxious to find the best and wealthiest possible match for their daughters , seem to have encouraged it .", "Romans used a wide variety of practical and decorative footwear , all of it flat soled ( without heels ) . Outdoor shoes were often hobnailed for grip and durability . The commonest types of footwear were a one - piece shoe ( carbatina ) , sometimes with semi-openwork uppers : a usually thin - soled sandal ( solea ) , secured with thongs : a laced , soft half - shoe ( soccus ) : a usually hobnailed , thick - soled walking shoe ( calcea ) : and a heavy - duty , hobnailed standard - issue military marching boot ( caliga ) . Thick - soled wooden clogs , with leather uppers , were available for use in wet weather , and by rustics and field - slaves", "Shoemakers employed sophisticated strapwork and delicate cutting to create intricate decorative patterns . Indoors , most reasonably well - off Romans of both sexes wore slippers or light shoes of felt or leather . Brides on their wedding - day may have worn distinctively orange - coloured light soft shoes or slippers ( lutei socci ) .", "Public protocol required red ankle boots for senators , and shoes with crescent - shaped buckles for equites , though some wore Greek - style sandals to `` go with the crowd '' . Costly footwear was a mark of wealth or status , but being completely unshod need not be a mark of poverty . Cato the younger showed his impeccable Republican morality by going publicly barefoot ; many images of the Roman gods , and later , statues of the semi-divine Augustus , were unshod .", "Fashions in footwear reflected changes in social conditions . For example , during the unstable middle Imperial era , the military was overtly favoured as the true basis for power ; at around this time , a so - called `` Gallic sandal '' - up to 4 inches broad at the toe - developed as outdoor wear for men and boys , reminiscent of the military boot . Meanwhile , outdoor footwear for women , young girls and children remained elegantly pointed at the toe .", "For the most part , common soldiers seem to have dressed in belted , knee - length tunics for work or leisure . In the northern provinces , the traditionally short sleeved tunic might be replaced by a warmer , long - sleeved version . Soldiers on active duty wore short trousers under a military kilt , sometimes with a leather jerkin or felt padding to cushion their armour , and a triangular scarf tucked in at the neck . For added protection from wind and weather , they could wear the sagum , a heavy - duty cloak also worn by civilians . According to Roman tradition , soldiers had once worn togas to war , hitching them up with what was known as a `` Gabine cinch '' ; but by the mid-Republican era , this had been abandoned . Henceforth , citizen - soldiers wore togas only for formal occasions . Cicero 's `` sagum - wearing '' soldiers versus `` toga - wearing '' civilians are rhetorical and literary trope , referring to a wished - for transition from military might to peaceful , civil authority . When on duty in the city , the Praetorian guard concealed their weapons beneath their white `` civilian '' togas .", "The sagum distinguished common soldiers from the highest ranking commanders , who wore a larger , purple - red cloak , the paludamentum . The colour of the ranker 's sagum is uncertain . Roman military clothing was probably less uniform and more adaptive to local conditions and supplies than is suggested by its idealised depictions in contemporary literature , statuary and monuments . Nevertheless , Rome 's levies abroad were supposed to represent Rome in her purest form ; provincials were supposed to adopt Roman ways , not vice versa . Even when foreign garments - such as trousers - proved more practical than standard issue , soldiers and commanders who used them were viewed with disdain and alarm by their more conservative compatriots , for undermining Rome 's military virtus by `` going native '' .", "In Mediterranean climates , soldiers typically wore hobnailed `` open boots '' ( caligae ) . In colder and wetter climates , an enclosing `` shoeboot '' was preferred . Some of the Vindolanda tablets mention the despatch of clothing - including cloaks , socks , and warm underwear - by families to their relatives , serving at Brittania 's northern frontier .", "During the early and middle Republican era , conscripted soldiers and their officers were expected to provide or pay for all their personal equipment . From the late republic onwards , they were salaried professionals , and bought their own clothing from legionary stores , quartermasters or civilian contractors . Military needs were prioritised . Clothing was expensive to start with , and the military demand was high ; this inevitably pushed up prices , and a common soldier 's clothing expenses could be more than a third of his annual pay . In the rampant inflation of the later Imperial era , as currency and salaries were devalued , deductions from military salaries for clothing and other staples were replaced by payments in kind , leaving common soldiers adequately clothed but with little cash for their dependents , or eventual retirement .", "Most priesthoods were reserved to high status , male Roman citizens , usually magistrates or ex-magistrates . Most traditional religious rites required that the priest wore a toga praetexta , in a manner described as capite velato ( head covered ( by a fold of the toga ) ) when performing augury , reciting prayers or supervising at sacrifices . Where a rite prescribed the free use of both arms , the priest could employ the cinctus Gabinus ( `` Gabine cinch '' ) to tie back the toga 's inconvenient folds .", "The Vestal Virgins tended Rome 's sacred fire , in Vesta 's temple , and prepared essential sacrificial materials employed by different cults of the Roman state . They were highly respected , and possessed unique rights and privileges ; their persons were sacred and inviolate . Their presence was required at various religious and civil rites and ceremonies . Their costume was predominantly white , woolen , and had elements in common with high - status Roman bridal dress . They wore a white , priestly infula , a white suffibulum ( veil ) and a white palla , with red ribbons to symbolise their devotion to Vesta 's sacred fire , and white ribbons as a mark of their purity .", "The Flamen priesthood was dedicated to various deities of the Roman state . They wore a close - fitting , rounded cap ( Apex ) topped with a spike of olive - wood ; and the laena , a long , semi-circular `` flame - coloured '' cloak fastened at the shoulder with a brooch or fibula . Their senior was the Flamen dialis , who was the high priest of Jupiter and was married to the Flamenica dialis . He was not allowed to divorce , leave the city , ride a horse , touch iron , or see a corpse . The laena was thought to predate the toga . The twelve Salii ( `` leaping priests '' of Mars ) were young patrician men , who processed through the city in a form of war - dance during the festival of Mars , singing the Carmen Saliare . They too wore the apex , but otherwise dressed as archaic warriors , in embroidered tunics and breastplates . Each carried a sword , wore a short , red military cloak ( paludamentum ) and ritually struck a bronze shield , whose ancient original was said to have fallen from heaven .", "Rome recruited many non-native deities , cults and priesthoods as protectors and allies of the state . Aesculapius , Apollo , Ceres and Proserpina were worshiped using the so - called `` Greek rite '' , which employed Greek priestly dress , or a Romanised version of it . The priest presided in Greek fashion , with his head bare or wreathed .", "In 204 BC , the Galli priesthood were brought to Rome from Phrygia , to serve the `` Trojan '' Mother Goddess Cybele and her consort Attis on behalf of the Roman state . They were legally protected but flamboyantly `` un-Roman '' . They were eunuchs , and told fortunes for money ; their public rites were wild , frenzied and bloody , and their priestly garb was `` womanly '' . They wore long , flowing robes of yellow silk , extravagant jewellery , perfume and make - up , and turbans or exotic versions of the `` phrygian '' hat over long , bleached hair .", "Roman fashions underwent very gradual change from the late Republic to the end of the Western empire , 600 years later . In part , this reflects the expansion of Rome 's empire , and the adoption of provincial fashions perceived as attractively exotic , or simply more practical than traditional forms of dress . Changes in fashion also reflect the increasing dominance of a military elite within government , and a corresponding reduction in the value and status of traditional civil offices and ranks . In the later empire after Diocletian 's reforms , clothing worn by soldiers and non-military government beaucrats became highly decorated , with woven or embellished strips , clavi , and circular roundels , orbiculi , added to tunics and cloaks . These decorative elements usually comprised geometrical patterns and stylised plant motifs , but could include human or animal figures . The use of silk also increased steadily and most courtiers in late antiquity wore elaborate silk robes . Heavy military - style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers , revealing the general militarization of late Roman government . Trousers -- considered barbarous garments worn by Germans and Persians -- achieved only limited popularity in the latter days of the empire , and were regarded by conservatives as a sign of cultural decay . The toga , traditionally seen as the sign of true Romanitas , had never been popular or practical . Most likely , its official replacement in the East by the more comfortable pallium and paenula simply acknowledged its disuse . In early medieval Europe , kings and aristocrats dressed like the late Roman generals they sought to emulate , not like the older toga - clad senatorial tradition .", "Wool was the most commonly used fibre in Roman clothing . The sheep of Tarentum were renowned for the quality of their wool , although the Romans never ceased trying to optimise the quality of wool through cross-breeding . Miletus in Asia Minor and the province of Gallia Belgica were also renowned for the quality of their wool exports , the latter producing a heavy , rough wool suitable for winter . For most garments , white wool was preferred ; it could then be further bleached , or dyed . Naturally dark wool was used for the toga pulla and work garments subjected to dirt and stains .", "In the provinces , private landowners and the State held large tracts of grazing land , where large numbers of sheep were raised and sheared . Their wool was processed and woven in dedicated manufactories . Britannia was noted for its woolen products , which included a kind of duffel coat ( the Birrus Brittanicus ) , fine carpets , and felt linings for army helmets .", "Silk and cotton were imported to Rome from China and India . As early as the 3rd century BC silk was being purchased by Roman traders from the Carthaginian ports of Tyre and Beirut , where it was woven and dyed after arriving from the far East . As Roman weaving techniques developed , silk yarn was used to make geometrically or freely figured damask , tabbies and tapestry . Some of these silk fabrics were extremely fine - around 50 threads or more per centimeter . Production of such highly decorative , costly fabrics seems to have been a speciality of weavers in the eastern Roman provinces , where the earliest Roman horizontal looms were developed .", "Various sumptuary laws and price controls were passed to limit the purchase and use of silk . In the early Empire the Senate passed legislation forbidding the wearing of silk by men because it was viewed as effeminate but there was also a connotation of immorality or immodesty attached to women who wore the material , as illustrated by Seneca the Elder :", "`` I can see clothes of silk , if materials that do not hide the body , nor even one 's decency , can be called clothes ... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress , so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife 's body . '' ( Declamations Vol. 1 )", "The Emperor Aurelian is said to have forbidden his wife to buy a mantle of Tyrian purple silk . The Historia Augusta claims that the emperor Elagabalus was the first Roman to wear garments of pure silk ( holoserica ) as opposed to the usual silk / cotton blends ( subserica ) ; this is presented as further evidence of his notorious decadence . Moral dimensions aside , Roman importation and expenditure on silk represented a significant , inflationary drain on Rome 's gold and silver coinage , to the benefit of foreign traders and loss to the empire . Diocletian 's Edict on Maximum Prices of 301 AD set the price of one kilo of raw silk at 4,000 gold coins .", "Wild silk , cocoons collected from the wild after the insect had eaten its way out , was also known ; being of shorter smaller lengths , its fibres had to be spun into somewhat thicker yarn than the cultivated variety . A rare luxury cloth with a beautiful golden sheen , known as sea silk , was made from the long silky filaments or byssus produced by Pinna nobilis , a large Mediterranean clam .", "Pliny the Elder describes the production of linen from flax and hemp . After harvesting , the plant stems were retted to loosen the outer layers and internal fibres , stripped , pounded and then smoothed . Following this , the materials were woven . Flax , like wool , came in various speciality grades and qualities . In Pliny 's opinion , the whitest ( and best ) was imported from Spanish Saetabis ; at double the price , the strongest and most long - lasting was from Retovium . The whitest and softest was produced in Latium , Falerii and Paelignium . Natural linen was a `` greyish brown '' that faded to off - white through repeated laundering and exposure to sunlight . It did not readily absorb the dyes in use at the time , and was generally bleached , or used in its raw , undyed state .", "High quality fabrics were also woven from nettle ; poppy - stem fibre was sometimes interwoven with flax , to produce a glossy smooth , lightweight and luxuriant fabric . Preparation techniques were much the same as those for linen .", "Ready - made clothing was available for all classes , at a price ; the cost of a new cloak for an ordinary commoner might represent three fifths of their annual subsistence . Clothing was recycled down the social scale , until it fell to rags . Centonarii ( `` patch - workers '' ) made a living by sewing clothing and other items from recycled fabric patches . Owners of slave - run farms and sheep - flocks were advised that whenever the opportunity arose , female slaves should be fully occupied in the production of homespun woolen cloth ; this would likely be good enough for clothing the better class of slave or supervisor .", "Self - sufficiency in clothing paid off . The carding , combing , spinning and weaving of wool were part of daily housekeeping for most women . Those of middling or low income could supplement their personal or family income by spinning and selling yarn , or by weaving fabric for sale . In traditionalist , wealthy households , the family 's wool - baskets , spindles and looms were positioned in the semi-public reception area ( atrium ) , where the mater familias and her familia could thus demonstrate their industry and frugality ; a largely symbolic and moral activity , rather than practical necessity . Augustus was particularly proud that his wife and daughter had set the best possible example to other Roman women by spinning and weaving his clothing . High - caste brides were expected to make their own wedding garments , using a traditional vertical loom .", "Most fabric and clothing was produced by professionals whose trades , standards and specialities were protected by guilds ; these in turn were recognised and regulated by local authorities . Pieces were woven as closely as possible to their intended final shape , with minimal waste , cutting and sewing thereafter . Once a woven piece of fabric was removed from the loom , its loose end - threads could be tied off , and left as a decorative fringe , or used to add differently coloured `` Etruscan style '' borders , as in the purple - red border of the toga praetexta , and the vertical coloured stripe of some tunics ; a technique known as `` tablet weaving '' . Weaving on an upright , hand - powered loom was a slow process . The earliest evidence for the transition from vertical to more efficient horizontal , foot - powered looms comes from Egypt , around 298 AD . Even then , the lack of mechanical aids in spinning made yarn production a major bottleneck in the manufacture of cloth .", "From Rome 's earliest days , a wide variety of colours and coloured fabrics would have been available ; in Roman tradition , the first association of professional dyers dated back to the days of King Numa . Roman dyers would certainly have had access to the same locally produced , usually plant - based dyes as their neighbours on the Italian peninsula , producing various shades of red , yellow , blue , green , and brown ; blacks could be achieved using iron salts and oak gall . Other dyes , or dyed cloths , could have been obtained by trade , or through experimentation . For the very few who could afford it , cloth - of - gold ( lamé ) was almost certainly available , possibly as early as the 7th century BC .", "Throughout the Regal , Republican and Imperial eras , the fastest , most expensive and sought - after dye was imported Tyrian purple , obtained from the murex . Its hues varied according to processing , the most desirable being a dark `` dried - blood '' red . Purple had long - standing associations with regality , and with the divine . It was thought to sanctify and protect those who wore it , and was officially reserved for the border of the toga praetexta , and for the solid purple toga picta . Edicts against its wider , more casual use were not particularly successful ; it was also used by wealthy women and , somewhat more disreputably , by some men . Verres is reported as wearing a purple pallium at all - night parties , not long before his trial , disgrace and exile for corruption . For those who could not afford genuine Tyrian purple , counterfeits were available . The expansion of trade networks during the early Imperial era brought the dark blue of Indian indigo to Rome ; though desirable and costly in itself , it also served as a base for fake Tyrian purple .", "For red hues , madder was one of the cheapest dyes available . Saffron yellow was much admired , but costly . It was a deep , bright and fiery yellow - orange , and was associated with purity and constancy . It was used for the flammeum ( meaning `` flame - coloured '' ) , a veil used by Roman brides and the Flamenica Dialis , who was virgin at marriage and forbidden to divorce .", "Specific colours were associated with chariot - racing teams and their supporters . The oldest of these were the Reds and the Whites . During the later Imperial era , the Blues and Greens dominated chariot - racing and , up to a point , civil and political life in Rome and Constantinople . Though the teams and their supporters had official recognition , their rivalry sometimes spilled into civil violence and riot , both within and beyond the circus venue .", "The Romans had two methods of converting animal skins to leather : tanning produced a soft , supple brown leather ; `` tawing '' in alum and salt produced a soft , pale leather that readily absorbed dyes . Both these processes produced a strong , unpleasant odour , so tanners and tawers shops were usually placed well away from urban centres . Unprocessed animal hides were supplied directly to tanners by butchers , as a byproduct of meat production ; some was turned to rawhide , which made a durable shoe - sole . Landowners and livestock ranchers , many of whom were of the elite class , drew a proportion of profits at each step of the process that turned their animals into leather or hide . The trade in leather and hides was empire - wide . The Roman military consumed large quantities of leather ; for jerkins , belts , boots , saddles , harness and strapwork , but mostly for military tents .", "The almost universal habit of public bathing ensured that most Romans kept their bodies clean , reducing the need for frequent washing of garments and bedsheets . Nevertheless , dirt , spillage and staining were constant hazards , and most Romans lived in apartment blocks that lacked facilities for washing clothes on any but the smallest scale . Professional laundries ( fullonicae , singular fullonica ) were highly malodorous but essential and commonplace features of every city and town . Small fulling enterprises could be found at local market - places ; others operated on an industrial scale , and would have required a considerable investment of money and manpower , especially slaves .", "Basic laundering and fulling techniques were simple , and labour - intensive . Garments were placed in large tubs containing aged urine , then well trodden by bare - footed workers . They were well - rinsed , manually or mechanically wrung , and spread over wicker frames to dry . Whites could be further brightened by bleaching with sulphur fumes . Some colours could be restored to brightness by `` polishing '' or `` refinishing '' with Cimolian earth . Others would have required separate treatment . In the best - equipped establishments , garments were further smoothed under pressure , using screw - presses . The process was punishingly harsh to fabrics , but purity and cleanliness of clothing was in itself a mark of status . The high - quality woolen togas of the senatorial class were intensively laundered to an exceptional , snowy white , using the best and most expensive ingredients . Lower ranking citizens used togas of duller wool , more cheaply laundered ; for reasons that remain unclear , the clothing of different status groups might have been laundered separately .", "Front of house , fullonicae were run by enterprising citizens of lower social class , or by freedmen and freedwomen ; behind the scenes , their enterprise might be supported discreetly by a rich or elite patron , in return for a share of the profits . The Roman elite seem to have despised the fulling and laundering professions as ignoble ; though perhaps no more than they despised all manual trades . The fullers themselves evidently thought theirs a respectable and highly profitable profession , worth celebration and illustration in murals and memorials . Pompeian mural paintings of launderers and fullers at work show garments in a rainbow variety of colours , but not white ; fullers seem to have been particularly valued for their ability to launder dyed garments without loss of colour , sheen or `` brightness '' , rather than merely whitening , or bleaching . New cloth and clothing may also have been laundered ; the process would have partially felted and strengthened woolen fabrics ." ]

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[ "The following is a summary of notable incidents at any of the amusement parks and water parks operated by Six Flags Entertainment Corporation . In some cases , these incidents occurred while the park was under different management or ownership .", "This list is not intended to be a comprehensive list of every such event , but only those that have a significant impact on the parks or park operations , or are otherwise significantly noteworthy . The term incidents refers to major accidents , injuries , or deaths that occur at a park . While these incidents were required to be reported to regulatory authorities due to where they occurred , they usually fall into one of the following categories :", "Caused by negligence on the part of the guest . This can be refusal to follow specific ride safety instructions , or deliberate intent to violate park rules . The result of a guest 's known , or unknown , health issues . Negligence on the part of the park , either by ride operator or maintenance safety instructions , or deliberate intent to violate park rules . Act of God or a generic accident ( e.g. , lightning strike , slipping and falling ) , that is not a direct result of an action on anybody 's part .", "Caused by negligence on the part of the guest . This can be refusal to follow specific ride safety instructions , or deliberate intent to violate park rules .", "The result of a guest 's known , or unknown , health issues .", "Negligence on the part of the park , either by ride operator or maintenance safety instructions , or deliberate intent to violate park rules .", "Act of God or a generic accident ( e.g. , lightning strike , slipping and falling ) , that is not a direct result of an action on anybody 's part .", "On June 24th , 2017 , a 14 - year - old girl from Greenwood , Delaware fell approximately 25 feet from her gondola , striking a tree before falling to the ground . The girl had slipped under the chair 's safety bar while the ride was in motion . The ride was stopped when park visitors alerted the operators to the incident , while other visitors gathered underneath the girl to prepare to catch her . She ultimately fell into the group of visitors below her , with an unidentified 47 - year - old man receiving a back injury from the attempt . The passenger received no serious injuries , and was taken to a local hospital . Park officials stated there did not appear to be a malfunction of the ride , but closed the ride pending review .", "On June 24th , 2017 , a 14 - year - old girl from Greenwood , Delaware fell approximately 25 feet from her gondola , striking a tree before falling to the ground . The girl had slipped under the chair 's safety bar while the ride was in motion . The ride was stopped when park visitors alerted the operators to the incident , while other visitors gathered underneath the girl to prepare to catch her . She ultimately fell into the group of visitors below her , with an unidentified 47 - year - old man receiving a back injury from the attempt . The passenger received no serious injuries , and was taken to a local hospital . Park officials stated there did not appear to be a malfunction of the ride , but closed the ride pending review .", "On July 6 , 2012 , a 67 - year - old employee of the park was killed at Le Vampire . The employee was reportedly found underneath the attraction in a restricted area , appearing to have suffered head trauma . Park officials stated that the employee had been struck by the roller coaster . The employee was pronounced dead at the scene ; another individual was taken to a hospital to be treated for shock . Officials with the park did not know why the employee entered the restricted area of the ride while it was operational , but they did state that the ride was operating normally and that procedures for entering restricted ride areas , including notification of ride staff , had not been followed .", "On July 6 , 2012 , a 67 - year - old employee of the park was killed at Le Vampire . The employee was reportedly found underneath the attraction in a restricted area , appearing to have suffered head trauma . Park officials stated that the employee had been struck by the roller coaster . The employee was pronounced dead at the scene ; another individual was taken to a hospital to be treated for shock . Officials with the park did not know why the employee entered the restricted area of the ride while it was operational , but they did state that the ride was operating normally and that procedures for entering restricted ride areas , including notification of ride staff , had not been followed .", "On August 3 , 2007 , a 6 - year - old girl fell from the Octopus while the ride was in motion and suffered minor injuries to her head , hip , and leg . Reports from eyewitnesses vary on the distance she fell , ranging from 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) . Park officials said that they believe she fell from her car because she was standing up without her safety bar while the ride was moving .", "On August 3 , 2007 , a 6 - year - old girl fell from the Octopus while the ride was in motion and suffered minor injuries to her head , hip , and leg . Reports from eyewitnesses vary on the distance she fell , ranging from 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) to 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) . Park officials said that they believe she fell from her car because she was standing up without her safety bar while the ride was moving .", "On July 1 , 2003 , an electrical issue left 28 people stranded at the top of the ride 's incline 130 feet in the air for 2 hours until park workers were able lower the car back to the station . No injuries were reported .", "On July 1 , 2003 , an electrical issue left 28 people stranded at the top of the ride 's incline 130 feet in the air for 2 hours until park workers were able lower the car back to the station . No injuries were reported .", "On October 16 , 2007 , the train was stuck on the lift caused by a failed mechanism . Once the train returned to the station , the hydraulic line was severed , causing hydraulic fluid to spray on several riders . Twelve people needed medication , while two were taken to the hospital to be treated . The riders only suffered minor injuries .", "On October 16 , 2007 , the train was stuck on the lift caused by a failed mechanism . Once the train returned to the station , the hydraulic line was severed , causing hydraulic fluid to spray on several riders . Twelve people needed medication , while two were taken to the hospital to be treated . The riders only suffered minor injuries .", "On August 10 , 2014 , at about 3pm , 24 people were trapped on the roller coaster when the train stalled along the course . The train was upright on a curve near one of the highest points on the ride . The local fire department used an aerial fire apparatus to bring down riders one at a time . By 7 : 30pm local time , all riders had been removed from the ride , which was immediately closed for investigation . Investigators claim that the stalled train was caused by debris on the track . No riders were injured , and all were evaluated by emergency personnel . On April 13 , 2017 , at a little before 6pm , the ride stalled along the same length as the 2014 incident . 24 riders were stuck on the train , and firefighters rescued all the riders with the use of a cherry picker by 9 : 20 PM , more than two hours after the park 's closing and almost four hours after the train got stuck .", "On August 10 , 2014 , at about 3pm , 24 people were trapped on the roller coaster when the train stalled along the course . The train was upright on a curve near one of the highest points on the ride . The local fire department used an aerial fire apparatus to bring down riders one at a time . By 7 : 30pm local time , all riders had been removed from the ride , which was immediately closed for investigation . Investigators claim that the stalled train was caused by debris on the track . No riders were injured , and all were evaluated by emergency personnel .", "On April 13 , 2017 , at a little before 6pm , the ride stalled along the same length as the 2014 incident . 24 riders were stuck on the train , and firefighters rescued all the riders with the use of a cherry picker by 9 : 20 PM , more than two hours after the park 's closing and almost four hours after the train got stuck .", "In June 2000 , eight people were trapped when their raft fell off during the ride . All riders escaped but two were injured .", "In June 2000 , eight people were trapped when their raft fell off during the ride . All riders escaped but two were injured .", "On June 18 , 2018 , 24 passengers were helped off the ride 's lift hill after sensors automatically stopped the ride . No injuries were reported .", "On June 18 , 2018 , 24 passengers were helped off the ride 's lift hill after sensors automatically stopped the ride . No injuries were reported .", "On June 13 , 2018 , a 14 - year - old boy was admitted to the hospital in critical condition after he was rescued from the wave pool . Park staff and paramedics treated the guest before he was transported to the hospital .", "On June 13 , 2018 , a 14 - year - old boy was admitted to the hospital in critical condition after he was rescued from the wave pool . Park staff and paramedics treated the guest before he was transported to the hospital .", "On July 13 , 2016 , a bomb threat was called in right before the park opened . The Prince George 's County Fire Department bomb squad and security personnel were deployed around the park and found two unattended backpacks that were determined not to be explosive . The all - clear was announced after a search of the park around 2 : 45 p.m. Six Flags announced that the park would be open until 8 p.m. that evening .", "On July 13 , 2016 , a bomb threat was called in right before the park opened . The Prince George 's County Fire Department bomb squad and security personnel were deployed around the park and found two unattended backpacks that were determined not to be explosive . The all - clear was announced after a search of the park around 2 : 45 p.m. Six Flags announced that the park would be open until 8 p.m. that evening .", "On August 9 , 1997 , a 51 - year old maintenance worker was killed after being struck by a roller coaster train . The man was working on a section of track when the train was sent out for a test run and struck him along its way . A signal had indicated to the man that the track was clear .", "On August 9 , 1997 , a 51 - year old maintenance worker was killed after being struck by a roller coaster train . The man was working on a section of track when the train was sent out for a test run and struck him along its way . A signal had indicated to the man that the track was clear .", "On October 19 , 2003 , seven people were treated and released from a local hospital after a wooden board fell into the middle of a coaster train while the ride was running .", "On October 19 , 2003 , seven people were treated and released from a local hospital after a wooden board fell into the middle of a coaster train while the ride was running .", "In 2001 , a 13 - year - old boy was ejected from the ride due to a faulty lap bar and suffered broken bones in his head , pelvis and legs .", "In 2001 , a 13 - year - old boy was ejected from the ride due to a faulty lap bar and suffered broken bones in his head , pelvis and legs .", "On January 5 , 1996 , two trainers were attacked by cougars during an exercise session . One trainer was in the cougar enclosure to take one of the animals for a walk . The cougars , Zuni and Tonto , had been playing among themselves and began aggressively playing with him , causing severe cuts on his face and upper torso . The backup trainer suffered minor cuts and bruises in his attempt to free the other . On July 31 , 1998 , Kuma , a two - year - old Bengal tiger , attacked and seriously injured a guest from San Jose , California , and slightly injured the trainer . The incident happened in a secluded area of the park set up to do private photo sessions with the big cats . The tiger was apparently startled when the guest fell off the photo platform and landed on top of her . The trainer suffered a clawing while trying to free the guest who had received serious injuries to her head and upper torso . On June 2 , 2004 , a 23 - year - old African elephant named Misha gored her trainer while in her enclosure as the trainer walked beside her . This was Misha 's second aggressive act following a previous swipe at a trainer two years prior .", "On January 5 , 1996 , two trainers were attacked by cougars during an exercise session . One trainer was in the cougar enclosure to take one of the animals for a walk . The cougars , Zuni and Tonto , had been playing among themselves and began aggressively playing with him , causing severe cuts on his face and upper torso . The backup trainer suffered minor cuts and bruises in his attempt to free the other .", "On July 31 , 1998 , Kuma , a two - year - old Bengal tiger , attacked and seriously injured a guest from San Jose , California , and slightly injured the trainer . The incident happened in a secluded area of the park set up to do private photo sessions with the big cats . The tiger was apparently startled when the guest fell off the photo platform and landed on top of her . The trainer suffered a clawing while trying to free the guest who had received serious injuries to her head and upper torso .", "On June 2 , 2004 , a 23 - year - old African elephant named Misha gored her trainer while in her enclosure as the trainer walked beside her . This was Misha 's second aggressive act following a previous swipe at a trainer two years prior .", "On August 25 , 1999 , 28 passengers were stranded on the Boomerang ride for several hours . The shuttle that pulled the train up an incline failed to release the train . Employees were eventually able to fix the problem and started the coaster . It successfully went around both loops on its first pass , but stalled upside down at the peak of one of the loops on its way back for hours . Riders , suffering from cases of severe dehydration and sunburn , were rescued by firefighters in an aerial fire apparatus .", "On August 25 , 1999 , 28 passengers were stranded on the Boomerang ride for several hours . The shuttle that pulled the train up an incline failed to release the train . Employees were eventually able to fix the problem and started the coaster . It successfully went around both loops on its first pass , but stalled upside down at the peak of one of the loops on its way back for hours . Riders , suffering from cases of severe dehydration and sunburn , were rescued by firefighters in an aerial fire apparatus .", "On September 4 , 1999 , a nine - year - old boy was injured when he slipped below the restraining bar on the Scat - a-bout , a twister ride . The boy was thrown from the ride and landed in a nearby planter , receiving cuts on his legs . The park later stated that the accident was the result of the boy intentionally sliding beneath the safety restraint .", "On September 4 , 1999 , a nine - year - old boy was injured when he slipped below the restraining bar on the Scat - a-bout , a twister ride . The boy was thrown from the ride and landed in a nearby planter , receiving cuts on his legs . The park later stated that the accident was the result of the boy intentionally sliding beneath the safety restraint .", "In May 2001 , a 41 - year - old woman from Antioch , California was thrown from the ride when a restraining bar failed as the result of a pneumatic valve being incorrectly installed . She landed on the pavement and suffered head and knee injuries . Her later lawsuit named both the park and ride manufacturer Chance Rides as responsible parties . On June 8 , 2002 , a 4 - year - old girl was critically injured when she slipped beneath the restraining bar and fell from the Starfish ride while riding with her mother , receiving critical head injuries . Investigators later blamed park employees for incorrectly seating the girl and not having proper signage indicating the proper seating arrangement for a larger and smaller rider .", "In May 2001 , a 41 - year - old woman from Antioch , California was thrown from the ride when a restraining bar failed as the result of a pneumatic valve being incorrectly installed . She landed on the pavement and suffered head and knee injuries . Her later lawsuit named both the park and ride manufacturer Chance Rides as responsible parties .", "On June 8 , 2002 , a 4 - year - old girl was critically injured when she slipped beneath the restraining bar and fell from the Starfish ride while riding with her mother , receiving critical head injuries . Investigators later blamed park employees for incorrectly seating the girl and not having proper signage indicating the proper seating arrangement for a larger and smaller rider .", "On July 8 , 2000 , seven people were injured after a chlorine spill . They were all taken to local hospitals and released without any serious injuries .", "On July 8 , 2000 , seven people were injured after a chlorine spill . They were all taken to local hospitals and released without any serious injuries .", "On July 11 , 2007 , a 37 - year - old man was charged with improper photography and recording after allegedly acting suspiciously with a video camera by secretly filming young girls in the water park section . Reports have said he was trying to film someone without permission in an attempt to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of a person .", "On July 11 , 2007 , a 37 - year - old man was charged with improper photography and recording after allegedly acting suspiciously with a video camera by secretly filming young girls in the water park section . Reports have said he was trying to film someone without permission in an attempt to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of a person .", "On June 4 , 2008 , passengers had to evacuate when the ride got stuck mid-ride for one hour .", "On June 4 , 2008 , passengers had to evacuate when the ride got stuck mid-ride for one hour .", "On June 12 , 2007 , a 14 - year - old girl was paralyzed after she fell into a gap between the roller coaster 's cars , landing on a concrete floor about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below the platform . Family members stated that she may have fainted due to the heat of the day . On August 28 , 2010 , two people were stuck on the Poltergeist for two hours .", "On June 12 , 2007 , a 14 - year - old girl was paralyzed after she fell into a gap between the roller coaster 's cars , landing on a concrete floor about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below the platform . Family members stated that she may have fainted due to the heat of the day .", "On August 28 , 2010 , two people were stuck on the Poltergeist for two hours .", "In May 2004 , the ride malfunctioned when one of the ride 's 200 electric motors began smoking . The ride was shut down for 45 minutes On August 18 , 2004 , lightning struck a power substation near the park , causing a power cut to the park . Twenty passengers on The Chiller were left stranded on the ride , approximately 75 feet ( 23 m ) above ground , for 40 minutes . The train 's angle was such that eight passengers were upside - down . No injuries were reported . Only the Robin side was operational at the time of the incident .", "In May 2004 , the ride malfunctioned when one of the ride 's 200 electric motors began smoking . The ride was shut down for 45 minutes", "On August 18 , 2004 , lightning struck a power substation near the park , causing a power cut to the park . Twenty passengers on The Chiller were left stranded on the ride , approximately 75 feet ( 23 m ) above ground , for 40 minutes . The train 's angle was such that eight passengers were upside - down . No injuries were reported . Only the Robin side was operational at the time of the incident .", "On April 19 , 1987 , an unidentified gunman fired several shots into a crowd on the plaza inside the main gate , wounding one man and sending panicked guests running for safety . It was the third violent incident of the day , following two earlier unrelated stabbings . The park was evacuated a few minutes after the shooting , about an hour earlier than its scheduled 8 : 00 p.m. closing time . Park officials modified security after the incident , including adding metal detectors at the park 's entrance .", "On April 19 , 1987 , an unidentified gunman fired several shots into a crowd on the plaza inside the main gate , wounding one man and sending panicked guests running for safety . It was the third violent incident of the day , following two earlier unrelated stabbings . The park was evacuated a few minutes after the shooting , about an hour earlier than its scheduled 8 : 00 p.m. closing time . Park officials modified security after the incident , including adding metal detectors at the park 's entrance .", "On May 11 , 1984 , eight teenage visitors were trapped in the Haunted Castle attraction , and died when it was destroyed by fire . Six Flags Great Adventure and its parent company Six Flags were subsequently indicted for aggravated manslaughter , accused of recklessly causing the deaths by taking inadequate precautions against a fire . In the subsequent trial , the prosecution argued that repeated warnings by safety consultants to install sprinklers or smoke alarms had been ignored . The defendants denied any culpability , and contended that the fire was arson and that no precautions would have saved lives . The trial jury found the defendants not guilty . A light bulb had burned out in one of the rooms of the attraction , and a 14 - year - old boy lit a cigarette lighter to find his way through the darkness . The flame ignited some foam rubber padding which was used to protect people from bumping into a wall . A fire resulted , which quickly spread throughout the 17 - trailer structure with the help of extremely flammable building materials . The fire eventually engulfed and totally destroyed the attraction .", "On May 11 , 1984 , eight teenage visitors were trapped in the Haunted Castle attraction , and died when it was destroyed by fire . Six Flags Great Adventure and its parent company Six Flags were subsequently indicted for aggravated manslaughter , accused of recklessly causing the deaths by taking inadequate precautions against a fire . In the subsequent trial , the prosecution argued that repeated warnings by safety consultants to install sprinklers or smoke alarms had been ignored . The defendants denied any culpability , and contended that the fire was arson and that no precautions would have saved lives . The trial jury found the defendants not guilty . A light bulb had burned out in one of the rooms of the attraction , and a 14 - year - old boy lit a cigarette lighter to find his way through the darkness . The flame ignited some foam rubber padding which was used to protect people from bumping into a wall . A fire resulted , which quickly spread throughout the 17 - trailer structure with the help of extremely flammable building materials . The fire eventually engulfed and totally destroyed the attraction .", "In June 2016 , a Philadelphia man received multiple injuries to his foot and knee while riding , when his leg struck a bar attached to the coaster . The victim sued the park for negligence in May 2018 .", "In June 2016 , a Philadelphia man received multiple injuries to his foot and knee while riding , when his leg struck a bar attached to the coaster . The victim sued the park for negligence in May 2018 .", "On June 17 , 1987 , a 19 - year - old woman was killed after falling from the Lightnin ' Loops shuttle loop roller coaster . An investigation by the State Labor Department concluded that the ride itself was operating properly , but that the ride operator started the ride without checking that all of the passengers were securely fastened by the safety harnesses . The Department 's Office of Safety Compliance further concluded that the accident would not have occurred if proper procedures had been followed . The park was found to be in violation of the Carnival / Amusement Ride Safety Act and was subsequently charged with the maximum state fine of $1,000 .", "On June 17 , 1987 , a 19 - year - old woman was killed after falling from the Lightnin ' Loops shuttle loop roller coaster . An investigation by the State Labor Department concluded that the ride itself was operating properly , but that the ride operator started the ride without checking that all of the passengers were securely fastened by the safety harnesses . The Department 's Office of Safety Compliance further concluded that the accident would not have occurred if proper procedures had been followed . The park was found to be in violation of the Carnival / Amusement Ride Safety Act and was subsequently charged with the maximum state fine of $1,000 .", "On August 16 , 1981 , a 20 - year - old park employee from Middletown Township , New Jersey fell to his death from the Rolling Thunder roller coaster during a routine test run . An investigation by the New Jersey Labor Department concluded that the man may not have secured himself with the safety bar . A park representative later confirmed this conclusion , saying that the employee `` may have assumed an unauthorized riding position that did not make use of safety restraints . '' The ride was inspected , and the Labor Department concluded that the ride was `` operationally and mechanically sound . ''", "On August 16 , 1981 , a 20 - year - old park employee from Middletown Township , New Jersey fell to his death from the Rolling Thunder roller coaster during a routine test run . An investigation by the New Jersey Labor Department concluded that the man may not have secured himself with the safety bar . A park representative later confirmed this conclusion , saying that the employee `` may have assumed an unauthorized riding position that did not make use of safety restraints . '' The ride was inspected , and the Labor Department concluded that the ride was `` operationally and mechanically sound . ''", "On June 3 , 2018 , 32 passengers were stuck on the ride for 15 minutes when the attraction stopped at about its mid-point due to safety sensors detecting an error and applying an emergency brake . No injuries were reported .", "On June 3 , 2018 , 32 passengers were stuck on the ride for 15 minutes when the attraction stopped at about its mid-point due to safety sensors detecting an error and applying an emergency brake . No injuries were reported .", "From 2004 to September 2007 , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) inspected Six Flags parks five different times and found a total of four violations . On September 10 , 2007 , OSHA cited Great America with 38 safety violations , alleging `` multiple serious and repeat violations at the amusement park , ranging from defective emergency brakes on an industrial truck to a lack of labeling procedures for preventing inadvertent machine start - ups . '' OSHA fined the park US $117,700 .", "On July 19 , 2000 , a 12 - year - old girl from McHenry , Illinois suffered two crushed toes after the floor of the ride was improperly raised prior to the ride coming to a complete stop . A second guest also had her foot trapped in this accident . The ride was permanently shut down as part of an out - of - court settlement . In the ten years prior to this accident , there were thirteen other reported incidents involving the Cajun Cliffhanger ride , at least six of which involved injuries .", "On July 19 , 2000 , a 12 - year - old girl from McHenry , Illinois suffered two crushed toes after the floor of the ride was improperly raised prior to the ride coming to a complete stop . A second guest also had her foot trapped in this accident . The ride was permanently shut down as part of an out - of - court settlement . In the ten years prior to this accident , there were thirteen other reported incidents involving the Cajun Cliffhanger ride , at least six of which involved injuries .", "On April 18 , 1998 , 23 riders on the Demon roller coaster were stranded upside - down in the middle of the ride 's second vertical loop . Firefighters used an aerial fire apparatus to bring riders to safety , although some were on the ride for as long as three hours . The incident was the result of a mechanical failure .", "On April 18 , 1998 , 23 riders on the Demon roller coaster were stranded upside - down in the middle of the ride 's second vertical loop . Firefighters used an aerial fire apparatus to bring riders to safety , although some were on the ride for as long as three hours . The incident was the result of a mechanical failure .", "On May 22 , 1984 , three teenage boys were seriously injured when the ride vehicle fell back down the lift shaft .", "On May 22 , 1984 , three teenage boys were seriously injured when the ride vehicle fell back down the lift shaft .", "On June 29 , 2005 , a 68 - year - old guest from Chicago , Illinois , had a heart attack and died in the wave pool .", "On June 29 , 2005 , a 68 - year - old guest from Chicago , Illinois , had a heart attack and died in the wave pool .", "On May 29 , 2004 , a 52 - year - old ride mechanic from Zion , Illinois , was killed by a roller - coaster car as he attempted to cross the tracks . Suffering from a traumatic head injury , he died at Froedtert Hospital in Milwaukee .", "On May 29 , 2004 , a 52 - year - old ride mechanic from Zion , Illinois , was killed by a roller - coaster car as he attempted to cross the tracks . Suffering from a traumatic head injury , he died at Froedtert Hospital in Milwaukee .", "On May 3 , 2003 , an 11 - year - old girl from Gary , Indiana , collapsed after riding the Raging Bull coaster while on a trip with her sisters , cousins and aunt . She died after being taken to the hospital . While initial reports said that she died from choking on chewing gum she had been chewing while on the ride , the coroner 's report later stated that she died due to cardiomegaly , and had been seeing a cardiologist for treatment .", "On May 3 , 2003 , an 11 - year - old girl from Gary , Indiana , collapsed after riding the Raging Bull coaster while on a trip with her sisters , cousins and aunt . She died after being taken to the hospital . While initial reports said that she died from choking on chewing gum she had been chewing while on the ride , the coroner 's report later stated that she died due to cardiomegaly , and had been seeing a cardiologist for treatment .", "On June 21 , 2015 , the ride stopped in the middle of the tower . Guests were stranded for two hours and had to be evacuated down a staircase . No injuries occurred .", "On June 21 , 2015 , the ride stopped in the middle of the tower . Guests were stranded for two hours and had to be evacuated down a staircase . No injuries occurred .", "On August 16 , 2006 , a 10 - year - old girl from Arlington Heights , Illinois , collapsed and died after riding the Spacely 's Sprocket Rockets roller coaster in the Camp Cartoon Network area . An autopsy showed that she died of a congenital heart anomaly . Her family said that she had a history of the anomaly .", "On August 16 , 2006 , a 10 - year - old girl from Arlington Heights , Illinois , collapsed and died after riding the Spacely 's Sprocket Rockets roller coaster in the Camp Cartoon Network area . An autopsy showed that she died of a congenital heart anomaly . Her family said that she had a history of the anomaly .", "On September 9th , 2017 , a 50 - year - old man from Andersonville , Indiana died after riding the flying roller coaster . Exiting the attraction , the man complained of feeling sick , then collapsed on the ramp . He was taken to a nearby hospital , where he later died from what was termed a `` natural death '' .", "On September 9th , 2017 , a 50 - year - old man from Andersonville , Indiana died after riding the flying roller coaster . Exiting the attraction , the man complained of feeling sick , then collapsed on the ramp . He was taken to a nearby hospital , where he later died from what was termed a `` natural death '' .", "On June 25 , 1997 , a 14 - year - old Waukegan boy injured his arm while dangling it outside the car . His limb got caught between the car and the platform as the ride reentered the station and slowed to a stop .", "On June 25 , 1997 , a 14 - year - old Waukegan boy injured his arm while dangling it outside the car . His limb got caught between the car and the platform as the ride reentered the station and slowed to a stop .", "During a 1980 investigation of an accident at the Great America park in California of their Willard 's Whizzer coaster , the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission discovered two incidents at the Illinois park that had not been previously reported : on July 24 , 1976 , 13 guests were injured ; and on August 18 , 1976 , 18 guests were injured . The CPSC report does not list injury or accident details for either incident .", "During a 1980 investigation of an accident at the Great America park in California of their Willard 's Whizzer coaster , the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission discovered two incidents at the Illinois park that had not been previously reported : on July 24 , 1976 , 13 guests were injured ; and on August 18 , 1976 , 18 guests were injured . The CPSC report does not list injury or accident details for either incident .", "In 2006 , there were 109 complaints by Magic Mountain guests due to various incidents , according to an annual report from the Amusement Safety Organization . Reports ranged from nosebleeds and heat exhaustion , to neck and back injuries from various rides . Included in those 109 complaints were 18 reports of people blacking out on the Goliath roller coaster . Other complaints were safety - related , such as notices of ride operators talking on cell phones while operating rides . The report stated that the state of California received notice of 80 injuries at Magic Mountain between January 2001 and December 2006 .", "In 2006 , there were 109 complaints by Magic Mountain guests due to various incidents , according to an annual report from the Amusement Safety Organization . Reports ranged from nosebleeds and heat exhaustion , to neck and back injuries from various rides . Included in those 109 complaints were 18 reports of people blacking out on the Goliath roller coaster . Other complaints were safety - related , such as notices of ride operators talking on cell phones while operating rides . The report stated that the state of California received notice of 80 injuries at Magic Mountain between January 2001 and December 2006 .", "In 1978 , a 20 - year - old woman died after falling out of the ride . The lap bar was locked in place , but due to the woman 's obesity , it proved to be ineffective . One of the old cars has been sent to the Sky Tower . This incident prompted Colossus to be closed for a year while the trains were switched out and other adjustments were made . On September 8 , 2014 , a fire broke out atop Colossus 's lift hill . The ride had already been closed down for conversion into Twisted Colossus , and no injuries or deaths were reported . The fire was caused by welders working on removing track . The fire was an accident , and no one was taken to court .", "In 1978 , a 20 - year - old woman died after falling out of the ride . The lap bar was locked in place , but due to the woman 's obesity , it proved to be ineffective . One of the old cars has been sent to the Sky Tower . This incident prompted Colossus to be closed for a year while the trains were switched out and other adjustments were made .", "On September 8 , 2014 , a fire broke out atop Colossus 's lift hill . The ride had already been closed down for conversion into Twisted Colossus , and no injuries or deaths were reported . The fire was caused by welders working on removing track . The fire was an accident , and no one was taken to court .", "On February 5 , 1978 , a gondola car on Eagle 's Flight traveling the El Dorado course fell 50 feet ( 15 m ) to the ground . A pair of newlyweds were violently rocking the car back and forth , causing it to detach from the cable . The husband was killed , and his wife suffered serious injuries , including losing her legs .", "On February 5 , 1978 , a gondola car on Eagle 's Flight traveling the El Dorado course fell 50 feet ( 15 m ) to the ground . A pair of newlyweds were violently rocking the car back and forth , causing it to detach from the cable . The husband was killed , and his wife suffered serious injuries , including losing her legs .", "On June 2 , 2001 , a 28 - year - old woman died of a brain aneurysm while riding Goliath . Her family sued the park , claiming that managers were aware of other complaints from Goliath riders and continued to operate the coaster anyway . On April 4 , 2015 , one of Goliath 's trains got stuck on the lift hill during a test run due to a chain malfunction which needed an entire chain replacement . The train was eventually brought down and the ride remained closed until the lift hill was fixed . The ride eventually reopened on July 18 , 2015 .", "On June 2 , 2001 , a 28 - year - old woman died of a brain aneurysm while riding Goliath . Her family sued the park , claiming that managers were aware of other complaints from Goliath riders and continued to operate the coaster anyway .", "On April 4 , 2015 , one of Goliath 's trains got stuck on the lift hill during a test run due to a chain malfunction which needed an entire chain replacement . The train was eventually brought down and the ride remained closed until the lift hill was fixed . The ride eventually reopened on July 18 , 2015 .", "On September 30 , 2012 , a 19 - year - old man fell from the Venom Drop water slide . According to a spokesperson for the water park , the man cut in line at the slide , fought through the lifeguards , and jumped onto the slide head - first . The man tumbled onto the slide and slipped over the edge , falling 60 feet onto a fence below the slide tower . The local sheriff 's office reported that the man was transported to an area hospital with life - threatening injuries .", "On September 30 , 2012 , a 19 - year - old man fell from the Venom Drop water slide . According to a spokesperson for the water park , the man cut in line at the slide , fought through the lifeguards , and jumped onto the slide head - first . The man tumbled onto the slide and slipped over the edge , falling 60 feet onto a fence below the slide tower . The local sheriff 's office reported that the man was transported to an area hospital with life - threatening injuries .", "On August 30 , 2008 , a 20 - year - old man was hospitalized after being hit by the train and knocked unconscious when he allegedly climbed multiple security fences to retrieve a hat . Airlifted to the UCLA Medical Center , he was pronounced dead at 2 a.m. on the following day , due to blunt force trauma . On July 7 , 2014 , 22 guests were stranded for over two hours after a tree branch fell onto the coaster track . Four of the 22 guests were injured , but none serious enough to require a hospital visit .", "On August 30 , 2008 , a 20 - year - old man was hospitalized after being hit by the train and knocked unconscious when he allegedly climbed multiple security fences to retrieve a hat . Airlifted to the UCLA Medical Center , he was pronounced dead at 2 a.m. on the following day , due to blunt force trauma .", "On July 7 , 2014 , 22 guests were stranded for over two hours after a tree branch fell onto the coaster track . Four of the 22 guests were injured , but none serious enough to require a hospital visit .", "On May 30 , 1996 , an employee was killed while crossing the tracks in the roller coaster 's station . She slipped and fell into a shallow pit beneath the tracks and was struck by a train that was pulling into the station . On June 13 , 2015 , a 10 - year - old girl was found unconscious but breathing after returning to the roller coaster 's station . She died the following day at a nearby hospital . A coroner 's report said the girl died from natural causes .", "On May 30 , 1996 , an employee was killed while crossing the tracks in the roller coaster 's station . She slipped and fell into a shallow pit beneath the tracks and was struck by a train that was pulling into the station .", "On June 13 , 2015 , a 10 - year - old girl was found unconscious but breathing after returning to the roller coaster 's station . She died the following day at a nearby hospital . A coroner 's report said the girl died from natural causes .", "On April 9 , 2004 , a 21 - year - old ride operator died after being struck by the roller coaster while underneath the track during a test run prior to the park 's opening that day . The roller coaster was allowed to be re-opened the next week after an OSHA inspection found no mechanical issues .", "On April 9 , 2004 , a 21 - year - old ride operator died after being struck by the roller coaster while underneath the track during a test run prior to the park 's opening that day . The roller coaster was allowed to be re-opened the next week after an OSHA inspection found no mechanical issues .", "On June 8 , 2014 , around 10 a.m. ( Mexico City time : UTC − 6 : 00 ) , a fire broke out in a warehouse of stuffed animals . Injured men and women were evacuated , leaving a 500 - meter area affected . It has been established that the cause of the fire was due to a short circuit . At the time of the fire the park was closed .", "On June 8 , 2014 , around 10 a.m. ( Mexico City time : UTC − 6 : 00 ) , a fire broke out in a warehouse of stuffed animals . Injured men and women were evacuated , leaving a 500 - meter area affected . It has been established that the cause of the fire was due to a short circuit . At the time of the fire the park was closed .", "On October 9 , 2010 , Houdini 's Great Escape ( which was being used as a haunted house called Midnight Mansion ) , which was available during Fright Fest , suspiciously caught on fire . Firefighters were called to extinguish the flames , but the ride was closed for the rest of the night and the following day . Investigations showed that a flammable cobweb hanging on the top of the building was the cause of the fire after coming in close contact with a light fixture . Nearly 20 feet of cobweb burned up , and the building only suffered minor damages to the roof and exterior . No one was injured , but damages were estimated at $5,000 .", "On October 9 , 2010 , Houdini 's Great Escape ( which was being used as a haunted house called Midnight Mansion ) , which was available during Fright Fest , suspiciously caught on fire . Firefighters were called to extinguish the flames , but the ride was closed for the rest of the night and the following day . Investigations showed that a flammable cobweb hanging on the top of the building was the cause of the fire after coming in close contact with a light fixture . Nearly 20 feet of cobweb burned up , and the building only suffered minor damages to the roof and exterior . No one was injured , but damages were estimated at $5,000 .", "On August 6 , 2001 , one of the trains failed to stop at the ride 's brake run , colliding with the other train in the loading station . 22 people were taken to hospitals , without any major injuries . The ride would reopen twelve days later on August 18 , 2001 . On May 1 , 2004 , a 55 - year - old , 5 - foot - 2 , 230 lb ( 104.5 kg ) man from Bloomfield , Connecticut fell out of his coaster seat during the last turn and was killed . Reports show that the ride attendant had not checked that the guest 's ride restraint was secure as his girth was too large for the T - bar - shaped ride restraint to close properly . The victim 's family said that due to his various medical conditions , such as cerebral palsy , he should n't have been allowed to ride . The park stated that the federal Americans with Disabilities Act forbids them from denying a ride to a person with a disability as long as the person can get on the ride by themselves .", "On August 6 , 2001 , one of the trains failed to stop at the ride 's brake run , colliding with the other train in the loading station . 22 people were taken to hospitals , without any major injuries . The ride would reopen twelve days later on August 18 , 2001 .", "On May 1 , 2004 , a 55 - year - old , 5 - foot - 2 , 230 lb ( 104.5 kg ) man from Bloomfield , Connecticut fell out of his coaster seat during the last turn and was killed . Reports show that the ride attendant had not checked that the guest 's ride restraint was secure as his girth was too large for the T - bar - shaped ride restraint to close properly . The victim 's family said that due to his various medical conditions , such as cerebral palsy , he should n't have been allowed to ride . The park stated that the federal Americans with Disabilities Act forbids them from denying a ride to a person with a disability as long as the person can get on the ride by themselves .", "On July 10 , 2003 , a 52 - year - old grandmother was strapping her 4 - year - old grandson in when the ride started up . She died from blunt - force internal injuries after being struck by a ride vehicle . The park added mirrors to the ride for ride operators to view around the blind spot where the accident occurred , and then introduced a safety announcement which notified the guests that the ride was about to start .", "On July 10 , 2003 , a 52 - year - old grandmother was strapping her 4 - year - old grandson in when the ride started up . She died from blunt - force internal injuries after being struck by a ride vehicle . The park added mirrors to the ride for ride operators to view around the blind spot where the accident occurred , and then introduced a safety announcement which notified the guests that the ride was about to start .", "On May 26 , 2002 , a 58 - year - old Six Flags foreman was struck in the head and killed by the dangling legs of a passenger after he wandered into the ride 's path after entering a locked , no - access area during the ride 's operation . The passenger , a 14 - year - old girl , was hospitalized with leg injuries and released . On June 28 , 2008 , a 17 - year - old male from Springfield , South Carolina was decapitated by the passing train after he climbed over two six - foot fences and entered a restricted area . Reports said that the victim was trying to retrieve his lost hat . Additional eyewitnesses stated that the victim and a companion , who also entered the restricted area but was uninjured , were trying to take a shortcut back into the park after leaving the park for lunch .", "On May 26 , 2002 , a 58 - year - old Six Flags foreman was struck in the head and killed by the dangling legs of a passenger after he wandered into the ride 's path after entering a locked , no - access area during the ride 's operation . The passenger , a 14 - year - old girl , was hospitalized with leg injuries and released .", "On June 28 , 2008 , a 17 - year - old male from Springfield , South Carolina was decapitated by the passing train after he climbed over two six - foot fences and entered a restricted area . Reports said that the victim was trying to retrieve his lost hat . Additional eyewitnesses stated that the victim and a companion , who also entered the restricted area but was uninjured , were trying to take a shortcut back into the park after leaving the park for lunch .", "On July 27 , 2006 , a 45 - year - old male from Birmingham , Alabama , died of a heart attack after riding Goliath . He was alert during the ride but was unconscious when the train arrived at the loading platform . An autopsy showed that the man had a congenital heart condition , and it was expected that the medical examiner would announce that he died of natural causes . Goliath was closed for two hours for an inspection , but was found to be operating normally .", "On July 27 , 2006 , a 45 - year - old male from Birmingham , Alabama , died of a heart attack after riding Goliath . He was alert during the ride but was unconscious when the train arrived at the loading platform . An autopsy showed that the man had a congenital heart condition , and it was expected that the medical examiner would announce that he died of natural causes . Goliath was closed for two hours for an inspection , but was found to be operating normally .", "On May 27 , 1984 , 34 passengers were injured after a computer malfunction caused the ride 's cables to drop the planes out of position .", "On May 27 , 1984 , 34 passengers were injured after a computer malfunction caused the ride 's cables to drop the planes out of position .", "On May 13 , 2018 , the train engine caught fire . Two employees were taken to the hospital , and while no park guests were on the ride at the time of the accident , one park guest was treated at a local hospital .", "On May 13 , 2018 , the train engine caught fire . Two employees were taken to the hospital , and while no park guests were on the ride at the time of the accident , one park guest was treated at a local hospital .", "On June 3 , 1984 , a mechanical problem caused a train to stop abruptly , causing four people to be hospitalized . The ride was repaired and put back into service with no more problems .", "On June 3 , 1984 , a mechanical problem caused a train to stop abruptly , causing four people to be hospitalized . The ride was repaired and put back into service with no more problems .", "In May 2009 , four children became ill when the attraction failed to stop at the end of its cycle . After returning to a horizontal position , a limit switch failed and the ride continued to spin for five to ten minutes . The park 's first - aid staff treated the children , while one was transported to an area hospital by his parents ; the child was not admitted , however . An investigation determined that the ride operator did not engage an emergency stop switch due to a miscommunication between her and her supervisor ; the park 's ride operators are trained in how to stop their rides in the event of a malfunction . Since then , additional safety features have been added to ensure that the attraction automatically stops within 15 seconds if the limit switch were to fail .", "In May 2009 , four children became ill when the attraction failed to stop at the end of its cycle . After returning to a horizontal position , a limit switch failed and the ride continued to spin for five to ten minutes . The park 's first - aid staff treated the children , while one was transported to an area hospital by his parents ; the child was not admitted , however . An investigation determined that the ride operator did not engage an emergency stop switch due to a miscommunication between her and her supervisor ; the park 's ride operators are trained in how to stop their rides in the event of a malfunction . Since then , additional safety features have been added to ensure that the attraction automatically stops within 15 seconds if the limit switch were to fail .", "On July 18 , 1989 , an 11 - year - old boy from Talladega , Alabama , became unconscious while riding Z - Force . Park staff performed CPR , but the victim was pronounced dead after being taken to the hospital . An autopsy failed to pinpoint the cause of death .", "On July 18 , 1989 , an 11 - year - old boy from Talladega , Alabama , became unconscious while riding Z - Force . Park staff performed CPR , but the victim was pronounced dead after being taken to the hospital . An autopsy failed to pinpoint the cause of death .", "In the early hours of May 20 , 2017 , eight passengers were stuck for several hours when heavy winds caused their car to stall out on the top section of the track . Fire department crews assisted in rescuing the riders about three hours after the stoppage . No injuries were reported . The park inspected the ride and re-opened it to the public on May 21 .", "In the early hours of May 20 , 2017 , eight passengers were stuck for several hours when heavy winds caused their car to stall out on the top section of the track . Fire department crews assisted in rescuing the riders about three hours after the stoppage . No injuries were reported . The park inspected the ride and re-opened it to the public on May 21 .", "On March 21 , 1999 , a 28 - year - old Arkansas woman died , and 10 other guests were injured , when the raft they were on overturned in 2 -- 3 feet of water due to sudden deflation of the air chambers that support the raft . The raft then became caught on an underwater pipe , which provided leverage for the rushing water in the ride to flip the boat over . In a subsequent settlement , Six Flags agreed to pay US $4 million to the victim 's family , and the company said it would join the family in a lawsuit against Canyon Manufacturing Co. , the company responsible for parts that were related to the accident .", "On March 21 , 1999 , a 28 - year - old Arkansas woman died , and 10 other guests were injured , when the raft they were on overturned in 2 -- 3 feet of water due to sudden deflation of the air chambers that support the raft . The raft then became caught on an underwater pipe , which provided leverage for the rushing water in the ride to flip the boat over . In a subsequent settlement , Six Flags agreed to pay US $4 million to the victim 's family , and the company said it would join the family in a lawsuit against Canyon Manufacturing Co. , the company responsible for parts that were related to the accident .", "On July 19 , 2013 , a 52 - year - old woman from Dallas , Texas , fell 75 feet ( 23 m ) to her death while riding the New Texas Giant roller coaster . According to one eyewitness account , the victim , who was overweight , was concerned about being properly secured after boarding the ride because her restraints clicked once while the other restraints click three times . A ride attendant assured her that as long as she heard a click , it was secure . Other eyewitnesses believed the seat restraint locked into place normally and reported seeing it in the lowered position when the roller coaster returned . Some riders informed investigators that the woman was thrown from the roller coaster as it rounded a turn , and one rider tweeted that he saw the restraint come undone . The ride closed for two months during the investigation . The victim was found on top of the metal roof of one of the coaster tunnels , near the Music Mill Amphitheater . Due to the similarity of Texas Giant and Iron Rattler , Six Flags Fiesta Texas ceased running the new Iron Rattler pending investigation findings from Six Flags Over Texas . In under a month , Iron Rattler reopened on August 14 with seat belts as another added restraint to the two trains . Representatives from Gerstlauer , the German company that designed and built the ride 's trains , are planning on participating in the investigation . While Gerstlauer would not discuss specifics of the incident , the company did state that their restraint system could not open while the ride was in motion . Then on September 10 , 2013 , Six Flags Over Texas released a statement stating that the park has finished its investigation on the recent incident and will reopen the Texas Giant on September 14 , 2013 . With the reopening of the coaster the park has re-designed the restraint - bar pads and added seat - belts to the three trains and added a test seat at the entrance so riders can test if they are able to ride . The woman 's family filed lawsuits against both the park and manufacturer . The park and manufacturer subsequently sued each other saying the other was responsible for the accident . On November 18 , 2014 , attorneys for the victim 's family announced that they had reached an undisclosed settlement with both Six Flags and Gerstlauer , with a spokesperson saying the family `` is very pleased with the settlement and appreciates the condolences offered by Six Flags and Gerstlauer '' .", "On July 19 , 2013 , a 52 - year - old woman from Dallas , Texas , fell 75 feet ( 23 m ) to her death while riding the New Texas Giant roller coaster . According to one eyewitness account , the victim , who was overweight , was concerned about being properly secured after boarding the ride because her restraints clicked once while the other restraints click three times . A ride attendant assured her that as long as she heard a click , it was secure . Other eyewitnesses believed the seat restraint locked into place normally and reported seeing it in the lowered position when the roller coaster returned . Some riders informed investigators that the woman was thrown from the roller coaster as it rounded a turn , and one rider tweeted that he saw the restraint come undone . The ride closed for two months during the investigation . The victim was found on top of the metal roof of one of the coaster tunnels , near the Music Mill Amphitheater . Due to the similarity of Texas Giant and Iron Rattler , Six Flags Fiesta Texas ceased running the new Iron Rattler pending investigation findings from Six Flags Over Texas . In under a month , Iron Rattler reopened on August 14 with seat belts as another added restraint to the two trains . Representatives from Gerstlauer , the German company that designed and built the ride 's trains , are planning on participating in the investigation . While Gerstlauer would not discuss specifics of the incident , the company did state that their restraint system could not open while the ride was in motion . Then on September 10 , 2013 , Six Flags Over Texas released a statement stating that the park has finished its investigation on the recent incident and will reopen the Texas Giant on September 14 , 2013 . With the reopening of the coaster the park has re-designed the restraint - bar pads and added seat - belts to the three trains and added a test seat at the entrance so riders can test if they are able to ride . The woman 's family filed lawsuits against both the park and manufacturer . The park and manufacturer subsequently sued each other saying the other was responsible for the accident . On November 18 , 2014 , attorneys for the victim 's family announced that they had reached an undisclosed settlement with both Six Flags and Gerstlauer , with a spokesperson saying the family `` is very pleased with the settlement and appreciates the condolences offered by Six Flags and Gerstlauer '' .", "On August 9 , 2012 , six lifeguards suffered minor injuries on the Tornado water slide during a training session . Park officials say it was the result of ' inappropriate horseplay ' .", "On August 9 , 2012 , six lifeguards suffered minor injuries on the Tornado water slide during a training session . Park officials say it was the result of ' inappropriate horseplay ' .", "On March 12 , 2006 , ten people suffered minor injuries when the Texas Tornado , a Chance Rides Manufacturing `` Yo - Yo '' attraction , was brought to an abrupt stop and several swing seats collided with each other . Five people were sent to the hospital after complaints of back pain , the others were treated at the on - site first aid station . In October 2008 , Chance recalled 85 Yo - Yo rides to repair defects that were found in this accident and one other .", "On March 12 , 2006 , ten people suffered minor injuries when the Texas Tornado , a Chance Rides Manufacturing `` Yo - Yo '' attraction , was brought to an abrupt stop and several swing seats collided with each other . Five people were sent to the hospital after complaints of back pain , the others were treated at the on - site first aid station . In October 2008 , Chance recalled 85 Yo - Yo rides to repair defects that were found in this accident and one other .", "On May 6 , 2016 , the Boomerang came to an abrupt halt , and the middle car partially derailed . The park was closed at the time , but groups of high school students were at the park on field trips . Four students suffered minor injuries , but were able to get off the ride . Three of the students were taken to a nearby hospital as a precautionary measure , though no one was seriously injured .", "On May 6 , 2016 , the Boomerang came to an abrupt halt , and the middle car partially derailed . The park was closed at the time , but groups of high school students were at the park on field trips . Four students suffered minor injuries , but were able to get off the ride . Three of the students were taken to a nearby hospital as a precautionary measure , though no one was seriously injured .", "On July 7 , 1984 , a 46 - year - old woman from Indianapolis , Indiana was riding the Rail Blazer roller coaster when she was flung from the ride and fell 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) to her death . Park officials claimed that the woman fainted and fell out of the car , but her husband , who had been beside her , said that she had not fainted but had simply been tossed from the ride when it whipped around a curve . At the time , the ride was only the third stand - up roller coaster in the world , but following this incident it was converted back to a sit - down coaster .", "On July 7 , 1984 , a 46 - year - old woman from Indianapolis , Indiana was riding the Rail Blazer roller coaster when she was flung from the ride and fell 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) to her death . Park officials claimed that the woman fainted and fell out of the car , but her husband , who had been beside her , said that she had not fainted but had simply been tossed from the ride when it whipped around a curve . At the time , the ride was only the third stand - up roller coaster in the world , but following this incident it was converted back to a sit - down coaster .", "On July 26 , 1978 , a man and two of his three nieces who were riding with him died when their gondola fell from the cable . The ride was shut down immediately , leaving nearly 100 stranded in the 27 remaining cars , some of which had stopped at heights of up to 200 feet . Firefighters were called to the park to rescue the occupants of those cars . A park spokesman claimed that the car simply `` dropped off '' its cable .", "On July 26 , 1978 , a man and two of his three nieces who were riding with him died when their gondola fell from the cable . The ride was shut down immediately , leaving nearly 100 stranded in the 27 remaining cars , some of which had stopped at heights of up to 200 feet . Firefighters were called to the park to rescue the occupants of those cars . A park spokesman claimed that the car simply `` dropped off '' its cable .", "On June 24 , 2018 , there were two separate incidents on the attraction - one involving a 27 - year - old man from St Louis , and the other a woman from Lebanon , MO . In both cases , the guests fell out of rafts while riding , and were taken to the hospital due to undisclosed injuries . Park management closed the ride for inspection following the pair of incidents , per standard procedure .", "On June 24 , 2018 , there were two separate incidents on the attraction - one involving a 27 - year - old man from St Louis , and the other a woman from Lebanon , MO . In both cases , the guests fell out of rafts while riding , and were taken to the hospital due to undisclosed injuries . Park management closed the ride for inspection following the pair of incidents , per standard procedure .", "On June 3 , 2018 , a 23 - year - old man from Caseyville , Illinois hit and pushed an employee dressed as Daffy Duck . The guest was arrested by police for assault .", "On June 3 , 2018 , a 23 - year - old man from Caseyville , Illinois hit and pushed an employee dressed as Daffy Duck . The guest was arrested by police for assault .", "In March 2016 , two individuals broke into the park , went past three fences , and skateboarded down the Tornado water slide as a half pipe . They were arrested on felony charges of criminal damage to property , causing an estimated $20,000 in damages to the fiberglass coat covering the slide .", "In March 2016 , two individuals broke into the park , went past three fences , and skateboarded down the Tornado water slide as a half pipe . They were arrested on felony charges of criminal damage to property , causing an estimated $20,000 in damages to the fiberglass coat covering the slide .", "On July 11 , 2010 , a fire broke out in a maintenance building during operating hours , forcing the evacuation and closure of the park . The fire was contained to a single building , located adjacent to the park 's wave pool and used principally for storage . Spokespeople for the water park and for the Cobb County fire department noted that everyone was evacuated safely and that there were no reported injuries . The park re-opened two days later on July 13 after crews had sealed off the damaged area caused by the fire .", "On July 11 , 2010 , a fire broke out in a maintenance building during operating hours , forcing the evacuation and closure of the park . The fire was contained to a single building , located adjacent to the park 's wave pool and used principally for storage . Spokespeople for the water park and for the Cobb County fire department noted that everyone was evacuated safely and that there were no reported injuries . The park re-opened two days later on July 13 after crews had sealed off the damaged area caused by the fire ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This is a list of foreign players in the Premier League , which commenced play in 1992 . The following players must meet both of the following two criteria :", "Have played at least one Premier League game . Players who were signed by Premier League clubs , but only played in lower league , cup and / or European games , or did not play in any competitive games at all , are not included . Are considered foreign , i.e. , outside the United Kingdom determined by the following :", "Have played at least one Premier League game . Players who were signed by Premier League clubs , but only played in lower league , cup and / or European games , or did not play in any competitive games at all , are not included .", "Are considered foreign , i.e. , outside the United Kingdom determined by the following :", "A player is considered foreign if his allegiance is not to play for the national teams of England , Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland .", "A player is considered foreign if his allegiance is not to play for the national teams of England , Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland .", "A player is considered foreign if his allegiance is not to play for the national teams of England , Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland .", "A player is considered foreign if his allegiance is not to play for the national teams of England , Scotland , Wales or Northern Ireland .", "More specifically ,", "If a player has been capped on international level , the national team is used ; if he has been capped by more than one country , the highest level ( or the most recent ) team is used . These include British players with dual citizenship . If a player has not been capped on international level , his country of birth is used , except those who were born abroad from British parents or moved to the United Kingdom at a young age , and those who clearly indicated to have switched his nationality to another nation .", "If a player has been capped on international level , the national team is used ; if he has been capped by more than one country , the highest level ( or the most recent ) team is used . These include British players with dual citizenship .", "If a player has not been capped on international level , his country of birth is used , except those who were born abroad from British parents or moved to the United Kingdom at a young age , and those who clearly indicated to have switched his nationality to another nation .", "Clubs listed are those for which the player has played at least one Premier League game -- and seasons are those in which the player has played at least one Premier League game . Note that seasons , not calendar years , are used . For example , `` 1992 -- 95 '' indicates that the player has played in every season from 1992 -- 93 to 1994 -- 95 , but not necessarily every calendar year from 1992 to 1995 . Therefore , a player should always have a listing under at least two years -- for instance , a player making his debut in 2011 , during the 2011 -- 12 season , will have ' 2011 -- 12 ' after his name . This follows general practice in expressing sporting seasons in the UK .", "Up to now , 107 different foreign FIFA - affiliated nations have been represented in the Premier League . Armenia was the most recent nation to be represented officially on the field by Henrikh Mkhitaryan making a substitute appearance for Manchester United on 14 August 2016 . In December 2016 , after Mesca switched his allegiance from Portugal , Guinea - Bissau became the most recent foreign nation to be represented .", "In bold : players who have played at least one Premier League game in the current season ( 2018 -- 19 ) , and are still at a club for which they have played . This does not include current players of a Premier League club who have not played a Premier League game in the current season .", "Details correct as of 4 June 2018", "Details correct as of 4 June 2018", "Lorik Cana -- Sunderland -- 2009 -- 10", "Lorik Cana -- Sunderland -- 2009 -- 10", "Mehdi Abeid -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15 Nadir Belhadj -- Portsmouth -- 2008 -- 10 Djamel Belmadi -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03 Ali Benarbia -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03 Nabil Bentaleb -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 16 Hameur Bouazza -- Watford , Fulham -- 2006 -- 08 Madjid Bougherra -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07 Sofiane Feghouli -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17 Kamel Ghilas -- Hull City -- 2009 -- 10 Adlène Guedioura -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Crystal Palace , Watford , Middlesbrough -- 2009 -- 12 , 2013 -- 17 Rafik Halliche -- Fulham -- 2010 -- 11 Riyad Mahrez -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 18 Moussa Saïb -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 99 Islam Slimani -- Leicester City , Newcastle United -- 2016 -- 18 Hassan Yebda -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10", "Mehdi Abeid -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15", "Nadir Belhadj -- Portsmouth -- 2008 -- 10", "Djamel Belmadi -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03", "Ali Benarbia -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03", "Nabil Bentaleb -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 16", "Hameur Bouazza -- Watford , Fulham -- 2006 -- 08", "Madjid Bougherra -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07", "Sofiane Feghouli -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17", "Kamel Ghilas -- Hull City -- 2009 -- 10", "Adlène Guedioura -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Crystal Palace , Watford , Middlesbrough -- 2009 -- 12 , 2013 -- 17", "Rafik Halliche -- Fulham -- 2010 -- 11", "Riyad Mahrez -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 18", "Moussa Saïb -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 99", "Islam Slimani -- Leicester City , Newcastle United -- 2016 -- 18", "Hassan Yebda -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10", "Manucho -- Manchester United , Hull City -- 2008 -- 09", "Manucho -- Manchester United , Hull City -- 2008 -- 09", "Moses Ashikodi -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Dexter Blackstock -- Southampton -- 2004 -- 05 Mikele Leigertwood -- Crystal Palace , Sheffield United , Reading -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13", "Moses Ashikodi -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Dexter Blackstock -- Southampton -- 2004 -- 05", "Mikele Leigertwood -- Crystal Palace , Sheffield United , Reading -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13", "Sergio Agüero -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 18 Ricky Álvarez -- Sunderland -- 2014 -- 15 Marcos Angeleri -- Sunderland -- 2010 -- 11 Julio Arca -- Sunderland , Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 03 , 2005 -- 09 Christian Bassedas -- Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 02 Luciano Becchio -- Norwich City -- 2012 -- 14 Federico Bessone -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 12 Sebastián Blanco -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15 Mauro Boselli -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Fabián Caballero -- Arsenal -- 1998 -- 99 Willy Caballero -- Manchester City , Chelsea -- 2014 -- 18 Jonathan Calleri -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17 Esteban Cambiasso -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 15 Horacio Carbonari -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2002 Guido Carrillo -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18 Juan Cobián -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1998 -- 99 Fabricio Coloccini -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 16 Daniel Cordone -- Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 01 Hernán Crespo -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Andrés D'Alessandro -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Martín Demichelis -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 16 Ángel Di María -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 15 Franco Di Santo -- Chelsea , Blackburn Rovers , Wigan Athletic -- 2008 -- 13 Alejandro Faurlín -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Federico Fazio -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2014 -- 15 Federico Fernández -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 18 Luciano Figueroa -- Birmingham City -- 2003 -- 04 Mauro Formica -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12 Esteban Fuertes -- Derby County -- 1999 -- 2000 Ramiro Funes Mori -- Everton -- 2015 -- 18 Paulo Gazzaniga -- Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Jonás Gutiérrez -- Newcastle United , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 15 Gabriel Heinze -- Manchester United -- 2004 -- 07 Martín Herrera -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 03 Emiliano Insúa -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 10 Érik Lamela -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 18 Manuel Lanzini -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18 Carlos Marinelli -- Middlesbrough -- 1999 -- 2004 Emiliano Martínez -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Javier Mascherano -- West Ham United , Liverpool -- 2006 -- 11 Juan Carlos Menseguez -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 Nicolás Otamendi -- Manchester City -- 2015 -- 18 Mauricio Pellegrino -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 05 Sixto Peralta -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02 Roberto Pereyra -- Watford -- 2016 -- 18 Maxi Rodríguez -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 12 Marcos Rojo -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18 Sergio Romero -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 18 Facundo Sava -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 04 Lionel Scaloni -- West Ham United -- 2005 -- 06 Ignacio Scocco -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14 Julián Speroni -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Denis Stracqualursi -- Everton -- 2011 -- 12 Mauricio Taricco -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1998 -- 2004 Carlos Tevez -- West Ham United , Manchester United , Manchester City -- 2006 -- 13 Leonardo Ulloa -- Leicester City , Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2014 -- 18 Santiago Vergini -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 15 Juan Sebastián Verón -- Manchester United , Chelsea -- 2001 -- 04 Emanuel Villa -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08 Nelson Vivas -- Arsenal -- 1998 -- 2001 Claudio Yacob -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 18 Pablo Zabaleta -- Manchester City , West Ham United -- 2008 -- 18 Mauro Zárate -- Birmingham City , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Watford -- 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 17 Luciano Zavagno -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02", "Sergio Agüero -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 18", "Ricky Álvarez -- Sunderland -- 2014 -- 15", "Marcos Angeleri -- Sunderland -- 2010 -- 11", "Julio Arca -- Sunderland , Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 03 , 2005 -- 09", "Christian Bassedas -- Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 02", "Luciano Becchio -- Norwich City -- 2012 -- 14", "Federico Bessone -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 12", "Sebastián Blanco -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15", "Mauro Boselli -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13", "Fabián Caballero -- Arsenal -- 1998 -- 99", "Willy Caballero -- Manchester City , Chelsea -- 2014 -- 18", "Jonathan Calleri -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17", "Esteban Cambiasso -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 15", "Horacio Carbonari -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2002", "Guido Carrillo -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18", "Juan Cobián -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1998 -- 99", "Fabricio Coloccini -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 16", "Daniel Cordone -- Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 01", "Hernán Crespo -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06", "Andrés D'Alessandro -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Martín Demichelis -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 16", "Ángel Di María -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 15", "Franco Di Santo -- Chelsea , Blackburn Rovers , Wigan Athletic -- 2008 -- 13", "Alejandro Faurlín -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Federico Fazio -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2014 -- 15", "Federico Fernández -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 18", "Luciano Figueroa -- Birmingham City -- 2003 -- 04", "Mauro Formica -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12", "Esteban Fuertes -- Derby County -- 1999 -- 2000", "Ramiro Funes Mori -- Everton -- 2015 -- 18", "Paulo Gazzaniga -- Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Jonás Gutiérrez -- Newcastle United , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 15", "Gabriel Heinze -- Manchester United -- 2004 -- 07", "Martín Herrera -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 03", "Emiliano Insúa -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 10", "Érik Lamela -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 18", "Manuel Lanzini -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18", "Carlos Marinelli -- Middlesbrough -- 1999 -- 2004", "Emiliano Martínez -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17", "Javier Mascherano -- West Ham United , Liverpool -- 2006 -- 11", "Juan Carlos Menseguez -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Nicolás Otamendi -- Manchester City -- 2015 -- 18", "Mauricio Pellegrino -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 05", "Sixto Peralta -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02", "Roberto Pereyra -- Watford -- 2016 -- 18", "Maxi Rodríguez -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 12", "Marcos Rojo -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18", "Sergio Romero -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 18", "Facundo Sava -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 04", "Lionel Scaloni -- West Ham United -- 2005 -- 06", "Ignacio Scocco -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14", "Julián Speroni -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 , 2013 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Denis Stracqualursi -- Everton -- 2011 -- 12", "Mauricio Taricco -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1998 -- 2004", "Carlos Tevez -- West Ham United , Manchester United , Manchester City -- 2006 -- 13", "Leonardo Ulloa -- Leicester City , Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2014 -- 18", "Santiago Vergini -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 15", "Juan Sebastián Verón -- Manchester United , Chelsea -- 2001 -- 04", "Emanuel Villa -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08", "Nelson Vivas -- Arsenal -- 1998 -- 2001", "Claudio Yacob -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 18", "Pablo Zabaleta -- Manchester City , West Ham United -- 2008 -- 18", "Mauro Zárate -- Birmingham City , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers , Watford -- 2007 -- 08 , 2014 -- 17", "Luciano Zavagno -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02", "Henrikh Mkhitaryan -- Manchester United , Arsenal -- 2016 -- 18", "Henrikh Mkhitaryan -- Manchester United , Arsenal -- 2016 -- 18", "Danny Allsopp -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 John Aloisi -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2001 Con Blatsis -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01 Mark Bosnich -- Aston Villa , Manchester United , Chelsea -- 1992 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Vlado Bozinovski -- Ipswich Town -- 1992 -- 93 Jacob Burns -- Leeds United -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 Tim Cahill -- Everton -- 2004 -- 12 David Carney -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11 Chris Coyne -- West Ham United -- 1998 -- 99 Jason Davidson -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15 Ahmad Elrich -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 06 Brett Emerton -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 12 Adam Federici -- Reading , Bournemouth -- 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 17 John Filan -- Coventry City , Blackburn Rovers , Wigan Athletic -- 1994 -- 99 , 2005 -- 07 Hayden Foxe -- West Ham United , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Richard Garcia -- West Ham United , Hull City -- 2001 -- 02 , 2008 -- 10 Vince Grella -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 12 Chris Herd -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 14 Brett Holman -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13 Mile Jedinak -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 17 Richard Johnson -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Brad Jones -- Middlesbrough , Liverpool -- 2003 -- 09 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Jason Kearton -- Everton -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 Harry Kewell -- Leeds United , Liverpool -- 1995 -- 2008 Neil Kilkenny -- Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 06 Stan Lazaridis -- West Ham United , Birmingham City -- 1995 -- 99 , 2002 -- 06 Jordan Lyden -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16 Steve Mautone -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97 Scott McDonald -- Southampton -- 2001 -- 02 Jamie McMaster -- Leeds United -- 2002 -- 03 Craig Moore -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07 Aaron Mooy -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Kevin Muscat -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Lucas Neill -- Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Everton -- 2001 -- 10 Paul Okon -- Middlesbrough , Leeds United -- 2000 -- 03 Aiden O'Neill -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 17 Andy Petterson -- Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic -- 1992 -- 93 , 1998 -- 99 Tony Popovic -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 Adem Poric -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1993 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 Mathew Ryan -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Mark Schwarzer -- Middlesbrough , Fulham , Chelsea , Leicester City -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2015 Josip Skoko -- Wigan Athletic -- 2005 -- 08 Robbie Slater -- Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Southampton -- 1994 -- 98 Brad Smith -- Liverpool , Bournemouth -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17 Mile Sterjovski -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08 Danny Tiatto -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 04 Carl Veart -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Tony Vidmar -- Middlesbrough -- 2002 -- 03 Mark Viduka -- Leeds United , Middlesbrough , Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 09 Luke Wilkshire -- Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 03 Ned Zelić -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1995 -- 96", "Danny Allsopp -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01", "John Aloisi -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2001", "Con Blatsis -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01", "Mark Bosnich -- Aston Villa , Manchester United , Chelsea -- 1992 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02", "Vlado Bozinovski -- Ipswich Town -- 1992 -- 93", "Jacob Burns -- Leeds United -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03", "Tim Cahill -- Everton -- 2004 -- 12", "David Carney -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Chris Coyne -- West Ham United -- 1998 -- 99", "Jason Davidson -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15", "Ahmad Elrich -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 06", "Brett Emerton -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 12", "Adam Federici -- Reading , Bournemouth -- 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 13 , 2015 -- 17", "John Filan -- Coventry City , Blackburn Rovers , Wigan Athletic -- 1994 -- 99 , 2005 -- 07", "Hayden Foxe -- West Ham United , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04", "Richard Garcia -- West Ham United , Hull City -- 2001 -- 02 , 2008 -- 10", "Vince Grella -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 12", "Chris Herd -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 14", "Brett Holman -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13", "Mile Jedinak -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 17", "Richard Johnson -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Brad Jones -- Middlesbrough , Liverpool -- 2003 -- 09 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Jason Kearton -- Everton -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95", "Harry Kewell -- Leeds United , Liverpool -- 1995 -- 2008", "Neil Kilkenny -- Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 06", "Stan Lazaridis -- West Ham United , Birmingham City -- 1995 -- 99 , 2002 -- 06", "Jordan Lyden -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16", "Steve Mautone -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97", "Scott McDonald -- Southampton -- 2001 -- 02", "Jamie McMaster -- Leeds United -- 2002 -- 03", "Craig Moore -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07", "Aaron Mooy -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Kevin Muscat -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Lucas Neill -- Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Everton -- 2001 -- 10", "Paul Okon -- Middlesbrough , Leeds United -- 2000 -- 03", "Aiden O'Neill -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 17", "Andy Petterson -- Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic -- 1992 -- 93 , 1998 -- 99", "Tony Popovic -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Adem Poric -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1993 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98", "Mathew Ryan -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Mark Schwarzer -- Middlesbrough , Fulham , Chelsea , Leicester City -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2015", "Josip Skoko -- Wigan Athletic -- 2005 -- 08", "Robbie Slater -- Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United , Southampton -- 1994 -- 98", "Brad Smith -- Liverpool , Bournemouth -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17", "Mile Sterjovski -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08", "Danny Tiatto -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 04", "Carl Veart -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Tony Vidmar -- Middlesbrough -- 2002 -- 03", "Mark Viduka -- Leeds United , Middlesbrough , Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 09", "Luke Wilkshire -- Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 03", "Ned Zelić -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1995 -- 96", "Marko Arnautović -- Stoke City , West Ham United -- 2013 -- 18 Ashley Barnes -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18 Moritz Bauer -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18 Aleksandar Dragović -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18 Christian Fuchs -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18 Martin Hiden -- Leeds United -- 1997 -- 2000 Jürgen Macho -- Sunderland -- 2000 -- 03 Stefan Maierhofer -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Alex Manninger -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 2001 Christian Mayrleb -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 98 Emanuel Pogatetz -- Middlesbrough , West Ham United -- 2005 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13 Sebastian Prödl -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18 Paul Scharner -- Wigan Athletic , West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 12 Markus Suttner -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Andreas Weimann -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 15 Kevin Wimmer -- Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City -- 2015 -- 18", "Marko Arnautović -- Stoke City , West Ham United -- 2013 -- 18", "Ashley Barnes -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18", "Moritz Bauer -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18", "Aleksandar Dragović -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Christian Fuchs -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18", "Martin Hiden -- Leeds United -- 1997 -- 2000", "Jürgen Macho -- Sunderland -- 2000 -- 03", "Stefan Maierhofer -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12", "Alex Manninger -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 2001", "Christian Mayrleb -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 98", "Emanuel Pogatetz -- Middlesbrough , West Ham United -- 2005 -- 09 , 2012 -- 13", "Sebastian Prödl -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18", "Paul Scharner -- Wigan Athletic , West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 12", "Markus Suttner -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Andreas Weimann -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 15", "Kevin Wimmer -- Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City -- 2015 -- 18", "Emmerson Boyce -- Crystal Palace , Wigan Athletic -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 13 Gregory Goodridge -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1995 -- 96 Paul Ifill -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Emmerson Boyce -- Crystal Palace , Wigan Athletic -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 13", "Gregory Goodridge -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1995 -- 96", "Paul Ifill -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Alexander Hleb -- Arsenal , Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 Sergei Kornilenko -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Alexander Hleb -- Arsenal , Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11", "Sergei Kornilenko -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Philippe Albert -- Newcastle United -- 1994 -- 99 Toby Alderweireld -- Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2014 -- 18 Adrian Bakalli -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Michy Batshuayi -- Chelsea -- 2016 -- 18 Christian Benteke -- Aston Villa , Liverpool , Crystal Palace -- 2012 -- 18 Jonathan Benteke -- Crystal Palace -- 2016 -- 17 Jonathan Blondel -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2002 -- 04 Ruud Boffin -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11 Dedryck Boyata -- Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 , 2013 -- 15 Nacer Chadli -- Tottenham Hotspur , West Bromwich Albion -- 2013 -- 18 Philippe Clement -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 99 Thibaut Courtois -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 18 Gilles De Bilde -- Sheffield Wednesday , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2001 Kevin De Bruyne -- Chelsea , Manchester City -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Steven Defour -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 18 Marc Degryse -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1995 -- 96 Ritchie De Laet -- Manchester United , Norwich City , Leicester City -- 2008 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 Mousa Dembélé -- Fulham , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2010 -- 18 Jason Denayer -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17 Laurent Depoitre -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Steve De Ridder -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 13 Marouane Fellaini -- Everton , Manchester United -- 2008 -- 18 Régis Genaux -- Coventry City -- 1996 -- 97 Eden Hazard -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 18 Carl Hoefkens -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 Adnan Januzaj -- Manchester United , Sunderland -- 2013 -- 17 Christian Kabasele -- Watford -- 2016 -- 18 Vincent Kompany -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 18 Roland Lamah -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14 Romelu Lukaku -- Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United -- 2011 -- 18 Dodi Lukebakio -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18 Simon Mignolet -- Sunderland , Liverpool -- 2010 -- 18 Kevin Mirallas -- Everton -- 2012 -- 18 Émile Mpenza -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 08 Geoffrey Mujangi Bia -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11 Charly Musonda -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Julien Ngoy -- Stoke City -- 2016 -- 18 Luc Nilis -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 01 Vadis Odjidja - Ofoe -- Norwich City -- 2015 -- 16 Divock Origi -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18 Obbi Oularé -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Sébastien Pocognoli -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 16 Cédric Roussel -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2001 Branko Strupar -- Derby County -- 1999 -- 2002 Nico Vaesen -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 Daniel Van Buyten -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 04 Jelle Van Damme -- Southampton , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05 , 2010 -- 11 Anthony Vanden Borre -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10 Thomas Vermaelen -- Arsenal -- 2009 -- 14 Jan Vertonghen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 18", "Philippe Albert -- Newcastle United -- 1994 -- 99", "Toby Alderweireld -- Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2014 -- 18", "Adrian Bakalli -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Michy Batshuayi -- Chelsea -- 2016 -- 18", "Christian Benteke -- Aston Villa , Liverpool , Crystal Palace -- 2012 -- 18", "Jonathan Benteke -- Crystal Palace -- 2016 -- 17", "Jonathan Blondel -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2002 -- 04", "Ruud Boffin -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11", "Dedryck Boyata -- Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 , 2013 -- 15", "Nacer Chadli -- Tottenham Hotspur , West Bromwich Albion -- 2013 -- 18", "Philippe Clement -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 99", "Thibaut Courtois -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 18", "Gilles De Bilde -- Sheffield Wednesday , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2001", "Kevin De Bruyne -- Chelsea , Manchester City -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18", "Steven Defour -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 18", "Marc Degryse -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1995 -- 96", "Ritchie De Laet -- Manchester United , Norwich City , Leicester City -- 2008 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16", "Mousa Dembélé -- Fulham , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2010 -- 18", "Jason Denayer -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17", "Laurent Depoitre -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Steve De Ridder -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 13", "Marouane Fellaini -- Everton , Manchester United -- 2008 -- 18", "Régis Genaux -- Coventry City -- 1996 -- 97", "Eden Hazard -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 18", "Carl Hoefkens -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Adnan Januzaj -- Manchester United , Sunderland -- 2013 -- 17", "Christian Kabasele -- Watford -- 2016 -- 18", "Vincent Kompany -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 18", "Roland Lamah -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14", "Romelu Lukaku -- Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion , Everton , Manchester United -- 2011 -- 18", "Dodi Lukebakio -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Simon Mignolet -- Sunderland , Liverpool -- 2010 -- 18", "Kevin Mirallas -- Everton -- 2012 -- 18", "Émile Mpenza -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 08", "Geoffrey Mujangi Bia -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11", "Charly Musonda -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Julien Ngoy -- Stoke City -- 2016 -- 18", "Luc Nilis -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 01", "Vadis Odjidja - Ofoe -- Norwich City -- 2015 -- 16", "Divock Origi -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18", "Obbi Oularé -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Sébastien Pocognoli -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 16", "Cédric Roussel -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2001", "Branko Strupar -- Derby County -- 1999 -- 2002", "Nico Vaesen -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06", "Daniel Van Buyten -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 04", "Jelle Van Damme -- Southampton , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05 , 2010 -- 11", "Anthony Vanden Borre -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10", "Thomas Vermaelen -- Arsenal -- 2009 -- 14", "Jan Vertonghen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 18", "Rudy Gestede -- Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17 Steve Mounié -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Stéphane Sessègnon -- Sunderland , West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 16", "Rudy Gestede -- Cardiff City , Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17", "Steve Mounié -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Stéphane Sessègnon -- Sunderland , West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 16", "Shaun Goater -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 Kyle Lightbourne -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 98 Nahki Wells -- Burnley -- 2017 -- 18", "Shaun Goater -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03", "Kyle Lightbourne -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 98", "Nahki Wells -- Burnley -- 2017 -- 18", "Jaime Moreno -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 96 Marcelo Moreno -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 10", "Jaime Moreno -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 96", "Marcelo Moreno -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 10", "Asmir Begović -- Portsmouth , Stoke City , Chelsea , Bournemouth -- 2008 -- 18 Muhamed Bešić -- Everton -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Edin Džeko -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 15 Sead Kolašinac -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18 Muhamed Konjić -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2001", "Asmir Begović -- Portsmouth , Stoke City , Chelsea , Bournemouth -- 2008 -- 18", "Muhamed Bešić -- Everton -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Edin Džeko -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 15", "Sead Kolašinac -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18", "Muhamed Konjić -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2001", "Alex -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 12 Afonso Alves -- Middlesbrough -- 2007 -- 09 Anderson -- Manchester United -- 2007 -- 15 Anderson Silva -- Everton -- 2006 -- 07 Fábio Aurélio -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 11 Júlio Baptista -- Arsenal -- 2006 -- 07 Juliano Belletti -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 10 Branco -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 97 Caçapa -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 09 Philippe Coutinho -- Liverpool -- 2012 -- 18 Danilo -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18 David Luiz -- Chelsea -- 2011 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Denílson -- Arsenal -- 2006 -- 11 Guly do Prado -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 14 Doni -- Liverpool -- 2011 -- 12 Doriva -- Middlesbrough -- 2002 -- 06 Ederson -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18 Edu -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 05 Elano -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09 Emerson -- Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 97 Evandro -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17 Fábio -- Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers , Cardiff City , Middlesbrough -- 2009 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 Fernando -- Manchester City -- 2014 -- 17 Fernandinho -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 18 Filipe Luís -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 15 Roberto Firmino -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18 Fumaça -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000 Gabriel Jesus -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18 Gabriel Paulista -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 17 Geovanni -- Manchester City , Hull City -- 2007 -- 10 Gilberto -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2007 -- 09 Gilberto Silva -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 08 Gláuber -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 09 Heurelho Gomes -- Tottenham Hotspur , Watford -- 2008 -- 11 , 2015 -- 18 Ilan -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10 Isaías -- Coventry City -- 1995 -- 97 Mário Jardel -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04 Jô -- Manchester City , Everton -- 2008 -- 11 Júlio César -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05 Júlio César -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2012 -- 13 Juninho -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 04 Kenedy -- Chelsea , Watford , Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 18 Kléberson -- Manchester United -- 2003 -- 05 Lucas Leiva -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 17 Lucas Moura -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2017 -- 18 Maicon -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 13 Mineiro -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 09 Nenê -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 15 Oscar -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 17 Alexandre Pato -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16 Paulinho -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 15 Andreas Pereira -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 16 Bruno Perone -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12 Lucas Piazon -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 13 Rafael -- Manchester United -- 2008 -- 15 Ramires -- Chelsea -- 2010 -- 16 Richarlison -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18 Douglas Rinaldi -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Robinho -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 10 Fábio Rochemback -- Middlesbrough -- 2005 -- 08 Rodrigo -- Everton -- 2002 -- 03 Roque Júnior -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04 Sandro -- Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers , West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 16 André Santos -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 12 Rafael Schmitz -- Birmingham City -- 2007 -- 08 Sylvinho -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2009 -- 10 Emerson Thome -- Sheffield Wednesday , Chelsea , Sunderland , Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 2004 Willian -- Chelsea -- 2013 -- 18", "Alex -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 12", "Afonso Alves -- Middlesbrough -- 2007 -- 09", "Anderson -- Manchester United -- 2007 -- 15", "Anderson Silva -- Everton -- 2006 -- 07", "Fábio Aurélio -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 11", "Júlio Baptista -- Arsenal -- 2006 -- 07", "Juliano Belletti -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 10", "Branco -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 97", "Caçapa -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 09", "Philippe Coutinho -- Liverpool -- 2012 -- 18", "Danilo -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "David Luiz -- Chelsea -- 2011 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18", "Denílson -- Arsenal -- 2006 -- 11", "Guly do Prado -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 14", "Doni -- Liverpool -- 2011 -- 12", "Doriva -- Middlesbrough -- 2002 -- 06", "Ederson -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Edu -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 05", "Elano -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09", "Emerson -- Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 97", "Evandro -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17", "Fábio -- Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers , Cardiff City , Middlesbrough -- 2009 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17", "Fernando -- Manchester City -- 2014 -- 17", "Fernandinho -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 18", "Filipe Luís -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 15", "Roberto Firmino -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18", "Fumaça -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000", "Gabriel Jesus -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18", "Gabriel Paulista -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 17", "Geovanni -- Manchester City , Hull City -- 2007 -- 10", "Gilberto -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2007 -- 09", "Gilberto Silva -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 08", "Gláuber -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 09", "Heurelho Gomes -- Tottenham Hotspur , Watford -- 2008 -- 11 , 2015 -- 18", "Ilan -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10", "Isaías -- Coventry City -- 1995 -- 97", "Mário Jardel -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04", "Jô -- Manchester City , Everton -- 2008 -- 11", "Júlio César -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05", "Júlio César -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2012 -- 13", "Juninho -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 04", "Kenedy -- Chelsea , Watford , Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 18", "Kléberson -- Manchester United -- 2003 -- 05", "Lucas Leiva -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 17", "Lucas Moura -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2017 -- 18", "Maicon -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 13", "Mineiro -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 09", "Nenê -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 15", "Oscar -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 17", "Alexandre Pato -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16", "Paulinho -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 15", "Andreas Pereira -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 16", "Bruno Perone -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12", "Lucas Piazon -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 13", "Rafael -- Manchester United -- 2008 -- 15", "Ramires -- Chelsea -- 2010 -- 16", "Richarlison -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Douglas Rinaldi -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Robinho -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 10", "Fábio Rochemback -- Middlesbrough -- 2005 -- 08", "Rodrigo -- Everton -- 2002 -- 03", "Roque Júnior -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04", "Sandro -- Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers , West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 16", "André Santos -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 12", "Rafael Schmitz -- Birmingham City -- 2007 -- 08", "Sylvinho -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2009 -- 10", "Emerson Thome -- Sheffield Wednesday , Chelsea , Sunderland , Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 2004", "Willian -- Chelsea -- 2013 -- 18", "Dimitar Berbatov -- Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Fulham -- 2006 -- 14 Valeri Bojinov -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09 Boncho Genchev -- Ipswich Town -- 1992 -- 95 Radostin Kishishev -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 07 Stanislav Manolev -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 13 Martin Petrov -- Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 12 Stiliyan Petrov -- Aston Villa -- 2006 -- 12 Svetoslav Todorov -- West Ham United , Portsmouth , Wigan Athletic -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 07 Aleksandar Tonev -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14", "Dimitar Berbatov -- Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Fulham -- 2006 -- 14", "Valeri Bojinov -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09", "Boncho Genchev -- Ipswich Town -- 1992 -- 95", "Radostin Kishishev -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 07", "Stanislav Manolev -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 13", "Martin Petrov -- Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 12", "Stiliyan Petrov -- Aston Villa -- 2006 -- 12", "Svetoslav Todorov -- West Ham United , Portsmouth , Wigan Athletic -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 07", "Aleksandar Tonev -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14", "Bertrand Traoré -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16", "Bertrand Traoré -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16", "Gaël Bigirimana -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 13", "Gaël Bigirimana -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 13", "Benoît Assou - Ekotto -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2006 -- 13 Timothée Atouba -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2004 -- 05 Sébastien Bassong -- Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 André Bikey -- Reading , Burnley -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Gaëtan Bong -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Eric Maxim Choupo - Moting -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18 Eric Djemba - Djemba -- Manchester United , Aston Villa -- 2003 -- 07 Roudolphe Douala -- Portsmouth -- 2006 -- 07 George Elokobi -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 Eyong Enoh -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 13 Samuel Eto'o -- Chelsea , Everton -- 2013 -- 15 Marc - Vivien Foé -- West Ham United , Manchester City -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 03 Geremi -- Middlesbrough , Chelsea , Newcastle United -- 2002 -- 09 Joseph - Désiré Job -- Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 06 Lauren -- Arsenal , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 08 Jean Makoun -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 11 Joël Matip -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18 Stéphane Mbia -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2012 -- 13 Patrick M'Boma -- Sunderland -- 2001 -- 02 Lucien Mettomo -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03 Valéry Mézague -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 05 Clinton N'Jie -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2015 -- 16 Allan Nyom -- Watford , West Bromwich Albion -- 2015 -- 18 Salomon Olembé -- Leeds United , Wigan Athletic -- 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 Alex Song -- Charlton Athletic , Arsenal , West Ham United -- 2005 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 Rigobert Song -- Liverpool , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2002 Franck Songo'o -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Somen Tchoyi -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 12 Pierre Womé -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 03", "Benoît Assou - Ekotto -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2006 -- 13", "Timothée Atouba -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2004 -- 05", "Sébastien Bassong -- Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "André Bikey -- Reading , Burnley -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Gaëtan Bong -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Eric Maxim Choupo - Moting -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18", "Eric Djemba - Djemba -- Manchester United , Aston Villa -- 2003 -- 07", "Roudolphe Douala -- Portsmouth -- 2006 -- 07", "George Elokobi -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Eyong Enoh -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 13", "Samuel Eto'o -- Chelsea , Everton -- 2013 -- 15", "Marc - Vivien Foé -- West Ham United , Manchester City -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 03", "Geremi -- Middlesbrough , Chelsea , Newcastle United -- 2002 -- 09", "Joseph - Désiré Job -- Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 06", "Lauren -- Arsenal , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 08", "Jean Makoun -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 11", "Joël Matip -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18", "Stéphane Mbia -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2012 -- 13", "Patrick M'Boma -- Sunderland -- 2001 -- 02", "Lucien Mettomo -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03", "Valéry Mézague -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 05", "Clinton N'Jie -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2015 -- 16", "Allan Nyom -- Watford , West Bromwich Albion -- 2015 -- 18", "Salomon Olembé -- Leeds United , Wigan Athletic -- 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08", "Alex Song -- Charlton Athletic , Arsenal , West Ham United -- 2005 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16", "Rigobert Song -- Liverpool , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2002", "Franck Songo'o -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Somen Tchoyi -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 12", "Pierre Womé -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 03", "Scott Arfield -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18 Jim Brennan -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05 Terry Dunfield -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 David Edgar -- Newcastle United , Burnley -- 2006 -- 10 Craig Forrest -- Ipswich Town , Chelsea , West Ham United -- 1992 -- 95 , 1996 -- 2001 Junior Hoilett -- Blackburn Rovers , Queens Park Rangers -- 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Simeon Jackson -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 13 Tomasz Radzinski -- Everton , Fulham -- 2001 -- 07 Paul Stalteri -- Tottenham Hotspur , Fulham -- 2005 -- 08 Frank Yallop -- Ipswich Town -- 1992 -- 95", "Scott Arfield -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18", "Jim Brennan -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05", "Terry Dunfield -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01", "David Edgar -- Newcastle United , Burnley -- 2006 -- 10", "Craig Forrest -- Ipswich Town , Chelsea , West Ham United -- 1992 -- 95 , 1996 -- 2001", "Junior Hoilett -- Blackburn Rovers , Queens Park Rangers -- 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Simeon Jackson -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 13", "Tomasz Radzinski -- Everton , Fulham -- 2001 -- 07", "Paul Stalteri -- Tottenham Hotspur , Fulham -- 2005 -- 08", "Frank Yallop -- Ipswich Town -- 1992 -- 95", "Cabral -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14 Pelé -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Cabral -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14", "Pelé -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Clarence Acuña -- Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 03 Jean Beausejour -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 13 Claudio Bravo -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18 Mark González -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07 Ángelo Henríquez -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13 Mauricio Isla -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15 Gonzalo Jara -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 12 Luis Jiménez -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10 Javier Margas -- West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2001 Gary Medel -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 David Pizarro -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 12 Alexis Sánchez -- Arsenal , Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18 Eduardo Vargas -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15 Carlos Villanueva -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 09", "Clarence Acuña -- Newcastle United -- 2000 -- 03", "Jean Beausejour -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 13", "Claudio Bravo -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18", "Mark González -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07", "Ángelo Henríquez -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13", "Mauricio Isla -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15", "Gonzalo Jara -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 12", "Luis Jiménez -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10", "Javier Margas -- West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2001", "Gary Medel -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "David Pizarro -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 12", "Alexis Sánchez -- Arsenal , Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18", "Eduardo Vargas -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15", "Carlos Villanueva -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 09", "Dong Fangzhuo -- Manchester United -- 2006 -- 07 Li Tie -- Everton -- 2002 -- 04 Li Weifeng -- Everton -- 2002 -- 03 Sun Jihai -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 08 Zheng Zhi -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07", "Dong Fangzhuo -- Manchester United -- 2006 -- 07", "Li Tie -- Everton -- 2002 -- 04", "Li Weifeng -- Everton -- 2002 -- 03", "Sun Jihai -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 08", "Zheng Zhi -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07", "Juan Pablo Ángel -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 07 Pablo Armero -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14 Faustino Asprilla -- Newcastle United -- 1995 -- 98 Bernardo -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17 Juan Cuadrado -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 16 Radamel Falcao -- Manchester United , Chelsea -- 2014 -- 16 Víctor Ibarbo -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 José Izquierdo -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 David Ospina -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 18 Hámilton Ricard -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 2002 Hugo Rodallega -- Wigan Athletic , Fulham -- 2008 -- 14 Carlos Sánchez -- Aston Villa -- 2014 -- 16 Davinson Sánchez -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2017 -- 18 Jhon Viáfara -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Juan Camilo Zúñiga -- Watford -- 2016 -- 17", "Juan Pablo Ángel -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 07", "Pablo Armero -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14", "Faustino Asprilla -- Newcastle United -- 1995 -- 98", "Bernardo -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Juan Cuadrado -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 16", "Radamel Falcao -- Manchester United , Chelsea -- 2014 -- 16", "Víctor Ibarbo -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "José Izquierdo -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "David Ospina -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 18", "Hámilton Ricard -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 2002", "Hugo Rodallega -- Wigan Athletic , Fulham -- 2008 -- 14", "Carlos Sánchez -- Aston Villa -- 2014 -- 16", "Davinson Sánchez -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2017 -- 18", "Jhon Viáfara -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Juan Camilo Zúñiga -- Watford -- 2016 -- 17", "Lucien Aubey -- Portsmouth -- 2007 -- 08 Christian Bassila -- West Ham United , Sunderland -- 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 Amine Linganzi -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 11 Christopher Samba -- Blackburn Rovers , Queens Park Rangers -- 2006 -- 13 Thievy -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2013 -- 14", "Lucien Aubey -- Portsmouth -- 2007 -- 08", "Christian Bassila -- West Ham United , Sunderland -- 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06", "Amine Linganzi -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 11", "Christopher Samba -- Blackburn Rovers , Queens Park Rangers -- 2006 -- 13", "Thievy -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2013 -- 14", "Joel Campbell -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 16 Cristian Gamboa -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 16 Bryan Oviedo -- Everton , Sunderland -- 2012 -- 17 Bryan Ruiz -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 14 Mauricio Solís -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98 Paulo Wanchope -- Derby County , West Ham United , Manchester City -- 1996 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04", "Joel Campbell -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 16", "Cristian Gamboa -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 16", "Bryan Oviedo -- Everton , Sunderland -- 2012 -- 17", "Bryan Ruiz -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 14", "Mauricio Solís -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98", "Paulo Wanchope -- Derby County , West Ham United , Manchester City -- 1996 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04", "Aljoša Asanović -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98 Boško Balaban -- Aston Villa -- 2001 -- 02 Slaven Bilić -- West Ham United , Everton -- 1995 -- 99 Igor Bišćan -- Liverpool -- 2000 -- 05 Alen Bokšić -- Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 03 Vedran Ćorluka -- Manchester City , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2007 -- 12 Eduardo -- Arsenal -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Nikica Jelavić -- Everton , Hull City , West Ham United -- 2011 -- 16 Nikola Jerkan -- Nottingham Forest -- 1996 -- 97 Nikola Kalinić -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 11 Ivan Klasnić -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 Andrej Kramarić -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 16 Niko Kranjčar -- Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers -- 2006 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Dejan Lovren -- Southampton , Liverpool -- 2013 -- 18 Silvio Marić -- Newcastle United -- 1998 -- 2000 Luka Modrić -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2008 -- 12 Ivica Mornar -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Mladen Petrić -- Fulham , West Ham United -- 2012 -- 14 Mario Stanić -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 04 Igor Štimac -- Derby County , West Ham United -- 1996 -- 2001 Davor Šuker -- Arsenal , West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2001 Nikola Vlašić -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18 Boris Živković -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04", "Aljoša Asanović -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98", "Boško Balaban -- Aston Villa -- 2001 -- 02", "Slaven Bilić -- West Ham United , Everton -- 1995 -- 99", "Igor Bišćan -- Liverpool -- 2000 -- 05", "Alen Bokšić -- Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 03", "Vedran Ćorluka -- Manchester City , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2007 -- 12", "Eduardo -- Arsenal -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Nikica Jelavić -- Everton , Hull City , West Ham United -- 2011 -- 16", "Nikola Jerkan -- Nottingham Forest -- 1996 -- 97", "Nikola Kalinić -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 11", "Ivan Klasnić -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Andrej Kramarić -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 16", "Niko Kranjčar -- Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers -- 2006 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15", "Dejan Lovren -- Southampton , Liverpool -- 2013 -- 18", "Silvio Marić -- Newcastle United -- 1998 -- 2000", "Luka Modrić -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2008 -- 12", "Ivica Mornar -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06", "Mladen Petrić -- Fulham , West Ham United -- 2012 -- 14", "Mario Stanić -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 04", "Igor Štimac -- Derby County , West Ham United -- 1996 -- 2001", "Davor Šuker -- Arsenal , West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2001", "Nikola Vlašić -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18", "Boris Živković -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04", "Kemy Agustien -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 13 Leandro Bacuna -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 16 Kenji Gorré -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 15 Cuco Martina -- Southampton , Everton -- 2015 -- 18 Shelton Martis -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Kemy Agustien -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 13", "Leandro Bacuna -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 16", "Kenji Gorré -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 15", "Cuco Martina -- Southampton , Everton -- 2015 -- 18", "Shelton Martis -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Alexis Nicolas -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 04 Nikodimos Papavasiliou -- Newcastle United -- 1993 -- 94", "Alexis Nicolas -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 04", "Nikodimos Papavasiliou -- Newcastle United -- 1993 -- 94", "Milan Baroš -- Liverpool , Aston Villa , Portsmouth -- 2002 -- 08 Roman Bednář -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Patrik Berger -- Liverpool , Portsmouth , Aston Villa -- 1996 -- 2008 Petr Čech -- Chelsea , Arsenal -- 2004 -- 18 Ondřej Čelůstka -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14 Radek Černý -- Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12 Marcel Gecov -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12 Zdeněk Grygera -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12 Jiří Jarošík -- Chelsea , Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06 Martin Jiránek -- Birmingham City -- 2010 -- 11 Tomáš Kalas -- Chelsea -- 2013 -- 14 Radoslav Kováč -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 11 Libor Kozák -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Jan Laštůvka -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07 Martin Latka -- Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 06 Marek Matějovský -- Reading -- 2007 -- 08 Luděk Mikloško -- West Ham United -- 1993 -- 98 Karel Poborský -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 98 Tomáš Řepka -- West Ham United -- 2001 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 Tomáš Rosický -- Arsenal -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 15 David Rozehnal -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 08 Vladimír Šmicer -- Liverpool -- 1999 -- 2005 Pavel Srníček -- Newcastle United , Sheffield Wednesday , Portsmouth -- 1993 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07 Jan Stejskal -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1992 -- 94 Matěj Vydra -- West Bromwich Albion , Watford -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17", "Milan Baroš -- Liverpool , Aston Villa , Portsmouth -- 2002 -- 08", "Roman Bednář -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Patrik Berger -- Liverpool , Portsmouth , Aston Villa -- 1996 -- 2008", "Petr Čech -- Chelsea , Arsenal -- 2004 -- 18", "Ondřej Čelůstka -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14", "Radek Černý -- Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12", "Marcel Gecov -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12", "Zdeněk Grygera -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12", "Jiří Jarošík -- Chelsea , Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06", "Martin Jiránek -- Birmingham City -- 2010 -- 11", "Tomáš Kalas -- Chelsea -- 2013 -- 14", "Radoslav Kováč -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 11", "Libor Kozák -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "Jan Laštůvka -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07", "Martin Latka -- Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 06", "Marek Matějovský -- Reading -- 2007 -- 08", "Luděk Mikloško -- West Ham United -- 1993 -- 98", "Karel Poborský -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 98", "Tomáš Řepka -- West Ham United -- 2001 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06", "Tomáš Rosický -- Arsenal -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 15", "David Rozehnal -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 08", "Vladimír Šmicer -- Liverpool -- 1999 -- 2005", "Pavel Srníček -- Newcastle United , Sheffield Wednesday , Portsmouth -- 1993 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 , 2006 -- 07", "Jan Stejskal -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1992 -- 94", "Matěj Vydra -- West Bromwich Albion , Watford -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17", "Daniel Agger -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 14 Martin Albrechtsen -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2004 -- 06 Stephan Andersen -- Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 06 Leon Andreasen -- Fulham -- 2007 -- 09 Mikkel Beck -- Middlesbrough , Derby County -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2000 Nicklas Bendtner -- Arsenal , Sunderland -- 2007 -- 14 Philip Billing -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Mikkel Bischoff -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03 Andreas Christensen -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Andreas Cornelius -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Peter Degn -- Everton -- 1998 -- 99 Ronnie Ekelund -- Southampton , Manchester City -- 1994 -- 96 Christian Eriksen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 18 Viktor Fischer -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17 Per Frandsen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 04 Carsten Fredgaard -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2000 Thomas Gaardsøe -- Ipswich Town , West Bromwich Albion -- 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 06 Bjarne Goldbæk -- Chelsea , Fulham -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 03 Thomas Gravesen -- Everton -- 2000 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 Jesper Grønkjær -- Chelsea , Birmingham City -- 2000 -- 05 Bo Hansen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02 Jakob Haugaard -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 17 Nicklas Helenius -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14 Thomas Helveg -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05 Jes Høgh -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2000 Pierre - Emile Højbjerg -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18 Lars Jacobsen -- Everton , Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United -- 2008 -- 11 Brian Jensen -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10 Claus Jensen -- Charlton Athletic , Fulham -- 2000 -- 07 John Jensen -- Arsenal -- 1992 -- 96 Niclas Jensen -- Manchester City , Fulham -- 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 Martin Johansen -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 98 Michael Johansen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 98 Mathias Jørgensen -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Jakob Kjeldbjerg -- Chelsea -- 1993 -- 95 Per Krøldrup -- Everton -- 2005 -- 06 William Kvist -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Brian Laudrup -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 99 Jacob Laursen -- Derby County , Leicester City -- 1996 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Martin Laursen -- Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 09 Anders Lindegaard -- Manchester United -- 2011 -- 14 Jonas Lössl -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Peter Løvenkrands -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12 Jan Mølby -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 95 Allan Nielsen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1996 -- 2000 Jores Okore -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 16 Henrik Pedersen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 07 Per Pedersen -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1996 -- 97 Torben Piechnik -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 94 Christian Poulsen -- Liverpool -- 2010 -- 11 Brian Priske -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Marc Rieper -- West Ham United -- 1994 -- 98 Dennis Rommedahl -- Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 07 Kasper Schmeichel -- Manchester City , Leicester City -- 2007 -- 09 , 2014 -- 18 Peter Schmeichel -- Manchester United , Aston Villa , Manchester City -- 1992 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03 Lasse Sørensen -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18 Thomas Sørensen -- Sunderland , Aston Villa , Stoke City -- 1998 -- 2012 , 2013 -- 14 Kevin Stuhr Ellegaard -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 04 Claus Thomsen -- Ipswich Town , Everton -- 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 98 Stig Tøfting -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 03 Jon Dahl Tomasson -- Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 98", "Daniel Agger -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 14", "Martin Albrechtsen -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2004 -- 06", "Stephan Andersen -- Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 06", "Leon Andreasen -- Fulham -- 2007 -- 09", "Mikkel Beck -- Middlesbrough , Derby County -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2000", "Nicklas Bendtner -- Arsenal , Sunderland -- 2007 -- 14", "Philip Billing -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Mikkel Bischoff -- Manchester City -- 2002 -- 03", "Andreas Christensen -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "Andreas Cornelius -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Peter Degn -- Everton -- 1998 -- 99", "Ronnie Ekelund -- Southampton , Manchester City -- 1994 -- 96", "Christian Eriksen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 18", "Viktor Fischer -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Per Frandsen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 04", "Carsten Fredgaard -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2000", "Thomas Gaardsøe -- Ipswich Town , West Bromwich Albion -- 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 06", "Bjarne Goldbæk -- Chelsea , Fulham -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 03", "Thomas Gravesen -- Everton -- 2000 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08", "Jesper Grønkjær -- Chelsea , Birmingham City -- 2000 -- 05", "Bo Hansen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02", "Jakob Haugaard -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 17", "Nicklas Helenius -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14", "Thomas Helveg -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05", "Jes Høgh -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2000", "Pierre - Emile Højbjerg -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18", "Lars Jacobsen -- Everton , Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United -- 2008 -- 11", "Brian Jensen -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10", "Claus Jensen -- Charlton Athletic , Fulham -- 2000 -- 07", "John Jensen -- Arsenal -- 1992 -- 96", "Niclas Jensen -- Manchester City , Fulham -- 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06", "Martin Johansen -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 98", "Michael Johansen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 98", "Mathias Jørgensen -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Jakob Kjeldbjerg -- Chelsea -- 1993 -- 95", "Per Krøldrup -- Everton -- 2005 -- 06", "William Kvist -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Brian Laudrup -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 99", "Jacob Laursen -- Derby County , Leicester City -- 1996 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02", "Martin Laursen -- Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 09", "Anders Lindegaard -- Manchester United -- 2011 -- 14", "Jonas Lössl -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Peter Løvenkrands -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12", "Jan Mølby -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 95", "Allan Nielsen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1996 -- 2000", "Jores Okore -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 16", "Henrik Pedersen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 07", "Per Pedersen -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1996 -- 97", "Torben Piechnik -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 94", "Christian Poulsen -- Liverpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Brian Priske -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Marc Rieper -- West Ham United -- 1994 -- 98", "Dennis Rommedahl -- Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 07", "Kasper Schmeichel -- Manchester City , Leicester City -- 2007 -- 09 , 2014 -- 18", "Peter Schmeichel -- Manchester United , Aston Villa , Manchester City -- 1992 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03", "Lasse Sørensen -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18", "Thomas Sørensen -- Sunderland , Aston Villa , Stoke City -- 1998 -- 2012 , 2013 -- 14", "Kevin Stuhr Ellegaard -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 04", "Claus Thomsen -- Ipswich Town , Everton -- 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 98", "Stig Tøfting -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 03", "Jon Dahl Tomasson -- Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 98", "Benik Afobe -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 18 Beni Baningime -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18 Yannick Bolasie -- Crystal Palace , Everton -- 2013 -- 18 Hérita Ilunga -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 11 Elias Kachunga -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Gaël Kakuta -- Chelsea , Fulham , Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 Kazenga LuaLua -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Lomana LuaLua -- Newcastle United , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 07 Arthur Masuaku -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 18 Chancel Mbemba -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Dieumerci Mbokani -- Norwich City , Hull City -- 2015 -- 17 Youssouf Mulumbu -- West Bromwich Albion , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 16 Arnold Mvuemba -- Portsmouth -- 2006 -- 09 Michel Ngonge -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Shabani Nonda -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2006 -- 07", "Benik Afobe -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 18", "Beni Baningime -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18", "Yannick Bolasie -- Crystal Palace , Everton -- 2013 -- 18", "Hérita Ilunga -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 11", "Elias Kachunga -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Gaël Kakuta -- Chelsea , Fulham , Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Kazenga LuaLua -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Lomana LuaLua -- Newcastle United , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 07", "Arthur Masuaku -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 18", "Chancel Mbemba -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Dieumerci Mbokani -- Norwich City , Hull City -- 2015 -- 17", "Youssouf Mulumbu -- West Bromwich Albion , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 16", "Arnold Mvuemba -- Portsmouth -- 2006 -- 09", "Michel Ngonge -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Shabani Nonda -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2006 -- 07", "Christian Benítez -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 10 Felipe Caicedo -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09 Segundo Castillo -- Everton , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 10 Ulises de la Cruz -- Aston Villa , Reading -- 2002 -- 08 Agustín Delgado -- Southampton -- 2001 -- 04 Fernando Guerrero -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10 Iván Kaviedes -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 Jefferson Montero -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 17 Juan Carlos Paredes -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Antonio Valencia -- Wigan Athletic , Manchester United -- 2006 -- 18 Enner Valencia -- West Ham United , Everton -- 2014 -- 17", "Christian Benítez -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 10", "Felipe Caicedo -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09", "Segundo Castillo -- Everton , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 10", "Ulises de la Cruz -- Aston Villa , Reading -- 2002 -- 08", "Agustín Delgado -- Southampton -- 2001 -- 04", "Fernando Guerrero -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10", "Iván Kaviedes -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Jefferson Montero -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 17", "Juan Carlos Paredes -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Antonio Valencia -- Wigan Athletic , Manchester United -- 2006 -- 18", "Enner Valencia -- West Ham United , Everton -- 2014 -- 17", "Ahmed Elmohamady -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2010 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Mohamed Elneny -- Arsenal -- 2015 -- 18 Ahmed Fathy -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07 Gedo -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 14 Hossam Ghaly -- Tottenham Hotspur , Derby County -- 2006 -- 08 Ahmed Hegazi -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Mido -- Tottenham Hotspur , Middlesbrough , Wigan Athletic , West Ham United -- 2004 -- 10 Mohamed Salah -- Chelsea , Liverpool -- 2013 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Mohamed Shawky -- Middlesbrough -- 2007 -- 09 Ramadan Sobhi -- Stoke City -- 2016 -- 18 Amr Zaki -- Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 2008 -- 10", "Ahmed Elmohamady -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2010 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17", "Mohamed Elneny -- Arsenal -- 2015 -- 18", "Ahmed Fathy -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Gedo -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 14", "Hossam Ghaly -- Tottenham Hotspur , Derby County -- 2006 -- 08", "Ahmed Hegazi -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Mido -- Tottenham Hotspur , Middlesbrough , Wigan Athletic , West Ham United -- 2004 -- 10", "Mohamed Salah -- Chelsea , Liverpool -- 2013 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "Mohamed Shawky -- Middlesbrough -- 2007 -- 09", "Ramadan Sobhi -- Stoke City -- 2016 -- 18", "Amr Zaki -- Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 2008 -- 10", "Emilio Nsue -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Emilio Nsue -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Ragnar Klavan -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18 Mart Poom -- Derby County , Sunderland , Arsenal -- 1996 -- 2003 , 2006 -- 07", "Ragnar Klavan -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18", "Mart Poom -- Derby County , Sunderland , Arsenal -- 1996 -- 2003 , 2006 -- 07", "Gunnar Nielsen -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10", "Gunnar Nielsen -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10", "Peter Enckelman -- Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 04 Mikael Forssell -- Chelsea , Birmingham City -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Sami Hyypiä -- Liverpool -- 1999 -- 2009 Jussi Jääskeläinen -- Bolton Wanderers , West Ham United -- 2001 -- 15 Jonatan Johansson -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 06 Toni Kallio -- Fulham -- 2008 -- 10 Joonas Kolkka -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 Shefki Kuqi -- Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 Jari Litmanen -- Liverpool -- 2000 -- 02 Antti Niemi -- Southampton , Fulham -- 2002 -- 08 Mixu Paatelainen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96 Petri Pasanen -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04 Aki Riihilahti -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 Teemu Tainio -- Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 10 Hannu Tihinen -- West Ham United -- 2000 -- 01 Simo Valakari -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 02", "Peter Enckelman -- Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 04", "Mikael Forssell -- Chelsea , Birmingham City -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Sami Hyypiä -- Liverpool -- 1999 -- 2009", "Jussi Jääskeläinen -- Bolton Wanderers , West Ham United -- 2001 -- 15", "Jonatan Johansson -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 06", "Toni Kallio -- Fulham -- 2008 -- 10", "Joonas Kolkka -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Shefki Kuqi -- Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11", "Jari Litmanen -- Liverpool -- 2000 -- 02", "Antti Niemi -- Southampton , Fulham -- 2002 -- 08", "Mixu Paatelainen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96", "Petri Pasanen -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04", "Aki Riihilahti -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Teemu Tainio -- Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 10", "Hannu Tihinen -- West Ham United -- 2000 -- 01", "Simo Valakari -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 02", "Samassi Abou -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 99 Didier Agathe -- Aston Villa -- 2006 -- 07 Morgan Amalfitano -- West Bromwich Albion , West Ham United -- 2013 -- 15 Jordan Amavi -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16 Jérémie Aliadière -- Arsenal , West Ham United , Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 09 Bernard Allou -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Pierre - Yves André -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 03 Nicolas Anelka -- Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion -- 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 05 , 2006 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Pegguy Arphexad -- Leicester City , Liverpool -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Cédric Avinel -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 El - Hadji Ba -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14 Ibrahim Ba -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04 Tiémoué Bakayoko -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Fabien Barthez -- Manchester United -- 2000 -- 03 David Bellion -- Sunderland , Manchester United , West Ham United -- 2001 -- 06 Hatem Ben Arfa -- Newcastle United , Hull City -- 2010 -- 15 Olivier Bernard -- Newcastle United , Southampton -- 2001 -- 05 Mathieu Berson -- Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 05 Laurent Blanc -- Manchester United -- 2001 -- 03 Patrick Blondeau -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 98 Thierry Bonalair -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Jérôme Bonnissel -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 04 Alexandre Bonnot -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Jean - Alain Boumsong -- Newcastle United -- 2004 -- 06 Yohan Cabaye -- Newcastle United , Crystal Palace -- 2011 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Rémy Cabella -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15 Zoumana Camara -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04 Vincent Candela -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05 Eric Cantona -- Leeds United , Manchester United -- 1992 -- 97 Étienne Capoue -- Tottenham Hotspur , Watford -- 2013 -- 18 Patrice Carteron -- Sunderland -- 2000 -- 01 Johan Cavalli -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Cyril Chapuis -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04 Laurent Charvet -- Chelsea , Newcastle United , Manchester City -- 1997 -- 2001 Bruno Cheyrou -- Liverpool -- 2002 -- 04 Pascal Chimbonda -- Wigan Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 11 Philippe Christanval -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 08 Gérald Cid -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08 Djibril Cissé -- Liverpool , Sunderland , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 13 Édouard Cissé -- West Ham United -- 2002 -- 03 Aly Cissokho -- Liverpool , Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 16 Gaël Clichy -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 2003 -- 17 Patrick Colleter -- Southampton -- 1998 -- 2000 Francis Coquelin -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 18 Laurent Courtois -- West Ham United -- 2001 -- 02 Pascal Cygan -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 06 Ousmane Dabo -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07 Olivier Dacourt -- Everton , Leeds United , Fulham -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 03 , 2008 -- 09 Stéphane Dalmat -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 04 Jean - Claude Darcheville -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Mickaël Debève -- Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 02 Mathieu Debuchy -- Newcastle United , Arsenal -- 2012 -- 17 Moussa Dembélé -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Marcel Desailly -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 2004 Didier Deschamps -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2000 Abou Diaby -- Arsenal -- 2005 -- 14 Modibo Diakité -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14 Alou Diarra -- West Ham United -- 2012 -- 13 Lassana Diarra -- Chelsea , Arsenal , Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 09 Didier Digard -- Middlesbrough -- 2008 -- 09 Bernard Diomède -- Liverpool -- 2000 -- 01 Sylvain Distin -- Newcastle United , Manchester City , Portsmouth , Everton , Bournemouth -- 2001 -- 16 Martin Djetou -- Fulham , Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Youri Djorkaeff -- Bolton Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 05 Didier Domi -- Newcastle United , Leeds United -- 1998 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04 Abdoulaye Doucouré -- Watford -- 2016 -- 18 Pierre Ducrocq -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02 Christophe Dugarry -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 04 Franck Dumas -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000 Mario Espartero -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02 Patrice Evra -- Manchester United , West Ham United -- 2005 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Julien Faubert -- West Ham United -- 2007 -- 11 Fabrice Fernandes -- Southampton , Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 06 Jean - Michel Ferri -- Liverpool -- 1998 -- 99 Mathieu Flamini -- Arsenal , Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 08 , 2013 -- 17 Marc - Antoine Fortuné -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12 William Gallas -- Chelsea , Arsenal , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2001 -- 13 Rémi Garde -- Arsenal -- 1996 -- 99 David Ginola -- Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Aston Villa , Everton -- 1995 -- 2002 Olivier Giroud -- Arsenal , Chelsea -- 2012 -- 18 Gaël Givet -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 12 Alain Goma -- Newcastle United , Fulham -- 1999 -- 2006 Bafétimbi Gomis -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 16 Yoan Gouffran -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16 Hérold Goulon -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2010 -- 11 Elliot Grandin -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11 Xavier Gravelaine -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 François Grenet -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02 Léandre Griffit -- Southampton -- 2003 -- 05 Gilles Grimandi -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 2002 David Grondin -- Arsenal -- 1998 -- 99 Stéphane Guivarc'h -- Newcastle United -- 1998 -- 99 Massadio Haïdara -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Thierry Henry -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2007 , 2011 -- 12 Giannelli Imbula -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 17 Valérien Ismaël -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Younès Kaboul -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth , Sunderland , Watford -- 2007 -- 18 N'Golo Kanté -- Leicester City , Chelsea -- 2015 -- 18 Olivier Kapo -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 10 Christian Karembeu -- Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 01 Marc Keller -- West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2000 Yann Kermorgant -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16 Anthony Knockaert -- Leicester City , Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Laurent Koscielny -- Arsenal -- 2010 -- 18 Alexandre Lacazette -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18 Bernard Lama -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 98 Bernard Lambourde -- Chelsea -- 1997 -- 2001 Aymeric Laporte -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18 Lilian Laslandes -- Sunderland -- 2001 -- 02 Pierre Laurent -- Leeds United -- 1996 -- 97 Florent Laville -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 04 Ulrich Le Pen -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02 Anthony Le Tallec -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2003 -- 06 Frank Leboeuf -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 2001 Sylvain Legwinski -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 06 Florian Lejeune -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18 Hugo Lloris -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 18 Matthieu Louis - Jean -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Patrice Luzi -- Liverpool -- 2003 -- 04 Mickaël Madar -- Everton -- 1997 -- 99 Claude Makélélé -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 08 Steed Malbranque -- Fulham , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland -- 2001 -- 11 Florent Malouda -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 13 Steve Mandanda -- Crystal Palace -- 2016 -- 17 Mikael Mandron -- Sunderland -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Eliaquim Mangala -- Manchester City , Everton -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Steve Marlet -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 04 Anthony Martial -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 18 Lilian Martin -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01 Sylvain Marveaux -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 14 Youl Mawéné -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 02 Benjamin Mendy -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18 Bernard Mendy -- Bolton Wanderers , Hull City -- 2002 -- 03 , 2008 -- 10 Nampalys Mendy -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17 Anthony Modeste -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12 Lys Mousset -- Bournemouth -- 2016 -- 18 Steven Mouyokolo -- Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11 Yann M'Vila -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 16 Christian Nadé -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07 Lilian Nalis -- Leicester City -- 2003 -- 04 Samir Nasri -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 2008 -- 17 Christian Negouai -- Manchester City -- 2004 -- 05 David N'Gog -- Liverpool , Bolton Wanderers , Swansea City -- 2008 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Bruno N'Gotty -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 06 Frédéric Nimani -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10 Georges - Kévin N'Koudou -- Tottenham Hotspur , Burnley -- 2016 -- 18 Charles N'Zogbia -- Newcastle United , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16 Steven Nzonzi -- Blackburn Rovers , Stoke City -- 2009 -- 15 Gabriel Obertan -- Manchester United , Newcastle United -- 2009 -- 16 Noé Pamarot -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 09 Dimitri Payet -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 17 Lionel Pérez -- Sunderland -- 1996 -- 97 Sébastien Pérez -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1998 -- 99 Vincent Péricard -- Portsmouth , Stoke City -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 Emmanuel Petit -- Arsenal , Chelsea -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 04 Jérémy Pied -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18 Frédéric Piquionne -- Portsmouth , West Ham United -- 2009 -- 11 Robert Pirès -- Arsenal , Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 06 , 2010 -- 11 Damien Plessis -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 09 Paul Pogba -- Manchester United -- 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 18 William Prunier -- Manchester United -- 1995 -- 96 Sébastien Puygrenier -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 09 Franck Queudrue -- Middlesbrough , Fulham , Birmingham City -- 2001 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Loïc Rémy -- Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Chelsea , Crystal Palace -- 2012 -- 17 Anthony Réveillère -- Sunderland -- 2014 -- 15 Emmanuel Rivière -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16 Valentin Roberge -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 15 Laurent Robert -- Newcastle United , Portsmouth , Derby County -- 2001 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Bruno Rodriguez -- Bradford City -- 1999 -- 2000 Franck Rolling -- Leicester City -- 1996 -- 97 Éric Roy -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2001 Bacary Sagna -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 2007 -- 17 Yaya Sanogo -- Arsenal , Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 15 Louis Saha -- Newcastle United , Fulham , Manchester United , Everton , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 13 Mamadou Sakho -- Liverpool , Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 18 Sébastien Schemmel -- West Ham United , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 04 Morgan Schneiderlin -- Southampton , Manchester United , Everton -- 2012 -- 18 Antoine Sibierski -- Manchester City , Newcastle United , Wigan Athletic -- 2003 -- 09 Mikaël Silvestre -- Manchester United , Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2010 Florent Sinama Pongolle -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 06 Moussa Sissoko -- Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 18 David Sommeil -- Manchester City , Sheffield United -- 2002 -- 07 Sébastien Squillaci -- Arsenal -- 2010 -- 12 Benjamin Stambouli -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2014 -- 15 Ludovic Sylvestre -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11 David Terrier -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 98 Florian Thauvin -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 Kévin Théophile - Catherine -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Patrick Valéry -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1997 -- 98 Jordan Veretout -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16 Patrick Vieira -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 1996 -- 2005 , 2009 -- 11 Grégory Vignal -- Liverpool , Portsmouth , Birmingham City -- 2000 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Jean - Guy Wallemme -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 99 Sylvain Wiltord -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 04 Mapou Yanga - Mbiwa -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 14 Kurt Zouma -- Chelsea , Stoke City -- 2014 -- 18 Ronald Zubar -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Samassi Abou -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 99", "Didier Agathe -- Aston Villa -- 2006 -- 07", "Morgan Amalfitano -- West Bromwich Albion , West Ham United -- 2013 -- 15", "Jordan Amavi -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16", "Jérémie Aliadière -- Arsenal , West Ham United , Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 09", "Bernard Allou -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Pierre - Yves André -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 03", "Nicolas Anelka -- Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion -- 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 05 , 2006 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14", "Pegguy Arphexad -- Leicester City , Liverpool -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02", "Cédric Avinel -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "El - Hadji Ba -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14", "Ibrahim Ba -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04", "Tiémoué Bakayoko -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Fabien Barthez -- Manchester United -- 2000 -- 03", "David Bellion -- Sunderland , Manchester United , West Ham United -- 2001 -- 06", "Hatem Ben Arfa -- Newcastle United , Hull City -- 2010 -- 15", "Olivier Bernard -- Newcastle United , Southampton -- 2001 -- 05", "Mathieu Berson -- Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 05", "Laurent Blanc -- Manchester United -- 2001 -- 03", "Patrick Blondeau -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 98", "Thierry Bonalair -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Jérôme Bonnissel -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 04", "Alexandre Bonnot -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Jean - Alain Boumsong -- Newcastle United -- 2004 -- 06", "Yohan Cabaye -- Newcastle United , Crystal Palace -- 2011 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18", "Rémy Cabella -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15", "Zoumana Camara -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04", "Vincent Candela -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05", "Eric Cantona -- Leeds United , Manchester United -- 1992 -- 97", "Étienne Capoue -- Tottenham Hotspur , Watford -- 2013 -- 18", "Patrice Carteron -- Sunderland -- 2000 -- 01", "Johan Cavalli -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Cyril Chapuis -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04", "Laurent Charvet -- Chelsea , Newcastle United , Manchester City -- 1997 -- 2001", "Bruno Cheyrou -- Liverpool -- 2002 -- 04", "Pascal Chimbonda -- Wigan Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 11", "Philippe Christanval -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 08", "Gérald Cid -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08", "Djibril Cissé -- Liverpool , Sunderland , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 13", "Édouard Cissé -- West Ham United -- 2002 -- 03", "Aly Cissokho -- Liverpool , Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 16", "Gaël Clichy -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 2003 -- 17", "Patrick Colleter -- Southampton -- 1998 -- 2000", "Francis Coquelin -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 18", "Laurent Courtois -- West Ham United -- 2001 -- 02", "Pascal Cygan -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 06", "Ousmane Dabo -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07", "Olivier Dacourt -- Everton , Leeds United , Fulham -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 03 , 2008 -- 09", "Stéphane Dalmat -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 04", "Jean - Claude Darcheville -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Mickaël Debève -- Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 02", "Mathieu Debuchy -- Newcastle United , Arsenal -- 2012 -- 17", "Moussa Dembélé -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Marcel Desailly -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 2004", "Didier Deschamps -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2000", "Abou Diaby -- Arsenal -- 2005 -- 14", "Modibo Diakité -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14", "Alou Diarra -- West Ham United -- 2012 -- 13", "Lassana Diarra -- Chelsea , Arsenal , Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 09", "Didier Digard -- Middlesbrough -- 2008 -- 09", "Bernard Diomède -- Liverpool -- 2000 -- 01", "Sylvain Distin -- Newcastle United , Manchester City , Portsmouth , Everton , Bournemouth -- 2001 -- 16", "Martin Djetou -- Fulham , Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06", "Youri Djorkaeff -- Bolton Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 05", "Didier Domi -- Newcastle United , Leeds United -- 1998 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04", "Abdoulaye Doucouré -- Watford -- 2016 -- 18", "Pierre Ducrocq -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02", "Christophe Dugarry -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 04", "Franck Dumas -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000", "Mario Espartero -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02", "Patrice Evra -- Manchester United , West Ham United -- 2005 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18", "Julien Faubert -- West Ham United -- 2007 -- 11", "Fabrice Fernandes -- Southampton , Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 06", "Jean - Michel Ferri -- Liverpool -- 1998 -- 99", "Mathieu Flamini -- Arsenal , Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 08 , 2013 -- 17", "Marc - Antoine Fortuné -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 12", "William Gallas -- Chelsea , Arsenal , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2001 -- 13", "Rémi Garde -- Arsenal -- 1996 -- 99", "David Ginola -- Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , Aston Villa , Everton -- 1995 -- 2002", "Olivier Giroud -- Arsenal , Chelsea -- 2012 -- 18", "Gaël Givet -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 12", "Alain Goma -- Newcastle United , Fulham -- 1999 -- 2006", "Bafétimbi Gomis -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 16", "Yoan Gouffran -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16", "Hérold Goulon -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2010 -- 11", "Elliot Grandin -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Xavier Gravelaine -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "François Grenet -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02", "Léandre Griffit -- Southampton -- 2003 -- 05", "Gilles Grimandi -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 2002", "David Grondin -- Arsenal -- 1998 -- 99", "Stéphane Guivarc'h -- Newcastle United -- 1998 -- 99", "Massadio Haïdara -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Thierry Henry -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2007 , 2011 -- 12", "Giannelli Imbula -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 17", "Valérien Ismaël -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Younès Kaboul -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth , Sunderland , Watford -- 2007 -- 18", "N'Golo Kanté -- Leicester City , Chelsea -- 2015 -- 18", "Olivier Kapo -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 10", "Christian Karembeu -- Middlesbrough -- 2000 -- 01", "Marc Keller -- West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2000", "Yann Kermorgant -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16", "Anthony Knockaert -- Leicester City , Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "Laurent Koscielny -- Arsenal -- 2010 -- 18", "Alexandre Lacazette -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18", "Bernard Lama -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 98", "Bernard Lambourde -- Chelsea -- 1997 -- 2001", "Aymeric Laporte -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Lilian Laslandes -- Sunderland -- 2001 -- 02", "Pierre Laurent -- Leeds United -- 1996 -- 97", "Florent Laville -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 04", "Ulrich Le Pen -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02", "Anthony Le Tallec -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2003 -- 06", "Frank Leboeuf -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 2001", "Sylvain Legwinski -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 06", "Florian Lejeune -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18", "Hugo Lloris -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 18", "Matthieu Louis - Jean -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Patrice Luzi -- Liverpool -- 2003 -- 04", "Mickaël Madar -- Everton -- 1997 -- 99", "Claude Makélélé -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 08", "Steed Malbranque -- Fulham , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland -- 2001 -- 11", "Florent Malouda -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 13", "Steve Mandanda -- Crystal Palace -- 2016 -- 17", "Mikael Mandron -- Sunderland -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Eliaquim Mangala -- Manchester City , Everton -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Steve Marlet -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 04", "Anthony Martial -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 18", "Lilian Martin -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01", "Sylvain Marveaux -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 14", "Youl Mawéné -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 02", "Benjamin Mendy -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Bernard Mendy -- Bolton Wanderers , Hull City -- 2002 -- 03 , 2008 -- 10", "Nampalys Mendy -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17", "Anthony Modeste -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12", "Lys Mousset -- Bournemouth -- 2016 -- 18", "Steven Mouyokolo -- Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11", "Yann M'Vila -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 16", "Christian Nadé -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Lilian Nalis -- Leicester City -- 2003 -- 04", "Samir Nasri -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 2008 -- 17", "Christian Negouai -- Manchester City -- 2004 -- 05", "David N'Gog -- Liverpool , Bolton Wanderers , Swansea City -- 2008 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14", "Bruno N'Gotty -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 06", "Frédéric Nimani -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10", "Georges - Kévin N'Koudou -- Tottenham Hotspur , Burnley -- 2016 -- 18", "Charles N'Zogbia -- Newcastle United , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16", "Steven Nzonzi -- Blackburn Rovers , Stoke City -- 2009 -- 15", "Gabriel Obertan -- Manchester United , Newcastle United -- 2009 -- 16", "Noé Pamarot -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 09", "Dimitri Payet -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 17", "Lionel Pérez -- Sunderland -- 1996 -- 97", "Sébastien Pérez -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1998 -- 99", "Vincent Péricard -- Portsmouth , Stoke City -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09", "Emmanuel Petit -- Arsenal , Chelsea -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 04", "Jérémy Pied -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18", "Frédéric Piquionne -- Portsmouth , West Ham United -- 2009 -- 11", "Robert Pirès -- Arsenal , Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 06 , 2010 -- 11", "Damien Plessis -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 09", "Paul Pogba -- Manchester United -- 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 18", "William Prunier -- Manchester United -- 1995 -- 96", "Sébastien Puygrenier -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 09", "Franck Queudrue -- Middlesbrough , Fulham , Birmingham City -- 2001 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Loïc Rémy -- Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Chelsea , Crystal Palace -- 2012 -- 17", "Anthony Réveillère -- Sunderland -- 2014 -- 15", "Emmanuel Rivière -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16", "Valentin Roberge -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 15", "Laurent Robert -- Newcastle United , Portsmouth , Derby County -- 2001 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Bruno Rodriguez -- Bradford City -- 1999 -- 2000", "Franck Rolling -- Leicester City -- 1996 -- 97", "Éric Roy -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2001", "Bacary Sagna -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 2007 -- 17", "Yaya Sanogo -- Arsenal , Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 15", "Louis Saha -- Newcastle United , Fulham , Manchester United , Everton , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 13", "Mamadou Sakho -- Liverpool , Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 18", "Sébastien Schemmel -- West Ham United , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 04", "Morgan Schneiderlin -- Southampton , Manchester United , Everton -- 2012 -- 18", "Antoine Sibierski -- Manchester City , Newcastle United , Wigan Athletic -- 2003 -- 09", "Mikaël Silvestre -- Manchester United , Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2010", "Florent Sinama Pongolle -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 06", "Moussa Sissoko -- Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 18", "David Sommeil -- Manchester City , Sheffield United -- 2002 -- 07", "Sébastien Squillaci -- Arsenal -- 2010 -- 12", "Benjamin Stambouli -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2014 -- 15", "Ludovic Sylvestre -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11", "David Terrier -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 98", "Florian Thauvin -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16", "Kévin Théophile - Catherine -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Patrick Valéry -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1997 -- 98", "Jordan Veretout -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16", "Patrick Vieira -- Arsenal , Manchester City -- 1996 -- 2005 , 2009 -- 11", "Grégory Vignal -- Liverpool , Portsmouth , Birmingham City -- 2000 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10", "Jean - Guy Wallemme -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 99", "Sylvain Wiltord -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 04", "Mapou Yanga - Mbiwa -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 14", "Kurt Zouma -- Chelsea , Stoke City -- 2014 -- 18", "Ronald Zubar -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18 Daniel Cousin -- Hull City -- 2008 -- 10 Mario Lemina -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18 Didier Ndong -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17", "Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18", "Daniel Cousin -- Hull City -- 2008 -- 10", "Mario Lemina -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18", "Didier Ndong -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17", "Modou Barrow -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 17", "Modou Barrow -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 17", "Rati Aleksidze -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 01 Mikhail Kavelashvili -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96 Temuri Ketsbaia -- Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 2000 Zurab Khizanishvili -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 09 Georgi Kinkladze -- Manchester City , Derby County -- 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2002", "Rati Aleksidze -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 01", "Mikhail Kavelashvili -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96", "Temuri Ketsbaia -- Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 2000", "Zurab Khizanishvili -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 09", "Georgi Kinkladze -- Manchester City , Derby County -- 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 2002", "Markus Babbel -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers -- 2000 -- 04 Michael Ballack -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 10 Stefan Beinlich -- Aston Villa -- 1992 -- 94 Jérôme Boateng -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 11 Fredi Bobic -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02 Matthias Breitkreutz -- Aston Villa -- 1992 -- 94 Emre Can -- Liverpool -- 2014 -- 18 Sean Dundee -- Liverpool -- 1998 -- 99 Steffen Freund -- Tottenham Hotspur , Leicester City -- 1998 -- 2004 Michael Frontzeck -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96 Maurizio Gaudino -- Manchester City -- 1994 -- 95 Serge Gnabry -- Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Pascal Groß -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 İlkay Gündoğan -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18 Dietmar Hamann -- Newcastle United , Liverpool , Manchester City -- 1998 -- 2009 Michael Hefele -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Thomas Helmer -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2000 Thomas Hitzlsperger -- Aston Villa , West Ham United , Everton -- 2000 -- 05 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Lewis Holtby -- Tottenham Hotspur , Fulham -- 2012 -- 15 Uwe Hünemeier -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Robert Huth -- Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Leicester City -- 2001 -- 17 Eike Immel -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96 Loris Karius -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18 Steffen Karl -- Manchester City -- 1993 -- 94 Jan Kirchhoff -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17 Jürgen Klinsmann -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 Lars Leese -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Jens Lehmann -- Arsenal -- 2003 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 Chris Löwe -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Stefan Malz -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2001 Marko Marin -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 13 Alberto Méndez -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 99 Per Mertesacker -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 18 Shkodran Mustafi -- Arsenal -- 2016 -- 18 Savio Nsereko -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09 Mesut Özil -- Arsenal -- 2013 -- 18 Sergio Peter -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 07 Lukas Podolski -- Arsenal -- 2012 -- 15 Nick Proschwitz -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 14 Collin Quaner -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Karl - Heinz Riedle -- Liverpool -- 1997 -- 2000 Sascha Riether -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 14 Uwe Rösler -- Manchester City , Southampton -- 1993 -- 96 , 2000 -- 02 Antonio Rüdiger -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Leroy Sané -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18 Christopher Schindler -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Stefan Schnoor -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2001 André Schürrle -- Chelsea -- 2013 -- 15 Bastian Schweinsteiger -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 16 Lennard Sowah -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10 Michael Tarnat -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 04 Gerhard Tremmel -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 15 Moritz Volz -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 08 Stefan Wessels -- Everton -- 2007 -- 08 Philipp Wollscheid -- Stoke City -- 2014 -- 17 Christian Ziege -- Middlesbrough , Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1999 -- 2004 Ron - Robert Zieler -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17", "Markus Babbel -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers -- 2000 -- 04", "Michael Ballack -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 10", "Stefan Beinlich -- Aston Villa -- 1992 -- 94", "Jérôme Boateng -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 11", "Fredi Bobic -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02", "Matthias Breitkreutz -- Aston Villa -- 1992 -- 94", "Emre Can -- Liverpool -- 2014 -- 18", "Sean Dundee -- Liverpool -- 1998 -- 99", "Steffen Freund -- Tottenham Hotspur , Leicester City -- 1998 -- 2004", "Michael Frontzeck -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96", "Maurizio Gaudino -- Manchester City -- 1994 -- 95", "Serge Gnabry -- Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "Pascal Groß -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "İlkay Gündoğan -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18", "Dietmar Hamann -- Newcastle United , Liverpool , Manchester City -- 1998 -- 2009", "Michael Hefele -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Thomas Helmer -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2000", "Thomas Hitzlsperger -- Aston Villa , West Ham United , Everton -- 2000 -- 05 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13", "Lewis Holtby -- Tottenham Hotspur , Fulham -- 2012 -- 15", "Uwe Hünemeier -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Robert Huth -- Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Leicester City -- 2001 -- 17", "Eike Immel -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96", "Loris Karius -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18", "Steffen Karl -- Manchester City -- 1993 -- 94", "Jan Kirchhoff -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17", "Jürgen Klinsmann -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98", "Lars Leese -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Jens Lehmann -- Arsenal -- 2003 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11", "Chris Löwe -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Stefan Malz -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2001", "Marko Marin -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 13", "Alberto Méndez -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 99", "Per Mertesacker -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 18", "Shkodran Mustafi -- Arsenal -- 2016 -- 18", "Savio Nsereko -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09", "Mesut Özil -- Arsenal -- 2013 -- 18", "Sergio Peter -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 07", "Lukas Podolski -- Arsenal -- 2012 -- 15", "Nick Proschwitz -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 14", "Collin Quaner -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Karl - Heinz Riedle -- Liverpool -- 1997 -- 2000", "Sascha Riether -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 14", "Uwe Rösler -- Manchester City , Southampton -- 1993 -- 96 , 2000 -- 02", "Antonio Rüdiger -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Leroy Sané -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 18", "Christopher Schindler -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Stefan Schnoor -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2001", "André Schürrle -- Chelsea -- 2013 -- 15", "Bastian Schweinsteiger -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 16", "Lennard Sowah -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10", "Michael Tarnat -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 04", "Gerhard Tremmel -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 15", "Moritz Volz -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 08", "Stefan Wessels -- Everton -- 2007 -- 08", "Philipp Wollscheid -- Stoke City -- 2014 -- 17", "Christian Ziege -- Middlesbrough , Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1999 -- 2004", "Ron - Robert Zieler -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17", "Albert Adomah -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17 Junior Agogo -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 99 Patrick Agyemang -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12 Daniel Amartey -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18 Christian Atsu -- Everton , Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 André Ayew -- Swansea City , West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18 Jordan Ayew -- Aston Villa , Swansea City -- 2015 -- 18 Derek Boateng -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Kevin - Prince Boateng -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2007 -- 10 Malik Buari -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 04 Joe Dodoo -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 16 Michael Essien -- Chelsea -- 2005 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Emmanuel Frimpong -- Arsenal , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Fulham -- 2011 -- 13 Asamoah Gyan -- Sunderland -- 2010 -- 12 Elvis Hammond -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05 Richard Kingson -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Blackpool -- 2007 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Nii Lamptey -- Aston Villa , Coventry City -- 1994 -- 96 John Mensah -- Sunderland -- 2009 -- 11 Sulley Muntari -- Portsmouth , Sunderland -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 Alex Nyarko -- Everton -- 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 John Paintsil -- West Ham United , Fulham -- 2006 -- 11 Quincy -- Arsenal , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 Baba Rahman -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16 Lloyd Sam -- Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 07 Jeffrey Schlupp -- Leicester City , Crystal Palace -- 2014 -- 18 Tony Yeboah -- Leeds United -- 1994 -- 97", "Albert Adomah -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Junior Agogo -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 99", "Patrick Agyemang -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12", "Daniel Amartey -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18", "Christian Atsu -- Everton , Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "André Ayew -- Swansea City , West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18", "Jordan Ayew -- Aston Villa , Swansea City -- 2015 -- 18", "Derek Boateng -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Kevin - Prince Boateng -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2007 -- 10", "Malik Buari -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 04", "Joe Dodoo -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 16", "Michael Essien -- Chelsea -- 2005 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14", "Emmanuel Frimpong -- Arsenal , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Fulham -- 2011 -- 13", "Asamoah Gyan -- Sunderland -- 2010 -- 12", "Elvis Hammond -- Fulham -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 05", "Richard Kingson -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Blackpool -- 2007 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Nii Lamptey -- Aston Villa , Coventry City -- 1994 -- 96", "John Mensah -- Sunderland -- 2009 -- 11", "Sulley Muntari -- Portsmouth , Sunderland -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11", "Alex Nyarko -- Everton -- 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04", "John Paintsil -- West Ham United , Fulham -- 2006 -- 11", "Quincy -- Arsenal , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10", "Baba Rahman -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16", "Lloyd Sam -- Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 07", "Jeffrey Schlupp -- Leicester City , Crystal Palace -- 2014 -- 18", "Tony Yeboah -- Leeds United -- 1994 -- 97", "Danny Higginbotham -- Manchester United , Derby County , Southampton , Sunderland , Stoke City -- 1999 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 12", "Danny Higginbotham -- Manchester United , Derby County , Southampton , Sunderland , Stoke City -- 1999 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 12", "Angelos Basinas -- Portsmouth -- 2008 -- 10 Vassilios Borbokis -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2000 Kostas Chalkias -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 05 Nikos Dabizas -- Newcastle United , Leicester City -- 1997 -- 2004 Giorgos Donis -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1996 -- 97 Theofanis Gekas -- Portsmouth -- 2008 -- 09 Georgios Georgiadis -- Newcastle United -- 1998 -- 99 Stelios Giannakopoulos -- Bolton Wanderers , Hull City -- 2003 -- 09 José Holebas -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18 Giorgos Karagounis -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 14 Orestis Karnezis -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18 Kostas Konstantinidis -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02 Sotirios Kyrgiakos -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 12 Vassilis Lakis -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 Charalampos Mavrias -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14 Konstantinos Mavropanos -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18 Konstantinos Mitroglou -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Vangelis Moras -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 12 Georgios Samaras -- Manchester City , West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15 Giannis Skopelitis -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 06 Kostas Stafylidis -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18 Stathis Tavlaridis -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 03 Apostolos Vellios -- Everton -- 2010 -- 13 Theodoros Zagorakis -- Leicester City -- 1997 -- 2000", "Angelos Basinas -- Portsmouth -- 2008 -- 10", "Vassilios Borbokis -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2000", "Kostas Chalkias -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 05", "Nikos Dabizas -- Newcastle United , Leicester City -- 1997 -- 2004", "Giorgos Donis -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1996 -- 97", "Theofanis Gekas -- Portsmouth -- 2008 -- 09", "Georgios Georgiadis -- Newcastle United -- 1998 -- 99", "Stelios Giannakopoulos -- Bolton Wanderers , Hull City -- 2003 -- 09", "José Holebas -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18", "Giorgos Karagounis -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 14", "Orestis Karnezis -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Kostas Konstantinidis -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02", "Sotirios Kyrgiakos -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 12", "Vassilis Lakis -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Charalampos Mavrias -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 14", "Konstantinos Mavropanos -- Arsenal -- 2017 -- 18", "Konstantinos Mitroglou -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Vangelis Moras -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 12", "Georgios Samaras -- Manchester City , West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 08 , 2014 -- 15", "Giannis Skopelitis -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 06", "Kostas Stafylidis -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18", "Stathis Tavlaridis -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 03", "Apostolos Vellios -- Everton -- 2010 -- 13", "Theodoros Zagorakis -- Leicester City -- 1997 -- 2000", "Delroy Facey -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 04 Jason Roberts -- West Bromwich Albion , Portsmouth , Wigan Athletic , Blackburn Rovers , Reading -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 13", "Delroy Facey -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 04", "Jason Roberts -- West Bromwich Albion , Portsmouth , Wigan Athletic , Blackburn Rovers , Reading -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 13", "Mo Camara -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08 Titi Camara -- Liverpool , West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2003 Kaba Diawara -- Arsenal , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 Kamil Zayatte -- Hull City -- 2008 -- 10", "Mo Camara -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08", "Titi Camara -- Liverpool , West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2003", "Kaba Diawara -- Arsenal , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01", "Kamil Zayatte -- Hull City -- 2008 -- 10", "Mesca -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Mesca -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Matthew Briggs -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 14 Carl Cort -- Wimbledon , Newcastle United , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1996 -- 2004 Leon Cort -- Stoke City , Burnley -- 2008 -- 10 Neil Danns -- Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08", "Matthew Briggs -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07 , 2010 -- 14", "Carl Cort -- Wimbledon , Newcastle United , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1996 -- 2004", "Leon Cort -- Stoke City , Burnley -- 2008 -- 10", "Neil Danns -- Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08", "Roger Espinoza -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13 Maynor Figueroa -- Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 2007 -- 15 Iván Guerrero -- Coventry City -- 2000 -- 01 Milton Núñez -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2000 Wilson Palacios -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City -- 2007 -- 15 Hendry Thomas -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 11", "Roger Espinoza -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13", "Maynor Figueroa -- Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 2007 -- 15", "Iván Guerrero -- Coventry City -- 2000 -- 01", "Milton Núñez -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2000", "Wilson Palacios -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City -- 2007 -- 15", "Hendry Thomas -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 11", "Ádám Bogdán -- Bolton Wanderers , Liverpool -- 2010 -- 12 , 2015 -- 16 Ákos Buzsáky -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12 Márton Fülöp -- Sunderland , Manchester City , West Bromwich Albion -- 2007 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Zoltán Gera -- West Bromwich Albion , Fulham -- 2004 -- 06 , 2008 -- 14 Péter Halmosi -- Hull City -- 2008 -- 09 Gábor Király -- Crystal Palace , Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 István Kozma -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 93 Péter Kurucz -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10 Tamás Priskin -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Sándor Torghelle -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Ádám Bogdán -- Bolton Wanderers , Liverpool -- 2010 -- 12 , 2015 -- 16", "Ákos Buzsáky -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12", "Márton Fülöp -- Sunderland , Manchester City , West Bromwich Albion -- 2007 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12", "Zoltán Gera -- West Bromwich Albion , Fulham -- 2004 -- 06 , 2008 -- 14", "Péter Halmosi -- Hull City -- 2008 -- 09", "Gábor Király -- Crystal Palace , Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07", "István Kozma -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 93", "Péter Kurucz -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10", "Tamás Priskin -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Sándor Torghelle -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Guðni Bergsson -- Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 03 Eiður Guðjohnsen -- Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City , Fulham -- 2000 -- 06 , 2009 -- 11 Joey Guðjónsson -- Aston Villa , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnley -- 2002 -- 04 , 2009 -- 10 Þórður Guðjónsson -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01 Jóhann Guðmundsson -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 18 Aron Gunnarsson -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Brynjar Gunnarsson -- Reading -- 2006 -- 08 Arnar Gunnlaugsson -- Bolton Wanderers , Leicester City -- 1997 -- 2002 Heiðar Helguson -- Watford , Fulham , Bolton Wanderers , Queens Park Rangers -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2005 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12 Hermann Hreiðarsson -- Crystal Palace , Wimbledon , Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Portsmouth -- 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 10 Ívar Ingimarsson -- Reading -- 2006 -- 08 Eggert Jónsson -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12 Þorvaldur Örlygsson -- Nottingham Forest -- 1992 -- 93 Gylfi Sigurðsson -- Swansea City , Tottenham Hotspur , Everton -- 2011 -- 18 Lárus Sigurðsson -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03 Grétar Steinsson -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 12", "Guðni Bergsson -- Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 03", "Eiður Guðjohnsen -- Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City , Fulham -- 2000 -- 06 , 2009 -- 11", "Joey Guðjónsson -- Aston Villa , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnley -- 2002 -- 04 , 2009 -- 10", "Þórður Guðjónsson -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01", "Jóhann Guðmundsson -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 18", "Aron Gunnarsson -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Brynjar Gunnarsson -- Reading -- 2006 -- 08", "Arnar Gunnlaugsson -- Bolton Wanderers , Leicester City -- 1997 -- 2002", "Heiðar Helguson -- Watford , Fulham , Bolton Wanderers , Queens Park Rangers -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2005 -- 09 , 2011 -- 12", "Hermann Hreiðarsson -- Crystal Palace , Wimbledon , Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Portsmouth -- 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 10", "Ívar Ingimarsson -- Reading -- 2006 -- 08", "Eggert Jónsson -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12", "Þorvaldur Örlygsson -- Nottingham Forest -- 1992 -- 93", "Gylfi Sigurðsson -- Swansea City , Tottenham Hotspur , Everton -- 2011 -- 18", "Lárus Sigurðsson -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03", "Grétar Steinsson -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 12", "Karim Bagheri -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 01 Ashkan Dejagah -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 14 Andranik Teymourian -- Bolton Wanderers , Fulham -- 2006 -- 09", "Karim Bagheri -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 01", "Ashkan Dejagah -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 14", "Andranik Teymourian -- Bolton Wanderers , Fulham -- 2006 -- 09", "Walid Badir -- Wimbledon -- 1999 -- 2000 Yossi Benayoun -- West Ham United , Liverpool , Chelsea , Arsenal -- 2005 -- 13 Tal Ben Haim -- Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Eyal Berkovic -- Southampton , West Ham United , Manchester City , Portsmouth -- 1996 -- 99 , 2002 -- 05 Tamir Cohen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 11 Najwan Ghrayib -- Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2000 Tomer Hemed -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Yaniv Katan -- West Ham United -- 2005 -- 06 Beram Kayal -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Dekel Keinan -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11 Avi Nimni -- Derby County -- 1999 -- 2000 Ronny Rosenthal -- Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 97 Ben Sahar -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 07 Itay Shechter -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 13 Idan Tal -- Everton , Bolton Wanderers -- 2000 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07 Itzik Zohar -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Walid Badir -- Wimbledon -- 1999 -- 2000", "Yossi Benayoun -- West Ham United , Liverpool , Chelsea , Arsenal -- 2005 -- 13", "Tal Ben Haim -- Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , Manchester City , Sunderland , Portsmouth , West Ham United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13", "Eyal Berkovic -- Southampton , West Ham United , Manchester City , Portsmouth -- 1996 -- 99 , 2002 -- 05", "Tamir Cohen -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 11", "Najwan Ghrayib -- Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2000", "Tomer Hemed -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Yaniv Katan -- West Ham United -- 2005 -- 06", "Beram Kayal -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Dekel Keinan -- Blackpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Avi Nimni -- Derby County -- 1999 -- 2000", "Ronny Rosenthal -- Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 97", "Ben Sahar -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 07", "Itay Shechter -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 13", "Idan Tal -- Everton , Bolton Wanderers -- 2000 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07", "Itzik Zohar -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Gabriele Ambrosetti -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2000 Marco Ambrosio -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 04 Lorenzo Amoruso -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 05 Alberto Aquilani -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 10 Dino Baggio -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 04 Francesco Baiano -- Derby County -- 1997 -- 2000 Mario Balotelli -- Manchester City , Liverpool -- 2010 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Nicola Berti -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 99 Rolando Bianchi -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 08 Patrizio Billio -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Ivano Bonetti -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Fabio Borini -- Chelsea , Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 17 Marco Borriello -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14 Marco Branca -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 99 Benito Carbone -- Sheffield Wednesday , Aston Villa , Bradford City , Derby County , Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 2002 Pierluigi Casiraghi -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 99 Bernardo Corradi -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07 Carlo Cudicini -- Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1999 -- 2011 Daniele Daino -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02 Samuele Dalla Bona -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2002 Matteo Darmian -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 18 Paolo Di Canio -- Sheffield Wednesday , West Ham United , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 2004 Roberto Di Matteo -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 2001 David Di Michele -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09 Alessandro Diamanti -- West Ham United , Watford -- 2008 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16 Andrea Dossena -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14 Emerson -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Stefano Eranio -- Derby County -- 1997 -- 2001 Matteo Ferrari -- Everton -- 2005 -- 06 Gianluca Festa -- Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2002 Manolo Gabbiadini -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18 Emanuele Giaccherini -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 15 Stefano Gioacchini -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 99 Corrado Grabbi -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 04 Attilio Lombardo -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Arturo Lupoli -- Arsenal -- 2005 -- 06 Massimo Maccarone -- Middlesbrough -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 07 Federico Macheda -- Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2008 -- 12 Roberto Mancini -- Leicester City -- 2000 -- 01 Vito Mannone -- Arsenal , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 10 , 2012 -- 17 Dario Marcolin -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1998 -- 99 Marco Materazzi -- Everton -- 1998 -- 99 Vincenzo Montella -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07 Antonio Nocerino -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14 Angelo Ogbonna -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18 Stefano Okaka -- Fulham , Watford -- 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 18 Dani Osvaldo -- Southampton -- 2013 -- 15 Daniele Padelli -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07 Michele Padovano -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Gabriel Paletta -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07 Alberto Paloschi -- Swansea City -- 2015 -- 16 Christian Panucci -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 01 Graziano Pellè -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 16 Alessandro Pistone -- Newcastle United , Everton -- 1997 -- 2006 Rodrigo Possebon -- Manchester United -- 2008 -- 09 Andrea Ranocchia -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17 Fabrizio Ravanelli -- Middlesbrough , Derby County -- 1996 -- 97 , 2001 -- 02 Giuseppe Rossi -- Manchester United , Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07 Francesco Sanetti -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 99 Davide Santon -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 14 Ezequiel Schelotto -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Matteo Sereni -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02 Andrea Silenzi -- Nottingham Forest -- 1995 -- 97 Massimo Taibi -- Manchester United -- 1999 -- 2000 Paolo Tramezzani -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1998 -- 99 Marcello Trotta -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12 Nicola Ventola -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05 Gianluca Vialli -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 99 Davide Zappacosta -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Simone Zaza -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17 Gianfranco Zola -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 2003", "Gabriele Ambrosetti -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2000", "Marco Ambrosio -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 04", "Lorenzo Amoruso -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 05", "Alberto Aquilani -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 10", "Dino Baggio -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 04", "Francesco Baiano -- Derby County -- 1997 -- 2000", "Mario Balotelli -- Manchester City , Liverpool -- 2010 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Nicola Berti -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 99", "Rolando Bianchi -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 08", "Patrizio Billio -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Ivano Bonetti -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Fabio Borini -- Chelsea , Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 17", "Marco Borriello -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14", "Marco Branca -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 99", "Benito Carbone -- Sheffield Wednesday , Aston Villa , Bradford City , Derby County , Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 2002", "Pierluigi Casiraghi -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 99", "Bernardo Corradi -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07", "Carlo Cudicini -- Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1999 -- 2011", "Daniele Daino -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02", "Samuele Dalla Bona -- Chelsea -- 1999 -- 2002", "Matteo Darmian -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 18", "Paolo Di Canio -- Sheffield Wednesday , West Ham United , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 2004", "Roberto Di Matteo -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 2001", "David Di Michele -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09", "Alessandro Diamanti -- West Ham United , Watford -- 2008 -- 10 , 2015 -- 16", "Andrea Dossena -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14", "Emerson -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Stefano Eranio -- Derby County -- 1997 -- 2001", "Matteo Ferrari -- Everton -- 2005 -- 06", "Gianluca Festa -- Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2002", "Manolo Gabbiadini -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18", "Emanuele Giaccherini -- Sunderland -- 2013 -- 15", "Stefano Gioacchini -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 99", "Corrado Grabbi -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 04", "Attilio Lombardo -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Arturo Lupoli -- Arsenal -- 2005 -- 06", "Massimo Maccarone -- Middlesbrough -- 2002 -- 04 , 2005 -- 07", "Federico Macheda -- Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2008 -- 12", "Roberto Mancini -- Leicester City -- 2000 -- 01", "Vito Mannone -- Arsenal , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 10 , 2012 -- 17", "Dario Marcolin -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1998 -- 99", "Marco Materazzi -- Everton -- 1998 -- 99", "Vincenzo Montella -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07", "Antonio Nocerino -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14", "Angelo Ogbonna -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18", "Stefano Okaka -- Fulham , Watford -- 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 18", "Dani Osvaldo -- Southampton -- 2013 -- 15", "Daniele Padelli -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07", "Michele Padovano -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Gabriel Paletta -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07", "Alberto Paloschi -- Swansea City -- 2015 -- 16", "Christian Panucci -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 01", "Graziano Pellè -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 16", "Alessandro Pistone -- Newcastle United , Everton -- 1997 -- 2006", "Rodrigo Possebon -- Manchester United -- 2008 -- 09", "Andrea Ranocchia -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17", "Fabrizio Ravanelli -- Middlesbrough , Derby County -- 1996 -- 97 , 2001 -- 02", "Giuseppe Rossi -- Manchester United , Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07", "Francesco Sanetti -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 99", "Davide Santon -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 14", "Ezequiel Schelotto -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Matteo Sereni -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02", "Andrea Silenzi -- Nottingham Forest -- 1995 -- 97", "Massimo Taibi -- Manchester United -- 1999 -- 2000", "Paolo Tramezzani -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1998 -- 99", "Marcello Trotta -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12", "Nicola Ventola -- Crystal Palace -- 2004 -- 05", "Gianluca Vialli -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 99", "Davide Zappacosta -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Simone Zaza -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17", "Gianfranco Zola -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 2003", "Serge Aurier -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2017 -- 18 Eric Bailly -- Manchester United -- 2016 -- 18 Ibrahima Bakayoko -- Everton -- 1998 -- 99 Jérémie Boga -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Wilfried Bony -- Swansea City , Manchester City , Stoke City -- 2013 -- 18 Guy Demel -- West Ham United -- 2011 -- 15 Aruna Dindane -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10 Seydou Doumbia -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 Didier Drogba -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Emmanuel Eboué -- Arsenal -- 2004 -- 11 Emerse Faé -- Reading -- 2007 -- 08 Gervinho -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 13 Steve Gohouri -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 12 Max Gradel -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 17 Salomon Kalou -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 12 Arouna Koné -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2012 -- 17 Lamine Koné -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17 Abdoulaye Méïté -- Bolton Wanderers , West Bromwich Albion -- 2006 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Abdul Razak -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 13 Yannick Sagbo -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 15 Olivier Tébily -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 06 Cheick Tioté -- Newcastle United -- 2010 -- 16 Kolo Touré -- Arsenal , Manchester City , Liverpool -- 2002 -- 16 Yaya Touré -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 18 Lacina Traoré -- Everton -- 2013 -- 14 Wilfried Zaha -- Manchester United , Cardiff City , Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 18 Didier Zokora -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2006 -- 09", "Serge Aurier -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2017 -- 18", "Eric Bailly -- Manchester United -- 2016 -- 18", "Ibrahima Bakayoko -- Everton -- 1998 -- 99", "Jérémie Boga -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Wilfried Bony -- Swansea City , Manchester City , Stoke City -- 2013 -- 18", "Guy Demel -- West Ham United -- 2011 -- 15", "Aruna Dindane -- Portsmouth -- 2009 -- 10", "Seydou Doumbia -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16", "Didier Drogba -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15", "Emmanuel Eboué -- Arsenal -- 2004 -- 11", "Emerse Faé -- Reading -- 2007 -- 08", "Gervinho -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 13", "Steve Gohouri -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 12", "Max Gradel -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 17", "Salomon Kalou -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 12", "Arouna Koné -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2012 -- 17", "Lamine Koné -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17", "Abdoulaye Méïté -- Bolton Wanderers , West Bromwich Albion -- 2006 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Abdul Razak -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 13", "Yannick Sagbo -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 15", "Olivier Tébily -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 06", "Cheick Tioté -- Newcastle United -- 2010 -- 16", "Kolo Touré -- Arsenal , Manchester City , Liverpool -- 2002 -- 16", "Yaya Touré -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 18", "Lacina Traoré -- Everton -- 2013 -- 14", "Wilfried Zaha -- Manchester United , Cardiff City , Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 18", "Didier Zokora -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2006 -- 09", "Giles Barnes -- Derby County , West Bromwich Albion -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 Jermaine Beckford -- Everton -- 2010 -- 12 Trevor Benjamin -- Leicester City -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Elliott Bennett -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 14 Deon Burton -- Derby County , Portsmouth -- 1997 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04 Darren Byfield -- Aston Villa -- 1997 -- 98 Jamal Campbell - Ryce -- Charlton Athletic -- 2002 -- 04 Shaun Cummings -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Claude Davis -- Sheffield United , Derby County -- 2006 -- 08 Simon Dawkins -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13 Lloyd Doyley -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Robbie Earle -- Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 2000 Jason Euell -- Wimbledon , Charlton Athletic , Middlesbrough , Blackpool -- 1995 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11 Damien Francis -- Wimbledon , Norwich City , Wigan Athletic , Watford -- 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 07 Ricardo Fuller -- Portsmouth , Stoke City -- 2004 -- 05 , 2008 -- 12 Ricardo Gardner -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 12 Marcus Gayle -- Wimbledon -- 1993 -- 2000 Lewis Grabban -- Norwich City , Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 17 Paul Hall -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2000 Barry Hayles -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 04 Micah Hyde -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 David Johnson -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 01 Jermaine Johnson -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 03 Michael Johnson -- Birmingham City , Derby County -- 2002 -- 03 , 2007 -- 08 Marlon King -- Watford , Wigan Athletic , Hull City , Middlesbrough -- 2006 -- 10 Jamie Lawrence -- Leicester City , Bradford City -- 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2001 Kevin Lisbie -- Charlton Athletic -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 07 Jamar Loza -- Norwich City -- 2013 -- 14 Danny Maddix -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 96 Adrian Mariappa -- Watford , Reading , Crystal Palace -- 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 18 Jobi McAnuff -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Garath McCleary -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Darren Moore -- West Bromwich Albion , Derby County -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Wes Morgan -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 18 Nyron Nosworthy -- Sunderland -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10 Darryl Powell -- Derby County , Birmingham City -- 1996 -- 2003 Marvin Robinson -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Theo Robinson -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Luton Shelton -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07 Fitzroy Simpson -- Manchester City -- 1992 -- 95 Frank Sinclair -- Chelsea , Leicester City -- 1992 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04 Lee Williamson -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Giles Barnes -- Derby County , West Bromwich Albion -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11", "Jermaine Beckford -- Everton -- 2010 -- 12", "Trevor Benjamin -- Leicester City -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04", "Elliott Bennett -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 14", "Deon Burton -- Derby County , Portsmouth -- 1997 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04", "Darren Byfield -- Aston Villa -- 1997 -- 98", "Jamal Campbell - Ryce -- Charlton Athletic -- 2002 -- 04", "Shaun Cummings -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Claude Davis -- Sheffield United , Derby County -- 2006 -- 08", "Simon Dawkins -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13", "Lloyd Doyley -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Robbie Earle -- Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 2000", "Jason Euell -- Wimbledon , Charlton Athletic , Middlesbrough , Blackpool -- 1995 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 07 , 2010 -- 11", "Damien Francis -- Wimbledon , Norwich City , Wigan Athletic , Watford -- 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2004 -- 07", "Ricardo Fuller -- Portsmouth , Stoke City -- 2004 -- 05 , 2008 -- 12", "Ricardo Gardner -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 12", "Marcus Gayle -- Wimbledon -- 1993 -- 2000", "Lewis Grabban -- Norwich City , Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 17", "Paul Hall -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2000", "Barry Hayles -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 04", "Micah Hyde -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "David Johnson -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 01", "Jermaine Johnson -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 03", "Michael Johnson -- Birmingham City , Derby County -- 2002 -- 03 , 2007 -- 08", "Marlon King -- Watford , Wigan Athletic , Hull City , Middlesbrough -- 2006 -- 10", "Jamie Lawrence -- Leicester City , Bradford City -- 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2001", "Kevin Lisbie -- Charlton Athletic -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 07", "Jamar Loza -- Norwich City -- 2013 -- 14", "Danny Maddix -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 96", "Adrian Mariappa -- Watford , Reading , Crystal Palace -- 2006 -- 07 , 2012 -- 18", "Jobi McAnuff -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Garath McCleary -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Darren Moore -- West Bromwich Albion , Derby County -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Wes Morgan -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 18", "Nyron Nosworthy -- Sunderland -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10", "Darryl Powell -- Derby County , Birmingham City -- 1996 -- 2003", "Marvin Robinson -- Derby County -- 1998 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02", "Theo Robinson -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Luton Shelton -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Fitzroy Simpson -- Manchester City -- 1992 -- 95", "Frank Sinclair -- Chelsea , Leicester City -- 1992 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04", "Lee Williamson -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Junichi Inamoto -- Fulham , West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 06 Shinji Kagawa -- Manchester United -- 2012 -- 14 Ryo Miyaichi -- Bolton Wanderers , Wigan Athletic , Arsenal -- 2011 -- 14 Hidetoshi Nakata -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06 Shinji Okazaki -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18 Kazuyuki Toda -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2002 -- 03 Maya Yoshida -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 18", "Junichi Inamoto -- Fulham , West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 06", "Shinji Kagawa -- Manchester United -- 2012 -- 14", "Ryo Miyaichi -- Bolton Wanderers , Wigan Athletic , Arsenal -- 2011 -- 14", "Hidetoshi Nakata -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06", "Shinji Okazaki -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18", "Kazuyuki Toda -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2002 -- 03", "Maya Yoshida -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 18", "Victor Wanyama -- Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 18", "Victor Wanyama -- Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 18", "Cho Won - hee -- Wigan Athletic -- 2008 -- 10 Ji Dong - won -- Sunderland -- 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Ki Sung - yueng -- Swansea City , Sunderland -- 2012 -- 18 Kim Bo - kyung -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Kim Do - heon -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 Lee Chung - yong -- Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace -- 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 18 Lee Dong - gook -- Middlesbrough -- 2006 -- 08 Lee Young - pyo -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2005 -- 08 Park Chu - young -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 12 Park Ji - sung -- Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2005 -- 13 Seol Ki - hyeon -- Reading , Fulham -- 2006 -- 10 Son Heung - min -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2015 -- 18 Yun Suk - young -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15", "Cho Won - hee -- Wigan Athletic -- 2008 -- 10", "Ji Dong - won -- Sunderland -- 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14", "Ki Sung - yueng -- Swansea City , Sunderland -- 2012 -- 18", "Kim Bo - kyung -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Kim Do - heon -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Lee Chung - yong -- Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace -- 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 18", "Lee Dong - gook -- Middlesbrough -- 2006 -- 08", "Lee Young - pyo -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2005 -- 08", "Park Chu - young -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 12", "Park Ji - sung -- Manchester United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2005 -- 13", "Seol Ki - hyeon -- Reading , Fulham -- 2006 -- 10", "Son Heung - min -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2015 -- 18", "Yun Suk - young -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15", "Bersant Celina -- Manchester City -- 2015 -- 16", "Bersant Celina -- Manchester City -- 2015 -- 16", "Imants Bleidelis -- Southampton -- 2000 -- 02 Kaspars Gorkšs -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Marians Pahars -- Southampton -- 1998 -- 2004 Igors Stepanovs -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 03 Andrejs Štolcers -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 03", "Imants Bleidelis -- Southampton -- 2000 -- 02", "Kaspars Gorkšs -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Marians Pahars -- Southampton -- 1998 -- 2004", "Igors Stepanovs -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 03", "Andrejs Štolcers -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 03", "Alex Nimely -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10 George Weah -- Chelsea , Manchester City -- 1999 -- 2001 Christopher Wreh -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 99", "Alex Nimely -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10", "George Weah -- Chelsea , Manchester City -- 1999 -- 2001", "Christopher Wreh -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 99", "Giedrius Arlauskis -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Tomas Danilevičius -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 01", "Giedrius Arlauskis -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Tomas Danilevičius -- Arsenal -- 2000 -- 01", "Gjorgji Hristov -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Goran Popov -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 14 Artim Šakiri -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2004 -- 05 Goce Sedloski -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 98", "Gjorgji Hristov -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Goran Popov -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 14", "Artim Šakiri -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2004 -- 05", "Goce Sedloski -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 98", "Kalifa Cissé -- Reading -- 2007 -- 08 Fousseni Diabaté -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18 Samba Diakité -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 13 Mahamadou Diarra -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 13 Frédéric Kanouté -- West Ham United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1999 -- 2006 Jimmy Kébé -- Reading , Crystal Palace -- 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 14 Modibo Maïga -- West Ham United -- 2012 -- 15 Bakary Sako -- Crystal Palace -- 2015 -- 18 Mamady Sidibé -- Stoke City -- 2008 -- 11 Mohamed Sissoko -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 08 Yacouba Sylla -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 14 Djimi Traoré -- Liverpool , Charlton Athletic , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 08 Molla Wagué -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Kalifa Cissé -- Reading -- 2007 -- 08", "Fousseni Diabaté -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Samba Diakité -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 13", "Mahamadou Diarra -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 13", "Frédéric Kanouté -- West Ham United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1999 -- 2006", "Jimmy Kébé -- Reading , Crystal Palace -- 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 14", "Modibo Maïga -- West Ham United -- 2012 -- 15", "Bakary Sako -- Crystal Palace -- 2015 -- 18", "Mamady Sidibé -- Stoke City -- 2008 -- 11", "Mohamed Sissoko -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 08", "Yacouba Sylla -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 14", "Djimi Traoré -- Liverpool , Charlton Athletic , Portsmouth -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 08", "Molla Wagué -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Dylan Kerr -- Leeds United -- 1992 -- 93", "Dylan Kerr -- Leeds United -- 1992 -- 93", "Pablo Barrera -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11 Jared Borgetti -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06 Nery Castillo -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 08 Giovani dos Santos -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2008 -- 12 Guillermo Franco -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10 Javier Hernández -- Manchester United , West Ham United -- 2010 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Miguel Layún -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Carlos Salcido -- Fulham -- 2010 -- 11 Carlos Vela -- Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 11", "Pablo Barrera -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11", "Jared Borgetti -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06", "Nery Castillo -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 08", "Giovani dos Santos -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2008 -- 12", "Guillermo Franco -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10", "Javier Hernández -- Manchester United , West Ham United -- 2010 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Miguel Layún -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Carlos Salcido -- Fulham -- 2010 -- 11", "Carlos Vela -- Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 11", "Stevan Jovetić -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 15 Stefan Savić -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 12 Simon Vukčević -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12 Elsad Zverotić -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Stevan Jovetić -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 15", "Stefan Savić -- Manchester City -- 2011 -- 12", "Simon Vukčević -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12", "Elsad Zverotić -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Brandon Comley -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15 Bruce Dyer -- Crystal Palace -- 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98 Ruel Fox -- Norwich City , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 2000", "Brandon Comley -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15", "Bruce Dyer -- Crystal Palace -- 1994 -- 95 , 1997 -- 98", "Ruel Fox -- Norwich City , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 2000", "Nordin Amrabat -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18 Oussama Assaidi -- Liverpool , Stoke City -- 2012 -- 15 Sofiane Boufal -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18 Marouane Chamakh -- Arsenal , West Ham United , Crystal Palace -- 2010 -- 16 Youssef Chippo -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2001 Manuel da Costa -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 11 Karim El Ahmadi -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 14 Talal El Karkouri -- Sunderland , Charlton Athletic -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 07 Tahar El Khalej -- Southampton , Charlton Athletic -- 1999 -- 2003 Nabil El Zhar -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 10 Mustapha Hadji -- Coventry City , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2004 Hassan Kachloul -- Southampton , Aston Villa , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1998 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04 Noureddine Naybet -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2004 -- 06 Abdeslam Ouaddou -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 03 Abdelhamid Sabiri -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Youssef Safri -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05 Adel Taarabt -- Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers , Fulham -- 2006 -- 09 , 2011 -- 15", "Nordin Amrabat -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18", "Oussama Assaidi -- Liverpool , Stoke City -- 2012 -- 15", "Sofiane Boufal -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 18", "Marouane Chamakh -- Arsenal , West Ham United , Crystal Palace -- 2010 -- 16", "Youssef Chippo -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2001", "Manuel da Costa -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 11", "Karim El Ahmadi -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 14", "Talal El Karkouri -- Sunderland , Charlton Athletic -- 2002 -- 03 , 2004 -- 07", "Tahar El Khalej -- Southampton , Charlton Athletic -- 1999 -- 2003", "Nabil El Zhar -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 10", "Mustapha Hadji -- Coventry City , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2004", "Hassan Kachloul -- Southampton , Aston Villa , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1998 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04", "Noureddine Naybet -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2004 -- 06", "Abdeslam Ouaddou -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 03", "Abdelhamid Sabiri -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Youssef Safri -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05", "Adel Taarabt -- Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers , Fulham -- 2006 -- 09 , 2011 -- 15", "Patrick van Aanholt -- Chelsea , Wigan Athletic , Sunderland , Crystal Palace -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 18 Nabil Abidallah -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 01 Ibrahim Afellay -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 18 Nathan Aké -- Chelsea , Watford , Bournemouth -- 2012 -- 18 Vurnon Anita -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16 Ryan Babel -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 11 Steven Berghuis -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Dennis Bergkamp -- Arsenal -- 1995 -- 2006 Daley Blind -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18 Regi Blinker -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1995 -- 97 George Boateng -- Coventry City , Aston Villa , Middlesbrough , Hull City -- 1997 -- 2010 Jeroen Boere -- West Ham United -- 1993 -- 96 Winston Bogarde -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 01 Marco Boogers -- West Ham United -- 1995 -- 96 Paul Bosvelt -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 05 Khalid Boulahrouz -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 07 Wilfred Bouma -- Aston Villa -- 2005 -- 08 Giovanni van Bronckhorst -- Arsenal -- 2001 -- 03 Jeffrey Bruma -- Chelsea -- 2009 -- 11 Alexander Büttner -- Manchester United -- 2012 -- 14 Jordy Clasie -- Southampton -- 2015 -- 17 Jordi Cruyff -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 2000 Chris David -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Edgar Davids -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2005 -- 07 Memphis Depay -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 17 Virgil van Dijk -- Southampton , Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18 Sieb Dijkstra -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1994 -- 95 Ryan Donk -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 Royston Drenthe -- Everton -- 2011 -- 12 Eljero Elia -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 15 Urby Emanuelson -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 13 Marvin Emnes -- Middlesbrough , Swansea City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 16 Leroy Fer -- Norwich City , Queens Park Rangers , Swansea City -- 2013 -- 18 Timothy Fosu - Mensah -- Manchester United , Crystal Palace -- 2015 -- 18 Fabian de Freitas -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96 Marco van Ginkel -- Chelsea , Stoke City -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Ulrich van Gobbel -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 98 Ed de Goey -- Chelsea -- 1997 -- 2003 Raimond van der Gouw -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 2002 Alfons Groenendijk -- Manchester City -- 1993 -- 94 Ruud Gullit -- Chelsea -- 1995 -- 98 Jonathan de Guzmán -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink -- Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 99 , 2000 -- 07 John Heitinga -- Everton , Fulham -- 2009 -- 14 Glenn Helder -- Arsenal -- 1994 -- 97 Laurens ten Heuvel -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Wesley Hoedt -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18 Pierre van Hooijdonk -- Nottingham Forest -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Jos Hooiveld -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 14 Mike van der Hoorn -- Swansea City -- 2016 -- 18 Daryl Janmaat -- Newcastle United , Watford -- 2014 -- 18 Vincent Janssen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2016 -- 18 Collins John -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 08 Luuk de Jong -- Newcastle United -- 2013 -- 14 Nigel de Jong -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 13 Siem de Jong -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16 Wim Jonk -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1998 -- 2000 John Karelse -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000 Orpheo Keizerweerd -- Oldham Athletic -- 1992 -- 93 Davy Klaassen -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18 Patrick Kluivert -- Newcastle United -- 2004 -- 05 Terence Kongolo -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Willem Korsten -- Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1998 -- 2001 Jan Kromkamp -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 06 Tim Krul -- Newcastle United -- 2010 -- 16 Dirk Kuyt -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 12 Robin van der Laan -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98 Denny Landzaat -- Wigan Athletic -- 2006 -- 08 Rajiv van La Parra -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Jeremain Lens -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17 Jürgen Locadia -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Sherjill MacDonald -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 Bruno Martins Indi -- Stoke City -- 2016 -- 18 Erik Meijer -- Liverpool -- 1999 -- 2001 Mario Melchiot -- Chelsea , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 1999 -- 2006 , 2007 -- 09 Andy van der Meyde -- Everton -- 2005 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 Robert Molenaar -- Leeds United , Bradford City -- 1996 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 Ken Monkou -- Southampton -- 1992 -- 99 Kiki Musampa -- Manchester City -- 2004 -- 06 Riga Mustapha -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 10 Luciano Narsingh -- Swansea City -- 2016 -- 18 Luc Nijholt -- Swindon Town -- 1993 -- 94 Ruud van Nistelrooy -- Manchester United -- 2001 -- 06 André Ooijer -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2006 -- 09 Marc Overmars -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 2000 Robin van Persie -- Arsenal , Manchester United -- 2004 -- 15 Bobby Petta -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 04 Erik Pieters -- Stoke City -- 2013 -- 18 Stefan Postma -- Aston Villa -- 2002 -- 05 Davy Pröpper -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Michael Reiziger -- Middlesbrough -- 2004 -- 06 Karim Rekik -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 13 Martijn Reuser -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 02 Daniël de Ridder -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 09 Jaïro Riedewald -- Crystal Palace -- 2017 -- 18 Maceo Rigters -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2007 -- 08 Arjen Robben -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 07 Marten de Roon -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17 Bryan Roy -- Nottingham Forest -- 1994 -- 97 Edwin van der Sar -- Fulham , Manchester United -- 2001 -- 11 Hans Segers -- Wimbledon , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 Gerald Sibon -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1999 -- 2000 Richard Sneekes -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96 Jaap Stam -- Manchester United -- 1998 -- 2002 Ronnie Stam -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 13 Maarten Stekelenburg -- Fulham , Southampton , Everton -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17 Dwight Tiendalli -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 15 Orlando Trustfull -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1996 -- 97 Rafael van der Vaart -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2010 -- 13 Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink -- Hull City -- 2009 -- 10 Ron Vlaar -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 15 Michel Vonk -- Manchester City -- 1992 -- 95 Michel Vorm -- Swansea City , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2011 -- 18 Dorus de Vries -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12 Harald Wapenaar -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04 Sander Westerveld -- Liverpool , Portsmouth , Everton -- 1999 -- 2002 , 2005 -- 06 Gerard Wiekens -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 Georginio Wijnaldum -- Newcastle United , Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18 Clyde Wijnhard -- Leeds United -- 1998 -- 99 Ron Willems -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98 Fabian Wilnis -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 02 Richard Witschge -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1994 -- 95 Ricky van Wolfswinkel -- Norwich City -- 2013 -- 14 Nordin Wooter -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Marvin Zeegelaar -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18 Arjan de Zeeuw -- Barnsley , Portsmouth , Wigan Athletic -- 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 07 Boudewijn Zenden -- Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2001 -- 07 , 2009 -- 11 Gianni Zuiverloon -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Patrick van Aanholt -- Chelsea , Wigan Athletic , Sunderland , Crystal Palace -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 18", "Nabil Abidallah -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 01", "Ibrahim Afellay -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 18", "Nathan Aké -- Chelsea , Watford , Bournemouth -- 2012 -- 18", "Vurnon Anita -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16", "Ryan Babel -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 11", "Steven Berghuis -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Dennis Bergkamp -- Arsenal -- 1995 -- 2006", "Daley Blind -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18", "Regi Blinker -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1995 -- 97", "George Boateng -- Coventry City , Aston Villa , Middlesbrough , Hull City -- 1997 -- 2010", "Jeroen Boere -- West Ham United -- 1993 -- 96", "Winston Bogarde -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 01", "Marco Boogers -- West Ham United -- 1995 -- 96", "Paul Bosvelt -- Manchester City -- 2003 -- 05", "Khalid Boulahrouz -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 07", "Wilfred Bouma -- Aston Villa -- 2005 -- 08", "Giovanni van Bronckhorst -- Arsenal -- 2001 -- 03", "Jeffrey Bruma -- Chelsea -- 2009 -- 11", "Alexander Büttner -- Manchester United -- 2012 -- 14", "Jordy Clasie -- Southampton -- 2015 -- 17", "Jordi Cruyff -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 2000", "Chris David -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Edgar Davids -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2005 -- 07", "Memphis Depay -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 17", "Virgil van Dijk -- Southampton , Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18", "Sieb Dijkstra -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1994 -- 95", "Ryan Donk -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Royston Drenthe -- Everton -- 2011 -- 12", "Eljero Elia -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 15", "Urby Emanuelson -- Fulham -- 2012 -- 13", "Marvin Emnes -- Middlesbrough , Swansea City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 16", "Leroy Fer -- Norwich City , Queens Park Rangers , Swansea City -- 2013 -- 18", "Timothy Fosu - Mensah -- Manchester United , Crystal Palace -- 2015 -- 18", "Fabian de Freitas -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96", "Marco van Ginkel -- Chelsea , Stoke City -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "Ulrich van Gobbel -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 98", "Ed de Goey -- Chelsea -- 1997 -- 2003", "Raimond van der Gouw -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 2002", "Alfons Groenendijk -- Manchester City -- 1993 -- 94", "Ruud Gullit -- Chelsea -- 1995 -- 98", "Jonathan de Guzmán -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14", "Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink -- Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 99 , 2000 -- 07", "John Heitinga -- Everton , Fulham -- 2009 -- 14", "Glenn Helder -- Arsenal -- 1994 -- 97", "Laurens ten Heuvel -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Wesley Hoedt -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18", "Pierre van Hooijdonk -- Nottingham Forest -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99", "Jos Hooiveld -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 14", "Mike van der Hoorn -- Swansea City -- 2016 -- 18", "Daryl Janmaat -- Newcastle United , Watford -- 2014 -- 18", "Vincent Janssen -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2016 -- 18", "Collins John -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 08", "Luuk de Jong -- Newcastle United -- 2013 -- 14", "Nigel de Jong -- Manchester City -- 2008 -- 13", "Siem de Jong -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16", "Wim Jonk -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1998 -- 2000", "John Karelse -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000", "Orpheo Keizerweerd -- Oldham Athletic -- 1992 -- 93", "Davy Klaassen -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18", "Patrick Kluivert -- Newcastle United -- 2004 -- 05", "Terence Kongolo -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Willem Korsten -- Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1998 -- 2001", "Jan Kromkamp -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 06", "Tim Krul -- Newcastle United -- 2010 -- 16", "Dirk Kuyt -- Liverpool -- 2006 -- 12", "Robin van der Laan -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98", "Denny Landzaat -- Wigan Athletic -- 2006 -- 08", "Rajiv van La Parra -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Jeremain Lens -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17", "Jürgen Locadia -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Sherjill MacDonald -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Bruno Martins Indi -- Stoke City -- 2016 -- 18", "Erik Meijer -- Liverpool -- 1999 -- 2001", "Mario Melchiot -- Chelsea , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 1999 -- 2006 , 2007 -- 09", "Andy van der Meyde -- Everton -- 2005 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09", "Robert Molenaar -- Leeds United , Bradford City -- 1996 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01", "Ken Monkou -- Southampton -- 1992 -- 99", "Kiki Musampa -- Manchester City -- 2004 -- 06", "Riga Mustapha -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 10", "Luciano Narsingh -- Swansea City -- 2016 -- 18", "Luc Nijholt -- Swindon Town -- 1993 -- 94", "Ruud van Nistelrooy -- Manchester United -- 2001 -- 06", "André Ooijer -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2006 -- 09", "Marc Overmars -- Arsenal -- 1997 -- 2000", "Robin van Persie -- Arsenal , Manchester United -- 2004 -- 15", "Bobby Petta -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 04", "Erik Pieters -- Stoke City -- 2013 -- 18", "Stefan Postma -- Aston Villa -- 2002 -- 05", "Davy Pröpper -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Michael Reiziger -- Middlesbrough -- 2004 -- 06", "Karim Rekik -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 13", "Martijn Reuser -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 02", "Daniël de Ridder -- Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 09", "Jaïro Riedewald -- Crystal Palace -- 2017 -- 18", "Maceo Rigters -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2007 -- 08", "Arjen Robben -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 07", "Marten de Roon -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Bryan Roy -- Nottingham Forest -- 1994 -- 97", "Edwin van der Sar -- Fulham , Manchester United -- 2001 -- 11", "Hans Segers -- Wimbledon , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99", "Gerald Sibon -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1999 -- 2000", "Richard Sneekes -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96", "Jaap Stam -- Manchester United -- 1998 -- 2002", "Ronnie Stam -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 13", "Maarten Stekelenburg -- Fulham , Southampton , Everton -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17", "Dwight Tiendalli -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 15", "Orlando Trustfull -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1996 -- 97", "Rafael van der Vaart -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2010 -- 13", "Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink -- Hull City -- 2009 -- 10", "Ron Vlaar -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 15", "Michel Vonk -- Manchester City -- 1992 -- 95", "Michel Vorm -- Swansea City , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2011 -- 18", "Dorus de Vries -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12", "Harald Wapenaar -- Portsmouth -- 2003 -- 04", "Sander Westerveld -- Liverpool , Portsmouth , Everton -- 1999 -- 2002 , 2005 -- 06", "Gerard Wiekens -- Manchester City -- 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03", "Georginio Wijnaldum -- Newcastle United , Liverpool -- 2015 -- 18", "Clyde Wijnhard -- Leeds United -- 1998 -- 99", "Ron Willems -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 98", "Fabian Wilnis -- Ipswich Town -- 2000 -- 02", "Richard Witschge -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1994 -- 95", "Ricky van Wolfswinkel -- Norwich City -- 2013 -- 14", "Nordin Wooter -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Marvin Zeegelaar -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Arjan de Zeeuw -- Barnsley , Portsmouth , Wigan Athletic -- 1997 -- 98 , 2003 -- 07", "Boudewijn Zenden -- Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2001 -- 07 , 2009 -- 11", "Gianni Zuiverloon -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Simon Elliott -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 06 Danny Hay -- Leeds United -- 2000 -- 01 Ryan Nelsen -- Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 13 Lee Norfolk -- Ipswich Town -- 1994 -- 95 Winston Reid -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 18 Chris Wood -- West Bromwich Albion , Leicester City , Burnley -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "Simon Elliott -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 06", "Danny Hay -- Leeds United -- 2000 -- 01", "Ryan Nelsen -- Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur , Queens Park Rangers -- 2004 -- 13", "Lee Norfolk -- Ipswich Town -- 1994 -- 95", "Winston Reid -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 18", "Chris Wood -- West Bromwich Albion , Leicester City , Burnley -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "Julius Aghahowa -- Wigan Athletic -- 2006 -- 08 Ola Aina -- Chelsea -- 2016 -- 17 Ade Akinbiyi -- Norwich City , Leicester City , Sheffield United -- 1993 -- 95 , 2000 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07 Hope Akpan -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Chuba Akpom -- Arsenal -- 2013 -- 15 Sammy Ameobi -- Newcastle United -- 2010 -- 15 Shola Ameobi -- Newcastle United , Crystal Palace -- 2000 -- 09 , 2010 -- 15 Daniel Amokachi -- Everton -- 1994 -- 96 Victor Anichebe -- Everton , West Bromwich Albion , Sunderland -- 2005 -- 17 Sone Aluko -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 15 Celestine Babayaro -- Chelsea , Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 2007 Efan Ekoku -- Norwich City , Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 99 Emmanuel Emenike -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 16 Dickson Etuhu -- Sunderland , Fulham -- 2007 -- 12 Kelvin Etuhu -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09 Finidi George -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02 Brown Ideye -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15 Odion Ighalo -- Watford -- 2015 -- 17 Kelechi Iheanacho -- Manchester City , Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18 Carl Ikeme -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12 Alex Iwobi -- Arsenal -- 2015 -- 18 Blessing Kaku -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05 Nwankwo Kanu -- Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion , Portsmouth -- 1998 -- 2010 Freddie Ladapo -- Crystal Palace -- 2017 -- 18 Obafemi Martins -- Newcastle United , Birmingham City -- 2006 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 John Obi Mikel -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 16 Victor Moses -- Wigan Athletic , Chelsea , Liverpool , Stoke City , West Ham United -- 2009 -- 18 Ahmed Musa -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17 George Ndah -- Crystal Palace -- 1992 -- 95 Wilfred Ndidi -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 18 Victor Obinna -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11 Peter Odemwingie -- West Bromwich Albion , Cardiff City , Stoke City -- 2010 -- 16 Jay - Jay Okocha -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 06 Isaac Okoronkwo -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04 Seyi Olofinjana -- Stoke City , Hull City -- 2008 -- 10 Danny Shittu -- Watford , Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 Sam Sodje -- Reading -- 2006 -- 07 Isaac Success -- Watford -- 2016 -- 17 Taye Taiwo -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12 Ifeanyi Udeze -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03 John Utaka -- Portsmouth -- 2007 -- 10 Taribo West -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01 Yakubu -- Portsmouth , Middlesbrough , Everton , Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 12 Joseph Yobo -- Everton , Norwich City -- 2002 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14", "Julius Aghahowa -- Wigan Athletic -- 2006 -- 08", "Ola Aina -- Chelsea -- 2016 -- 17", "Ade Akinbiyi -- Norwich City , Leicester City , Sheffield United -- 1993 -- 95 , 2000 -- 02 , 2006 -- 07", "Hope Akpan -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Chuba Akpom -- Arsenal -- 2013 -- 15", "Sammy Ameobi -- Newcastle United -- 2010 -- 15", "Shola Ameobi -- Newcastle United , Crystal Palace -- 2000 -- 09 , 2010 -- 15", "Daniel Amokachi -- Everton -- 1994 -- 96", "Victor Anichebe -- Everton , West Bromwich Albion , Sunderland -- 2005 -- 17", "Sone Aluko -- Hull City -- 2013 -- 15", "Celestine Babayaro -- Chelsea , Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 2007", "Efan Ekoku -- Norwich City , Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 99", "Emmanuel Emenike -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 16", "Dickson Etuhu -- Sunderland , Fulham -- 2007 -- 12", "Kelvin Etuhu -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09", "Finidi George -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02", "Brown Ideye -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15", "Odion Ighalo -- Watford -- 2015 -- 17", "Kelechi Iheanacho -- Manchester City , Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18", "Carl Ikeme -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12", "Alex Iwobi -- Arsenal -- 2015 -- 18", "Blessing Kaku -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05", "Nwankwo Kanu -- Arsenal , West Bromwich Albion , Portsmouth -- 1998 -- 2010", "Freddie Ladapo -- Crystal Palace -- 2017 -- 18", "Obafemi Martins -- Newcastle United , Birmingham City -- 2006 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "John Obi Mikel -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 16", "Victor Moses -- Wigan Athletic , Chelsea , Liverpool , Stoke City , West Ham United -- 2009 -- 18", "Ahmed Musa -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17", "George Ndah -- Crystal Palace -- 1992 -- 95", "Wilfred Ndidi -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 18", "Victor Obinna -- West Ham United -- 2010 -- 11", "Peter Odemwingie -- West Bromwich Albion , Cardiff City , Stoke City -- 2010 -- 16", "Jay - Jay Okocha -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 06", "Isaac Okoronkwo -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04", "Seyi Olofinjana -- Stoke City , Hull City -- 2008 -- 10", "Danny Shittu -- Watford , Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09", "Sam Sodje -- Reading -- 2006 -- 07", "Isaac Success -- Watford -- 2016 -- 17", "Taye Taiwo -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12", "Ifeanyi Udeze -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03", "John Utaka -- Portsmouth -- 2007 -- 10", "Taribo West -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01", "Yakubu -- Portsmouth , Middlesbrough , Everton , Blackburn Rovers -- 2003 -- 12", "Joseph Yobo -- Everton , Norwich City -- 2002 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14", "Trond Andersen -- Wimbledon -- 1999 -- 2000 Martin Andresen -- Wimbledon , Blackburn Rovers -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04 Espen Baardsen -- Tottenham Hotspur , Everton -- 1996 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 Eirik Bakke -- Leeds United , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 06 Henning Berg -- Blackburn Rovers , Manchester United -- 1992 -- 2003 Jo Inge Berget -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Stig Inge Bjørnebye -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02 Lars Bohinen -- Nottingham Forest , Blackburn Rovers , Derby County -- 1994 -- 2001 Daniel Braaten -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08 Bjørn Otto Bragstad -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01 John Carew -- Aston Villa , Stoke City -- 2006 -- 11 Mats Møller Dæhli -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Adama Diomandé -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17 Magnus Wolff Eikrem -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Omar Elabdellaoui -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17 Jan Åge Fjørtoft -- Swindon Town , Middlesbrough , Barnsley -- 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 98 Jostein Flo -- Sheffield United -- 1993 -- 94 Tore André Flo -- Chelsea , Sunderland -- 1997 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03 Frode Grodås -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 97 Alf - Inge Håland -- Nottingham Forest , Leeds United , Manchester City -- 1994 -- 2001 Kristofer Hæstad -- Wigan Athletic -- 2006 -- 07 Erik Hagen -- Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 08 Gunnar Halle -- Oldham Athletic , Leeds United , Bradford City -- 1992 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2001 Brede Hangeland -- Fulham , Crystal Palace -- 2007 -- 16 Vegard Heggem -- Liverpool -- 1998 -- 2001 Markus Henriksen -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17 Jon Olav Hjelde -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Abdisalam Ibrahim -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10 Kåre Ingebrigtsen -- Manchester City -- 1992 -- 94 Steffen Iversen -- Tottenham Hotspur , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1996 -- 2004 Stig Johansen -- Southampton -- 1997 -- 98 Erland Johnsen -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 97 Ronny Johnsen -- Manchester United , Aston Villa , Newcastle United -- 1996 -- 2005 Christian Kalvenes -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10 Azar Karadas -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Joshua King -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 18 Bjørn Tore Kvarme -- Liverpool -- 1996 -- 99 Øyvind Leonhardsen -- Wimbledon , Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur , Aston Villa -- 1994 -- 2003 Andreas Lund -- Wimbledon -- 1999 -- 2000 Claus Lundekvam -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 2005 Pål Lydersen -- Arsenal -- 1992 -- 93 Thomas Myhre -- Everton , Sunderland , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 07 Erik Nevland -- Manchester United , Fulham -- 1997 -- 98 , 2007 -- 10 Roger Nilsen -- Sheffield United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1993 -- 94 , 1998 -- 99 Håvard Nordtveit -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17 Runar Normann -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2000 Egil Østenstad -- Southampton , Manchester City , Blackburn Rovers -- 1996 -- 2003 Jonathan Parr -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14 Morten Gamst Pedersen -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2004 -- 12 Tore Pedersen -- Oldham Athletic , Blackburn Rovers , Wimbledon -- 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 Bjørn Helge Riise -- Fulham -- 2009 -- 11 John Arne Riise -- Liverpool , Fulham -- 2001 -- 08 , 2011 -- 14 Petter Rudi -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 2000 Ståle Solbakken -- Wimbledon -- 1997 -- 98 Ole Gunnar Solskjær -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 07 Trond Egil Soltvedt -- Coventry City , Southampton -- 1997 -- 2001 Ragnvald Soma -- West Ham United -- 2000 -- 02 Alexander Sørloth -- Crystal Palace -- 2017 -- 18 Ståle Stensaas -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Frank Strandli -- Leeds United -- 1992 -- 94 Jo Tessem -- Southampton -- 1999 -- 2004 Alexander Tettey -- Norwich City -- 2012 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Erik Thorstvedt -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 95 Fredrik Ulvestad -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15", "Trond Andersen -- Wimbledon -- 1999 -- 2000", "Martin Andresen -- Wimbledon , Blackburn Rovers -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2003 -- 04", "Espen Baardsen -- Tottenham Hotspur , Everton -- 1996 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03", "Eirik Bakke -- Leeds United , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 06", "Henning Berg -- Blackburn Rovers , Manchester United -- 1992 -- 2003", "Jo Inge Berget -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Stig Inge Bjørnebye -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 99 , 2001 -- 02", "Lars Bohinen -- Nottingham Forest , Blackburn Rovers , Derby County -- 1994 -- 2001", "Daniel Braaten -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08", "Bjørn Otto Bragstad -- Derby County -- 2000 -- 01", "John Carew -- Aston Villa , Stoke City -- 2006 -- 11", "Mats Møller Dæhli -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Adama Diomandé -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17", "Magnus Wolff Eikrem -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Omar Elabdellaoui -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17", "Jan Åge Fjørtoft -- Swindon Town , Middlesbrough , Barnsley -- 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 98", "Jostein Flo -- Sheffield United -- 1993 -- 94", "Tore André Flo -- Chelsea , Sunderland -- 1997 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03", "Frode Grodås -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 97", "Alf - Inge Håland -- Nottingham Forest , Leeds United , Manchester City -- 1994 -- 2001", "Kristofer Hæstad -- Wigan Athletic -- 2006 -- 07", "Erik Hagen -- Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 08", "Gunnar Halle -- Oldham Athletic , Leeds United , Bradford City -- 1992 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2001", "Brede Hangeland -- Fulham , Crystal Palace -- 2007 -- 16", "Vegard Heggem -- Liverpool -- 1998 -- 2001", "Markus Henriksen -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17", "Jon Olav Hjelde -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Abdisalam Ibrahim -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10", "Kåre Ingebrigtsen -- Manchester City -- 1992 -- 94", "Steffen Iversen -- Tottenham Hotspur , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1996 -- 2004", "Stig Johansen -- Southampton -- 1997 -- 98", "Erland Johnsen -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 97", "Ronny Johnsen -- Manchester United , Aston Villa , Newcastle United -- 1996 -- 2005", "Christian Kalvenes -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10", "Azar Karadas -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Joshua King -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 18", "Bjørn Tore Kvarme -- Liverpool -- 1996 -- 99", "Øyvind Leonhardsen -- Wimbledon , Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur , Aston Villa -- 1994 -- 2003", "Andreas Lund -- Wimbledon -- 1999 -- 2000", "Claus Lundekvam -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 2005", "Pål Lydersen -- Arsenal -- 1992 -- 93", "Thomas Myhre -- Everton , Sunderland , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 07", "Erik Nevland -- Manchester United , Fulham -- 1997 -- 98 , 2007 -- 10", "Roger Nilsen -- Sheffield United , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1993 -- 94 , 1998 -- 99", "Håvard Nordtveit -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17", "Runar Normann -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2000", "Egil Østenstad -- Southampton , Manchester City , Blackburn Rovers -- 1996 -- 2003", "Jonathan Parr -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14", "Morten Gamst Pedersen -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2004 -- 12", "Tore Pedersen -- Oldham Athletic , Blackburn Rovers , Wimbledon -- 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000", "Bjørn Helge Riise -- Fulham -- 2009 -- 11", "John Arne Riise -- Liverpool , Fulham -- 2001 -- 08 , 2011 -- 14", "Petter Rudi -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1997 -- 2000", "Ståle Solbakken -- Wimbledon -- 1997 -- 98", "Ole Gunnar Solskjær -- Manchester United -- 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 07", "Trond Egil Soltvedt -- Coventry City , Southampton -- 1997 -- 2001", "Ragnvald Soma -- West Ham United -- 2000 -- 02", "Alexander Sørloth -- Crystal Palace -- 2017 -- 18", "Ståle Stensaas -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Frank Strandli -- Leeds United -- 1992 -- 94", "Jo Tessem -- Southampton -- 1999 -- 2004", "Alexander Tettey -- Norwich City -- 2012 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "Erik Thorstvedt -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 95", "Fredrik Ulvestad -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15", "Ali Al - Habsi -- Bolton Wanderers , Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 13", "Ali Al - Habsi -- Bolton Wanderers , Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 13", "Zesh Rehman -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 06", "Zesh Rehman -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 06", "Antolín Alcaraz -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2010 -- 15 Paulo da Silva -- Sunderland -- 2009 -- 11 Diego Gavilán -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2001 Juan Iturbe -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16 Cristian Riveros -- Sunderland -- 2010 -- 11 Roque Santa Cruz -- Blackburn Rovers , Manchester City -- 2007 -- 11", "Antolín Alcaraz -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2010 -- 15", "Paulo da Silva -- Sunderland -- 2009 -- 11", "Diego Gavilán -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2001", "Juan Iturbe -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16", "Cristian Riveros -- Sunderland -- 2010 -- 11", "Roque Santa Cruz -- Blackburn Rovers , Manchester City -- 2007 -- 11", "André Carrillo -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18 Diego Penny -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10 Claudio Pizarro -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 08 Nolberto Solano -- Newcastle United , Aston Villa , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2008 Ysrael Zúñiga -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2001", "André Carrillo -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Diego Penny -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10", "Claudio Pizarro -- Chelsea -- 2007 -- 08", "Nolberto Solano -- Newcastle United , Aston Villa , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2008", "Ysrael Zúñiga -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2001", "Jan Bednarek -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18 Artur Boruc -- Southampton , Bournemouth -- 2012 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17 Jerzy Dudek -- Liverpool -- 2001 -- 07 Łukasz Fabiański -- Arsenal , Swansea City -- 2007 -- 11 , 2012 -- 18 Jarosław Fojut -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06 Kamil Grosicki -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17 Zbigniew Kruszyński -- Coventry City -- 1993 -- 94 Grzegorz Krychowiak -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Dariusz Kubicki -- Aston Villa , Sunderland -- 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 Tomasz Kuszczak -- West Bromwich Albion , Manchester United -- 2004 -- 11 Emmanuel Olisadebe -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Grzegorz Rasiak -- Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Ebi Smolarek -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 09 Piotr Świerczewski -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 03 Wojciech Szczęsny -- Arsenal -- 2010 -- 15 Robert Warzycha -- Everton -- 1992 -- 94 Marcin Wasilewski -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 17", "Jan Bednarek -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18", "Artur Boruc -- Southampton , Bournemouth -- 2012 -- 14 , 2015 -- 17", "Jerzy Dudek -- Liverpool -- 2001 -- 07", "Łukasz Fabiański -- Arsenal , Swansea City -- 2007 -- 11 , 2012 -- 18", "Jarosław Fojut -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06", "Kamil Grosicki -- Hull City -- 2016 -- 17", "Zbigniew Kruszyński -- Coventry City -- 1993 -- 94", "Grzegorz Krychowiak -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Dariusz Kubicki -- Aston Villa , Sunderland -- 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97", "Tomasz Kuszczak -- West Bromwich Albion , Manchester United -- 2004 -- 11", "Emmanuel Olisadebe -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Grzegorz Rasiak -- Tottenham Hotspur , Bolton Wanderers -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Ebi Smolarek -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 09", "Piotr Świerczewski -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 03", "Wojciech Szczęsny -- Arsenal -- 2010 -- 15", "Robert Warzycha -- Everton -- 1992 -- 94", "Marcin Wasilewski -- Leicester City -- 2014 -- 17", "Adrien -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18 Marco Almeida -- Southampton -- 1999 -- 2000 Paulo Alves -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 98 Bruno Andrade -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12 Bebé -- Manchester United -- 2010 -- 11 Amaury Bischoff -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 09 Luís Boa Morte -- Arsenal , Southampton , Fulham , West Ham United -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 11 José Bosingwa -- Chelsea , Queens Park Rangers -- 2008 -- 13 Daniel Carriço -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Jorge Cadete -- Bradford City -- 1999 -- 2000 Ricardo Carvalho -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 10 Cédric -- Southampton -- 2015 -- 18 Jorge Costa -- Charlton Athletic -- 2001 -- 02 Dani -- West Ham United -- 1995 -- 96 Deco -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 10 José Dominguez -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 2001 Eder -- Swansea City -- 2015 -- 16 Manuel Fernandes -- Portsmouth , Everton -- 2006 -- 08 Paulo Ferreira -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 13 José Fonte -- Southampton , West Ham United -- 2012 -- 18 Paulo Futre -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97 Hélder -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000 Henrique Hilário -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 João Mário -- West Ham United -- 2017 -- 18 Jordão -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03 Ariza Makukula -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 09 Maniche -- Chelsea -- 2005 -- 06 Raul Meireles -- Liverpool , Chelsea -- 2010 -- 12 Pedro Mendes -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 08 Nuno Morais -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07 Nani -- Manchester United -- 2007 -- 15 Fernando Nélson -- Aston Villa -- 1996 -- 98 Filipe Oliveira -- Chelsea -- 2002 -- 05 Nélson Oliveira -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 15 Joel Pereira -- Manchester United -- 2016 -- 17 Ivo Pinto -- Norwich City -- 2015 -- 16 Hugo Porfírio -- West Ham United , Nottingham Forest -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Hélder Postiga -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 04 Ricardo Quaresma -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 09 Bruno Ribeiro -- Leeds United -- 1997 -- 99 Ricardo Rocha -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Dani Rodrigues -- Southampton -- 1999 -- 2000 Cristiano Ronaldo -- Manchester United -- 2003 -- 09 Orlando Sá -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12 Renato Sanches -- Swansea City -- 2017 -- 18 Silas -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04 Bernardo Silva -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18 Filipe Teixeira -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 João Carlos Teixeira -- Liverpool -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Tiago -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 05 Nuno Valente -- Everton -- 2005 -- 09 Silvestre Varela -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15 Ricardo Vaz Tê -- Bolton Wanderers , West Ham United -- 2003 -- 09 , 2012 -- 15 Hugo Viana -- Newcastle United -- 2002 -- 04 Abel Xavier -- Everton , Liverpool , Middlesbrough -- 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 07", "Adrien -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Marco Almeida -- Southampton -- 1999 -- 2000", "Paulo Alves -- West Ham United -- 1997 -- 98", "Bruno Andrade -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 12", "Bebé -- Manchester United -- 2010 -- 11", "Amaury Bischoff -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 09", "Luís Boa Morte -- Arsenal , Southampton , Fulham , West Ham United -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 11", "José Bosingwa -- Chelsea , Queens Park Rangers -- 2008 -- 13", "Daniel Carriço -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Jorge Cadete -- Bradford City -- 1999 -- 2000", "Ricardo Carvalho -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 10", "Cédric -- Southampton -- 2015 -- 18", "Jorge Costa -- Charlton Athletic -- 2001 -- 02", "Dani -- West Ham United -- 1995 -- 96", "Deco -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 10", "José Dominguez -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 2001", "Eder -- Swansea City -- 2015 -- 16", "Manuel Fernandes -- Portsmouth , Everton -- 2006 -- 08", "Paulo Ferreira -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 13", "José Fonte -- Southampton , West Ham United -- 2012 -- 18", "Paulo Futre -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97", "Hélder -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2000", "Henrique Hilário -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12", "João Mário -- West Ham United -- 2017 -- 18", "Jordão -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03", "Ariza Makukula -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 09", "Maniche -- Chelsea -- 2005 -- 06", "Raul Meireles -- Liverpool , Chelsea -- 2010 -- 12", "Pedro Mendes -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 08", "Nuno Morais -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 07", "Nani -- Manchester United -- 2007 -- 15", "Fernando Nélson -- Aston Villa -- 1996 -- 98", "Filipe Oliveira -- Chelsea -- 2002 -- 05", "Nélson Oliveira -- Swansea City -- 2014 -- 15", "Joel Pereira -- Manchester United -- 2016 -- 17", "Ivo Pinto -- Norwich City -- 2015 -- 16", "Hugo Porfírio -- West Ham United , Nottingham Forest -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99", "Hélder Postiga -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 04", "Ricardo Quaresma -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 09", "Bruno Ribeiro -- Leeds United -- 1997 -- 99", "Ricardo Rocha -- Tottenham Hotspur , Portsmouth -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Dani Rodrigues -- Southampton -- 1999 -- 2000", "Cristiano Ronaldo -- Manchester United -- 2003 -- 09", "Orlando Sá -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 12", "Renato Sanches -- Swansea City -- 2017 -- 18", "Silas -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04", "Bernardo Silva -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Filipe Teixeira -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "João Carlos Teixeira -- Liverpool -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "Tiago -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 05", "Nuno Valente -- Everton -- 2005 -- 09", "Silvestre Varela -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2014 -- 15", "Ricardo Vaz Tê -- Bolton Wanderers , West Ham United -- 2003 -- 09 , 2012 -- 15", "Hugo Viana -- Newcastle United -- 2002 -- 04", "Abel Xavier -- Everton , Liverpool , Middlesbrough -- 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 07", "Keith Andrews -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , West Bromwich Albion -- 2003 -- 04 , 2008 -- 12 Harry Arter -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 18 Phil Babb -- Coventry , Liverpool , Sunderland -- 1992 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 Graham Barrett -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2000 Leon Best -- Southampton , Newcastle United -- 2004 -- 05 , 2010 -- 12 Willie Boland -- Coventry City -- 1992 -- 98 Danny Boxall -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Lee Boylan -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97 Robbie Brady -- Hull City , Norwich City , Burnley -- 2013 -- 18 Keith Branagan -- Bolton Wanderers , Ipswich Town -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 02 Gary Breen -- Coventry City , West Ham United , Sunderland -- 1996 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06 Paul Butler -- Sunderland , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04 Thomas Butler -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2003 Shaun Byrne -- West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Brian Carey -- Leicester City -- 1994 -- 95 Stephen Carr -- Tottenham Hotspur , Newcastle United , Birmingham City -- 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 08 , 2009 -- 11 Samir Carruthers -- Aston Villa -- 2011 -- 12 Lee Carsley -- Derby County , Blackburn Rovers , Coventry City , Everton , Birmingham City -- 1996 -- 99 , 2000 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Tony Cascarino -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 94 Ciaran Clark -- Aston Villa , Newcastle United -- 2009 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Clive Clarke -- West Ham United -- 2005 -- 06 Séamus Coleman -- Everton -- 2009 -- 18 Nick Colgan -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 97 David Connolly -- Wigan Athletic , Sunderland -- 2005 -- 08 Simon Cox -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 12 Owen Coyle -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96 Jim Crawford -- Newcastle United -- 1996 -- 97 Josh Cullen -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 16 Micky Cummins -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 2000 Greg Cunningham -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10 Kenny Cunningham -- Wimbledon , Birmingham City -- 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 06 Liam Daish -- Coventry City -- 1995 -- 97 Damien Delaney -- Leicester City , Crystal Palace -- 2000 -- 02 , 2013 -- 18 Rory Delap -- Derby County , Southampton , Sunderland , Stoke City -- 1997 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 13 Gary Doherty -- Tottenham Hotspur , Norwich City -- 1999 -- 2005 Matt Doherty -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12 Aaron Doran -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 09 Jonathan Douglas -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 05 Colin Doyle -- Birmingham City -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 Kevin Doyle -- Reading , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Crystal Palace -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Damien Duff -- Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Newcastle United , Fulham -- 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 14 Shane Duffy -- Everton , Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2011 -- 13 , 2017 -- 18 Richard Dunne -- Everton , Manchester City , Aston Villa , Queens Park Rangers -- 1996 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 Rob Elliot -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Stephen Elliott -- Manchester City , Sunderland -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Mickey Evans -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 98 Keith Fahey -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 11 Gareth Farrelly -- Aston Villa , Everton , Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03 Neale Fenn -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1996 -- 98 Steve Finnan -- Fulham , Liverpool , Portsmouth -- 2001 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Scott Fitzgerald -- Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 96 Curtis Fleming -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2002 Willo Flood -- Manchester City -- 2004 -- 06 Caleb Folan -- Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 2006 -- 10 Tony Folan -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Dominic Foley -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000 Kevin Foley -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 Anthony Forde -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12 Owen Garvan -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14 Jason Gavin -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 2002 Derek Geary -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07 Darron Gibson -- Manchester United , Everton , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 17 Rory Ginty -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Shay Given -- Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United , Manchester City , Aston Villa , Stoke City -- 1996 -- 2010 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 17 Jon Goodman -- Wimbledon -- 1994 -- 97 Reece Grego - Cox -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15 Michael Harriman -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 13 Ian Harte -- Leeds United , Sunderland , Reading -- 1995 -- 2004 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 Jeff Hendrick -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 18 Matt Holland -- Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 07 Wes Hoolahan -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 Ray Houghton -- Aston Villa , Crystal Palace -- 1992 -- 95 Noel Hunt -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Stephen Hunt -- Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 12 Stephen Ireland -- Manchester City , Aston Villa , Newcastle United , Stoke City -- 2005 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Denis Irwin -- Manchester United , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1992 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04 Graham Kavanagh -- Middlesbrough , Wigan Athletic -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 2005 -- 07 Robbie Keane -- Coventry , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2012 Roy Keane -- Nottingham Forest , Manchester United -- 1992 -- 2006 Alan Kelly -- Sheffield United , Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 94 , 2001 -- 03 David Kelly -- Sunderland -- 1996 -- 97 Gary Kelly -- Leeds United -- 1993 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2004 Stephen Kelly -- Tottenham Hotspur , Birmingham City , Stoke City , Fulham , Reading -- 2003 -- 06 , 2007 -- 13 Jeff Kenna -- Southampton , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City -- 1992 -- 99 , 2002 -- 04 Mark Kennedy -- Liverpool , Wimbledon , Manchester City , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1994 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04 Paddy Kenny -- Sheffield United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12 Andy Keogh -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11 Alan Kernaghan -- Middlesbrough , Manchester City -- 1992 -- 96 Dean Kiely -- Charlton Athletic , Portsmouth , West Bromwich Albion -- 2000 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 Kevin Kilbane -- Sunderland , Everton , Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 1999 -- 2010 Mark Kinsella -- Charlton Athletic , Aston Villa -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 04 Brian Launders -- Crystal Palace , Derby County -- 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 99 Liam Lawrence -- Sunderland , Stoke City -- 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 10 Kevin Long -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18 Shane Long -- Reading , West Bromwich Albion , Hull City , Southampton -- 2006 -- 08 , 2011 -- 18 Jon Macken -- Manchester City , Derby County -- 2002 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 Alan Mahon -- Blackburn Rovers , Wigan Athletic -- 2001 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06 Alan Maybury -- Leeds United -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 Jason McAteer -- Bolton Wanderers , Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers , Sunderland -- 1995 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03 Chris McCann -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10 James McCarthy -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2009 -- 18 Paddy McCarthy -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14 James McClean -- Sunderland , West Bromwich Albion -- 2011 -- 13 , 2015 -- 18 David McDonald -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 93 Aiden McGeady -- Everton -- 2013 -- 15 Paul McGee -- Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 93 Eddie McGoldrick -- Crystal Palace , Arsenal -- 1992 -- 97 Brian McGovern -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2000 Paul McGrath -- Aston Villa , Derby County -- 1992 -- 97 John McGrath -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 01 Mark McKeever -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1998 -- 2000 Stephen McPhail -- Leeds United -- 1997 -- 2004 Paul McShane -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2007 -- 10 , 2013 -- 15 David Meyler -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2009 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Liam Miller -- Manchester United , Sunderland -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 09 Mike Milligan -- Oldham Athletic , Norwich City -- 1992 -- 95 Adam Mitchell -- Sunderland -- 2012 -- 13 Alan Moore -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Kevin Moran -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 94 Chris Morris -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 97 Clinton Morrison -- Crystal Palace , Birmingham City -- 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 06 Daryl Murphy -- Sunderland -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10 Joe Murphy -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03 Michael Obafemi -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18 Alan O'Brien -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07 Andy O'Brien -- Bradford City , Newcastle United , Portsmouth , Bolton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2011 Joey O'Brien -- Bolton Wanderers , West Ham United -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 09 , 2012 -- 15 Liam O'Brien -- Newcastle United -- 1993 -- 94 Roy O'Donovan -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 08 Keith O'Halloran -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 96 Eunan O'Kane -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16 David O'Leary -- Arsenal , Leeds United -- 1992 -- 94 Keith O'Neill -- Norwich City , Middlesbrough -- 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 2001 Jay O'Shea -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 10 John O'Shea -- Manchester United , Sunderland -- 2001 -- 17 Marcos Painter -- Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 06 Alex Pearce -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Gerry Peyton -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 93 Terry Phelan -- Manchester City , Chelsea , Everton -- 1992 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000 Anthony Pilkington -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 14 Darren Potter -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 05 Lee Power -- Norwich City -- 1992 -- 94 Alan Quinn -- Sheffield Wednesday , Sheffield United -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07 Barry Quinn -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2001 Niall Quinn -- Manchester City , Sunderland -- 1992 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2003 Rob Quinn -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Stephen Quinn -- Sheffield United , Hull City -- 2006 -- 07 , 2013 -- 15 Darren Randolph -- Charlton Athletic , West Ham United -- 2006 -- 07 , 2015 -- 17 Michael Reddy -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2001 Andy Reid -- Tottenham Hotspur , Charlton Athletic , Sunderland , Blackpool -- 2004 -- 11 Steven Reid -- Blackburn Rovers , West Bromwich Albion , Burnley -- 2003 -- 15 Declan Rice -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 18 Callum Robinson -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14 Matthew Rush -- West Ham United -- 1993 -- 95 Richie Ryan -- Sunderland -- 2002 -- 03 Conor Sammon -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 12 John Sheridan -- Sheffield Wednesday , Bolton Wanderers -- 1992 -- 98 Tony Sheridan -- Coventry City -- 1992 -- 94 Bernie Slaven -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 Steve Staunton -- Aston Villa , Liverpool -- 1992 -- 2003 Enda Stevens -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13 Anthony Stokes -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 09 Jay Tabb -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Sean Thornton -- Sunderland -- 2002 -- 03 Kevin Toner -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16 Andy Townsend -- Chelsea , Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 2000 Keith Treacy -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 09 Andy Turner -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 95 Jonathan Walters -- Bolton Wanderers , Stoke City , Burnley -- 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 18 Stephen Ward -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnley -- 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18 Keiren Westwood -- Sunderland -- 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Gareth Whalley -- Bradford City -- 1999 -- 2001 Glenn Whelan -- Stoke City -- 2008 -- 17 Ronnie Whelan -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 94 Derrick Williams -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13 Marc Wilson -- Portsmouth , Stoke City , West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 17 Mark Yeates -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 05", "Keith Andrews -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , West Bromwich Albion -- 2003 -- 04 , 2008 -- 12", "Harry Arter -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 18", "Phil Babb -- Coventry , Liverpool , Sunderland -- 1992 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03", "Graham Barrett -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2000", "Leon Best -- Southampton , Newcastle United -- 2004 -- 05 , 2010 -- 12", "Willie Boland -- Coventry City -- 1992 -- 98", "Danny Boxall -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Lee Boylan -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97", "Robbie Brady -- Hull City , Norwich City , Burnley -- 2013 -- 18", "Keith Branagan -- Bolton Wanderers , Ipswich Town -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 02", "Gary Breen -- Coventry City , West Ham United , Sunderland -- 1996 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 03 , 2005 -- 06", "Paul Butler -- Sunderland , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2001 , 2003 -- 04", "Thomas Butler -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2003", "Shaun Byrne -- West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02", "Brian Carey -- Leicester City -- 1994 -- 95", "Stephen Carr -- Tottenham Hotspur , Newcastle United , Birmingham City -- 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 08 , 2009 -- 11", "Samir Carruthers -- Aston Villa -- 2011 -- 12", "Lee Carsley -- Derby County , Blackburn Rovers , Coventry City , Everton , Birmingham City -- 1996 -- 99 , 2000 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Tony Cascarino -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 94", "Ciaran Clark -- Aston Villa , Newcastle United -- 2009 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Clive Clarke -- West Ham United -- 2005 -- 06", "Séamus Coleman -- Everton -- 2009 -- 18", "Nick Colgan -- Chelsea -- 1996 -- 97", "David Connolly -- Wigan Athletic , Sunderland -- 2005 -- 08", "Simon Cox -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 12", "Owen Coyle -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 96", "Jim Crawford -- Newcastle United -- 1996 -- 97", "Josh Cullen -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 16", "Micky Cummins -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 2000", "Greg Cunningham -- Manchester City -- 2009 -- 10", "Kenny Cunningham -- Wimbledon , Birmingham City -- 1994 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 06", "Liam Daish -- Coventry City -- 1995 -- 97", "Damien Delaney -- Leicester City , Crystal Palace -- 2000 -- 02 , 2013 -- 18", "Rory Delap -- Derby County , Southampton , Sunderland , Stoke City -- 1997 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 13", "Gary Doherty -- Tottenham Hotspur , Norwich City -- 1999 -- 2005", "Matt Doherty -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12", "Aaron Doran -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 09", "Jonathan Douglas -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 05", "Colin Doyle -- Birmingham City -- 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11", "Kevin Doyle -- Reading , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Crystal Palace -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15", "Damien Duff -- Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Newcastle United , Fulham -- 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 14", "Shane Duffy -- Everton , Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2011 -- 13 , 2017 -- 18", "Richard Dunne -- Everton , Manchester City , Aston Villa , Queens Park Rangers -- 1996 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15", "Rob Elliot -- Newcastle United -- 2012 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Stephen Elliott -- Manchester City , Sunderland -- 2003 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06", "Mickey Evans -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 98", "Keith Fahey -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 11", "Gareth Farrelly -- Aston Villa , Everton , Bolton Wanderers -- 1995 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03", "Neale Fenn -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1996 -- 98", "Steve Finnan -- Fulham , Liverpool , Portsmouth -- 2001 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Scott Fitzgerald -- Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 96", "Curtis Fleming -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 97 , 1998 -- 2002", "Willo Flood -- Manchester City -- 2004 -- 06", "Caleb Folan -- Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 2006 -- 10", "Tony Folan -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Dominic Foley -- Watford -- 1999 -- 2000", "Kevin Foley -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Anthony Forde -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12", "Owen Garvan -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14", "Jason Gavin -- Middlesbrough -- 1998 -- 2002", "Derek Geary -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Darron Gibson -- Manchester United , Everton , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 17", "Rory Ginty -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Shay Given -- Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United , Manchester City , Aston Villa , Stoke City -- 1996 -- 2010 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 17", "Jon Goodman -- Wimbledon -- 1994 -- 97", "Reece Grego - Cox -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2014 -- 15", "Michael Harriman -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2011 -- 13", "Ian Harte -- Leeds United , Sunderland , Reading -- 1995 -- 2004 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13", "Jeff Hendrick -- Burnley -- 2016 -- 18", "Matt Holland -- Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 02 , 2003 -- 07", "Wes Hoolahan -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16", "Ray Houghton -- Aston Villa , Crystal Palace -- 1992 -- 95", "Noel Hunt -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Stephen Hunt -- Reading , Hull City , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 12", "Stephen Ireland -- Manchester City , Aston Villa , Newcastle United , Stoke City -- 2005 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Denis Irwin -- Manchester United , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1992 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 04", "Graham Kavanagh -- Middlesbrough , Wigan Athletic -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 2005 -- 07", "Robbie Keane -- Coventry , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa -- 1999 -- 2012", "Roy Keane -- Nottingham Forest , Manchester United -- 1992 -- 2006", "Alan Kelly -- Sheffield United , Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 94 , 2001 -- 03", "David Kelly -- Sunderland -- 1996 -- 97", "Gary Kelly -- Leeds United -- 1993 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2004", "Stephen Kelly -- Tottenham Hotspur , Birmingham City , Stoke City , Fulham , Reading -- 2003 -- 06 , 2007 -- 13", "Jeff Kenna -- Southampton , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City -- 1992 -- 99 , 2002 -- 04", "Mark Kennedy -- Liverpool , Wimbledon , Manchester City , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1994 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 , 2003 -- 04", "Paddy Kenny -- Sheffield United , Queens Park Rangers -- 2006 -- 07 , 2011 -- 12", "Andy Keogh -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11", "Alan Kernaghan -- Middlesbrough , Manchester City -- 1992 -- 96", "Dean Kiely -- Charlton Athletic , Portsmouth , West Bromwich Albion -- 2000 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09", "Kevin Kilbane -- Sunderland , Everton , Wigan Athletic , Hull City -- 1999 -- 2010", "Mark Kinsella -- Charlton Athletic , Aston Villa -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 04", "Brian Launders -- Crystal Palace , Derby County -- 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 99", "Liam Lawrence -- Sunderland , Stoke City -- 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 10", "Kevin Long -- Burnley -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18", "Shane Long -- Reading , West Bromwich Albion , Hull City , Southampton -- 2006 -- 08 , 2011 -- 18", "Jon Macken -- Manchester City , Derby County -- 2002 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08", "Alan Mahon -- Blackburn Rovers , Wigan Athletic -- 2001 -- 04 , 2005 -- 06", "Alan Maybury -- Leeds United -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02", "Jason McAteer -- Bolton Wanderers , Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers , Sunderland -- 1995 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03", "Chris McCann -- Burnley -- 2009 -- 10", "James McCarthy -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2009 -- 18", "Paddy McCarthy -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14", "James McClean -- Sunderland , West Bromwich Albion -- 2011 -- 13 , 2015 -- 18", "David McDonald -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 93", "Aiden McGeady -- Everton -- 2013 -- 15", "Paul McGee -- Wimbledon -- 1992 -- 93", "Eddie McGoldrick -- Crystal Palace , Arsenal -- 1992 -- 97", "Brian McGovern -- Arsenal -- 1999 -- 2000", "Paul McGrath -- Aston Villa , Derby County -- 1992 -- 97", "John McGrath -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 01", "Mark McKeever -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1998 -- 2000", "Stephen McPhail -- Leeds United -- 1997 -- 2004", "Paul McShane -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2007 -- 10 , 2013 -- 15", "David Meyler -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2009 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17", "Liam Miller -- Manchester United , Sunderland -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 09", "Mike Milligan -- Oldham Athletic , Norwich City -- 1992 -- 95", "Adam Mitchell -- Sunderland -- 2012 -- 13", "Alan Moore -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99", "Kevin Moran -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 94", "Chris Morris -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 97", "Clinton Morrison -- Crystal Palace , Birmingham City -- 1997 -- 98 , 2002 -- 06", "Daryl Murphy -- Sunderland -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10", "Joe Murphy -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03", "Michael Obafemi -- Southampton -- 2017 -- 18", "Alan O'Brien -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07", "Andy O'Brien -- Bradford City , Newcastle United , Portsmouth , Bolton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2011", "Joey O'Brien -- Bolton Wanderers , West Ham United -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 09 , 2012 -- 15", "Liam O'Brien -- Newcastle United -- 1993 -- 94", "Roy O'Donovan -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 08", "Keith O'Halloran -- Middlesbrough -- 1995 -- 96", "Eunan O'Kane -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16", "David O'Leary -- Arsenal , Leeds United -- 1992 -- 94", "Keith O'Neill -- Norwich City , Middlesbrough -- 1994 -- 95 , 1998 -- 2001", "Jay O'Shea -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 10", "John O'Shea -- Manchester United , Sunderland -- 2001 -- 17", "Marcos Painter -- Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 06", "Alex Pearce -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Gerry Peyton -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 93", "Terry Phelan -- Manchester City , Chelsea , Everton -- 1992 -- 98 , 1999 -- 2000", "Anthony Pilkington -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 14", "Darren Potter -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 05", "Lee Power -- Norwich City -- 1992 -- 94", "Alan Quinn -- Sheffield Wednesday , Sheffield United -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2006 -- 07", "Barry Quinn -- Coventry City -- 1998 -- 2001", "Niall Quinn -- Manchester City , Sunderland -- 1992 -- 97 , 1999 -- 2003", "Rob Quinn -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Stephen Quinn -- Sheffield United , Hull City -- 2006 -- 07 , 2013 -- 15", "Darren Randolph -- Charlton Athletic , West Ham United -- 2006 -- 07 , 2015 -- 17", "Michael Reddy -- Sunderland -- 1999 -- 2001", "Andy Reid -- Tottenham Hotspur , Charlton Athletic , Sunderland , Blackpool -- 2004 -- 11", "Steven Reid -- Blackburn Rovers , West Bromwich Albion , Burnley -- 2003 -- 15", "Declan Rice -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 18", "Callum Robinson -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14", "Matthew Rush -- West Ham United -- 1993 -- 95", "Richie Ryan -- Sunderland -- 2002 -- 03", "Conor Sammon -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 12", "John Sheridan -- Sheffield Wednesday , Bolton Wanderers -- 1992 -- 98", "Tony Sheridan -- Coventry City -- 1992 -- 94", "Bernie Slaven -- Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 93", "Steve Staunton -- Aston Villa , Liverpool -- 1992 -- 2003", "Enda Stevens -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13", "Anthony Stokes -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 09", "Jay Tabb -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Sean Thornton -- Sunderland -- 2002 -- 03", "Kevin Toner -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16", "Andy Townsend -- Chelsea , Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 1992 -- 2000", "Keith Treacy -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2008 -- 09", "Andy Turner -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 95", "Jonathan Walters -- Bolton Wanderers , Stoke City , Burnley -- 2002 -- 03 , 2010 -- 18", "Stephen Ward -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Burnley -- 2009 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18", "Keiren Westwood -- Sunderland -- 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14", "Gareth Whalley -- Bradford City -- 1999 -- 2001", "Glenn Whelan -- Stoke City -- 2008 -- 17", "Ronnie Whelan -- Liverpool -- 1992 -- 94", "Derrick Williams -- Aston Villa -- 2012 -- 13", "Marc Wilson -- Portsmouth , Stoke City , West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 17", "Mark Yeates -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 05", "Vlad Chiricheș -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 15 Cosmin Contra -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2004 -- 05 Ilie Dumitrescu -- Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United -- 1994 -- 97 Ionel Ganea -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04 Florin Gardoș -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 15 Viorel Moldovan -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 98 Adrian Mutu -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 05 Costel Pantilimon -- Manchester City , Sunderland , Watford -- 2013 -- 17 Dan Petrescu -- Sheffield Wednesday , Chelsea , Bradford City , Southampton -- 1994 -- 2002 Gheorghe Popescu -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1994 -- 95 Florin Răducioiu -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97 Răzvan Raț -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14 Gabriel Tamaș -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 13", "Vlad Chiricheș -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 15", "Cosmin Contra -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2004 -- 05", "Ilie Dumitrescu -- Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United -- 1994 -- 97", "Ionel Ganea -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04", "Florin Gardoș -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 15", "Viorel Moldovan -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 98", "Adrian Mutu -- Chelsea -- 2003 -- 05", "Costel Pantilimon -- Manchester City , Sunderland , Watford -- 2013 -- 17", "Dan Petrescu -- Sheffield Wednesday , Chelsea , Bradford City , Southampton -- 1994 -- 2002", "Gheorghe Popescu -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1994 -- 95", "Florin Răducioiu -- West Ham United -- 1996 -- 97", "Răzvan Raț -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 14", "Gabriel Tamaș -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 13", "Andrey Arshavin -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 13 Diniyar Bilyaletdinov -- Everton -- 2009 -- 12 Andrei Kanchelskis -- Manchester United , Everton , Manchester City , Southampton -- 1992 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 Dmitri Kharine -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 99 Roman Pavlyuchenko -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2008 -- 12 Pavel Pogrebnyak -- Fulham , Reading -- 2011 -- 13 Alexey Smertin -- Portsmouth , Chelsea , Charlton Athletic , Fulham -- 2003 -- 08 Yuri Zhirkov -- Chelsea -- 2009 -- 11", "Andrey Arshavin -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 13", "Diniyar Bilyaletdinov -- Everton -- 2009 -- 12", "Andrei Kanchelskis -- Manchester United , Everton , Manchester City , Southampton -- 1992 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03", "Dmitri Kharine -- Chelsea -- 1992 -- 99", "Roman Pavlyuchenko -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2008 -- 12", "Pavel Pogrebnyak -- Fulham , Reading -- 2011 -- 13", "Alexey Smertin -- Portsmouth , Chelsea , Charlton Athletic , Fulham -- 2003 -- 08", "Yuri Zhirkov -- Chelsea -- 2009 -- 11", "Bobby Bowry -- Crystal Palace -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95 Sagi Burton -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98 Adam Newton -- West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2000 Calum Willock -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 03", "Bobby Bowry -- Crystal Palace -- 1992 -- 93 , 1994 -- 95", "Sagi Burton -- Crystal Palace -- 1997 -- 98", "Adam Newton -- West Ham United -- 1999 -- 2000", "Calum Willock -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 03", "Demba Ba -- West Ham United , Newcastle United , Chelsea -- 2010 -- 14 Habib Beye -- Newcastle United , Aston Villa -- 2007 -- 11 Henri Camara -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Southampton , Wigan Athletic , West Ham United , Stoke City -- 2003 -- 09 Aliou Cissé -- Birmingham City , Portsmouth -- 2002 -- 06 Papiss Cissé -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 16 Ferdinand Coly -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 03 Ali Dia -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 97 Mohamed Diamé -- Wigan Athletic , West Ham United , Hull City , Newcastle United -- 2009 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18 Salif Diao -- Liverpool , Birmingham City , Portsmouth , Stoke City -- 2002 -- 06 , 2008 -- 12 Lamine Diatta -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 08 Djibril Diawara -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02 Souleymane Diawara -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07 Papa Bouba Diop -- Fulham , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 10 El Hadji Diouf -- Liverpool , Bolton Wanderers , Sunderland , Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 11 Mame Biram Diouf -- Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Stoke City -- 2009 -- 11 , 2014 -- 18 Papy Djilobodji -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17 Khalilou Fadiga -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 06 Abdoulaye Faye -- Bolton Wanderers , Newcastle United , Stoke City , Hull City -- 2005 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Amdy Faye -- Portsmouth , Newcastle United , Charlton Athletic , Stoke City -- 2003 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09 Idrissa Gueye -- Aston Villa , Everton -- 2015 -- 18 Magaye Gueye -- Everton -- 2010 -- 14 Diomansy Kamara -- Portsmouth , West Bromwich Albion , Fulham -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 11 Cheikhou Kouyaté -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 18 Sadio Mané -- Southampton , Liverpool -- 2014 -- 18 Kader Mangane -- Sunderland -- 2012 -- 13 Alfred N'Diaye -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17 Badou Ndiaye -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18 Dame N'Doye -- Hull City , Sunderland -- 2014 -- 16 M'Baye Niang -- Watford -- 2016 -- 17 Oumar Niasse -- Everton , Hull City -- 2015 -- 18 Henri Saivet -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Diafra Sakho -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 18 Lamine Sakho -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04 Ibrahima Sonko -- Reading , Stoke City , Hull City -- 2006 -- 10 Pape Souaré -- Crystal Palace -- 2014 -- 18 Armand Traoré -- Arsenal , Portsmouth , Queens Park Rangers -- 2007 -- 10 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Demba Ba -- West Ham United , Newcastle United , Chelsea -- 2010 -- 14", "Habib Beye -- Newcastle United , Aston Villa -- 2007 -- 11", "Henri Camara -- Wolverhampton Wanderers , Southampton , Wigan Athletic , West Ham United , Stoke City -- 2003 -- 09", "Aliou Cissé -- Birmingham City , Portsmouth -- 2002 -- 06", "Papiss Cissé -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 16", "Ferdinand Coly -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 03", "Ali Dia -- Southampton -- 1996 -- 97", "Mohamed Diamé -- Wigan Athletic , West Ham United , Hull City , Newcastle United -- 2009 -- 15 , 2017 -- 18", "Salif Diao -- Liverpool , Birmingham City , Portsmouth , Stoke City -- 2002 -- 06 , 2008 -- 12", "Lamine Diatta -- Newcastle United -- 2007 -- 08", "Djibril Diawara -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2001 -- 02", "Souleymane Diawara -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07", "Papa Bouba Diop -- Fulham , Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 10", "El Hadji Diouf -- Liverpool , Bolton Wanderers , Sunderland , Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 11", "Mame Biram Diouf -- Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Stoke City -- 2009 -- 11 , 2014 -- 18", "Papy Djilobodji -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17", "Khalilou Fadiga -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 06", "Abdoulaye Faye -- Bolton Wanderers , Newcastle United , Stoke City , Hull City -- 2005 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14", "Amdy Faye -- Portsmouth , Newcastle United , Charlton Athletic , Stoke City -- 2003 -- 07 , 2008 -- 09", "Idrissa Gueye -- Aston Villa , Everton -- 2015 -- 18", "Magaye Gueye -- Everton -- 2010 -- 14", "Diomansy Kamara -- Portsmouth , West Bromwich Albion , Fulham -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 11", "Cheikhou Kouyaté -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 18", "Sadio Mané -- Southampton , Liverpool -- 2014 -- 18", "Kader Mangane -- Sunderland -- 2012 -- 13", "Alfred N'Diaye -- Sunderland , Hull City -- 2012 -- 13 , 2016 -- 17", "Badou Ndiaye -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18", "Dame N'Doye -- Hull City , Sunderland -- 2014 -- 16", "M'Baye Niang -- Watford -- 2016 -- 17", "Oumar Niasse -- Everton , Hull City -- 2015 -- 18", "Henri Saivet -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Diafra Sakho -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 18", "Lamine Sakho -- Leeds United -- 2003 -- 04", "Ibrahima Sonko -- Reading , Stoke City , Hull City -- 2006 -- 10", "Pape Souaré -- Crystal Palace -- 2014 -- 18", "Armand Traoré -- Arsenal , Portsmouth , Queens Park Rangers -- 2007 -- 10 , 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Jovo Bosančić -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Goran Bunjevčević -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2001 -- 05 Saša Ćurčić -- Bolton Wanderers , Aston Villa , Crystal Palace -- 1995 -- 98 Filip Đuričić -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 15 Marko Grujić -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18 Saša Ilić -- Charlton Athletic , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2001 Branislav Ivanović -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 17 Slaviša Jokanović -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 02 Milan Jovanović -- Liverpool -- 2010 -- 11 Mateja Kežman -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 05 Aleksandar Kolarov -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 17 Ognjen Koroman -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 07 Darko Kovačević -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1995 -- 96 Lazar Marković -- Liverpool , Hull City -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Nemanja Matić -- Chelsea , Manchester United -- 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 18 Nenad Milijaš -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12 Luka Milivojević -- Crystal Palace -- 2016 -- 18 Savo Milošević -- Aston Villa -- 1995 -- 98 Aleksandar Mitrović -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Matija Nastasić -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 14 Radosav Petrović -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12 Dejan Stefanović -- Sheffield Wednesday , Portsmouth , Fulham -- 1995 -- 99 , 2003 -- 08 Vladimir Stojković -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 10 Dušan Tadić -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 18 Zoran Tošić -- Manchester United -- 2008 -- 09 Miloš Veljković -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 14 Nemanja Vidić -- Manchester United -- 2005 -- 14 Zvonimir Vukić -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Nikola Žigić -- Birmingham City -- 2010 -- 11", "Jovo Bosančić -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Goran Bunjevčević -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2001 -- 05", "Saša Ćurčić -- Bolton Wanderers , Aston Villa , Crystal Palace -- 1995 -- 98", "Filip Đuričić -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 15", "Marko Grujić -- Liverpool -- 2016 -- 18", "Saša Ilić -- Charlton Athletic , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2001", "Branislav Ivanović -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 17", "Slaviša Jokanović -- Chelsea -- 2000 -- 02", "Milan Jovanović -- Liverpool -- 2010 -- 11", "Mateja Kežman -- Chelsea -- 2004 -- 05", "Aleksandar Kolarov -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 17", "Ognjen Koroman -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 07", "Darko Kovačević -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1995 -- 96", "Lazar Marković -- Liverpool , Hull City -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17", "Nemanja Matić -- Chelsea , Manchester United -- 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 18", "Nenad Milijaš -- Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 12", "Luka Milivojević -- Crystal Palace -- 2016 -- 18", "Savo Milošević -- Aston Villa -- 1995 -- 98", "Aleksandar Mitrović -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Matija Nastasić -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 14", "Radosav Petrović -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12", "Dejan Stefanović -- Sheffield Wednesday , Portsmouth , Fulham -- 1995 -- 99 , 2003 -- 08", "Vladimir Stojković -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 10", "Dušan Tadić -- Southampton -- 2014 -- 18", "Zoran Tošić -- Manchester United -- 2008 -- 09", "Miloš Veljković -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 14", "Nemanja Vidić -- Manchester United -- 2005 -- 14", "Zvonimir Vukić -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Nikola Žigić -- Birmingham City -- 2010 -- 11", "Kevin Betsy -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 02", "Kevin Betsy -- Fulham -- 2001 -- 02", "Al Bangura -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Albert Jarrett -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Kei Kamara -- Norwich City -- 2012 -- 13", "Al Bangura -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Albert Jarrett -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Kei Kamara -- Norwich City -- 2012 -- 13", "Igor Bališ -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03 Marek Čech -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Martin Dúbravka -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18 Vratislav Greško -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 06 Vladimír Kinder -- Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 Ján Kozák -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 06 Vladimír Labant -- West Ham United -- 2001 -- 03 Filip Lesniak -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2016 -- 17 Ľubomír Michalík -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 08 Ján Mucha -- Everton -- 2012 -- 13 Szilárd Németh -- Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 06 Martin Škrtel -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 16 Miroslav Stoch -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 09 Dionatan Teixeira -- Stoke City -- 2014 -- 16 Stanislav Varga -- Sunderland -- 2000 -- 02 Vladimír Weiss -- Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 10", "Igor Bališ -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2002 -- 03", "Marek Čech -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Martin Dúbravka -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18", "Vratislav Greško -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 06", "Vladimír Kinder -- Middlesbrough -- 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99", "Ján Kozák -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 06", "Vladimír Labant -- West Ham United -- 2001 -- 03", "Filip Lesniak -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2016 -- 17", "Ľubomír Michalík -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 08", "Ján Mucha -- Everton -- 2012 -- 13", "Szilárd Németh -- Middlesbrough -- 2001 -- 06", "Martin Škrtel -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 16", "Miroslav Stoch -- Chelsea -- 2008 -- 09", "Dionatan Teixeira -- Stoke City -- 2014 -- 16", "Stanislav Varga -- Sunderland -- 2000 -- 02", "Vladimír Weiss -- Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2008 -- 10", "Milenko Ačimovič -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2002 -- 03 Robert Koren -- West Bromwich Albion , Hull City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14 Aleš Križan -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Aleksander Rodić -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 05 Haris Vučkić -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15", "Milenko Ačimovič -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2002 -- 03", "Robert Koren -- West Bromwich Albion , Hull City -- 2008 -- 09 , 2013 -- 14", "Aleš Križan -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Aleksander Rodić -- Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 05", "Haris Vučkić -- Newcastle United -- 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15", "Shaun Bartlett -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 06 Kagisho Dikgacoi -- Fulham , Crystal Palace -- 2009 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Mark Fish -- Bolton Wanderers , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 05 Quinton Fortune -- Manchester United , Bolton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2005 , 2006 -- 07 Mbulelo Mabizela -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 05 Phil Masinga -- Leeds United -- 1994 -- 96 Benni McCarthy -- Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United -- 2006 -- 11 Aaron Mokoena -- Blackburn Rovers . Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 10 Matty Pattison -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07 Steven Pienaar -- Everton , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland -- 2007 -- 17 Lucas Radebe -- Leeds United -- 1994 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 04 Tokelo Rantie -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16 Eric Tinkler -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Shaun Bartlett -- Charlton Athletic -- 2000 -- 06", "Kagisho Dikgacoi -- Fulham , Crystal Palace -- 2009 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14", "Mark Fish -- Bolton Wanderers , Charlton Athletic -- 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 05", "Quinton Fortune -- Manchester United , Bolton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2005 , 2006 -- 07", "Mbulelo Mabizela -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2003 -- 05", "Phil Masinga -- Leeds United -- 1994 -- 96", "Benni McCarthy -- Blackburn Rovers , West Ham United -- 2006 -- 11", "Aaron Mokoena -- Blackburn Rovers . Portsmouth -- 2004 -- 10", "Matty Pattison -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07", "Steven Pienaar -- Everton , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland -- 2007 -- 17", "Lucas Radebe -- Leeds United -- 1994 -- 2001 , 2002 -- 04", "Tokelo Rantie -- Bournemouth -- 2015 -- 16", "Eric Tinkler -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Adama -- Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 2015 -- 17 Adrián -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 18 Manuel Almunia -- Arsenal -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 11 Marcos Alonso -- Bolton Wanderers , Sunderland , Chelsea -- 2010 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18 Mikel Alonso -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08 Xabi Alonso -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 09 Jordi Amat -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 17 Álvaro Arbeloa -- Liverpool , West Ham United -- 2006 -- 09 , 2016 -- 17 Mikel Arteta -- Everton , Arsenal -- 2004 -- 16 Iago Aspas -- Liverpool -- 2013 -- 14 Daniel Ayala -- Liverpool , Norwich City , Middlesbrough -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Ayoze -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 César Azpilicueta -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 18 Antonio Barragán -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17 Héctor Bellerín -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 18 Bojan -- Stoke City -- 2014 -- 18 Borja Bastón -- Swansea City -- 2016 -- 17 Raúl Bravo -- Leeds United -- 2002 -- 03 Bruno -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18 Cala -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14 Eduard Campabadal -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13 José Campaña -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14 Iván Campo -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 08 José Cañas -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 14 Sergi Canós -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 16 Santi Cazorla -- Arsenal -- 2012 -- 17 César -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 07 Chico -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14 Pedro Chirivella -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 16 Diego Costa -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 17 Pablo Couñago -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02 José Ángel Crespo -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16 Albert Crusat -- Wigan Athletic -- 2011 -- 12 Carlos Cuéllar -- Aston Villa , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 14 Gerard Deulofeu -- Everton , Watford -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 David de Gea -- Manchester United -- 2011 -- 18 Enrique de Lucas -- Chelsea -- 2002 -- 03 Javier de Pedro -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2004 -- 05 Asier del Horno -- Chelsea -- 2005 -- 06 Brahim Díaz -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18 José Enrique -- Newcastle United , Liverpool -- 2007 -- 15 Cesc Fàbregas -- Arsenal , Chelsea -- 2004 -- 11 , 2014 -- 18 Iago Falque -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 13 Kiko Femenía -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18 Albert Ferrer -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 2003 Jesús Gámez -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18 Aleix García -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 17 Javi García -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 14 Luis García -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 07 Manu García -- Manchester City -- 2015 -- 16 Javier Garrido -- Manchester City , Norwich City -- 2007 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14 Carles Gil -- Aston Villa -- 2014 -- 16 Román Golobart -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13 Jordi Gómez -- Wigan Athletic , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16 Esteban Granero -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2012 -- 13 Luis Hernández -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17 Pablo Hernández -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14 Ander Herrera -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18 Fernando Hierro -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05 Pablo Ibáñez -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 11 Vicente Iborra -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18 Jesé -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18 Joel -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2012 -- 17 Joselu -- Stoke City , Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18 Josemi -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 06 Juanmi -- Southampton -- 2015 -- 16 José Manuel Jurado -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Kepa -- West Ham United -- 2006 -- 07 Fernando Llorente -- Swansea City , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2016 -- 18 Adrián López -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 13 Lucas Pérez -- Arsenal -- 2016 -- 17 Luis Alberto -- Liverpool -- 2013 -- 14 Antonio Luna -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14 Albert Luque -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07 Javier Manquillo -- Liverpool , Sunderland , Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18 Marcelino -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2001 Juan Mata -- Chelsea , Manchester United -- 2011 -- 18 Gaizka Mendieta -- Middlesbrough -- 2003 -- 07 Fran Mérida -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 10 Mikel Merino -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18 Roque Mesa -- Swansea City -- 2017 -- 18 Míchel -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 10 Michu -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14 Ignasi Miquel -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 13 Nacho Monreal -- Arsenal -- 2012 -- 18 Álvaro Morata -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18 Alberto Moreno -- Liverpool -- 2014 -- 18 Javi Moreno -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04 Fernando Morientes -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 06 Marc Muniesa -- Stoke City -- 2013 -- 17 Jesús Navas -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 17 Nayim -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 93 Álvaro Negredo -- Manchester City , Middlesbrough -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 Nolito -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 17 Antonio Núñez -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 05 Pedro Obiang -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18 Andrea Orlandi -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 12 Borja Oubiña -- Birmingham City -- 2007 -- 08 Daniel Pacheco -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 11 Pedro -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 18 Gerard Piqué -- Manchester United -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 José Ángel Pozo -- Manchester City -- 2014 -- 15 Alejandro Pozuelo -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 14 Iván Ramis -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13 Àngel Rangel -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 18 Pepe Reina -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 13 José Antonio Reyes -- Arsenal -- 2003 -- 06 Ricardo -- Manchester United -- 2002 -- 03 Albert Riera -- Manchester City , Liverpool -- 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 10 Rubén Rochina -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2010 -- 12 Rodrigo -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2010 -- 11 Oriol Romeu -- Chelsea , Southampton -- 2011 -- 13 , 2015 -- 18 Míchel Salgado -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 12 Salva -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 03 Sandro -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18 David Silva -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 18 Roberto Soldado -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 15 Mario Suárez -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Suso -- Liverpool -- 2012 -- 13 Fernando Torres -- Liverpool , Chelsea -- 2007 -- 14 Diego Tristán -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09 Víctor Valdés -- Manchester United , Middlesbrough -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Borja Valero -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 Álvaro Vázquez -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 14 Xisco -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 Yordi -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 02", "Adama -- Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 2015 -- 17", "Adrián -- West Ham United -- 2013 -- 18", "Manuel Almunia -- Arsenal -- 2004 -- 05 , 2006 -- 11", "Marcos Alonso -- Bolton Wanderers , Sunderland , Chelsea -- 2010 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 18", "Mikel Alonso -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08", "Xabi Alonso -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 09", "Jordi Amat -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 17", "Álvaro Arbeloa -- Liverpool , West Ham United -- 2006 -- 09 , 2016 -- 17", "Mikel Arteta -- Everton , Arsenal -- 2004 -- 16", "Iago Aspas -- Liverpool -- 2013 -- 14", "Daniel Ayala -- Liverpool , Norwich City , Middlesbrough -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17", "Ayoze -- Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "César Azpilicueta -- Chelsea -- 2012 -- 18", "Antonio Barragán -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Héctor Bellerín -- Arsenal -- 2014 -- 18", "Bojan -- Stoke City -- 2014 -- 18", "Borja Bastón -- Swansea City -- 2016 -- 17", "Raúl Bravo -- Leeds United -- 2002 -- 03", "Bruno -- Brighton & Hove Albion -- 2017 -- 18", "Cala -- Cardiff City -- 2013 -- 14", "Eduard Campabadal -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13", "José Campaña -- Crystal Palace -- 2013 -- 14", "Iván Campo -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 08", "José Cañas -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 14", "Sergi Canós -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 16", "Santi Cazorla -- Arsenal -- 2012 -- 17", "César -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 07", "Chico -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14", "Pedro Chirivella -- Liverpool -- 2015 -- 16", "Diego Costa -- Chelsea -- 2014 -- 17", "Pablo Couñago -- Ipswich Town -- 2001 -- 02", "José Ángel Crespo -- Aston Villa -- 2015 -- 16", "Albert Crusat -- Wigan Athletic -- 2011 -- 12", "Carlos Cuéllar -- Aston Villa , Sunderland -- 2008 -- 14", "Gerard Deulofeu -- Everton , Watford -- 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18", "David de Gea -- Manchester United -- 2011 -- 18", "Enrique de Lucas -- Chelsea -- 2002 -- 03", "Javier de Pedro -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2004 -- 05", "Asier del Horno -- Chelsea -- 2005 -- 06", "Brahim Díaz -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "José Enrique -- Newcastle United , Liverpool -- 2007 -- 15", "Cesc Fàbregas -- Arsenal , Chelsea -- 2004 -- 11 , 2014 -- 18", "Iago Falque -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2012 -- 13", "Kiko Femenía -- Watford -- 2017 -- 18", "Albert Ferrer -- Chelsea -- 1998 -- 2003", "Jesús Gámez -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18", "Aleix García -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 17", "Javi García -- Manchester City -- 2012 -- 14", "Luis García -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 07", "Manu García -- Manchester City -- 2015 -- 16", "Javier Garrido -- Manchester City , Norwich City -- 2007 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14", "Carles Gil -- Aston Villa -- 2014 -- 16", "Román Golobart -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13", "Jordi Gómez -- Wigan Athletic , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16", "Esteban Granero -- Queens Park Rangers -- 2012 -- 13", "Luis Hernández -- Leicester City -- 2016 -- 17", "Pablo Hernández -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14", "Ander Herrera -- Manchester United -- 2014 -- 18", "Fernando Hierro -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2004 -- 05", "Pablo Ibáñez -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2010 -- 11", "Vicente Iborra -- Leicester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Jesé -- Stoke City -- 2017 -- 18", "Joel -- Wigan Athletic , Everton -- 2012 -- 17", "Joselu -- Stoke City , Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Josemi -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 06", "Juanmi -- Southampton -- 2015 -- 16", "José Manuel Jurado -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Kepa -- West Ham United -- 2006 -- 07", "Fernando Llorente -- Swansea City , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2016 -- 18", "Adrián López -- Wigan Athletic -- 2010 -- 13", "Lucas Pérez -- Arsenal -- 2016 -- 17", "Luis Alberto -- Liverpool -- 2013 -- 14", "Antonio Luna -- Aston Villa -- 2013 -- 14", "Albert Luque -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 07", "Javier Manquillo -- Liverpool , Sunderland , Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18", "Marcelino -- Newcastle United -- 1999 -- 2001", "Juan Mata -- Chelsea , Manchester United -- 2011 -- 18", "Gaizka Mendieta -- Middlesbrough -- 2003 -- 07", "Fran Mérida -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 10", "Mikel Merino -- Newcastle United -- 2017 -- 18", "Roque Mesa -- Swansea City -- 2017 -- 18", "Míchel -- Birmingham City -- 2009 -- 10", "Michu -- Swansea City -- 2012 -- 14", "Ignasi Miquel -- Arsenal -- 2011 -- 13", "Nacho Monreal -- Arsenal -- 2012 -- 18", "Álvaro Morata -- Chelsea -- 2017 -- 18", "Alberto Moreno -- Liverpool -- 2014 -- 18", "Javi Moreno -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2003 -- 04", "Fernando Morientes -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 06", "Marc Muniesa -- Stoke City -- 2013 -- 17", "Jesús Navas -- Manchester City -- 2013 -- 17", "Nayim -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1992 -- 93", "Álvaro Negredo -- Manchester City , Middlesbrough -- 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17", "Nolito -- Manchester City -- 2016 -- 17", "Antonio Núñez -- Liverpool -- 2004 -- 05", "Pedro Obiang -- West Ham United -- 2015 -- 18", "Andrea Orlandi -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 12", "Borja Oubiña -- Birmingham City -- 2007 -- 08", "Daniel Pacheco -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 11", "Pedro -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 18", "Gerard Piqué -- Manchester United -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "José Ángel Pozo -- Manchester City -- 2014 -- 15", "Alejandro Pozuelo -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 14", "Iván Ramis -- Wigan Athletic -- 2012 -- 13", "Àngel Rangel -- Swansea City -- 2011 -- 18", "Pepe Reina -- Liverpool -- 2005 -- 13", "José Antonio Reyes -- Arsenal -- 2003 -- 06", "Ricardo -- Manchester United -- 2002 -- 03", "Albert Riera -- Manchester City , Liverpool -- 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 10", "Rubén Rochina -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2010 -- 12", "Rodrigo -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2010 -- 11", "Oriol Romeu -- Chelsea , Southampton -- 2011 -- 13 , 2015 -- 18", "Míchel Salgado -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 12", "Salva -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 03", "Sandro -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18", "David Silva -- Manchester City -- 2010 -- 18", "Roberto Soldado -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2013 -- 15", "Mario Suárez -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Suso -- Liverpool -- 2012 -- 13", "Fernando Torres -- Liverpool , Chelsea -- 2007 -- 14", "Diego Tristán -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09", "Víctor Valdés -- Manchester United , Middlesbrough -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17", "Borja Valero -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09", "Álvaro Vázquez -- Swansea City -- 2013 -- 14", "Xisco -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11", "Yordi -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 02", "Niclas Alexandersson -- Sheffield Wednesday , Everton -- 1997 -- 2003 Marcus Allbäck -- Aston Villa -- 2002 -- 04 Anders Andersson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1997 -- 98 Andreas Andersson -- Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 99 Patrik Andersson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 94 Joel Asoro -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17 Joachim Björklund -- Sunderland -- 2001 -- 03 Jesper Blomqvist -- Manchester United , Everton , Charlton Athletic -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03 Tomas Brolin -- Leeds United , Crystal Palace -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 Martin Dahlin -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1997 -- 99 Bojan Djordjic -- Manchester United -- 2000 -- 01 Erik Edman -- Tottenham Hotspur , Wigan Athletic -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10 David Elm -- Fulham -- 2009 -- 10 Johan Elmander -- Bolton Wanderers , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Jan Eriksson -- Sunderland -- 1996 -- 97 Andreas Granqvist -- Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 08 Niklas Gudmundsson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1995 -- 97 John Guidetti -- Stoke City -- 2013 -- 14 Tomas Gustafsson -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2000 Magnus Hedman -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 2001 Zlatan Ibrahimović -- Manchester United -- 2016 -- 18 Klas Ingesson -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1994 -- 96 Andreas Isaksson -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 08 Andreas Jakobsson -- Southampton -- 2004 -- 05 Andreas Johansson -- Wigan Athletic -- 2005 -- 07 Nils - Eric Johansson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 05 Mattias Jonson -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05 Alexander Kačaniklić -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 14 Kim Källström -- Arsenal -- 2013 -- 14 Pontus Kåmark -- Leicester City -- 1996 -- 99 Henrik Larsson -- Manchester United -- 2006 -- 07 Sebastian Larsson -- Arsenal , Birmingham City , Sunderland -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 17 Anders Limpar -- Arsenal , Everton -- 1992 -- 97 Victor Lindelöf -- Manchester United -- 2017 -- 18 Tobias Linderoth -- Everton -- 2001 -- 04 Fredrik Ljungberg -- Arsenal , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2008 Teddy Lučić -- Leeds United -- 2002 -- 03 Peter Markstedt -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Jesper Mattsson -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99 Olof Mellberg -- Aston Villa -- 2001 -- 08 Mikael Nilsson -- Southampton -- 2004 -- 05 Roland Nilsson -- Sheffield Wednesday , Coventry City -- 1992 -- 94 , 1997 -- 99 Kristoffer Nordfeldt -- Swansea City -- 2015 -- 17 Jonas Olsson -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 17 Marcus Olsson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12 Martin Olsson -- Blackburn Rovers , Norwich City , Swansea City -- 2007 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18 Rade Prica -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 08 Martin Pringle -- Charlton Athletic -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01 Marino Rahmberg -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 97 Markus Rosenberg -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 14 Björn Runström -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07 Stefan Schwarz -- Arsenal , Sunderland -- 1994 -- 95 , 1999 -- 2002 Rami Shaaban -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 03 Fredrik Stoor -- Fulham -- 2008 -- 10 Anders Svensson -- Southampton -- 2001 -- 05 Mathias Svensson -- Charlton Athletic , Norwich City -- 2000 -- 05 Michael Svensson -- Southampton -- 2002 -- 04 Muamer Tanković -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Ola Toivonen -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 16 Christian Wilhelmsson -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08 Jonas Wirmola -- Sheffield United -- 1993 -- 94", "Niclas Alexandersson -- Sheffield Wednesday , Everton -- 1997 -- 2003", "Marcus Allbäck -- Aston Villa -- 2002 -- 04", "Anders Andersson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1997 -- 98", "Andreas Andersson -- Newcastle United -- 1997 -- 99", "Patrik Andersson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1992 -- 94", "Joel Asoro -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17", "Joachim Björklund -- Sunderland -- 2001 -- 03", "Jesper Blomqvist -- Manchester United , Everton , Charlton Athletic -- 1998 -- 99 , 2001 -- 03", "Tomas Brolin -- Leeds United , Crystal Palace -- 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98", "Martin Dahlin -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1997 -- 99", "Bojan Djordjic -- Manchester United -- 2000 -- 01", "Erik Edman -- Tottenham Hotspur , Wigan Athletic -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 10", "David Elm -- Fulham -- 2009 -- 10", "Johan Elmander -- Bolton Wanderers , Norwich City -- 2008 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14", "Jan Eriksson -- Sunderland -- 1996 -- 97", "Andreas Granqvist -- Wigan Athletic -- 2007 -- 08", "Niklas Gudmundsson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 1995 -- 97", "John Guidetti -- Stoke City -- 2013 -- 14", "Tomas Gustafsson -- Coventry City -- 1999 -- 2000", "Magnus Hedman -- Coventry City -- 1997 -- 2001", "Zlatan Ibrahimović -- Manchester United -- 2016 -- 18", "Klas Ingesson -- Sheffield Wednesday -- 1994 -- 96", "Andreas Isaksson -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 08", "Andreas Jakobsson -- Southampton -- 2004 -- 05", "Andreas Johansson -- Wigan Athletic -- 2005 -- 07", "Nils - Eric Johansson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 05", "Mattias Jonson -- Norwich City -- 2004 -- 05", "Alexander Kačaniklić -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 14", "Kim Källström -- Arsenal -- 2013 -- 14", "Pontus Kåmark -- Leicester City -- 1996 -- 99", "Henrik Larsson -- Manchester United -- 2006 -- 07", "Sebastian Larsson -- Arsenal , Birmingham City , Sunderland -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 17", "Anders Limpar -- Arsenal , Everton -- 1992 -- 97", "Victor Lindelöf -- Manchester United -- 2017 -- 18", "Tobias Linderoth -- Everton -- 2001 -- 04", "Fredrik Ljungberg -- Arsenal , West Ham United -- 1998 -- 2008", "Teddy Lučić -- Leeds United -- 2002 -- 03", "Peter Markstedt -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Jesper Mattsson -- Nottingham Forest -- 1998 -- 99", "Olof Mellberg -- Aston Villa -- 2001 -- 08", "Mikael Nilsson -- Southampton -- 2004 -- 05", "Roland Nilsson -- Sheffield Wednesday , Coventry City -- 1992 -- 94 , 1997 -- 99", "Kristoffer Nordfeldt -- Swansea City -- 2015 -- 17", "Jonas Olsson -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 17", "Marcus Olsson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2011 -- 12", "Martin Olsson -- Blackburn Rovers , Norwich City , Swansea City -- 2007 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 18", "Rade Prica -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 08", "Martin Pringle -- Charlton Athletic -- 1998 -- 99 , 2000 -- 01", "Marino Rahmberg -- Derby County -- 1996 -- 97", "Markus Rosenberg -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2012 -- 14", "Björn Runström -- Fulham -- 2006 -- 07", "Stefan Schwarz -- Arsenal , Sunderland -- 1994 -- 95 , 1999 -- 2002", "Rami Shaaban -- Arsenal -- 2002 -- 03", "Fredrik Stoor -- Fulham -- 2008 -- 10", "Anders Svensson -- Southampton -- 2001 -- 05", "Mathias Svensson -- Charlton Athletic , Norwich City -- 2000 -- 05", "Michael Svensson -- Southampton -- 2002 -- 04", "Muamer Tanković -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Ola Toivonen -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 16", "Christian Wilhelmsson -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 08", "Jonas Wirmola -- Sheffield United -- 1993 -- 94", "Almen Abdi -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16 Valon Behrami -- West Ham United , Watford -- 2008 -- 11 , 2015 -- 17 Bruno Berner -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2006 -- 08 Fabio Daprelà -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10 Philipp Degen -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 10 Johan Djourou -- Arsenal , Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 12 Edimilson Fernandes -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 18 Gelson Fernandes -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09 Patrick Foletti -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02 Gaetano Giallanza -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 98 Bernt Haas -- Sunderland , West Bromwich Albion -- 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 05 Florent Hadergjonaj -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 Stéphane Henchoz -- Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , Wigan Athletic -- 1997 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 07 Marc Hottiger -- Newcastle United , Everton -- 1994 -- 97 Gökhan Inler -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 16 Eldin Jakupović -- Hull City , Leicester City -- 2013 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18 Pajtim Kasami -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 14 Timm Klose -- Norwich City -- 2015 -- 16 Giuseppe Mazzarelli -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96 Kevin Mbabu -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16 Philippe Senderos -- Arsenal , Everton , Fulham , Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 08 , 2009 -- 15 Xherdan Shaqiri -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 18 Ramon Vega -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1996 -- 2001 Johann Vogel -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2007 -- 09 Granit Xhaka -- Arsenal -- 2016 -- 18 Reto Ziegler -- Tottenham Hotspur , Wigan Athletic -- 2004 -- 07", "Almen Abdi -- Watford -- 2015 -- 16", "Valon Behrami -- West Ham United , Watford -- 2008 -- 11 , 2015 -- 17", "Bruno Berner -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2006 -- 08", "Fabio Daprelà -- West Ham United -- 2009 -- 10", "Philipp Degen -- Liverpool -- 2009 -- 10", "Johan Djourou -- Arsenal , Birmingham City -- 2005 -- 12", "Edimilson Fernandes -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 18", "Gelson Fernandes -- Manchester City -- 2007 -- 09", "Patrick Foletti -- Derby County -- 2001 -- 02", "Gaetano Giallanza -- Bolton Wanderers -- 1997 -- 98", "Bernt Haas -- Sunderland , West Bromwich Albion -- 2001 -- 02 , 2004 -- 05", "Florent Hadergjonaj -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "Stéphane Henchoz -- Blackburn Rovers , Liverpool , Wigan Athletic -- 1997 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 07", "Marc Hottiger -- Newcastle United , Everton -- 1994 -- 97", "Gökhan Inler -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 16", "Eldin Jakupović -- Hull City , Leicester City -- 2013 -- 15 , 2016 -- 18", "Pajtim Kasami -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 14", "Timm Klose -- Norwich City -- 2015 -- 16", "Giuseppe Mazzarelli -- Manchester City -- 1995 -- 96", "Kevin Mbabu -- Newcastle United -- 2015 -- 16", "Philippe Senderos -- Arsenal , Everton , Fulham , Aston Villa -- 2004 -- 08 , 2009 -- 15", "Xherdan Shaqiri -- Stoke City -- 2015 -- 18", "Ramon Vega -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 1996 -- 2001", "Johann Vogel -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2007 -- 09", "Granit Xhaka -- Arsenal -- 2016 -- 18", "Reto Ziegler -- Tottenham Hotspur , Wigan Athletic -- 2004 -- 07", "Emmanuel Adebayor -- Arsenal , Manchester City , Tottenham Hotspur , Crystal Palace -- 2005 -- 16 Yoann Folly -- Southampton -- 2003 -- 05 Moustapha Salifou -- Aston Villa -- 2007 -- 08", "Emmanuel Adebayor -- Arsenal , Manchester City , Tottenham Hotspur , Crystal Palace -- 2005 -- 16", "Yoann Folly -- Southampton -- 2003 -- 05", "Moustapha Salifou -- Aston Villa -- 2007 -- 08", "Ian Cox -- Crystal Palace -- 1994 -- 95 Carlos Edwards -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 09 Shaka Hislop -- Newcastle United , West Ham United , Portsmouth -- 1995 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 06 Gavin Hoyte -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 09 Justin Hoyte -- Arsenal , Sunderland , Middlesbrough , -- 2002 -- 09 Stern John -- Birmingham City , Sunderland -- 2002 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 Kenwyne Jones -- Southampton , Sunderland , Stoke City , Cardiff City -- 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 14 Clint Marcelle -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98 Jlloyd Samuel -- Aston Villa , Bolton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2010 Jason Scotland -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 10 Tony Warner -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Dwight Yorke -- Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland -- 1992 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 09", "Ian Cox -- Crystal Palace -- 1994 -- 95", "Carlos Edwards -- Sunderland -- 2007 -- 09", "Shaka Hislop -- Newcastle United , West Ham United , Portsmouth -- 1995 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 06", "Gavin Hoyte -- Arsenal -- 2008 -- 09", "Justin Hoyte -- Arsenal , Sunderland , Middlesbrough , -- 2002 -- 09", "Stern John -- Birmingham City , Sunderland -- 2002 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08", "Kenwyne Jones -- Southampton , Sunderland , Stoke City , Cardiff City -- 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 14", "Clint Marcelle -- Barnsley -- 1997 -- 98", "Jlloyd Samuel -- Aston Villa , Bolton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2010", "Jason Scotland -- Wigan Athletic -- 2009 -- 10", "Tony Warner -- Fulham -- 2005 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Dwight Yorke -- Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland -- 1992 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 09", "Yohan Benalouane -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18 Radhi Jaïdi -- Bolton Wanderers , Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Wahbi Khazri -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17 Mehdi Nafti -- Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08 Hatem Trabelsi -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07", "Yohan Benalouane -- Leicester City -- 2015 -- 18", "Radhi Jaïdi -- Bolton Wanderers , Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Wahbi Khazri -- Sunderland -- 2015 -- 17", "Mehdi Nafti -- Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06 , 2007 -- 08", "Hatem Trabelsi -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07", "Bülent Akın -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 03 Alpay -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 04 Yıldıray Baştürk -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 10 Emre Belözoğlu -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 08 Kerim Frei -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 13 Muzzy Izzet -- Leicester City , Birmingham City -- 1996 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 06 Jem Karacan -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13 Colin Kazim - Richards -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07 Nuri Şahin -- Liverpool -- 2012 -- 13 Hakan Şükür -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 03 Gökhan Töre -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17 Cenk Tosun -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18 Tugay -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 09 Tuncay -- Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 12 Hakan Ünsal -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 02", "Bülent Akın -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2002 -- 03", "Alpay -- Aston Villa -- 2000 -- 04", "Yıldıray Baştürk -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2009 -- 10", "Emre Belözoğlu -- Newcastle United -- 2005 -- 08", "Kerim Frei -- Fulham -- 2011 -- 13", "Muzzy Izzet -- Leicester City , Birmingham City -- 1996 -- 2002 , 2003 -- 06", "Jem Karacan -- Reading -- 2012 -- 13", "Colin Kazim - Richards -- Sheffield United -- 2006 -- 07", "Nuri Şahin -- Liverpool -- 2012 -- 13", "Hakan Şükür -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2002 -- 03", "Gökhan Töre -- West Ham United -- 2016 -- 17", "Cenk Tosun -- Everton -- 2017 -- 18", "Tugay -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 09", "Tuncay -- Middlesbrough , Stoke City , Bolton Wanderers -- 2007 -- 12", "Hakan Ünsal -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2001 -- 02", "Alex Evtushok -- Coventry City -- 1996 -- 97 Oleh Luzhny -- Arsenal , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2003 Serhiy Rebrov -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2000 -- 02 Andriy Shevchenko -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Andriy Voronin -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10 Oleksandr Zinchenko -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Alex Evtushok -- Coventry City -- 1996 -- 97", "Oleh Luzhny -- Arsenal , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 1999 -- 2003", "Serhiy Rebrov -- Tottenham Hotspur -- 2000 -- 02", "Andriy Shevchenko -- Chelsea -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Andriy Voronin -- Liverpool -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 10", "Oleksandr Zinchenko -- Manchester City -- 2017 -- 18", "Jozy Altidore -- Hull City , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 15 DaMarcus Beasley -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07 Carlos Bocanegra -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 08 Michael Bradley -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 11 Geoff Cameron -- Stoke City -- 2012 -- 18 Bobby Convey -- Reading -- 2006 -- 08 Jay DeMerit -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07 Clint Dempsey -- Fulham , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2006 -- 14 Landon Donovan -- Everton -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12 Maurice Edu -- Stoke City -- 2012 -- 13 Benny Feilhaber -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08 Ian Feuer -- West Ham United , Derby County -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02 Brad Friedel -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers , Aston Villa , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 14 Lynden Gooch -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17 Brad Guzan -- Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 17 Marcus Hahnemann -- Reading , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 11 John Harkes -- Sheffield Wednesday , West Ham United , Nottingham Forest -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 Stuart Holden -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11 Tim Howard -- Manchester United , Everton -- 2003 -- 16 Emerson Hyndman -- Bournemouth -- 2017 -- 18 Eddie Johnson -- Fulham -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 11 Jemal Johnson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2004 -- 06 Cobi Jones -- Coventry City -- 1994 -- 95 Jermaine Jones -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2010 -- 11 Kasey Keller -- Leicester City , Tottenham Hotspur , Southampton , Fulham -- 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 Jovan Kirovski -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 04 Eddie Lewis -- Fulham , Derby County -- 2001 -- 02 , 2007 -- 08 Eric Lichaj -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 13 Matt Miazga -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16 Brian McBride -- Everton , Fulham -- 2002 -- 08 Joe - Max Moore -- Everton -- 1999 -- 2002 Oguchi Onyewu -- Newcastle United -- 2006 -- 07 Preki -- Everton -- 1992 -- 94 Tim Ream -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12 Claudio Reyna -- Sunderland , Manchester City -- 2001 -- 07 Brek Shea -- Stoke City -- 2012 -- 14 Johann Smith -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 07 Juergen Sommer -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1995 -- 96 Jonathan Spector -- Manchester United , Charlton Athletic , West Ham United -- 2004 -- 11 Roy Wegerle -- Blackburn Rovers , Coventry City -- 1992 -- 95 Zak Whitbread -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 12 Danny Williams -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18 DeAndre Yedlin -- Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Jozy Altidore -- Hull City , Sunderland -- 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 15", "DaMarcus Beasley -- Manchester City -- 2006 -- 07", "Carlos Bocanegra -- Fulham -- 2003 -- 08", "Michael Bradley -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 11", "Geoff Cameron -- Stoke City -- 2012 -- 18", "Bobby Convey -- Reading -- 2006 -- 08", "Jay DeMerit -- Watford -- 2006 -- 07", "Clint Dempsey -- Fulham , Tottenham Hotspur -- 2006 -- 14", "Landon Donovan -- Everton -- 2009 -- 10 , 2011 -- 12", "Maurice Edu -- Stoke City -- 2012 -- 13", "Benny Feilhaber -- Derby County -- 2007 -- 08", "Ian Feuer -- West Ham United , Derby County -- 1999 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 02", "Brad Friedel -- Liverpool , Blackburn Rovers , Aston Villa , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 2000 , 2001 -- 14", "Lynden Gooch -- Sunderland -- 2016 -- 17", "Brad Guzan -- Aston Villa , Middlesbrough -- 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 17", "Marcus Hahnemann -- Reading , Wolverhampton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 08 , 2009 -- 11", "John Harkes -- Sheffield Wednesday , West Ham United , Nottingham Forest -- 1992 -- 93 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99", "Stuart Holden -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2009 -- 11", "Tim Howard -- Manchester United , Everton -- 2003 -- 16", "Emerson Hyndman -- Bournemouth -- 2017 -- 18", "Eddie Johnson -- Fulham -- 2007 -- 08 , 2009 -- 11", "Jemal Johnson -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2004 -- 06", "Cobi Jones -- Coventry City -- 1994 -- 95", "Jermaine Jones -- Blackburn Rovers -- 2010 -- 11", "Kasey Keller -- Leicester City , Tottenham Hotspur , Southampton , Fulham -- 1996 -- 99 , 2001 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08", "Jovan Kirovski -- Birmingham City -- 2002 -- 04", "Eddie Lewis -- Fulham , Derby County -- 2001 -- 02 , 2007 -- 08", "Eric Lichaj -- Aston Villa -- 2010 -- 13", "Matt Miazga -- Chelsea -- 2015 -- 16", "Brian McBride -- Everton , Fulham -- 2002 -- 08", "Joe - Max Moore -- Everton -- 1999 -- 2002", "Oguchi Onyewu -- Newcastle United -- 2006 -- 07", "Preki -- Everton -- 1992 -- 94", "Tim Ream -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2011 -- 12", "Claudio Reyna -- Sunderland , Manchester City -- 2001 -- 07", "Brek Shea -- Stoke City -- 2012 -- 14", "Johann Smith -- Bolton Wanderers -- 2006 -- 07", "Juergen Sommer -- Queens Park Rangers -- 1995 -- 96", "Jonathan Spector -- Manchester United , Charlton Athletic , West Ham United -- 2004 -- 11", "Roy Wegerle -- Blackburn Rovers , Coventry City -- 1992 -- 95", "Zak Whitbread -- Norwich City -- 2011 -- 12", "Danny Williams -- Huddersfield Town -- 2017 -- 18", "DeAndre Yedlin -- Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Newcastle United -- 2014 -- 16 , 2017 -- 18", "Miguel Britos -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18 Martín Cáceres -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 17 Sebastián Coates -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16 Diego Forlán -- Manchester United -- 2001 -- 05 Ignacio María González -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09 Abel Hernández -- Hull City -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Walter Alberto López -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09 Williams Martínez -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 06 Walter Pandiani -- Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06 Adrián Paz -- Ipswich Town -- 1994 -- 95 Omar Pouso -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07 Diego Poyet -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 15 Gus Poyet -- Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 2004 Gastón Ramírez -- Southampton , Hull City , Middlesbrough -- 2012 -- 17 Darío Silva -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06 Gonzalo Sorondo -- Crystal Palace , Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 07 Cristhian Stuani -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17 Luis Suárez -- Liverpool -- 2010 -- 14 Guillermo Varela -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 16", "Miguel Britos -- Watford -- 2015 -- 18", "Martín Cáceres -- Southampton -- 2016 -- 17", "Sebastián Coates -- Liverpool , Sunderland -- 2011 -- 13 , 2014 -- 16", "Diego Forlán -- Manchester United -- 2001 -- 05", "Ignacio María González -- Newcastle United -- 2008 -- 09", "Abel Hernández -- Hull City -- 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17", "Walter Alberto López -- West Ham United -- 2008 -- 09", "Williams Martínez -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2005 -- 06", "Walter Pandiani -- Birmingham City -- 2004 -- 06", "Adrián Paz -- Ipswich Town -- 1994 -- 95", "Omar Pouso -- Charlton Athletic -- 2006 -- 07", "Diego Poyet -- West Ham United -- 2014 -- 15", "Gus Poyet -- Chelsea , Tottenham Hotspur -- 1997 -- 2004", "Gastón Ramírez -- Southampton , Hull City , Middlesbrough -- 2012 -- 17", "Darío Silva -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Gonzalo Sorondo -- Crystal Palace , Charlton Athletic -- 2004 -- 07", "Cristhian Stuani -- Middlesbrough -- 2016 -- 17", "Luis Suárez -- Liverpool -- 2010 -- 14", "Guillermo Varela -- Manchester United -- 2015 -- 16", "Fernando Amorebieta -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14 Salomón Rondón -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2015 -- 18", "Fernando Amorebieta -- Fulham -- 2013 -- 14", "Salomón Rondón -- West Bromwich Albion -- 2015 -- 18", "Neil Gregory -- Ipswich Town -- 1994 -- 95 Emmanuel Mayuka -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 Collins Mbesuma -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Neil Gregory -- Ipswich Town -- 1994 -- 95", "Emmanuel Mayuka -- Southampton -- 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15", "Collins Mbesuma -- Portsmouth -- 2005 -- 06", "Benjani -- Portsmouth , Manchester City , Sunderland , Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 11 Bruce Grobbelaar -- Liverpool , Southampton -- 1992 -- 96 Peter Ndlovu -- Coventry City -- 1992 -- 97", "Benjani -- Portsmouth , Manchester City , Sunderland , Blackburn Rovers -- 2005 -- 11", "Bruce Grobbelaar -- Liverpool , Southampton -- 1992 -- 96", "Peter Ndlovu -- Coventry City -- 1992 -- 97" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The terms anno Domini ( AD ) and before Christ ( BC ) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means `` in the year of the Lord '' , but is often presented using `` our Lord '' instead of `` the Lord '' , taken from the full original phrase `` anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi '' , which translates to `` in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ '' .", "This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth , with AD counting years from the start of this epoch , and BC denoting years before the start of the era . There is no year zero in this scheme , so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC . This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor , but was not widely used until after 800 .", "The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today . For decades , it has been the unofficial global standard , adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication , transportation , and commercial integration , and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations .", "Traditionally , English followed Latin usage by placing the `` AD '' abbreviation before the year number . However , BC is placed after the year number ( for example : AD 2018 , but 68 BC ) , which also preserves syntactic order . The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium , as in `` fourth century AD '' or `` second millennium AD '' ( although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions ) . Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ , it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death , i.e. , after the death of Jesus . However , this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would neither be included in the BC nor the AD time scales .", "Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current or Common Era ( abbreviated as CE ) , with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common or Current Era ( BCE ) . Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity , but use the same numbers for AD years .", "The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table . His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians . The last year of the old table , Diocletian 247 , was immediately followed by the first year of his table , AD 532 . When he devised his table , Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year -- he himself stated that the `` present year '' was `` the consulship of Probus Junior '' , which was 525 years `` since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus ' Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier , without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred . `` However , nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system , whether consulate , Olympiad , year of the world , or regnal year of Augustus ; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date . ''", "Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC , 1 BC , or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation . Among the sources of confusion are :", "In modern times , Incarnation is synonymous with the conception , but some ancient writers , such as Bede , considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity . The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August ( 30 August in the year before a Julian leap year ) . There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls . There were confused summations of emperors ' regnal years .", "In modern times , Incarnation is synonymous with the conception , but some ancient writers , such as Bede , considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity .", "The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August ( 30 August in the year before a Julian leap year ) .", "There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls .", "There were confused summations of emperors ' regnal years .", "It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus 's birth . Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke , which states that Jesus was `` about thirty years old '' shortly after `` the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar '' , and hence subtracted thirty years from that date , or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table . It is convenient to initiate a calendar not from the very day of an event but from the beginning of a cycle which occurs in close proximity . For example , the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the Hijra , but rather weeks prior , on the first occurrence of the month of Muharram ( corresponding to 16 July 622 ) .", "It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius ' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world . At the time , it was believed by some that the Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus . The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament . It was believed that , based on the Anno Mundi calendar , Jesus was born in the year 5500 ( or 5500 years after the world was created ) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world . Anno Mundi 6000 ( approximately AD 500 ) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius .", "The Anglo - Saxon historian the Venerable Bede , who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus , used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People , completed in 731 . In this same history , he also used another Latin term , ante vero incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ( `` in fact in the 60th year before the time of the Lord 's incarnation '' ) , equivalent to the English `` before Christ '' , to identify years before the first year of this era . Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus , but `` the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century , when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ 's conception , i.e. , the Annunciation on March 25 '' ( Annunciation style ) .", "On the continent of Europe , Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century . Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system 's prevalence . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time , but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius . Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so , with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries .", "Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century , the term `` Before Christ '' ( or its equivalent ) did not become common until much later . Bede the Venerable used the expression `` anno igitur ante incarnationem Dominicam '' ( so in the year before the Incarnation of the Lord ) twice . `` Anno an xpi nativitate '' ( in the year before the birth of Christ ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk . In 1627 , the French Jesuit theologian Denis Pétau ( Dionysius Petavius in Latin ) , with his work De doctrina temporum , popularized the usage ante Christum ( Latin for `` Before Christ '' ) to mark years prior to AD .", "When the reckoning from Jesus ' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe , various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year : Christmas , Annunciation , or Easter . Thus , depending on the time and place , the year number changed on different days in the year , which created slightly different styles in chronology :", "From 25 March 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the incarnation of Jesus . That first `` Annunciation style '' appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century , then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy . It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750 . From 25 December 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the birth of Jesus . It was called `` Nativity style '' and had been spread by the Venerable Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages . That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France , England and most of western Europe ( except Spain ) until the 12th century ( when it was replaced by Annunciation style ) , and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century . From 25 March 754 AUC ( today in AD 1 ) . That second `` Annunciation style '' may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century , but it was spread by the Cistercians . Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa , so it got the name of calculus florentinus . It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752 . From Easter , starting in 754 AUC ( AD 1 ) . That mos gallicanus ( French custom ) bound to a moveable feast was introduced in France by king Philip Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) , maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England . However , it never spread beyond the ruling élite .", "From 25 March 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the incarnation of Jesus . That first `` Annunciation style '' appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century , then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy . It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750 .", "From 25 December 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the birth of Jesus . It was called `` Nativity style '' and had been spread by the Venerable Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages . That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France , England and most of western Europe ( except Spain ) until the 12th century ( when it was replaced by Annunciation style ) , and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century .", "From 25 March 754 AUC ( today in AD 1 ) . That second `` Annunciation style '' may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century , but it was spread by the Cistercians . Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa , so it got the name of calculus florentinus . It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752 .", "From Easter , starting in 754 AUC ( AD 1 ) . That mos gallicanus ( French custom ) bound to a moveable feast was introduced in France by king Philip Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) , maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England . However , it never spread beyond the ruling élite .", "With these various styles , the same day could , in some cases , be dated in 1099 , 1100 or 1101 .", "The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text , but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC . The historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating , but the date is estimated through two different approaches - one by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew , and the second by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus .", "During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era , European countries used various systems to count years . Systems in use included consular dating , imperial regnal year dating , and Creation dating .", "Although the last non-imperial consul , Basilius , was appointed in 541 by Emperor Justinian I , later emperors through Constans II ( 641 -- 668 ) were appointed consuls on the first 1 January after their accession . All of these emperors , except Justinian , used imperial post-consular years for the years of their reign , along with their regnal years . Long unused , this practice was not formally abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of Leo VI did so in 888 .", "Another calculation had been developed by the Alexandrian monk Annianus around the year AD 400 , placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 ( Julian ) -- eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply . Although this incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire , years numbered from it , an Era of Incarnation , were exclusively used and are yet used , in Ethiopia . This accounts for the seven - or eight - year discrepancy between the Gregorian and Ethiopian calendars . Byzantine chroniclers like Maximus the Confessor , George Syncellus , and Theophanes dated their years from Annianus ' creation of the world . This era , called Anno Mundi , `` year of the world '' ( abbreviated AM ) , by modern scholars , began its first year on 25 March 5492 BC . Later Byzantine chroniclers used Anno Mundi years from 1 September 5509 BC , the Byzantine Era . No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant throughout the Christian world . Eusebius of Caesarea in his Chronicle used an era beginning with the birth of Abraham , dated in 2016 BC ( AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami ) .", "Spain and Portugal continued to date by the Era of the Caesars or Spanish Era , which began counting from 38 BC , well into the Middle Ages . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Catholic country to adopt the Anno Domini system .", "The Era of Martyrs , which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284 , who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians , was used by the Church of Alexandria and is still used , officially , by the Coptic Orthodox and Coptic Catholic churches . It was also used by the Ethiopian church . Another system was to date from the crucifixion of Jesus Christ , which as early as Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini ( AD 29 ) , which appears in some medieval manuscripts .", "Alternative names for the Anno Domini era include vulgaris aerae ( found 1615 in Latin ) , `` Vulgar Era '' ( in English , as early as 1635 ) , `` Christian Era '' ( in English , in 1652 ) , `` Common Era '' ( in English , 1708 ) , and `` Current Era '' . Since 1856 , the alternative abbreviations CE and BCE , ( sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E. ) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC .", "The `` Common / Current Era '' ( `` CE '' ) terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references . For example , Cunningham and Starr ( 1998 ) write that `` B.C.E. / C.E. ... do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C. / A.D. '' Upon its foundation , the Republic of China adopted the Minguo Era , but used the Western calendar for international purposes . The translated term was 西元 ( `` xī yuán '' , `` Western Era '' ) . Later , in 1949 , the People 's Republic of China adopted 公元 ( gōngyuán , `` Common Era '' ) for all purposes domestic and foreign .", "In the AD year numbering system , whether applied to the Julian or Gregorian calendars , AD 1 is preceded by 1 BC . There is no year `` 0 '' between them , so a new century begins in a year which has `` 01 '' as the final digits ( e.g. , 1801 , 1901 , 2001 ) . New millennia likewise are considered to have begun in 1001 and 2001 . This is at odds with the much more common conception that centuries and millennia begin when the trailing digits are zeroes ( 1800 , 1900 , 2000 , etc . ) ; for example , the worldwide celebration of the new millennium took place on New Year 's Eve 1999 , when the year number ticked over to 2000 .", "For computational reasons , astronomical year numbering and the ISO 8601 standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1 , 1 BC = year 0 , 2 BC = year − 1 , etc . In common usage , ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar , but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application . Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD ." ]

[ [ "Cawker City, Kansas" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "There are multiple claims to the world 's biggest ball of twine record in the United States . As of 2014 , the ball of twine with the largest circumference is located in Cawker City , Kansas .", "In Cawker City , Kansas , Frank Stoeber created a ball that had 1.6 million feet ( 490,000 m ) of twine and 11 - foot - diameter ( 3.4 m ) when he died in 1974 . Cawker City built an open - air gazebo over Stoeber 's ball where every August a `` Twine - a-thon '' is held and more twine is added to the ball . By 2006 , the twine ball had reached 17,886 pounds ( 8,111 kg , 8.9 US tons ) , a circumference of 40 feet ( 12 m ) , and a length of 7,801,766 feet ( 2,377,978 m ) . In 2013 , its weight was estimated at 19,973 pounds . In August 2014 , the ball measures 41.42 feet ( 12.62 m ) in circumference , 8.06 feet ( 2.46 m ) in diameter and 10.83 feet ( 3.30 m ) in height , and it still growing .", "Darwin , Minnesota , is the home of a ball of baler twine rolled by Francis A. Johnson . It is 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) in diameter and weighs 17,400 pounds ( 7,900 kg ) . Johnson began rolling the twine in March 1950 , and wrapped four hours every day for 29 years . It is currently housed in an enclosed gazebo across from the town park on Main Street at ( 45 ° 05 ′ 47 '' N 94 ° 24 ′ 37 '' W  /  45.096332 ° N 94.410276 ° W  / 45.096332 ; - 94.410276 ) to prevent the public from touching it . The town celebrates `` Twine Ball Day '' on the second Saturday in August every year . An adjacent volunteer - run , free to visit museum and gift shop has information on the history of the ball , as well as selling a variety of souvenirs . It was the long - standing holder of the `` biggest ball of twine '' title in the Guinness Book of World Records , holding the title from its completion in 1979 until 1994 , and was referenced by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in his 1989 song `` The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota . ''", "In Lake Nebagamon , Wisconsin , James Frank Kotera claims to have made the heaviest ball of twine ever built . He started it in 1979 and is still working . Kotera estimates , by measuring the weight of each bag of twine that he winds on , that the ball weighs 8,770 kg ( 19,336 pounds ) , making it the heaviest ball of twine ever built . The ball is housed in an open - air enclosure in Kotera 's lawn . The ball has a smaller companion , `` Junior '' , that is made of string .", "In Branson , Missouri , a ball of nylon twine built by J.C. Payne of Valley View , Texas , is on display in Ripley 's Believe It or Not museum . The ball , which measures 41.5 feet ( 12.6 m ) in circumference , was certified as the world 's largest ball of twine by the Guinness Book of World Records in 1993 . It is , however , the lightest of the four contenders , weighing 12,000 pounds .", "`` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's album UHF - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff has a song called `` The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota '' . Although ostensibly about the ball in Darwin , Minnesota , Yankovic takes artistic license with the statistics . In a case of life imitating art , postcards that read `` Greetings from the Twine Ball , wish you were here , '' a fictitious invention of Yankovic 's , are now an attraction in Darwin . The Twineball Inn was a restaurant ( not a motel ) that has since closed . Yankovic refers to the ball itself , and thus his previous work , in the video for `` White & Nerdy '' , wherein a Trivial Pursuit card which includes the question `` In what city is the largest ball of twine built by one man ? '' appears on screen . The Sam & Max Hit the Road adventure game by LucasArts includes a stop at a Biggest Ball of Twine , which is about 50 feet ( 15 m ) tall with a rotating restaurant on top - this fictional ball of twine is located at Central Dis , Minnesota . An exhibit in the museum at its base claims that its mass will eventually cause the Earth to gravitate towards the sun , destroying the planet . When the characters look at the ball of twine , the following exchange takes place :", "`` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's album UHF - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff has a song called `` The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota '' . Although ostensibly about the ball in Darwin , Minnesota , Yankovic takes artistic license with the statistics . In a case of life imitating art , postcards that read `` Greetings from the Twine Ball , wish you were here , '' a fictitious invention of Yankovic 's , are now an attraction in Darwin . The Twineball Inn was a restaurant ( not a motel ) that has since closed . Yankovic refers to the ball itself , and thus his previous work , in the video for `` White & Nerdy '' , wherein a Trivial Pursuit card which includes the question `` In what city is the largest ball of twine built by one man ? '' appears on screen .", "In a case of life imitating art , postcards that read `` Greetings from the Twine Ball , wish you were here , '' a fictitious invention of Yankovic 's , are now an attraction in Darwin . The Twineball Inn was a restaurant ( not a motel ) that has since closed . Yankovic refers to the ball itself , and thus his previous work , in the video for `` White & Nerdy '' , wherein a Trivial Pursuit card which includes the question `` In what city is the largest ball of twine built by one man ? '' appears on screen .", "In a case of life imitating art , postcards that read `` Greetings from the Twine Ball , wish you were here , '' a fictitious invention of Yankovic 's , are now an attraction in Darwin . The Twineball Inn was a restaurant ( not a motel ) that has since closed .", "Yankovic refers to the ball itself , and thus his previous work , in the video for `` White & Nerdy '' , wherein a Trivial Pursuit card which includes the question `` In what city is the largest ball of twine built by one man ? '' appears on screen .", "The Sam & Max Hit the Road adventure game by LucasArts includes a stop at a Biggest Ball of Twine , which is about 50 feet ( 15 m ) tall with a rotating restaurant on top - this fictional ball of twine is located at Central Dis , Minnesota . An exhibit in the museum at its base claims that its mass will eventually cause the Earth to gravitate towards the sun , destroying the planet . When the characters look at the ball of twine , the following exchange takes place :", "Sam : It 's things like this that make me wish I were Canadian . Docent : They 've got one of these too , but half of it 's French .", "Sam : It 's things like this that make me wish I were Canadian . Docent : They 've got one of these too , but half of it 's French .", "Sam : It 's things like this that make me wish I were Canadian . Docent : They 've got one of these too , but half of it 's French .", "Sam : It 's things like this that make me wish I were Canadian .", "Docent : They 've got one of these too , but half of it 's French .", "In one episode of Time Squad , George W. Bush tries to lift the spirits of Americans by building the biggest ball of twine . The Cawker City , Kansas ball of twine was the subject of Garry Trudeau 's comic strip , Doonesbury , on July 16 , 2012 . In the 2001 Canadian film , Jet Boy , one of the characters drives a car into what is billed as the world 's largest ball of string to test whether or not the structure is hollow . In the 1996 movie Michael , starring John Travolta as an angel on holiday on Earth , his character requests to stop and visit the biggest ball of twine that was supposedly located somewhere in Iowa . In the 1983 movie National Lampoon 's Vacation , Clark Griswold ( Chevy Chase ) tries to entice his reluctant kids back into the family station wagon with a promise to take them to see `` the second largest ball of twine on the face of the earth , which is only four short hours away . '' In the 1943 story The Mystery Yarn , part of Robert McCloskey 's children 's book Homer Price , two male rivals for a lady 's affection , both of whom have string balls that are nearly six feet in diameter , stage a public contest to unravel the balls ; they agree among themselves that the loser will be required to desist as a rival ; however , the lady outsmarts their plan .", "In one episode of Time Squad , George W. Bush tries to lift the spirits of Americans by building the biggest ball of twine .", "The Cawker City , Kansas ball of twine was the subject of Garry Trudeau 's comic strip , Doonesbury , on July 16 , 2012 .", "In the 2001 Canadian film , Jet Boy , one of the characters drives a car into what is billed as the world 's largest ball of string to test whether or not the structure is hollow .", "In the 1996 movie Michael , starring John Travolta as an angel on holiday on Earth , his character requests to stop and visit the biggest ball of twine that was supposedly located somewhere in Iowa .", "In the 1983 movie National Lampoon 's Vacation , Clark Griswold ( Chevy Chase ) tries to entice his reluctant kids back into the family station wagon with a promise to take them to see `` the second largest ball of twine on the face of the earth , which is only four short hours away . ''", "In the 1943 story The Mystery Yarn , part of Robert McCloskey 's children 's book Homer Price , two male rivals for a lady 's affection , both of whom have string balls that are nearly six feet in diameter , stage a public contest to unravel the balls ; they agree among themselves that the loser will be required to desist as a rival ; however , the lady outsmarts their plan ." ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Trumpet B ♭ trumpet Brass instrument Classification Brass Wind Brass Aerophone Hornbostel -- Sachs classification 423.233 ( Valved aerophone sounded by lip movement ) Playing range Written range : Related instruments Flugelhorn , cornet , cornett , Flumpet , bugle , natural trumpet , bass trumpet , post horn , Roman tuba , buccina , cornu , lituus , shofar , dord , dung chen , sringa , shankha , lur , didgeridoo , Alphorn , Russian horns , serpent , ophicleide , piccolo trumpet , horn , alto horn , baritone horn , pocket trumpet", "B ♭ trumpet", "Brass instrument", "Classification Brass Wind Brass Aerophone", "Wind Brass Aerophone", "Hornbostel -- Sachs classification 423.233 ( Valved aerophone sounded by lip movement )", "Playing range", "Written range :", "Related instruments", "Flugelhorn , cornet , cornett , Flumpet , bugle , natural trumpet , bass trumpet , post horn , Roman tuba , buccina , cornu , lituus , shofar , dord , dung chen , sringa , shankha , lur , didgeridoo , Alphorn , Russian horns , serpent , ophicleide , piccolo trumpet , horn , alto horn , baritone horn , pocket trumpet", "Part of a series on Musical instruments Woodwinds ( show ) Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF ) Brass Instruments ( show ) Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn String instruments ( show ) Bowed Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( Dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China ) Plucked Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither Percussion Keyboards", "Part of a series on", "Musical instruments", "Woodwinds ( show ) Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )", "Piccolo Flute Oboe Cor anglais Clarinet Saxophone Bassoon Contrabassoon Bagpipes Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )", "Recorder Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )", "Garklein in C ( c ′′′ ) Sopranino in F ( f '' ) Soprano in C ( c '' ) Alto in F ( f ′ ) Voice flute in D ( d ′ ) Tenor in C ( c ′ ) Bass in F ( f ) Great bass in C ( c ) Contrabass in F ( F ) Sub-great bass in C ( C ) Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )", "Garklein in C ( c ′′′ )", "Sopranino in F ( f '' )", "Soprano in C ( c '' )", "Alto in F ( f ′ )", "Voice flute in D ( d ′ )", "Tenor in C ( c ′ )", "Bass in F ( f )", "Great bass in C ( c )", "Contrabass in F ( F )", "Sub-great bass in C ( C )", "Sub-contrabass in F ( FF )", "Brass Instruments ( show ) Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn", "Trumpet Trombone Cornet Alto horn Baritone horn Flugelhorn Mellophone Euphonium Helicon Tuba French horn", "String instruments ( show ) Bowed Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( Dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China ) Plucked Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither", "Banhu ( China ) Baryton Bowed psaltery Cello Electric cello Cizhonghu ( China ) Crwth Dahu ( China ) Đàn gáo ( Vietnam ) Diyingehu ( China ) Double bass Erhu ( China ) Erxian ( China ) Esraj ( India ) Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin ) Gadulka ( Bulgaria ) Gaohu ( China ) Gehu ( China ) Ghaychak ( Iran ) Goje ( Ghana ) Gudok ( Russia ) Gusle Haegeum ( Korea ) Hardanger fiddle ( Norway ) Huluhu ( China ) Huqin ( China ) Hurdy - gurdy Jinghu ( China ) Kemenche ( Turkey ) Kokyū ( Japan ) Laruan ( China ) Leiqin ( China ) Lirone Long - string instrument Maguhu ( China ) Morin khuur ( Mongolia ) Nyckelharpa ( Sweden ) Octobass Psalmodikon Rebec Sarangi ( India ) Sarinda ( India ) Saw sam sai ( Thailand ) Sihu ( China ) Tro ( Cambodia ) Trumpet marine or tromba marina Vielle Viol ( viola da gamba ) Violone Viola Viola d'amore Viola pomposa Violin Electric violin Kit violin ( Dancing master violin ) Stroh violin Violin octet instruments Vertical viola Violotta Yehu ( China ) Zhonghu ( China ) Zhuihu ( China )", "Banhu ( China )", "Cizhonghu ( China )", "Dahu ( China )", "Đàn gáo ( Vietnam )", "Diyingehu ( China )", "Erhu ( China )", "Erxian ( China )", "Esraj ( India )", "Fiddle ( colloquial term for violin )", "Gadulka ( Bulgaria )", "Gaohu ( China )", "Gehu ( China )", "Ghaychak ( Iran )", "Goje ( Ghana )", "Gudok ( Russia )", "Haegeum ( Korea )", "Hardanger fiddle ( Norway )", "Huluhu ( China )", "Huqin ( China )", "Hurdy - gurdy", "Jinghu ( China )", "Kemenche ( Turkey )", "Kokyū ( Japan )", "Laruan ( China )", "Leiqin ( China )", "Long - string instrument", "Maguhu ( China )", "Morin khuur ( Mongolia )", "Nyckelharpa ( Sweden )", "Sarangi ( India )", "Sarinda ( India )", "Saw sam sai ( Thailand )", "Sihu ( China )", "Tro ( Cambodia )", "Trumpet marine or tromba marina", "Viol ( viola da gamba )", "Kit violin ( Dancing master violin )", "Violin octet instruments", "Yehu ( China )", "Zhonghu ( China )", "Zhuihu ( China )", "Appalachian dulcimer ( United States ) Autoharp Baglama or Saz ( Turkey ) Bajo sexto ( Mexico ) Balalaika ( Russia ) Bandura ( Ukraine ) Bandurria Banjo ( American ) Barbat Begena ( Ethiopia ) Bordonua Bouzouki ( Greece ) Bugarija ( Croatia ) Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil ) Çeng ( Turkey ) Charango ( South America ) Chitarrone Cittern Cuatro Cümbüş ( Turkey ) Đàn bầu ( Vietnam ) Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam ) Đàn tranh ( Vietnam ) Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam ) Daruan ( China ) Diddley bow ( United States ) Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia ) Domra ( Russia ) Doshpuluur ( Tuva ) Dramyin Dutar Duxianqin ( China ) Electric bass Gayageum ( Korea ) Guitar Bass guitar Acoustic bass guitar Cigar box guitar Electric guitar Harp guitar Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar ) Guitarrón ( Mexico ) Gusli ( Russia ) Guqin ( China ) Guzheng ( China ) Harp Electric harp Irish bouzouki Kacapi Kankles ( Lithuania ) Kantele ( Finland ) Kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Kobza ( Ukraine ) Kokles ( Latvia ) Komungo ( Korea ) Konghou ( China ) Kontigi ( Nigeria ) Kora ( West Africa ) Koto ( Japan ) Krar ( Ethiopia ) Laud Laouto Liuqin ( China ) Lute ( Europe ) Archlute Theorbo Lyre Mandolin Mandobass Mandocello Mandola Mandolin - banjo Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India ) Monochord Musical bow Nyatiti ( Kenya ) Oud ( Middle East , Greece ) Pandura Pipa ( China ) Portuguese guitar Psaltery Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia ) Qinqin ( China ) Requinto Rote Rubab Sanxian ( China ) Sarod ( India ) Saung ( Burma ) Shamisen ( Japan ) Sitar ( India ) Surbahar ( India ) Sursingar ( India ) Tambura ( India ) Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain ) Tanbur Tar ( lute ) Tea chest bass Tiple Torban Tres ( Cuba ) Ukulele ( Hawaii ) Valiha ( Madagascar ) Veena ( India ) Vihuela ( Spain ) Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations Yazh ( India ) Yueqin ( China ) Zhongruan ( China ) Zhu ( China ) Zither", "Appalachian dulcimer ( United States )", "Baglama or Saz ( Turkey )", "Bajo sexto ( Mexico )", "Balalaika ( Russia )", "Bandura ( Ukraine )", "Banjo ( American )", "Begena ( Ethiopia )", "Bouzouki ( Greece )", "Bugarija ( Croatia )", "Cavaquinho ( Portugal and Brazil )", "Çeng ( Turkey )", "Charango ( South America )", "Cümbüş ( Turkey )", "Đàn bầu ( Vietnam )", "Đàn nguyệt ( Vietnam )", "Đàn tranh ( Vietnam )", "Đàn tỳ bà ( Vietnam )", "Daruan ( China )", "Diddley bow ( United States )", "Dombra ( East Europe and Middle Asia )", "Domra ( Russia )", "Doshpuluur ( Tuva )", "Duxianqin ( China )", "Gayageum ( Korea )", "Acoustic bass guitar", "Cigar box guitar", "Dobro ( a.k.a. resonator guitar )", "Guitarrón ( Mexico )", "Gusli ( Russia )", "Guqin ( China )", "Guzheng ( China )", "Kankles ( Lithuania )", "Kantele ( Finland )", "Kanun ( Middle East , Persia )", "Kobza ( Ukraine )", "Kokles ( Latvia )", "Komungo ( Korea )", "Konghou ( China )", "Kontigi ( Nigeria )", "Kora ( West Africa )", "Koto ( Japan )", "Krar ( Ethiopia )", "Liuqin ( China )", "Lute ( Europe )", "Mandolin - banjo", "Mohan veena ( Hawaii / India )", "Nyatiti ( Kenya )", "Oud ( Middle East , Greece )", "Pipa ( China )", "Qanún / kanun ( Middle East , Persia )", "Qinqin ( China )", "Sanxian ( China )", "Sarod ( India )", "Saung ( Burma )", "Shamisen ( Japan )", "Sitar ( India )", "Surbahar ( India )", "Sursingar ( India )", "Tambura ( India )", "Tamburitza ( Pannonian plain )", "Tar ( lute )", "Tea chest bass", "Tres ( Cuba )", "Ukulele ( Hawaii )", "Valiha ( Madagascar )", "Veena ( India )", "Vihuela ( Spain )", "Ellen Fullman 's and Paul Panhuysen 's string installations", "Yazh ( India )", "Yueqin ( China )", "Zhongruan ( China )", "Zhu ( China )", "Percussion", "Keyboards", "", "", "A trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles . The trumpet group contains the instruments with the highest register in the brass family . Trumpet - like instruments have historically been used as signaling devices in battle or hunting , with examples dating back to at least 1500 BC ; they began to be used as musical instruments only in the late 14th or early 15th century . Trumpets are used in art music styles , for instance in orchestras , concert bands , and jazz ensembles , as well as in popular music . They are played by blowing air through nearly - closed lips ( called the player 's embouchure ) , producing a `` buzzing '' sound that starts a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the instrument . Since the late 15th century they have primarily been constructed of brass tubing , usually bent twice into a rounded rectangular shape .", "There are many distinct types of trumpet , with the most common being pitched in B ♭ ( a transposing instrument ) , having a tubing length of about 1.48 m ( 4 ft 10 in ) . Early trumpets did not provide means to change the length of tubing , whereas modern instruments generally have three ( or sometimes four ) valves in order to change their pitch . Most trumpets have valves of the piston type , while some have the rotary type . The use of rotary - valved trumpets is more common in orchestral settings , although this practice varies by country . Each valve , when engaged , increases the length of tubing , lowering the pitch of the instrument . A musician who plays the trumpet is called a trumpet player or trumpeter .", "The English word `` trumpet '' was first used in the late 14th century . The word came from Old French `` trompette '' , which is a diminutive of trompe . The word `` trump '' , meaning `` trumpet , '' was first used in English in 1300 . The word comes from Old French trompe `` long , tube - like musical wind instrument '' ( 12c . ) , cognate with Provençal tromba , Italian tromba , all probably from a Germanic source ( compare Old High German trumpa , Old Norse trumba `` trumpet '' ) , of imitative origin . ''", "The earliest trumpets date back to 1500 BC and earlier . The bronze and silver trumpets from Tutankhamun 's grave in Egypt , bronze lurs from Scandinavia , and metal trumpets from China date back to this period . Trumpets from the Oxus civilization ( 3rd millennium BC ) of Central Asia have decorated swellings in the middle , yet are made out of one sheet of metal , which is considered a technical wonder .", "The Shofar , made from a ram horn and the Hatzotzeroth , made of metal , are both mentioned in the Bible . They were played in Solomon 's Temple around 3000 years ago . They were said to be used to blow down the walls of Jericho . They are still used on certain religious days . The Salpinx was a straight trumpet 62 inches ( 1,600 mm ) long , made of bone or bronze . Salpinx contests were a part of the original Olympic Games .", "The Moche people of ancient Peru depicted trumpets in their art going back to AD 300 . The earliest trumpets were signaling instruments used for military or religious purposes , rather than music in the modern sense ; and the modern bugle continues this signaling tradition .", "Improvements to instrument design and metal making in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance led to an increased usefulness of the trumpet as a musical instrument . The natural trumpets of this era consisted of a single coiled tube without valves and therefore could only produce the notes of a single overtone series . Changing keys required the player to change crooks of the instrument . The development of the upper , `` clarino '' register by specialist trumpeters -- notably Cesare Bendinelli -- would lend itself well to the Baroque era , also known as the `` Golden Age of the natural trumpet . '' During this period , a vast body of music was written for virtuoso trumpeters . The art was revived in the mid-20th century and natural trumpet playing is again a thriving art around the world . Many modern players in Germany and the UK who perform Baroque music use a version of the natural trumpet fitted with three or four vent holes to aid in correcting out - of - tune notes in the harmonic series .", "The melody - dominated homophony of the classical and romantic periods relegated the trumpet to a secondary role by most major composers owing to the limitations of the natural trumpet . Berlioz wrote in 1844 :", "Notwithstanding the real loftiness and distinguished nature of its quality of tone , there are few instruments that have been more degraded ( than the trumpet ) . Down to Beethoven and Weber , every composer -- not excepting Mozart -- persisted in confining it to the unworthy function of filling up , or in causing it to sound two or three commonplace rhythmical formulae .", "The attempt to give the trumpet more chromatic freedom in its range saw the development of the keyed trumpet , but this was a largely unsuccessful venture due to the poor quality of its sound .", "Although the impetus for a tubular valve began as early as 1793 , it was not until 1818 that Friedrich Bluhmel and Heinrich Stölzel made a joint patent application for the box valve as manufactured by W. Schuster . The symphonies of Mozart , Beethoven , and as late as Brahms , were still played on natural trumpets . Crooks and shanks ( removable tubing of various lengths ) as opposed to keys or valves were standard , notably in France , into the first part of the 20th century . As a consequence of this late development of the instrument 's chromatic ability , the repertoire for the instrument is relatively small compared to other instruments . The 20th century saw an explosion in the amount and variety of music written for the trumpet .", "The trumpet is constructed of brass tubing bent twice into a rounded oblong shape . As with all brass instruments , sound is produced by blowing air through closed lips , producing a `` buzzing '' sound into the mouthpiece and starting a standing wave vibration in the air column inside the trumpet . The player can select the pitch from a range of overtones or harmonics by changing the lip aperture and tension ( known as the embouchure ) .", "The mouthpiece has a circular rim , which provides a comfortable environment for the lips ' vibration . Directly behind the rim is the cup , which channels the air into a much smaller opening ( the back bore or shank ) that tapers out slightly to match the diameter of the trumpet 's lead pipe . The dimensions of these parts of the mouthpiece affect the timbre or quality of sound , the ease of playability , and player comfort . Generally , the wider and deeper the cup , the darker the sound and timbre .", "Modern trumpets have three ( or , infrequently , four ) piston valves , each of which increases the length of tubing when engaged , thereby lowering the pitch . The first valve lowers the instrument 's pitch by a whole step ( two semitones ) , the second valve by a half step ( one semitone ) , and the third valve by one and a half steps ( three semitones ) . When a fourth valve is present , as with some piccolo trumpets , it usually lowers the pitch a perfect fourth ( five semitones ) . Used singly and in combination these valves make the instrument fully chromatic , i.e. , able to play all twelve pitches of classical music . For more information about the different types of valves , see Brass instrument valves .", "The pitch of the trumpet can be raised or lowered by the use of the tuning slide . Pulling the slide out lowers the pitch ; pushing the slide in raises it . To overcome the problems of intonation and reduce the use of the slide , Renold Schilke designed the tuning - bell trumpet . Removing the usual brace between the bell and a valve body allows the use of a sliding bell ; the player may then tune the horn with the bell while leaving the slide pushed in , or nearly so , thereby improving intonation and overall response .", "A trumpet becomes a closed tube when the player presses it to the lips ; therefore , the instrument only naturally produces every other overtone of the harmonic series . The shape of the bell makes the missing overtones audible . Most notes in the series are slightly out of tune and modern trumpets have slide mechanisms for the first and third valves with which the player can compensate by throwing ( extending ) or retracting one or both slides , using the left thumb and ring finger for the first and third valve slides respectively .", "The most common type is the B ♭ trumpet , but A , C , D , E ♭ , E , low F , and G trumpets are also available . The C trumpet is most common in American orchestral playing , where it is used alongside the B ♭ trumpet . Orchestral trumpet players are adept at transposing music at sight , frequently playing music written for the A , B ♭ , D , E ♭ , E , or F trumpet on the C trumpet or B ♭ trumpet .", "The smallest trumpets are referred to as piccolo trumpets . The most common of these are built to play in both B ♭ and A , with separate leadpipes for each key . The tubing in the B ♭ piccolo trumpet is one - half the length of that in a standard B ♭ trumpet . Piccolo trumpets in G , F and C are also manufactured , but are less common . Many players use a smaller mouthpiece on the piccolo trumpet , which requires a different sound production technique from the B ♭ trumpet and can limit endurance . Almost all piccolo trumpets have four valves instead of the usual three -- the fourth valve lowers the pitch , usually by a fourth , to assist in the playing of lower notes and to create alternate fingerings that facilitate certain trills . Maurice André , Håkan Hardenberger , David Mason , and Wynton Marsalis are some well - known trumpet players known for their additional virtuosity on the piccolo trumpet .", "Trumpets pitched in the key of low G are also called sopranos , or soprano bugles , after their adaptation from military bugles . Traditionally used in drum and bugle corps , sopranos have featured both rotary valves and piston valves .", "The bass trumpet is usually played by a trombone player , being at the same pitch . Bass trumpet is played with a shallower trombone mouthpiece , and music for it is written in treble clef . The most common keys for bass trumpets are C and B ♭ . Both C and B ♭ bass trumpets are transposing instruments sounding an octave ( C ) or a major ninth ( B ♭ ) lower than written .", "The modern slide trumpet is a B ♭ trumpet that has a slide instead of valves . It is similar to a soprano trombone . The first slide trumpets emerged during the Renaissance , predating the modern trombone , and are the first attempts to increase chromaticism on the instrument . Slide trumpets were the first trumpets allowed in the Christian church .", "The historical slide trumpet was probably first developed in the late 14th century for use in alta cappella wind bands . Deriving from early straight trumpets , the Renaissance slide trumpet was essentially a natural trumpet with a sliding leadpipe . This single slide was rather awkward , as the entire corpus of the instrument moved , and the range of the slide was probably no more than a major third . Originals were probably pitched in D , to fit with shawms in D and G , probably at a typical pitch standard near A = 466 Hz . As no known instruments from this period survive , the details -- and even the existence -- of a Renaissance slide trumpet is a matter of conjecture and debate among scholars .", "Some slide trumpet designs saw use in England in the 18th century .", "The pocket trumpet is a compact B ♭ trumpet . The bell is usually smaller than a standard trumpet and the tubing is more tightly wound to reduce the instrument size without reducing the total tube length . Its design is not standardized , and the quality of various models varies greatly . It can have a tone quality and projection unique in the trumpet world : a warm sound and a voice - like articulation . Since many pocket trumpet models suffer from poor design as well as cheap and imprecise manufacturing , the intonation , tone color and dynamic range of such instruments are severely hindered . Professional - standard instruments are , however , available . While they are not a substitute for the full - sized instrument , they can be useful in certain contexts . The jazz musician Don Cherry was renowned for his playing of the pocket instrument .", "The herald trumpet has an elongated bell extending far in front of the player , allowing a standard length of tubing from which a flag may be hung ; the instrument is mostly used for ceremonial events such as parades and fanfares .", "The 20th century saw some experimentation with the layout and construction of the trumpet , notably with the introduction of balanced action instruments ( with forward set valves ) by Selmer , Olds and King in the 1930s and 40s , and heavy reinforcements and geometry changes by Monette beginning in 1983 . Monette also designed the Flumpet in 1989 for jazz musician Art Farmer . It is a hybrid instrument with elements of trumpet and flugelhorn , sharing the three piston valve design and with a pitch of B ♭ .", "There are also rotary - valve , or German , trumpets ( which are commonly used in professional European orchestras ) as well as alto and Baroque trumpets .", "The trumpet is often confused with its close relative the cornet , which has a more conical tubing shape compared to the trumpet 's more cylindrical tube . This , along with additional bends in the cornet 's tubing , gives the cornet a slightly mellower tone , but the instruments are otherwise nearly identical . They have the same length of tubing and , therefore , the same pitch , so music written for cornet and trumpet is interchangeable . Another relative , the flugelhorn , has tubing that is even more conical than that of the cornet , and an even richer tone . It is sometimes augmented with a fourth valve to improve the intonation of some lower notes .", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "On any modern trumpet , cornet , or flugelhorn , pressing the valves indicated by the numbers below produces the written notes shown . `` Open '' means all valves up , `` 1 '' means first valve , `` 1 -- 2 '' means first and second valve simultaneously , and so on . The sounding pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument . Engaging the fourth valve , if present , usually drops any of these pitches by a perfect fourth as well . Within each overtone series , the different pitches are attained by changing the embouchure . Standard fingerings above high C are the same as for the notes an octave below ( C ♯ is 1 -- 2 , D is 1 , etc . )", "Each overtone series on the trumpet begins with the first overtone -- the fundamental of each overtone series can not be produced except as a pedal tone . Notes in parentheses are the sixth overtone , representing a pitch with a frequency of seven times that of the fundamental ; while this pitch is close to the note shown , it is slightly flat relative to equal temperament , and use of those fingerings is generally avoided .", "The fingering schema arises from the length of each valve 's tubing ( a longer tube produces a lower pitch ) . Valve `` 1 '' increases the tubing length enough to lower the pitch by one whole step , valve `` 2 '' by one half step , and valve `` 3 '' by one and a half steps . This scheme and the nature of the overtone series create the possibility of alternate fingerings for certain notes . For example , third - space `` C '' can be produced with no valves engaged ( standard fingering ) or with valves 2 -- 3 . Also , any note produced with 1 -- 2 as its standard fingering can also be produced with valve 3 -- each drops the pitch by ​ 1 ⁄ steps . Alternate fingerings may be used to improve facility in certain passages , or to aid in intonation . Extending the third valve slide when using the fingerings 1 -- 3 or 1 - 2 - 3 further lowers the pitch slightly to improve intonation .", "Various types of mutes can be used to alter the sound of the instrument when placed in or over the bell . While most types of mutes do decrease the volume the instrument produces , as the name implies , the sound modification is typically the primary reason for their use .", "The standard trumpet range extends from the written F ♯ immediately below Middle C up to about three octaves higher . Traditional trumpet repertoire rarely calls for notes beyond this range , and the fingering tables of most method books peak at the high C , two octaves above middle C. Several trumpeters have achieved fame for their proficiency in the extreme high register , among them Maynard Ferguson , Cat Anderson , Dizzy Gillespie , Doc Severinsen , and more recently Wayne Bergeron , Thomas Gansch , James Morrison , Jon Faddis and Arturo Sandoval . It is also possible to produce pedal tones below the low F ♯ , which is a device commonly employed in contemporary repertoire for the instrument .", "Contemporary music for the trumpet makes wide uses of extended trumpet techniques .", "Flutter tonguing : The trumpeter rolls the tip of the tongue to produce a ' growling like ' tone . It is achieved as if one were rolling an R in the Spanish language . This technique is widely employed by composers like Berio and Stockhausen .", "Growling : Simultaneously playing tone while using the back of the tongue to vibrate the uvula creating a distinct sound . Most trumpet players will use a plunger with this technique to achieve a particular sound heard in a lot of Chicago Jazz of the 1950s .", "Double tonguing : The player articulates using the syllables ta - ka ta - ka ta - ka", "Triple tonguing : The same as double tonguing , but with the syllables ta - ta - ka ta - ta - ka ta - ta - ka or ta - ka - ta ta - ka - ta .", "Doodle tongue : The trumpeter tongues as if saying the word doodle . This is a very faint tonguing similar in sound to a valve tremolo .", "Glissando : Trumpeters can slide between notes by depressing the valves halfway and changing the lip tension . Modern repertoire makes extensive use of this technique .", "Vibrato : It is often regulated in contemporary repertoire through specific notation . Composers can call for everything from fast , slow or no vibrato to actual rhythmic patterns played with vibrato .", "Pedal tone : Composers have written for two - and - a-half octaves below the low F ♯ , which is at the bottom of the standard range . Extreme low pedals are produced by slipping the lower lip out of the mouthpiece . Claude Gordon assigned pedals as part of his trumpet practice routines , that were a systematic expansion on his lessons with Herbert L. Clarke . The technique was pioneered by Bohumir Kryl .", "Microtones : Composers such as Scelsi and Stockhausen have made wide use of the trumpet 's ability to play microtonally . Some instruments feature a fourth valve that provides a quarter - tone step between each note . The jazz musician Ibrahim Maalouf uses such a trumpet , invented by his father to make it possible to play Arab maqams .", "Valve tremolo : Many notes on the trumpet can be played in several different valve combinations . By alternating between valve combinations on the same note , a tremolo effect can be created . Berio makes extended use of this technique in his Sequenza X .", "Noises : By hissing , clicking , or breathing through the instrument , the trumpet can be made to resonate in ways that do not sound at all like a trumpet . Noises may require amplification .", "Preparation : Composers have called for trumpeters to play under water , or with certain slides removed . It is increasingly common for composers to specify all sorts of preparations for trumpet . Extreme preparations involve alternate constructions , such as double bells and extra valves .", "Split tone : Trumpeters can produce more than one tone simultaneously by vibrating the two lips at different speeds . The interval produced is usually an octave or a fifth .", "Lip - trill or shake : Also known as `` lip - slurs '' . By rapidly varying air speed , but not changing the depressed valves , the pitch varies quickly between adjacent harmonic partials . Shakes and lip - trills can vary in speed and the distance between the partials can be as large or small as the musicians ' desires . Traditionally , however , lip - trills and shakes are usually the next partial up from the written note .", "Multi-phonics : Playing a note and `` humming '' a different note simultaneously . For example , sustaining a middle C and humming a major 3rd `` E '' at the same time .", "Circular breathing : A technique wind players use to produce uninterrupted tone , without pauses for breaths . The player puffs up the cheeks , storing air , then breathes in rapidly through the nose while using the cheeks to continue pushing air outwards .", "One trumpet method publication of long - standing popularity is Jean - Baptiste Arban 's Complete Conservatory Method for Trumpet ( Cornet ) . Other well - known method books include Technical Studies by Herbert L. Clarke , Grand Method by Louis Saint - Jacome , Daily Drills and Technical Studies by Max Schlossberg , and methods by Ernest S. Williams , Claude Gordon , Charles Colin , James Stamp , and Louis Davidson . Vassily Brandt 's Orchestral Etudes and Last Etudes is used in many college and conservatory trumpet studios , containing drills on permutations of standard orchestral trumpet repertoire , transpositions , and other advanced material . A common method book for beginners is the Walter Beeler 's Method for the Cornet , and there have been several instruction books written by virtuoso Allen Vizzutti . Merri Franquin wrote a Complete Method for Modern Trumpet , which fell into obscurity for much of the twentieth century until public endorsements by Maurice André revived interest in this work .", "In early jazz , Louis Armstrong was well known for his virtuosity and his improvisations on the Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings . Miles Davis is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century -- his style was distinctive and widely imitated . Davis ' phrasing and sense of space in his solos have been models for generations of jazz musicians . Dizzy Gillespie was a gifted improviser with an extremely high ( but musical ) range , building on the style of Roy Eldridge but adding new layers of harmonic complexity . Gillespie had an enormous impact on virtually every subsequent trumpeter , both by the example of his playing and as a mentor to younger musicians . Maynard Ferguson came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton 's orchestra , before forming his own band in 1957 . He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register .", "Some other notable jazz / commercial trumpet players include James Morrison , Roy Eldridge , Nat Adderley , Bud Brisbois , Randy Brecker , Chet Baker , Clifford Brown , Chris Botti , Allan Botschinsky , Donald Byrd , Bill Chase , Doc Cheatham , Don Cherry , Kenny Dorham , Dave Douglas , Don Ellis , Ziggy Elman , Jon Faddis , Paolo Fresu , Thomas Gansch , Tim Hagans , Roy Hargrove , Tom Harrell , Erskine Hawkins , Al Hirt , Freddie Hubbard , Roger Ingram , Harry James , Ibrahim Maalouf , Chuck Mangione , Wynton Marsalis , Billy May , Blue Mitchell , Lee Morgan , Fats Navarro , Nicholas Payton , Louis Prima , Uan Rasey , Claudio Roditi , Wallace Roney , Arturo Sandoval , Manfred Schoof , Bobby Shew , Dale Turner , Doc Severinsen , Woody Shaw , Tomasz Stańko , Markus Stockhausen , Clark Terry , Wayne Bergeron , Allen Vizzutti , Cootie Williams , and Snooky Young .", "Notable classical trumpeters include Maurice André , Armando Ghitalla , Alison Balsom , Hakan Hardenberger , Tine Thing Helseth , Adolph `` Bud '' Herseth , Malcolm McNab , Rafael Méndez , Maurice Murphy , Sergei Nakariakov , Uan Rasey , Charles Schlueter , Philip Smith , William Vacchiano , Allen Vizzutti , and Roger Voisin .", "Notable natural trumpet players include Valentine Snow , for whom Handel wrote several pieces , and Gottfried Reiche , who was Bach 's chief trumpeter .", "The repertoire for the natural trumpet and cornetto is extensive . This music is commonly played on modern piccolo trumpets , although there are many highly proficient performers of the original instruments . This vast body of repertoire includes the music of Gabrieli , Monteverdi , Bach , Vivaldi , and countless other composers . Because the overtone series does not allow stepwise movement until the upper register , the tessitura for this repertoire is very high .", "Anton Weidinger developed in the 1790s the first successful keyed trumpet , capable of playing all the chromatic notes in its range . Joseph Haydn 's Trumpet Concerto was written for him in 1796 and startled contemporary audiences by its novelty , a fact shown off by some stepwise melodies played low in the instrument 's range .", "The Last Judgment ( workshop of Hieronymus Bosch ) ( nl ) , c. 1500 - 1510 Trumpet - Player in front of a Banquet , Gerrit Dou , c. 1660 - 1665 Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from Baby 's Own Aesop , a children 's edition of Aesop 's fables Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers , New Orleans Miles Davis statue in Kielce , Poland", "The Last Judgment ( workshop of Hieronymus Bosch ) ( nl ) , c. 1500 - 1510", "The Last Judgment ( workshop of Hieronymus Bosch ) ( nl ) , c. 1500 - 1510", "Trumpet - Player in front of a Banquet , Gerrit Dou , c. 1660 - 1665", "Trumpet - Player in front of a Banquet , Gerrit Dou , c. 1660 - 1665", "Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from Baby 's Own Aesop , a children 's edition of Aesop 's fables", "Illustration for The Trumpeter Taken Prisoner from Baby 's Own Aesop , a children 's edition of Aesop 's fables", "Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers , New Orleans", "Louis Armstrong statue in Algiers , New Orleans", "Miles Davis statue in Kielce , Poland", "Miles Davis statue in Kielce , Poland" ]

[ [ "Arya Stark" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Maisie Williams Williams at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Margaret Constance Williams ( 1997 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1997 ( age 20 ) Bristol , England , UK Education Norton Hill School Bath Dance College Occupation Actress Years active 2011 -- present", "Maisie Williams", "Williams at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con", "Margaret Constance Williams ( 1997 - 04 - 15 ) 15 April 1997 ( age 20 ) Bristol , England , UK", "Education Norton Hill School Bath Dance College", "Occupation Actress", "Years active 2011 -- present", "Margaret Constance `` Maisie '' Williams ( born 15 April 1997 ) is an English actress . She made her professional acting debut as Arya Stark of Winterfell in the HBO fantasy television series Game of Thrones in 2011 , for which she won the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama , the Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Television and Best Young Actor , and the Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor . In 2016 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series .", "Williams has also had a recurring role in Doctor Who as Ashildr in 2015 . In addition to television , she made her feature film debut in the mystery The Falling ( 2014 ) , for which she won the London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Young Performer of the Year .", "Williams was born in Bristol , UK . She has always been known as `` Maisie '' after the character from the comic strip The Perishers . Williams is the youngest of four children ; her three older siblings are James , Beth , and Ted . Born to Hilary Pitt ( now Frances ) , a former university course administrator , she grew up in Clutton , Somerset . She attended Clutton Primary School and Norton Hill School in Midsomer Norton , before moving to Bath Dance College to study Performing Arts .", "Since 2011 , Williams has played Arya Stark , a tomboyish young girl from a noble family , in the HBO fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones . Chosen from a pool of 300 actresses across England , Arya was Williams ' first role in any professional capacity . She has received critical acclaim for her performance in the series .", "Williams continued to garner praise for her performance in the show 's second season , and HBO submitted her for consideration in the Outstanding Supporting Actress category for the 2012 Primetime Emmy Awards , although she did not receive a nomination . She won the 2012 Portal Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Television , and the Portal Award for Best Young Actor . At 15 years of age , Williams was the youngest actress ever to win in the Best Supporting Actress category .", "In March 2013 , she was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress and , in November 2013 , won the BBC Radio 1 Teen Award for Best British Actor . To date , she has appeared in all seven broadcast seasons .", "In 2012 , Williams played Loren Caleigh in the BBC series The Secret of Crickley Hall and appeared in a Funny or Die skit titled The Olympic Ticket Scalper . She also appeared in the independent films Heatstroke ( 2012 ) and Gold ( 2013 ) , and the short films Corvidae ( 2013 ) and Up On The Roof ( 2013 ) .", "Williams also signed on to play Lorna Thompson in the sci - fi film We Are Monsters , which was set for a 2014 release .", "In 2014 , Williams portrayed Lydia in the British film The Falling , which premiered on 11 October 2014 , and was released on 24 April 2015 in the UK . In December , Williams was in talks with Naughty Dog to star as Ellie in the film adaptation of the video game The Last of Us .", "In January 2015 , Williams appeared in one - off Channel 4 docu - drama Cyberbully , and in February she received European recognition with a Shooting Stars Award at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival . In February 2015 , Williams played the leading role in the video clip of `` Oceans '' by British band Seafret . The theme of this clip is also bullying .", "On 30 March 2015 , the BBC announced that Williams would guest star in two episodes of Doctor Who ( `` The Girl Who Died '' and `` The Woman Who Lived '' ) . Williams later returned to the series in the first and third episodes of the three - part series finale , entitled `` Face the Raven '' and `` Hell Bent '' respectively .", "In 2018 , Williams is set to star as Wolfsbane in the superhero film New Mutants .", "Williams has been vocal about social issues like feminism . She once commented to Entertainment Weekly , `` I feel like we should stop calling feminists ' feminists ' and just start calling people who are n't feminist ' sexist ' -- and then everyone else is just human . You are either a normal person or a sexist . People get a label when they 're bad . Because it works the other way , as well . A lot of men have it hard too . ''", "Title Year Role Director Notes Ref ( s ) Olympic ! The Olympic Ticket Scalper 2012 Sue ! Scraggly Sue Corirossi ! Nick Corirossi Ingram ! Charles Ingram Short film Heatstroke 2012 O'Malley ! Jo O'Malley Purcell ! Evelyn Purcell Up on the Roof 2013 Trish Wazzi ! Nour Wazzi Short film ; Also executive producer Corvidae 2013 Jay Ville ! Tom de Ville Short film Gold 2014 Abbie Heery ! Niall Heery Falling ! The Falling 2015 Lamont ! Lydia Lamont Morley ! Carol Morley Book ! The Book of Love 2016 Millie Pearlman Purple ! Bill Purple iBoy 2017 Lucy Walker Randall ! Adam Randall Mary Shelley 2017 Baxter ! Isabel Baxter Mansour ! Haifaa al - Mansour Stealing Silver 2017 Leonie Lobatto ! Mark Lobatto Short film ; Post-production Early Man 2018 Goona Park ! Nick Park Voice ; In - production The New Mutants 2018 Rahne Sinclair / Wolfsbane Boone ! Josh Boone Post-production Departures 2018 Skye Hutchings ! Peter Hutchings Filming", "Title Year Role Director Notes Ref ( s )", "Olympic ! The Olympic Ticket Scalper 2012 Sue ! Scraggly Sue Corirossi ! Nick Corirossi Ingram ! Charles Ingram Short film", "Heatstroke 2012 O'Malley ! Jo O'Malley Purcell ! Evelyn Purcell", "Up on the Roof 2013 Trish Wazzi ! Nour Wazzi Short film ; Also executive producer", "Corvidae 2013 Jay Ville ! Tom de Ville Short film", "Gold 2014 Abbie Heery ! Niall Heery", "Falling ! The Falling 2015 Lamont ! Lydia Lamont Morley ! Carol Morley", "Book ! The Book of Love 2016 Millie Pearlman Purple ! Bill Purple", "iBoy 2017 Lucy Walker Randall ! Adam Randall", "Mary Shelley 2017 Baxter ! Isabel Baxter Mansour ! Haifaa al - Mansour", "Stealing Silver 2017 Leonie Lobatto ! Mark Lobatto Short film ; Post-production", "Early Man 2018 Goona Park ! Nick Park Voice ; In - production", "The New Mutants 2018 Rahne Sinclair / Wolfsbane Boone ! Josh Boone Post-production", "Departures 2018 Skye Hutchings ! Peter Hutchings Filming", "Key Denotes films that have not yet been released", "Denotes films that have not yet been released", "Title Year Role Network Notes Ref ( s ) Game of Thrones 2011 -- present Stark ! Arya Stark HBO Main role Secret ! The Secret of Crickley Hall 2012 Caleigh ! Loren Caleigh BBC One 3 episodes Robot Chicken 2014 Various voices Adult Swim 2 episodes Cyberbully 2015 Jacobs ! Casey Jacobs Channel 4 Television film Doctor Who 2015 Ashildr BBC One 4 episodes", "Title Year Role Network Notes Ref ( s )", "Game of Thrones 2011 -- present Stark ! Arya Stark HBO Main role", "Secret ! The Secret of Crickley Hall 2012 Caleigh ! Loren Caleigh BBC One 3 episodes", "Robot Chicken 2014 Various voices Adult Swim 2 episodes", "Cyberbully 2015 Jacobs ! Casey Jacobs Channel 4 Television film", "Doctor Who 2015 Ashildr BBC One 4 episodes", "`` Oceans '' -- Seafret ( 2015 ) `` Rest Your Love '' -- The Vamps ( 2015 ) `` Sing '' -- Pentatonix ( 2015 ) `` Sunday '' -- Gardna ( 2015 )", "`` Oceans '' -- Seafret ( 2015 )", "`` Rest Your Love '' -- The Vamps ( 2015 )", "`` Sing '' -- Pentatonix ( 2015 )", "`` Sunday '' -- Gardna ( 2015 )", "Forever Chuck -- Converse ( 2017 )", "Forever Chuck -- Converse ( 2017 )", "Year Award Work Result Ref . 2011 Portal Award Best Young Actor Game of Thrones Nominated Scream Award Best Ensemble Nominated 2012 SFX Awards Best Actress Nominated Portal Award Best Supporting Actress Won Best Young Actor Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated 2013 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress Nominated BBC Radio 1 Teen Award Best British Actress Won 2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Won 2015 SFX Awards Best Actress Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated Empire Award Empire Hero Award Won EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Nominated Berlin International Film Festival Shooting Stars Award Won Saturn Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won 2016 Shorty Award Favorite Actress Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Award Young British / Irish Performer Of The Year The Falling Won Evening Standard British Film Award Rising Star Won Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Saturn Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated 2017 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated", "Year Award Work Result Ref .", "2011 Portal Award Best Young Actor Game of Thrones Nominated", "Scream Award Best Ensemble Nominated", "2012 SFX Awards Best Actress Nominated", "Portal Award Best Supporting Actress Won", "Best Young Actor Won", "Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated", "Gold Derby TV Awards Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated", "2013 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actress Nominated", "BBC Radio 1 Teen Award Best British Actress Won", "2014 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated", "EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Won", "2015 SFX Awards Best Actress Nominated", "Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated", "Empire Award Empire Hero Award Won", "EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Nominated", "Berlin International Film Festival Shooting Stars Award Won", "Saturn Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won", "2016 Shorty Award Favorite Actress Nominated", "London Film Critics ' Circle Award Young British / Irish Performer Of The Year The Falling Won", "Evening Standard British Film Award Rising Star Won", "Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated", "Saturn Award Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Series Nominated", "Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated", "2017 Screen Actors Guild Award Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Nominated" ]

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[ "`` What Would You Do ? '' Single by City High from the album City High and Life soundtrack Released February 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 27 ) 24 September , 2001 ( UK ) Format CD5 , 12 '' Genre R&B , hip hop Length 3 : 32 ( Life ) 2 : 54 ( City High ) Label Interscope Rockland ( 1999 Life album ) Songwriter ( s ) Robby Pardlo , Ryan Toby , Calvin Broadus , Andre Young , Brian Bailey , Melvin Bradford , David Axelrod Producer ( s ) Wyclef Jean City High singles chronology `` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 ) `` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 ) Music video `` What Would You Do ? '' on YouTube", "`` What Would You Do ? ''", "Single by City High", "from the album City High and Life soundtrack", "Released February 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 27 ) 24 September , 2001 ( UK )", "February 27 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 27 )", "Format CD5 , 12 ''", "Genre R&B , hip hop", "Length 3 : 32 ( Life ) 2 : 54 ( City High )", "Label Interscope Rockland ( 1999 Life album )", "Songwriter ( s ) Robby Pardlo , Ryan Toby , Calvin Broadus , Andre Young , Brian Bailey , Melvin Bradford , David Axelrod", "Producer ( s ) Wyclef Jean", "City High singles chronology", "`` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 )", "`` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 )", "`` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 )", "`` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 )", "`` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 )", "`` What Would You Do ? '' ( 2001 ) `` Caramel '' ( 2001 )", "Music video", "`` What Would You Do ? '' on YouTube", "`` What Would You Do ? '' is a song recorded by American R&B / hip hop trio City High . It was released in February 2001 as the lead single from their self - titled debut album . The track was originally included on the 1999 soundtrack of the film Life , starring Eddie Murphy and Martin Lawrence . It is the group 's most successful single to date , peaking at number 8 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , number one on Billboard Hot Rap Singles , number 13 on Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks and number three in the United Kingdom . The version of the song on their debut album differs from that included on the Life soundtrack as it features a sample of Dr. Dre 's hit song , `` The Next Episode '' . The Life soundtrack version of the song does not contain the Dr. Dre sample .", "The song , along with the accompanying music video , is a motivational anthem for single parents dealing with poverty and especially for single mothers who feel forced into prostitution due to the need to support their children .", "Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 58 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 87 Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 19 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 14 France ( SNEP ) 77 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks 13 US Billboard Hot Rap Singles US Billboard Mainstream Top 40", "Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position", "Australia ( ARIA )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 58", "Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14", "Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) 87", "Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 19", "Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 14", "France ( SNEP ) 77", "Germany ( Official German Charts ) 24", "Ireland ( IRMA )", "Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20", "Norway ( VG - lista )", "Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7", "UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company )", "US Billboard Hot 100 8", "US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks 13", "US Billboard Hot Rap Singles", "US Billboard Mainstream Top 40" ]

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[ "The tongue map or taste map is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes . It is illustrated with a schematic map of the tongue , with certain parts of the tongue labeled for each taste . Although widely taught in schools , this was scientifically disproven by later research ; all taste sensations come from all regions of the tongue , although different parts are more sensitive to certain tastes .", "The theory behind this map originated from a paper written by Harvard psychologist D.P Hanig , which was a translation of a German paper , Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes , which was written in 1901 . The unclear representation of data in the former paper suggested that each part of the tongue tastes exactly one basic taste .", "The paper showed minute differences in threshold detection levels across the tongue , but these differences were later taken out of context and the minute difference in threshold sensitivity was misconstrued in textbooks as a difference in sensation .", "While some parts of the tongue may be able to detect a taste before the others do , all parts are equally capable of conveying the qualia of all tastes . Threshold sensitivity may differ across the tongue , but intensity of sensation does not .", "The same paper included a taste bud distribution diagram that showed a `` taste belt '' .", "In 1974 , Virginia Collings investigated the topic again , and confirmed that all the tastes exist on all parts of the tongue .", "The misinterpreted 1901 diagram in the article that sparked this myth shows human taste buds distributed in a `` taste belt '' along the outside of the tongue .", "Prior to this , A. Hoffmann had concluded , in 1875 , that the dorsal center of the human tongue has practically no fungiform papillae and taste buds , and it was this finding that the diagram describes ." ]

[ [ "John Williams", "Patrick Doyle", "Nicholas Hooper", "Alexandre Desplat", "Jarvis Cocker", "The Ordinary Boys", "Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds", "Jeremy Soule", "James Hannigan" ] ]

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[ "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The music of the Harry Potter film series was recorded and released in conjunction with the post-production and releases of each of the eight corresponding films . The scores were composed by John Williams , Patrick Doyle , Nicholas Hooper , and Alexandre Desplat . Musicians credited with writing source music include Jarvis Cocker , The Ordinary Boys and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds . Jeremy Soule and James Hannigan wrote the music for the Harry Potter video games .", "Year Title Composer Conductor Orchestrator Orchestra Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone John Williams John Williams Conrad Pope Eddie Karam Unknown 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets John Williams William Ross Conrad Pope Eddie Karam London Symphony Orchestra Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban John Williams John Williams Conrad Pope Eddie Karam Unknown 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Patrick Doyle James Shearman Lawrence Ashmore John Bell Nicole Nevin Brad Dechter London Symphony Orchestra 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Nicholas Hooper Alastair King Geoff Alexander Julian Kershaw Bradely Miles Simon Whiteside Chamber Orchestra of London 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Nicholas Hooper Nicholas Hooper Alastair King Alastair King Jeff Atmajian Geoff Alexander Simon Whiteside Daryl Griffith Chamber Orchestra of London Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat Conrad Pope Nan Schwartz Clifford Tasner Jean - Pascal Beintus London Symphony Orchestra 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat Conrad Pope Clifford Tasner Jean - Pascal Beintus Bill Newlin London Symphony Orchestra", "Year Title Composer Conductor Orchestrator Orchestra", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone John Williams John Williams Conrad Pope Eddie Karam Unknown", "2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets John Williams William Ross Conrad Pope Eddie Karam London Symphony Orchestra", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban John Williams John Williams Conrad Pope Eddie Karam Unknown", "2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Patrick Doyle James Shearman Lawrence Ashmore John Bell Nicole Nevin Brad Dechter London Symphony Orchestra", "2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Nicholas Hooper Alastair King Geoff Alexander Julian Kershaw Bradely Miles Simon Whiteside Chamber Orchestra of London", "2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Nicholas Hooper Nicholas Hooper Alastair King Alastair King Jeff Atmajian Geoff Alexander Simon Whiteside Daryl Griffith Chamber Orchestra of London", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat Conrad Pope Nan Schwartz Clifford Tasner Jean - Pascal Beintus London Symphony Orchestra", "2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat Conrad Pope Clifford Tasner Jean - Pascal Beintus Bill Newlin London Symphony Orchestra", "Throughout the series , each composer created themes for particular characters , items , locations , and ideas .", "Theme Description Scores heard in Hedwig 's Theme The dominant theme closely identified with and used in all of the Harry Potter films . Though titled `` Hedwig 's Theme '' , it does n't always specifically represent Hedwig , but rather the wider idea of magic and the Wizarding World . Its concert suite is frequently performed by musicians and ensembles . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , The Prisoner of Azkaban , The Goblet of Fire , The Order of the Phoenix , The Half - Blood Prince , The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Family Portrait Represents Harry 's parents and his new family in Hogwarts . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Tracked ) Harry 's Wondrous World Associated with Harry and his friendships with Ron and Hermione . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Tracked ) Nimbus 2000 Associated with the Nimbus 2000 , flying , and mischief . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , and The Prisoner of Azkaban Voldemort 's Theme A two - part theme associated with the main antagonist , Lord Voldemort The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Philosopher 's Stone Associated with the Philosopher 's Stone and used to represent Voldemort in The Chamber of Secrets . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Diagon Alley Represents Diagon Alley as a setting . The Philosopher 's Stone ( album only ) and The Chamber of Secrets Hogwarts Forever A thematic representation of Hogwarts The Philosopher 's Stone Quidditch Fanfare Represents the commencement of the quidditch matches . The Philosopher 's Stone Christmas at Hogwarts Associated with the arrival of winter and Christmas . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets The Dark Forest Represents the Dark Forest as a setting . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets The Flying Keys Represents flying magical objects and creatures such as the flying keys in the first movie or Cornish Pixies and bludger in the second movie . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets The Banquet Fanfare Music used during banquet scenes . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets The Great Hall Fanfare Theme associated with the discovery of the amazing wizarding world . Used for the discoveries of Diagon Alley ( in the movie ) , Hogwarts and the Great Hall ( and during the sorting of Hermione ) . The Philosopher 's Stone Ron Weasley 's Motif Cute little theme used to represents the lightness of Ron . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Weasley 's Family Comical theme heard during family scenes , notably the train station scenes . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Comical Theme Used for Hagrid 's dragon and Ron 's eat slugs curse . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Revelation Theme Used with the first appearance of the chess board and the chamber of secrets or when Filch and Snape discover that someone was in the restricted library in the first movie . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Mysterious `` something 's coming '' Theme Heard with the first appearance of Dumbledore out of the mist , and the approche of flying car . Also used when Harry , Ron and Hermione visit Hagrid in the middle of the night . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Dursley 's Theme Comical theme associated with the Dursleys . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Ghosts ' Motif Music heard when the ghosts appear . Also used with the Moaning Myrtle 's theme . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Invisibility Cloak Theme Associated with the cloak and during its use in both films . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets Fluffy 's Harp Music played by the harp in the first film . The Philosopher 's Stone", "Theme Description Scores heard in", "Hedwig 's Theme The dominant theme closely identified with and used in all of the Harry Potter films . Though titled `` Hedwig 's Theme '' , it does n't always specifically represent Hedwig , but rather the wider idea of magic and the Wizarding World . Its concert suite is frequently performed by musicians and ensembles . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , The Prisoner of Azkaban , The Goblet of Fire , The Order of the Phoenix , The Half - Blood Prince , The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Family Portrait Represents Harry 's parents and his new family in Hogwarts . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Tracked )", "Harry 's Wondrous World Associated with Harry and his friendships with Ron and Hermione . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Tracked )", "Nimbus 2000 Associated with the Nimbus 2000 , flying , and mischief . The Philosopher 's Stone , The Chamber of Secrets , and The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Voldemort 's Theme A two - part theme associated with the main antagonist , Lord Voldemort The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Philosopher 's Stone Associated with the Philosopher 's Stone and used to represent Voldemort in The Chamber of Secrets . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Diagon Alley Represents Diagon Alley as a setting . The Philosopher 's Stone ( album only ) and The Chamber of Secrets", "Hogwarts Forever A thematic representation of Hogwarts The Philosopher 's Stone", "Quidditch Fanfare Represents the commencement of the quidditch matches . The Philosopher 's Stone", "Christmas at Hogwarts Associated with the arrival of winter and Christmas . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "The Dark Forest Represents the Dark Forest as a setting . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "The Flying Keys Represents flying magical objects and creatures such as the flying keys in the first movie or Cornish Pixies and bludger in the second movie . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "The Banquet Fanfare Music used during banquet scenes . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "The Great Hall Fanfare Theme associated with the discovery of the amazing wizarding world . Used for the discoveries of Diagon Alley ( in the movie ) , Hogwarts and the Great Hall ( and during the sorting of Hermione ) . The Philosopher 's Stone", "Ron Weasley 's Motif Cute little theme used to represents the lightness of Ron . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Weasley 's Family Comical theme heard during family scenes , notably the train station scenes . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Comical Theme Used for Hagrid 's dragon and Ron 's eat slugs curse . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Revelation Theme Used with the first appearance of the chess board and the chamber of secrets or when Filch and Snape discover that someone was in the restricted library in the first movie . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Mysterious `` something 's coming '' Theme Heard with the first appearance of Dumbledore out of the mist , and the approche of flying car . Also used when Harry , Ron and Hermione visit Hagrid in the middle of the night . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Dursley 's Theme Comical theme associated with the Dursleys . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Ghosts ' Motif Music heard when the ghosts appear . Also used with the Moaning Myrtle 's theme . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Invisibility Cloak Theme Associated with the cloak and during its use in both films . The Philosopher 's Stone and The Chamber of Secrets", "Fluffy 's Harp Music played by the harp in the first film . The Philosopher 's Stone", "Theme Description Scores Heard in Fawkes the Phoenix Associated with Dumbledore 's pet Phoenix . The Chamber of Secrets Gilderoy Lockhart Represents the aforementioned professor . The Chamber of Secrets Dobby 's Theme Represents Dobby the House Elf . The Chamber of Secrets The Chamber of Secrets Associated with the Chamber of Secrets as a setting . The Chamber of Secrets Moaning Myrtle Associated with Moaning Myrtle . The Chamber of Secrets The Flying Car Represents the enchanted car used by the protagonists . The Chamber of Secrets Spider 's Theme Eight notes theme ( one for each leg ) associated with Aragog 's spiders . The Chamber of Secrets Lucius Malfoy 's Theme Conspiracy theme associated with Malfoy . It is based on a similar theme heard in Star Wars : Attack of the Clones . The Chamber of Secrets", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "Fawkes the Phoenix Associated with Dumbledore 's pet Phoenix . The Chamber of Secrets", "Gilderoy Lockhart Represents the aforementioned professor . The Chamber of Secrets", "Dobby 's Theme Represents Dobby the House Elf . The Chamber of Secrets", "The Chamber of Secrets Associated with the Chamber of Secrets as a setting . The Chamber of Secrets", "Moaning Myrtle Associated with Moaning Myrtle . The Chamber of Secrets", "The Flying Car Represents the enchanted car used by the protagonists . The Chamber of Secrets", "Spider 's Theme Eight notes theme ( one for each leg ) associated with Aragog 's spiders . The Chamber of Secrets", "Lucius Malfoy 's Theme Conspiracy theme associated with Malfoy . It is based on a similar theme heard in Star Wars : Attack of the Clones . The Chamber of Secrets", "Theme Description Scores Heard in Double Trouble Works as the main thematic identity for the third score , also used in a source cue . The Prisoner of Azkaban A Window to the Past Associated with characters that have connections to Harry 's parents . The Prisoner of Azkaban Buckbeak 's Flight Represents Buckbeak while flying . The Prisoner of Azkaban Quidditch Motif Secondary theme used to represent Quidditch . The Prisoner of Azkaban and The Half - Blood Prince Patronus Theme Associated with the Patronus Charm . The Prisoner of Azkaban Dark Omen Motif Associated with Sirius Black in animal form . The Prisoner of Azkaban Peter Pettigrew 's Theme Represents Peter Pettigrew . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "Double Trouble Works as the main thematic identity for the third score , also used in a source cue . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "A Window to the Past Associated with characters that have connections to Harry 's parents . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Buckbeak 's Flight Represents Buckbeak while flying . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Quidditch Motif Secondary theme used to represent Quidditch . The Prisoner of Azkaban and The Half - Blood Prince", "Patronus Theme Associated with the Patronus Charm . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Dark Omen Motif Associated with Sirius Black in animal form . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Peter Pettigrew 's Theme Represents Peter Pettigrew . The Prisoner of Azkaban", "Theme Description Scores Heard in Voldemort 's Theme New thematic identity for Lord Voldemort . The Goblet of Fire Harry 's Theme New thematic identity for Harry . Its concert suite is entitled `` Harry in Winter '' . The Goblet of Fire Hogwarts ' Hymn New thematic identity for Hogwarts . The Goblet of Fire", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "Voldemort 's Theme New thematic identity for Lord Voldemort . The Goblet of Fire", "Harry 's Theme New thematic identity for Harry . Its concert suite is entitled `` Harry in Winter '' . The Goblet of Fire", "Hogwarts ' Hymn New thematic identity for Hogwarts . The Goblet of Fire", "Theme Description Scores Heard in Professor Umbridge Represents Hogwarts Professor Dolores Umbridge . The Order of the Phoenix Possession Associated with Voldemort and his attempt to possess Harry . The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince Fireworks Associated with the antics of Fred and George Weasley . The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince Dumbledore 's Army Represents Dumbledore 's Army and the bonding of friends . The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince ( tracked ) Ministry of Magic Represents the Ministry of Magic . The Order of the Phoenix", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "Professor Umbridge Represents Hogwarts Professor Dolores Umbridge . The Order of the Phoenix", "Possession Associated with Voldemort and his attempt to possess Harry . The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince", "Fireworks Associated with the antics of Fred and George Weasley . The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince", "Dumbledore 's Army Represents Dumbledore 's Army and the bonding of friends . The Order of the Phoenix and The Half - Blood Prince ( tracked )", "Ministry of Magic Represents the Ministry of Magic . The Order of the Phoenix", "Theme Description Scores Heard in In Noctem Represents Albus Dumbledore . The Half - Blood Prince Death Eater Theme Rhythmic ostinato for Voldemort 's Death Eaters . The Half - Blood Prince Malfoy 's Theme Represents Draco Malfoy and his mission . The Half - Blood Prince Slughorn 's Theme Associated with Professor Slughorn . The Half - Blood Prince Harry and Hermione Represents Harry 's friendship with Hermione . The Half - Blood Prince Dumbledore 's Farewell Associated with the deaths of Sirius Black and Albus Dumbledore . The Half - Blood Prince and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( tracked )", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "In Noctem Represents Albus Dumbledore . The Half - Blood Prince", "Death Eater Theme Rhythmic ostinato for Voldemort 's Death Eaters . The Half - Blood Prince", "Malfoy 's Theme Represents Draco Malfoy and his mission . The Half - Blood Prince", "Slughorn 's Theme Associated with Professor Slughorn . The Half - Blood Prince", "Harry and Hermione Represents Harry 's friendship with Hermione . The Half - Blood Prince", "Dumbledore 's Farewell Associated with the deaths of Sirius Black and Albus Dumbledore . The Half - Blood Prince and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( tracked )", "Theme Description Scores Heard in Obliviate Represents the loss of innocence of Harry , Ron , and Hermione . Main identity for the movie . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Band of Brothers Theme ( Friends Theme ) In The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , it represents the Order of the Phoenix . In The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the theme is associated specifically with Neville . Also used as a theme for Ginny and Harry . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Voldemort 's Theme New thematic identity for Lord Voldemort . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Death Eaters Ostinato motif representing the Death Eaters . Often played in counterpoint with Voldemort 's theme . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Dumbledore Theme New thematic identity for Dumbledore and his family . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Tracked ) Horcruxes Theme Associated with Voldemort 's horcruxes . This theme is first used for the locket in Part 1 . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Ron 's Theme or Love Theme Theme associated with Ron and obviously as a love theme for him and Hermione . It can be heard in Ron Leaves , Ron 's Speech and at the end of Hermione 's Parents when Ron returns in Part 1 . It is reused in Part 2 during the kiss and when Hermione and Ron search for Harry during the battle ( not used ) . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Hermione 's Theme Sweet Theme associated with Hermione . This theme can be heard prominently in the first part of Hermione 's Parents and at the end of The Dumbledores . It is used again during the torture scene with Bellatrix . In the Demos of the soundtrack this theme can also be heard in the track Traveling Montage when Harry and Hermione disappear after the departure of Ron ( but this track is not in the final soundtrack or movie ) . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Deathly Hallows Represents the Deathly Hallows as objects . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Dobby 's Theme New thematic identity for Dobby . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Lovegood 's Theme Represents Xenophilius Lovegood , and is often in counterpoint with the `` Deathly Hallows '' theme . It is Only heard in the credits . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "Obliviate Represents the loss of innocence of Harry , Ron , and Hermione . Main identity for the movie . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Band of Brothers Theme ( Friends Theme ) In The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 , it represents the Order of the Phoenix . In The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the theme is associated specifically with Neville . Also used as a theme for Ginny and Harry . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Voldemort 's Theme New thematic identity for Lord Voldemort . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1", "Death Eaters Ostinato motif representing the Death Eaters . Often played in counterpoint with Voldemort 's theme . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1", "Dumbledore Theme New thematic identity for Dumbledore and his family . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( Tracked )", "Horcruxes Theme Associated with Voldemort 's horcruxes . This theme is first used for the locket in Part 1 . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Ron 's Theme or Love Theme Theme associated with Ron and obviously as a love theme for him and Hermione . It can be heard in Ron Leaves , Ron 's Speech and at the end of Hermione 's Parents when Ron returns in Part 1 . It is reused in Part 2 during the kiss and when Hermione and Ron search for Harry during the battle ( not used ) . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Hermione 's Theme Sweet Theme associated with Hermione . This theme can be heard prominently in the first part of Hermione 's Parents and at the end of The Dumbledores . It is used again during the torture scene with Bellatrix . In the Demos of the soundtrack this theme can also be heard in the track Traveling Montage when Harry and Hermione disappear after the departure of Ron ( but this track is not in the final soundtrack or movie ) . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1", "Deathly Hallows Represents the Deathly Hallows as objects . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Dobby 's Theme New thematic identity for Dobby . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1", "Lovegood 's Theme Represents Xenophilius Lovegood , and is often in counterpoint with the `` Deathly Hallows '' theme . It is Only heard in the credits . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1", "Theme Description Scores Heard in Lily 's Theme Associated with the memory of Harry 's mother . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Statues Represents the Battle of Hogwarts . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Battlefield Secondary theme for the Battle of Hogwarts . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Severus and Lily Represents Snape 's love for Harry 's mother . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Resurrection Theme Represents the Resurrection Stone and life . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Theme Description Scores Heard in", "Lily 's Theme Associated with the memory of Harry 's mother . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Statues Represents the Battle of Hogwarts . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Battlefield Secondary theme for the Battle of Hogwarts . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Severus and Lily Represents Snape 's love for Harry 's mother . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2", "Resurrection Theme Represents the Resurrection Stone and life . The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2" ]

[ [ "thirty-mile zone" ] ]

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[ "TMZ Type of site Celebrity Available in English Headquarters 13031 West Jefferson Boulevard . in Los Angeles , California Owner Time Warner ( sale to AT&T pending ) Created by Harvey Levin Jim Paratore Editor Harvey Levin Slogan ( s ) Celebrity Gossip . Entertainment News . Celebrity News . Website www.tmz.com Alexa rank 1035 Commercial Yes Registration Optional Launched November 8 , 2005 ; 11 years ago ( 2005 - 11 - 08 ) Current status Active", "Type of site Celebrity", "Available in English", "Headquarters 13031 West Jefferson Boulevard . in Los Angeles , California", "Owner Time Warner ( sale to AT&T pending )", "Time Warner ( sale to AT&T pending )", "( sale to AT&T pending )", "Created by Harvey Levin Jim Paratore", "Harvey Levin Jim Paratore", "Editor Harvey Levin", "Slogan ( s ) Celebrity Gossip . Entertainment News . Celebrity News .", "Website www.tmz.com", "Alexa rank 1035", "Commercial Yes", "Registration Optional", "Launched November 8 , 2005 ; 11 years ago ( 2005 - 11 - 08 )", "Current status Active", "TMZ is a celebrity news website that debuted on November 8 , 2005 . It was a collaboration between AOL and Telepictures Productions , a division of Warner Bros. , until Time Warner divested AOL in 2009 . The name TMZ stands for thirty - mile zone , the historic `` studio zone '' within a 30 - mile ( 50 km ) radius centered at the intersection of West Beverly Boulevard and North La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles , California .", "TMZ 's managing editor is Harvey Levin , a lawyer - turned - journalist who was previously a legal expert for the Los Angeles television station KCBS - TV . The site claims that it does not pay for stories or interviews ; however , Levin has admitted that TMZ does `` sometimes pay sources for leads on stories '' . Levin has stated that `` everything is researched and vetted for accuracy . '' A companion television series , TMZ on TV , debuted on September 10 , 2007 .", "Seven months prior to the official launch of TMZ , America Online ( AOL ) had hinted that it was planning to launch a Hollywood and entertainment - centric news site that would be produced in conjunction with Telepictures Productions and had shown interest in launching a website featuring a focus mainly on celebrities . At the time of the launch , AOL confirmed that the site would primarily feature and consist of Hollywood gossip , including interviews , photos and video footage of celebrities and information pertaining to industry news on movies , television shows , etc . The site was described as `` an effort to further feed the current American obsession with celebrities '' . Mike Shields of MediaWeek.com wrote , `` the site also boasts of an expansive collection of archived star photos and videos '' , allowing fans to `` trace changing hairlines and waistlines of their favorites performers over the years '' .", "Since 2005 , TMZ has signed Revlon , Chrysler , Hilton Hotels and New Line Cinema as charter advertisers to their website . The New York Times cited TMZ as `` one of the most successful online ventures of the last few years . '' In October 2008 , the New York Times reported that TMZ , at the time , was receiving more than 10 million viewers every month . Alexa.com ranked TMZ as the five - hundred - fifth most trafficked website worldwide and as the one hundred - fifty - fifth most trafficked website in the United States .", "Levin has acknowledged that TMZ has passed on multiple notable coverage because he felt that , while the stories are true , he questioned how the sources obtained their information . Levin has acknowledged that TMZ pays sources , but in the form of a `` tip fee '' . Levin stated that TMZ pays for photos and for ' tips ' and or leads on stories , and defended TMZ 's position by stating that the sources and tips are verified before being used and or reported .", "In November 2009 , TMZ 's revenue was publicly disclosed for the first time . Telepictures ( which TMZ is operated by ) stated : `` Subject to certain performance adjustments and the reimbursement of expenses , revenues are split evenly between the parties ( ... ) Telepictures received payments of US $ 6.2 million for the nine months ended September 30 , 2009 , and US $ 12.7 million , US $ 9.6 million and US $ 3.0 million in 2008 , 2007 and 2006 , respectively . '' Based on released figures , TMZ 's revenues for 2008 was US $ 25.4 million and is projected to have less revenue in the 2009 year with the revenue of $12.4 million in first three quarters of the year -- unlike the previous year , which was within the US $ 15 million range .", "On May 29 , 2012 , co-founder Jim Paratore died of a heart attack during a cycling trip in France . Paratore was known for his work in television production , producing several daytime and syndicated programs , particularly while serving as an executive at Telepictures ( which co-produces the website 's companion syndicated television series ) .", "On July 28 , 2006 , TMZ was the first to report that actor Mel Gibson had been arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol . Along with releasing the story , TMZ also reported `` exclusive details '' about the case shortly after . In the report TMZ posted , it contained his transport to the station and time in custody , and quoted an `` anonymous law enforcement source '' , and published four pages of a handwritten arrest report , via a PDF file . TMZ claimed the documents they posted were part of the original eight - page report which was written by the arresting officer , before the officer was allegedly instructed , by his superiors , to omit the inflammatory details about Gibson 's alleged anti-Jewish comments and behavior .", "On November 7 , 2006 , TMZ was the first to report that pop - singer Britney Spears had filed a petition for divorce from then - husband Kevin Federline .", "On May 3 , 2007 , TMZ was the first to break the story , and exclusively obtain documents , stating that socialite Paris Hilton would be sentenced to 45 days in jail as her sentencing for driving with a suspended license after losing her license from driving under the influence of alcohol four months prior .", "On February 22 , 2009 , TMZ released what has been identified as a police evidence photo of pop - singer Rihanna after she was assaulted by now ex-partner Chris Brown . Shortly after the photo 's release , Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) announced that it was investigating the leak and ' possible sale of the photo of Rihanna with a bruised and battered face after TMZ published them because the photo had been considered evidence . TMZ has claimed it obtained the photo legally but has not said how it came into possession of the photo . On February 24 , 2009 , TMZ was the first to break the story that , out of the US $ 1.6 billion Chicago 's Northern Trust Bank received in federal bailout money , recipients of the money subsequently spent non-TARP dollars entertaining clients in Los Angeles at the House of Blues venue that featured performances by Chicago , Earth Wind and Fire , and Sheryl Crow and gift bags from Tiffany & Co . Shortly after TMZ published the story , United States Congressman Barney Frank demanded that Northern Trust repay the money it received in the bailout . Northern Trust CEO Frederick Waddell sent a letter to members of the House Financial Services Committee , stating that the bank will repay the money `` as quickly as prudently possible . ''", "TMZ was the first to break the report of the death of Michael Jackson on June 25 , 2009 . The report was treated with caution by mainstream media sources at the time , despite being cited on rolling news channels . TMZ 's scoop beat the major broadcast and cable news outlets by almost 3 hours , until CNN finally confirmed the story as well . Part of this delay was later explained as the other outlets ' `` stricter confirmation standards , '' but Levin claimed , during an interview with Huffington Post , that TMZ , at the time of posting the subject , verified the story and sources . `` Well , before it was officially announced . We really knew this significantly before even what was going on , but this was , you know , crossing every t . We were positive when we put it up . We put it up when we were 100 % positive . '' TMZ was also the first to receive the coroner 's report of the singer on February 8 , 2010 , proving Propofol dosage and negligence killed the pop legend .", "TMZ was the first news outlet to break the news of the death of Brittany Murphy on December 20 , 2009 .", "TMZ was the first to release a videotaped recording of a deposition of Justin Bieber regarding Bieber 's bodyguard who allegedly attacked a photographer and threatened the photographer with a gun This deposition video , released in a series of shorter clips on March 10 , 2014 , labels the singer as , according to TMZ , `` arrogant , '' `` contentious , '' and `` disrespectful . '' Each video in the series gained over one million views respectively and , when compiled by a third party , the YouTube video of the deposition generated almost six million views .", "TMZ was the first to report on Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling 's private conversation with his girlfriend V. Stiviano on April 25 , 2014 , in which Sterling allegedly had a problem with her associating with African - Americans , and telling her not to bring them in to Clippers ' games . Four days later , the NBA banned Sterling for life and fined him US $ 2.5 million .", "TMZ was the first to break the story on May 8 , 2014 , that a Wyclef Jean music video `` April Showers '' was banned by YouTube for a copyright infringement claim that the recreation of a controversial autopsy photo of rapper Tupac Shakur 's body in the video was similar to a photo released in author Cathy Scott 's book The Killing of Tupac Shakur . The next day , TMZ broke a second story that the video director , Hezues R ' , and Scott had settled the matter and agreed that Hezues R ' would include a screen credit to the book at the end of the video .", "On May 12 , 2014 , TMZ acquired security camera footage and was first to break the story of Solange Knowles physically assaulting sister Beyoncé 's husband , rapper Jay - Z , in an elevator at The Standard , High Line in Manhattan , following the 2014 Met Gala . The employee who sold the footage to TMZ ( after being auctioned for five days to the highest bidder , and reportedly sold for $250,000 to TMZ ) was later fired by The Standard , High Line for breaching security policies of the hotel .", "TMZ was the first to release snippets from the controversial Lady Gaga music video `` Do What U Want '' , which notably featured R. Kelly and Terry Richardson , both of whom had previously been accused of sexual assault .", "On September 9 , 2014 , TMZ posted a video appearing to show Ray Rice punching his fiancee in an Atlantic City elevator . Rice was released by the Baltimore Ravens and suspended indefinitely by the NFL .", "On April 21 , 2016 , TMZ was the first media outlet to break the news about Prince 's death .", "On September 20 , 2016 , TMZ was the first to announce the breakup of celebrity supercouple Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie , also known as `` Brangelina '' .", "On June 20 , 2007 , a court - appointed bankruptcy trustee filed an emergency motion requesting that the TMZ website be held in contempt for its publication of the entire manuscript of If I Did It , O.J. Simpson 's purportedly fictionalized account of the murder of Ron Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson .", "The filing claimed TMZ 's posting of the PDF of the entire book has `` diminished or destroyed '' the value , which the Goldman family eventually published as Simpson 's confession to the murders .", "While actor Woody Harrelson was at New York City 's La Guardia Airport , he had an altercation with a photographer for TMZ . Harrelson defended himself stating that he 'd at the time just finished filming his scenes from the horror film , that consists mainly of zombies , Zombieland , and that he was `` startled '' by the TMZ photographer . `` I wrapped a movie called Zombieland , in which I was constantly under assault by zombies , then flew to New York , still very much in character ... With my daughter at the airport I was startled by a paparazzo , who I quite understandably mistook for a zombie . ''", "On December 24 , 2010 , the gossip blog `` Oh No They Did n't '' reported that TMZ began blocking traffic from the UK , displaying the message : `` Due to laws within your region , you are unable to view this website . '' Asked for further comment , TMZ responded that the blocking was due to `` legal restrictions '' . The UK website `` Popbitch Board '' noted on December 31 , 2010 that it is possible to get around the block by accessing the website through the Google Translate website . As of January 7 , 2011 , TMZ is accessible in the UK .", "TMZ Live is a live - chat program from TMZ that features Levin and fellow TMZ executive producer Charles Latibeaudiere , and occasionally assignment manager Mike Walters , editor Kelly Berning and / or clip clearance producer Dax Holt filling in for one or both hosts . Other TMZ staffers ( mainly those who regularly appear on TMZ on TV ) also appear on the broadcast as contributors to provide additional outline of the story as well as to provide opinion . The live webcast takes place at the TMZ offices in Los Angeles , and is broadcast on TMZ.com Monday through Fridays from approximately 1 : 30 to 3 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( the length varies depending on the featured segments ) .", "The TMZ Live television and Internet programs review stories that TMZ is covering on the website , and at times , features live interviews ( most of which are conducted through webcam conferencing ) as well as viewer opinions via Twitter , telephone and video chat ( including Skype ) . In addition , the program features regular segments towards the end of each edition : `` Viewer 's Choice '' ( aired as the penultimate segment ) featuring viewer questions or comments about stories featured in the broadcast , with additional commentary or analysis by the hosts ; `` Hate Mail , '' featured on the Wednesday edition of the webcast ( the Thursday edition on the television broadcast ) , in which negative emails and letters sent by viewers ( some of which feature potshots at Levin or Latibeaudiere ) are read by the hosts ; `` Tim 's Rejects , '' featured on the Thursday edition of the webcast ( the Friday edition on the television broadcast ) , in which staffer Tim Nowak presents three offbeat news stories ( that are not entertainment or sports - related ) which are critiqued by the hosts ; and `` The Loser 's Circle , '' featured on the Friday edition of the webcast ( the Monday edition on the television broadcast ) since February 2015 , in which Levin , Latibeaudiere and TMZ on TV executive producer Evan Rosenblum judge a clip from a TMZ videographer that was originally rejected from being posted on TMZ.com by Levin or broadcast on TMZ on TV by post-production supervisor Chad Weiser following its initial pitch . `` Tim 's Rejects '' and `` Hate Mail '' were previously aired as the last segment of their respective editions until April 2015 , when they were shifted to the block preceding that occupied by the `` Viewer 's Choice '' segment ( at which point , all three segments as well as `` The Loser 's Circle '' began to be followed by a story segment ) .", "In March 2012 , Fox Television Stations tested a syndicated broadcast of TMZ Live ( which is an hour - long edited version of the live webcast that is broadcast on a one - day delay from its original tape date , with segments aired in a different order , mainly due to live interviews that require the segment to be shown out of order on the webcast for varied reasons ) on its television stations in Los Angeles and Phoenix . In June 2012 , SiriusXM Radio announced that the show would be aired daily on its Sirius XM Stars channel . In October of that year , the television show was expanded to seven markets , adding Boston , Chicago , Dallas , Detroit and Minneapolis . On September 9 , 2013 , TMZ Live began airing on all 18 Fox owned - and - operated stations . The program began to be syndicated to stations outside of the Fox Television Stations group in the spring of 2014 .", "On September 10 , 2007 , TMZ launched an accompanying television series , TMZ on TV . The syndicated television program airs Monday through Fridays .", "In the United States , the show airs in various timeslots on stations of varying network affiliation ( primarily on Fox stations ) , mainly either in early primetime or after late local newscasts , with an hour - long ' best - of ' program compiling select stories from the weekday broadcasts airing on weekends . The show covers stories similar to those found on the website and TMZ Live , with the main difference being that TMZ on TV largely delivers its stories in a humorous manner whereas a mix of humorous and serious news stories appear on the website and companion web / television series . TMZ offers viewers the option of being able to view the two most recent episodes of the program on TMZ.com after the episode 's original airdate ( being available for viewing for two days after the broadcast on weekdays and three days after the original broadcast on weekends ) . Chris Persell , of TVWeek.com , stated that the show is a `` complement ( to ) the website , with news updates added to later airings of the show '' . Levin and Jim Paratore served as executive producers to the show , and the on - air cast originally included Teresa Strasser , John Fugelsang , Ben Mankiewicz and Michael Hundgen . David Bianculli of The New York Daily News strongly criticized the television show , its topics , and what he sees as its reporters ' tactics and lack of professionalism .", "Dax Chat is a live chat program on Ustream hosted by TMZ clip clearance producer Dax Holt . In the broadcasts , Holt talks to `` Chizzlers '' about celebrity gossip and articles that have been posted on the TMZ website .", "As early as 2009 , Levin was rumored to be interested in creating a TMZ branded sports site . The site was initially expected to launch in March 2010 but those plans did not see fruition . It eventually launched as a branded section on the main TMZ website in June 2013 . Premiere Networks launched a daily TMZ Sports radio show in October 2013 . A television show began testmarketing on select regional Fox stations in January 2014 . It then aired during the 2014 / 2015 seasons on Reelz under name TMZ Hollywood Sports . On November 9 , 2015 , the series reverted to being known as TMZ Sports and moved to Fox Sports 1 .", "Since the launch of TMZ , the website has faced criticism , varying from attempted boycotts to criticism of its journalism tactics and of its focus . It has been criticized for its usage of photographs and videos obtained from paparazzi . Some have questioned the effect that aggressive and obtrusive photographers have on the subjects they cover . Many of the videos on the site show , in the footage , that their paparazzi chase people ( mainly celebrities ) -- a practice that has been called dangerous and `` creepy '' . Over the years , some have called for a boycott of TMZ and of the accompanying show .", "TMZ faced strong criticism for purchasing stolen items pertaining to the fourth Indiana Jones film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . On October 2 , 2007 , IESB reported that a number of production photos and sensitive documents pertaining to the production budget had been stolen from Steven Spielberg 's production office .", "Movie City News , which strongly criticized TMZ for purchasing stolen items , remarked that the then - new website `` was n't getting off to a good start '' . According to IESB , TMZ had obtained some of the stolen property and was planning on running a story about the topic on their TV show , until the lawyers of the film 's production company , Paramount Pictures , intervened . Shortly after IESB broke the story , TMZ broadcast details about the Indiana Jones production budget on their show on October 3 , 2007 .", "Tony Manfred of The Cornell Daily Sun strongly criticized TMZ in an article entitled `` I Want My TMZ '' , in which Manfred criticizes various aspects of TMZ . Manfred described TMZ as being `` a fusion of celebrity news blog and embarrassing video archive '' and felt that the website had become `` the poster child for the celebrity pseudo-news industry '' and that the website has `` distinct advantages '' over `` gossip magazines '' because it can `` show all the borderline pornographic clips that Entertainment Tonight and Access Hollywood ca n't . ''", "Jennifer Metz and David Muir of ABC News acknowledged that TMZ has long been criticized for their `` aggressive tactics , antagonizing stars with video cameras '' and noted that those `` encounters , capturing at times violent celebrity confrontations with photographers , receive hundreds of hits online , and critics ask if entertainment reporters are crossing the line . '' Metz and Muir questioned whether TMZ 's tactics `` go too far '' .", "Ken Sunshine , publicist for Ben Affleck and Leonardo DiCaprio , stated that his clients disliked the website because it has a tendency to be negative towards celebrities when reporting on them . `` I hate that they have anything to do with trying to put celebrities into the worst light possible and that they play the ' gotcha ' game '' . The website has been harshly criticized for having a personality cult of figures such as Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton -- celebrities who are known more as targets for paparazzi than for the work they do . In defense for TMZ 's coverage , Levin said that certain celebrities are main subjects on the Web site because of their `` relevancy '' and because their relevancy helps draw viewership to the Web site . Liz Kelly of Washington Post attacked both Levin and TMZ in an article , stating `` I know this is like spitting in the wind , but I have to say it : Harvey Levin , please stop it . ''", "In what The Smoking Gun called `` a colossal screw - up '' , TMZ published an `` exclusive '' picture on their website of a man purported to be John F. Kennedy on a ship with several naked women that could have `` changed history '' had it come out during his presidential campaign . Despite having a Photoshop expert proclaiming the picture as `` authentic '' , the picture was later discovered to have not been of Kennedy at all . The photo was discovered to have been part of a Playboy photoshoot from November 1967 , which was later confirmed by Playboy representatives .", "On March 15 , 2013 , members of TMZ 's staff claimed that they had learned rapper Lil Wayne was in an `` unstable '' condition after he was hospitalized following a seizure and that the 30 - year - old rapper had been placed in an induced coma and was breathing through tubes . Soon after the report was made , Lil Wayne 's friend Mack Maine responded to TMZ 's allegations on his Twitter account by stating that Wayne was `` alive and well '' and that he was currently at Wayne 's bedside `` watching the Syracuse game '' with him . Maine also added that Wayne 's condition was never that serious and that Wayne was never in a coma or breathing through tubes . Soon afterwards , Wayne 's father stated on his Twitter account that Wayne was healthy enough to be released from the hospital . Approximately one hour after these messages were made , Wayne himself stated on his Twitter account that he was okay .", "On the week of January 16 , 2013 , Andre Lowe was killed outside of a nightclub in Hollywood . A nearby reporter from TMZ ended up filming the attack and it was posted to the website without permission of the family . On January 22 , 2013 , TMZ ended up taking down the video after over two dozen advertisers revoked ads for the website because of the campaign ." ]

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[ "Gold mining in the United States has taken place continually since the discovery of gold at the Reed farm in North Carolina in 1799 . The first documented occurrence of gold was in Virginia in 1782 . Some minor gold production took place in North Carolina as early as 1793 , but created no excitement . The discovery on the Reed farm in 1799 which was identified as gold in 1802 and subsequently mined marked the first commercial production .", "The large scale production of gold started with the California Gold Rush in 1848 .", "The closure of gold mines during World War II by the War Production Board Limitation Order No. 208 in autumn 1942 was a major impact on the production until the end of the war .", "US gold production greatly increased during the 1980s , due to high gold prices and the use of heap leaching to recover gold from disseminated low - grade deposits in Nevada and other states .", "In 2016 the United States produced 209 tonnes of gold , worth about US $8.5 billion , and 6.7 % of world production , making it the fourth - largest gold - producing nation , behind China , Australia and Russia . Most gold produced today in the US comes from large open - pit heap leach mines in the state of Nevada . The US is a net exporter of gold .", "Gold was discovered in Alabama about 1830 , shortly following the Georgia Gold Rush . The principal districts were the Arbacoochee district in Cleburne County , mostly from placer deposits , and the Hog Mountain district in Tallapoosa County , which produced 24,000 troy ounces ( 750 kg ) from veins in schist .", "Russian explorers discovered placer gold in the Kenai River in 1848 , but no gold was produced . Gold mining started in 1870 from placers southeast of Juneau . Alaska produced a total of 40,300,000 troy ounces ( 1,250,000 kg ) of gold from 1880 through the end of 2007 . In 2015 Alaskan mines produced 873,984 troy ounces ( 27,183.9 kg ) of gold , 12.7 % of US production . The largest gold producer is the Fort Knox mine , a large open pit and cyanide leaching operation in the Fairbanks mining district . Fort Knox produced 401,553 troy ounces ( 12,489.7 kg ) of gold in 2015 . The Pogo mine ( 283,000 ounces ) and Kensington mine ( 128,865 ounces ) gold mines and the Greens Creek polymetallic mine ( 60,566 ounces ) accounted for the remainder of 2015 gold production .", "Arizona has produced more than 16 million troy ounces ( 498 tonnes ) of gold .", "Gold mining in Arizona reportedly began in 1774 when Spanish priest Manuel Lopez directed Papago Indians to wash gold from gravel on the flanks of the Quijotoa Mountains , Pima County . Gold mining continued there until 1849 , when the Mexican miners were lured away by the California Gold Rush . Other gold mining under Spanish and Mexican rule took place in the Oro Blanco district of Santa Cruz County , and the Arivaca district , Pima County .", "Mountain man Pauline Weaver discovered placer gold on the east side of the Colorado River in 1862 . Weaver 's discovery started the Colorado River Gold Rush to the now ghost town of La Paz , Arizona and other locations along the river in the ensuing years .", "The most prominent of these were those of the San Francisco district , which includes the towns of Oatman , Bullhead City and Katherine in Mohave County was discovered in 1863 or 1864 , but saw little activity until a rush to the district occurred in 1902 . The district produced 2.0 million ounces of gold through 1959 .", "The gold - bearing quartz veins of the Vulture Mine , southwest of Wickenburg , in Maricopa County were discovered in 1863 . The mine produced 366,000 troy ounces ( 11,400 kg ) of gold through 1959 .", "The last gold mine to operate in Arizona was the Gold Road mine at Oatman , which shut down in 1998 . Patriot Gold is exploration drilling at the Moss mine at Oatman .", "In 2006 , all of Arizona 's gold production came as a byproduct of copper mining .", "Spanish prospectors found gold in the Potholes district between 1775 and 1780 , along the Colorado River , in present Imperial County , California , about ten miles northeast from Yuma , Arizona . The gold was recovered from dry placers . Other placer deposits on the west bank of the Colorado River were quickly found , including the Picacho and Cargo Muchacho districts .", "Placer gold deposits were found at San Ysidro in San Diego County in 1828 , San Francisquito Canyon and Placerita Canyon in Los Angeles County in 1835 and 1842 , respectively", "Major gold mining in California began during the California Gold Rush . Gold was found by James Marshall at Sutters Mill , property of John Sutter , in present - day Coloma . In 1849 , people started hearing about the gold and after just a few years San Francisco 's population increased to thousands . Gold production in California peaked in 1852 , at 3.9 million troy ounces ( 121 tonnes ) produced in that year . But the placer deposits worked in the early years were quickly exhausted , and production crashed . Hardrock mining ( in California called quartz mining ) began in 1849 , and placer mining by hydraulic mining began in 1852 . Despite the new mining methods , by 1865 production was 867,000 troy ounces ( 27,000 kg ) , less than one - quarter of peak production .", "Production sank to 412,000 troy ounces ( 12,800 kg ) in 1929 , but then soared to more than 1,400,000 troy ounces ( 44,000 kg ) for each year 1939 through 1941 , after the price was raised from $20.67 to $35 per ounce . However , the federal government , in War Production Board Order L - 208 , ordered gold mines closed , to free up resources for the war effort during World War II , and production fell to 148,000 troy ounces ( 4,600 kg ) in 1943 . Post-war gold production never reached the peak of the early 1940s , as inflation and the fixed price of gold eroded its value .", "The largest gold - mining district in California is the famous Mother Lode of the Sierra Nevada . Found in the early 1850s , the lode is a zone one to four miles wide and running 120 miles northwest - southeast from El Dorado County in the north , through Amador , Calaveras , and Tuolumne counties , to Mariposa County in the south . The gold of the Mother Lode is in quartz veins within phyllite , schist , slate , and greenstone . Through 1959 , the Mother Lode produced about 13.3 million troy ounces ( 414 tonnes ) of gold .", "The second - largest gold - mining district in California was Grass Valley - Nevada City district in Nevada County . Gold in Holocene gravels was found in 1850 , followed a few years later by hydraulic mining of Tertiary gravels . By 1880 , most of the mining had shifted to lode deposits , such as the Empire Mine . Through 1959 , the district produced 10.4 million troy ounces ( 323 tonnes ) of lode gold , and 2.2 million troy ounces ( 68.4 tonnes ) of placer gold .", "The rich placer deposits of the Columbia Basin - Jamestown - Sonora district were found in 1853 . Almost all the gold was found at the base of Quaternary gravels , but some drift mines were worked in Tertiary gravels . Total production was about 5.9 million troy ounces ( 183 tonnes ) of gold .", "In 2007 , California produced 9,400 troy ounces ( 290 kg ) of gold from two mines . The Mesquite mine in Imperial County restarted active mining in 2007 , having been inactive since 2001 ; now owned by New Gold , it produces more than 100,000 troy ounces ( 3,100 kg ) of gold per year . The only other gold producer in the state , the Briggs mine in Inyo County stopped mining in 2004 , but continues to produce small amounts of gold from the leach pads , from previously mined ore .", "Gold was discovered in 1858 during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush in the vicinity of present - day Denver in 1858 , but the deposits were small . The first important gold discoveries in Colorado were in the Central City - Idaho Springs district in January 1859 . Only one Colorado mine continues to produce gold , the Cripple Creek & Victor Gold Mine at Victor near Colorado Springs , an open - pit heap leach operation owned by Newmont Mining Corporation , which produced ~ 350,000 troy ounces ( 11,000 kg ) of gold in 2016 .", "Small amounts of gold were mined commercially in North Eastern Florida during the late 19th Century , at the site where Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park is located today . No records are extant on the amount of gold produced , but the find was insufficient to keep the operation running commercially , and the small amount of pay dirt was depleted within a matter of months .", "Georgia is credited with a total historical production of 871,000 troy ounces ( 27,100 kg ) of gold from 1830 through 1959 . Although historically important , the state is not currently a gold producer .", "See also :", "Battle Branch Mine Calhoun Mine Consolidated Mine Crisson Mine Franklin - Crieghton Mine Free Jim Mine Loud Mine Sixes mine", "Battle Branch Mine", "Franklin - Crieghton Mine", "Free Jim Mine", "Gold was first discovered in Idaho in 1860 , in Pierce at the juncture where Canal Creek meets Orofino Creek .", "The leading historical gold - producing district is the Boise Basin in Boise County , which was discovered in 1862 and produced 2.9 million troy ounces ( 90.2 tonnes ) , mostly from placers .", "The French Creek - Florence district in Idaho County began in the 1860s , and has produced about 1 million troy ounces ( 31 tonnes ) from placers .", "The Silver City district in Owyhee County began producing in 1863 , and made over 1 million troy ounces ( 31 tonnes ) , mostly from lode deposits .", "The Coeur d'Alene district in Shoshone County has made 44,000 troy ounces ( 1,400 kg ) of gold as byproduct to silver mining .", "In 2006 , active gold mines in Idaho included the Silver Strand mine and the Bond mine .", "Gold was reported in Maryland as early as 1830 , but no production resulted . Placer gold was discovered at Great Falls near Washington , DC in 1861 during the American Civil War by Union soldiers from California . After the war a number of mines were opened on gold - bearing quartz veins in Montgomery County . No gold production has been reported since 1951 . Total production was about 6,000 troy ounces ( 190 kg ) .", "Approximately 29,000 troy ounces ( 900 kg ) of gold were produced from the Ropes gold mine northeast of Ishpeming in Marquette County , Michigan . The underground mine , originally operated from 1880 to 1897 , and reopened from 1983 -- 1989 , extracted gold from quartz veins in peridotite .", "Gold was first discovered in Montana in 1852 , but mining did not begin until 1862 , when gold placers were discovered at Bannack , Montana in 1862 . The resulting gold rush resulted in more placer discoveries , including those at Virginia City in 1863 , and at Helena and Butte in 1864 . In 1867 , the Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode was located .", "The Butte district , although mined primarily for copper , produced 2.9 million ounces ( 91 tones ) of gold through 1990 , almost all as a byproduct of copper production .", "Current active hardrock gold mines include the Montana Tunnels mine , and the Golden Sunlight mine . Active gold placers include the Browns Gulch placer and the Confederate Gulch placer . Gold is also produced from three platinum mines in the Stillwater igneous complex : the Stillwater mine , the Lodestar mine , and the East Boulder Project .", "Nevada is the leading gold - producing state in the nation , in 2015 producing 5,339,659 ounces ( 166.1 tonnes ) , representing 78 % of US gold and 5.4 % of the world 's production . Much of the gold in Nevada comes from large open pit mining and with heap leaching recovery . A number of major mining companies , including Newmont Mining , Barrick Gold and Kinross Gold , operate gold mines in the state . Active major mines include Cortez , Twin Creeks , Betz - Post , Jerritt Canyon and Getchell .", "Newmont and Barrick operate the largest mining operations , on the prolific Carlin Trend , one of the world 's richest mining districts .", "Gold was first discovered in New Mexico in 1828 in the `` Old Placers '' district in the Ortiz Mountains , Santa Fe County , New Mexico . The placer gold discovery was followed by discovery of a nearby lode deposit .", "In 1877 , two prospectors collected float in the area of the future Opportunity Mine near Hillsboro , New Mexico , which was assayed at $160 per ton in gold and silver . Soon , ore was discovered at the nearby Rattlesnake vein and a placer deposit of gold was found in November at the Rattlesnake and Wicks gulches . Total production prior to 1904 was about $6,750,000 .", "In 2007 all gold production in New Mexico ( 13,000 troy ounces ( 400 kg ) ) came as a byproduct of copper mining from two large open pit mines in Grant County . However , two primary gold mines are being readied for production : the Northstar mine in Rio Arriba County , and the San Lorenzo Claims mine in Socorro County .", "North Carolina was the site of the first gold rush in the United States , following the discovery of a 17 - pound ( 7.7 kg ) gold nugget by 12 - year - old Conrad Reed in a creek at his father 's farm in 1799 . The Reed Gold Mine , southwest of Georgeville in Cabarrus County , North Carolina produced about 50,000 troy ounces ( 1,600 kg ) of gold from lode and placer deposits .", "Gold was produced from 15 districts , almost all in the Piedmont region of the state . Total gold production is estimated at 1.2 million troy ounces ( 37.3 tonnes ) .", "Although gold mines are spread over much of Oregon , almost all of the gold produced has come from two principal areas : the Klamath Mountains in southwest Oregon , including Coos , Curry , Douglas , Jackson and Josephine counties ; and the Blue Mountains in northeast Oregon , mostly in Baker and Grant counties .", "Prospectors from Illinois discovered placer gold in the Klamath Mountains of southwest Oregon in 1850 , starting a rush to the area . Lode gold deposits were also discovered .", "Travellers along the Oregon Trail bound for the Willamette Valley are said to have discovered gold in northeastern Oregon in 1845 , but mining in earnest did not begin until 1861 .", "About 37,000 troy ounces ( 1,200 kg ) of gold was produced from the Cornwall iron mine five miles south of Lebanon , Lebanon County , Pennsylvania . Although the deposit produced iron since 1742 , no gold was reported from the mine until 1878 .", "South Carolina had a number of lode gold mines along the Carolina Slate Belt .", "The Haile deposit was discovered in Lancaster County in 1827 , and at least 257,000 troy ounces ( 8,000 kg ) of gold were extracted intermittently between then and 1942 , when the gold mine was ordered closed as nonessential to the war effort . Beginning in 1951 , the deposit was mined for associated sericite , which was used as a white filler . Gold is associated with silicic , kaolinitic , and pyritic alteration of greenschist - grade felsic metavolcanics . The mine was reopened as an open pit in the 1980s , and operated until 1992 . Kinross Gold Corporation 's reclamation of the Haile site was nominated for a US Bureau of Land Management `` Hardrock Mineral Environmental Award . ''", "OceanGold Corp. restarted mining at the Haile deposit 2016 . The company expects to produce an average of 126,700 ounces of gold per year for 13.25 years .", "The Brewer mine operated from 1828 to 1995 , and is now a federal Superfund site .", "Kennecott Minerals operated the Ridgeway open - pit gold mine from 1988 to 1999 , and the land is now being reclaimed by Kennecott .", "The Barite Hill mine operated from 1990 to 1994 .", "The only operating gold mine in South Dakota is the Wharf mine , at Lead , an open pit heap leach operation operated by Coeur Mining that produced 109,000 ounces of gold in 2016 .", "Placer gold was discovered on Coker Creek in Monroe County , Tennessee in 1827 . The district produced about 9,000 troy ounces ( 280 kg ) .", "About 15,000 troy ounces ( 470 kg ) of gold was recovered from the massive sulfide copper ores at Ducktown , Tennessee .", "Some prospects have been excavated for gold on the Llano Uplift of central Texas . Gold prospects include the Heath mine and the Babyhead district , both in Llano County , and the Central Texas mine in Gillespie County . Gold production , if any , is not known . Historically , the Lost Nigger Gold Mine may be in Texas .", "Most gold produced in Utah today is a byproduct of the huge Bingham Canyon copper mine , southwest of Salt Lake City . In 2013 , the Bingham Canyon mine produced 192,300 troy ounces ( 5,980 kg ) of gold . Over its life , Bingham Canyon has produced more than 23 million ounces ( 715 tonnes ) of gold , making it one of the largest gold producers in the US .", "The Barneys Canyon mine in Salt Lake County , the last primary gold mine to operate in Utah , stopped mining in 2001 , but is still recovering gold from its heap leaching pads . Utah gold production was 460,000 troy ounces ( 14,000 kg ) in 2006 .", "Gold was first discovered in Washington in 1853 , as placer deposits in the Yakima Valley . Production from the state never exceeded 50,000 troy ounces per year until the mid-1930s , when large hard rock deposits were developed near the Chelan Lake and Wenatchee deposits in Chelan County , and the Republic deposit in Ferry County . Production through 1965 is estimated to be 2.3 million ounces .", "Gold was discovered at the South Pass - Atlantic City - Sweetwater district in present Fremont County in 1842 . The placers were worked intermittently until 1867 , when the first important gold vein was discovered , and prospectors and miners rushed to the area ... The towns of South Pass City , Atlantic City , and Miner 's Delight catered to the miners . The district was nearly deserted by 1875 , and was worked only intermittently afterward . Total gold production was about 300,000 troy ounces ( 9,300 kg ) . In 1962 , the district became the site of a major iron mine .", "Several states ( e.g. , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania ) have placer gold deposits , despite having no hard rock gold deposits . This placer gold is found north of , or near the terminus of , Pleistocene , or earlier , moraines left by Ice Age glaciers that pushed gold - rich dirt down from Canada , where hard rock gold deposits do exist , and which were scoured by glaciers . Small commercial operations have existed at various times , to mine this gold , with various degrees of limited success . The southernmost limit of these moraines , Pleistocene and older , is approximately at the Ohio River for Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio . The moraines in Pennsylvania are in the northwestern and northeastern portions of the Commonwealth .", "Gold mining royalties and taxes in the US are levied at the state level , in the same manner as in other major international gold producers such as Canada and Australia . The rate of royalty varies from state to state , as well whether the royalty is gross ( a proportion of the total sale proceeds ) , modified gross ( Net smelter return ) or net ( the sale proceeds minus an allowance for production costs ) . US gold producers are additionally subject to the federal corporate income tax of 35 % of net profits .", "Royalty rates for each of the US gold mining states ( in order of production ) are :", "Nevada - 5 % net Alaska - 7 % net Utah - 2.6 % gross Colorado - 2.25 % gross California - $5 per ounce produced Washington - 0.48 % gross South Dakota - 4 % net Montana - 1.6 % net Idaho - 1 % gross", "Nevada - 5 % net", "Alaska - 7 % net", "Utah - 2.6 % gross", "Colorado - 2.25 % gross", "California - $5 per ounce produced", "Washington - 0.48 % gross", "South Dakota - 4 % net", "Montana - 1.6 % net", "Idaho - 1 % gross", "In 2015 Nevada and Alaska together accounted for 90.3 % of US gold production ." ]

[ [ "October 7, 2018" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The Walking Dead ( season 9 ) Promotional poster art Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Katelyn Nacon Tom Payne Jeffrey Dean Morgan Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Pollyanna McIntosh Callan McAuliffe Avi Nash Samantha Morton Country of origin United States No. of episodes Release Original network AMC Original release October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 8 List of The Walking Dead episodes", "The Walking Dead ( season 9 )", "Promotional poster art", "Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Katelyn Nacon Tom Payne Jeffrey Dean Morgan Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Pollyanna McIntosh Callan McAuliffe Avi Nash Samantha Morton", "Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Katelyn Nacon Tom Payne Jeffrey Dean Morgan Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Pollyanna McIntosh Callan McAuliffe Avi Nash Samantha Morton", "Jeffrey Dean Morgan", "Country of origin United States", "No. of episodes", "Release", "Original network AMC", "Original release October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) -- present ( present )", "Season chronology", "← Previous Season 8", "List of The Walking Dead episodes", "The ninth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7 , 2018 , and will consist of 16 episodes , split into two parts ; each consisting of eight episodes with the latter half airing in early 2019 . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Angela Kang , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , Denise Huth , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Kang taking over the role of showrunner from Gimple .", "Eighteen months after the defeat of Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) under an alliance of communities spearheaded by Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , the season focuses on the united communities as they face obstacles and dangers both outside and inside their alliance , with the threat of the mysterious Whisperers looming .", "The ninth season will be the final season for lead actor Andrew Lincoln , who has portrayed Rick Grimes since the series ' first season . Lauren Cohan , who has portrayed Maggie Greene since the second season , is scheduled to only appear in the first half of this season due to other commitments , and her return in the future is currently unknown .", "The ninth season features nineteen series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon and Tom Payne were added to the opening credits , after previously being credited as `` also starring '' . Callan McAuliffe and Avi Nash were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles . Samantha Morton enters the secondary cast as Alpha , the leader of the Whisperers , who will be the main antagonist of this season . This will be the first season not to include Chandler Riggs and Steven Ogg ( since their first appearance on the series ) , and the first not to include Lennie James since he was promoted to a series regular in the sixth season ( James did not make any appearance on the series second and fourth seasons ) , all were credited as either a series regular , guest or a main cast member in previous seasons .", "Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the protagonist of the series . Rick is a former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , and the leader of the rebuilt Alexandria . He is coping with the recent death of his son , Carl . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , a southern redneck and Rick 's right - hand man . Daryl is a skilled hunter and a former recruiter for Alexandria . He has been running the Sanctuary since the downfall of Negan . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene , Glenn 's widow , a mother figure to Enid and is the leader of the Hilltop . She is at odds with Rick over sparing the life of Negan , the former leader of the Saviors . Danai Gurira as Michonne , a katana - wielding warrior and Rick 's romantic partner . She is also a mother figure to Carl and Judith and is the co-leader of Alexandria . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a survivor who has overcome several traumas , is a skilled and ingenious fighter , and now resides at the Kingdom . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a supply runner of Alexandria who served as a liaison to Oceanside and is now at peace with the former Saviors . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a cowardly but intelligent survivor who was instrumental in defeating the Saviors and is determined to win back the group 's trust . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , a pragmatic member of the group who was the former partner of the now - deceased Abraham . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has reconciled his beliefs with what needs to be done to survive . Ross Marquand as Aaron , a recruiter from Alexandria who lost his boyfriend Eric during the war , and now raises his adoptive daughter , Gracie . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a survivor of the Hilltop and a daughter figure to Maggie who is learning medicine from Siddiq . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a Hilltop recruiter and Maggie 's right - hand man who serves as her voice of reason . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the former leader of the Saviors who is incarcerated following his defeat in the previous season .", "Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the protagonist of the series . Rick is a former sheriff 's deputy from King County , Georgia , and the leader of the rebuilt Alexandria . He is coping with the recent death of his son , Carl .", "Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , a southern redneck and Rick 's right - hand man . Daryl is a skilled hunter and a former recruiter for Alexandria . He has been running the Sanctuary since the downfall of Negan .", "Lauren Cohan as Maggie Greene , Glenn 's widow , a mother figure to Enid and is the leader of the Hilltop . She is at odds with Rick over sparing the life of Negan , the former leader of the Saviors .", "Danai Gurira as Michonne , a katana - wielding warrior and Rick 's romantic partner . She is also a mother figure to Carl and Judith and is the co-leader of Alexandria .", "Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a survivor who has overcome several traumas , is a skilled and ingenious fighter , and now resides at the Kingdom .", "Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a supply runner of Alexandria who served as a liaison to Oceanside and is now at peace with the former Saviors .", "Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a cowardly but intelligent survivor who was instrumental in defeating the Saviors and is determined to win back the group 's trust .", "Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , a pragmatic member of the group who was the former partner of the now - deceased Abraham .", "Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has reconciled his beliefs with what needs to be done to survive .", "Ross Marquand as Aaron , a recruiter from Alexandria who lost his boyfriend Eric during the war , and now raises his adoptive daughter , Gracie .", "Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a survivor of the Hilltop and a daughter figure to Maggie who is learning medicine from Siddiq .", "Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a Hilltop recruiter and Maggie 's right - hand man who serves as her voice of reason .", "Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the former leader of the Saviors who is incarcerated following his defeat in the previous season .", "Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the arrogant , selfish , and treacherous former leader of the Hilltop who is adjusting under Maggie 's leadership . Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who helped Rick defeat Negan and his Saviors . Pollyanna McIntosh as Anne , the former leader of the Scavengers ( previously known as `` Jadis '' ) who has since integrated into Alexandria . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a former member of the Saviors who had defected to Maggie 's group during the war against Negan . Avi Nash as Siddiq , a former vagabond and doctor who was rescued by Carl before his death . Samantha Morton as Alpha , the leader of the Whisperers , a mysterious group of survivors who wear the skins of walkers to mask their presence .", "Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the arrogant , selfish , and treacherous former leader of the Hilltop who is adjusting under Maggie 's leadership .", "Khary Payton as Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who helped Rick defeat Negan and his Saviors .", "Pollyanna McIntosh as Anne , the former leader of the Scavengers ( previously known as `` Jadis '' ) who has since integrated into Alexandria .", "Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a former member of the Saviors who had defected to Maggie 's group during the war against Negan .", "Avi Nash as Siddiq , a former vagabond and doctor who was rescued by Carl before his death .", "Samantha Morton as Alpha , the leader of the Whisperers , a mysterious group of survivors who wear the skins of walkers to mask their presence .", "Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria .", "Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria .", "Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria .", "Brett Butler as Tammy Rose , a resident of the Hilltop and wife to Earl . John Finn as Earl , the Hilltop 's blacksmith and husband to Tammy Rose . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop . James Chen as Kal , a protector and guardian of the Hilltop . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a resident of the Hilltop . Anthony Lopez as Oscar , a resident of the Hilltop . Gustavo Gomez as Marco , a supply runner of the Hilltop . AJ Achinger as Ken , a resident of the Hilltop , son of Earl and Tammy .", "Brett Butler as Tammy Rose , a resident of the Hilltop and wife to Earl .", "John Finn as Earl , the Hilltop 's blacksmith and husband to Tammy Rose .", "Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop .", "James Chen as Kal , a protector and guardian of the Hilltop .", "Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a resident of the Hilltop .", "Anthony Lopez as Oscar , a resident of the Hilltop .", "Gustavo Gomez as Marco , a supply runner of the Hilltop .", "AJ Achinger as Ken , a resident of the Hilltop , son of Earl and Tammy .", "Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , a former lieutenant of the Saviors . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , a former lieutenant of the Saviors who has made peace with Rick 's group . Lindsley Register as Laura , a former lieutenant of the Saviors and gardener of the Sanctuary . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , a resident of the Sanctuary and one of Negan 's former `` wives '' . Elyse Dufour as Frankie , one of Negan 's former `` wives '' . Zach McGowan as Justin , a hostile Savior not interested in working together with the other communities and loyal to the order of Negan 's leadership much to the disgust of Daryl . Rhys Coiro as Jed , a rebellious member of the Saviors who also wants to go back to Negan 's ideology . Matt Mangum as DJ , a hostile former lieutenant of the Saviors and guardian of the Sanctuary .", "Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , a former lieutenant of the Saviors .", "Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , a former lieutenant of the Saviors who has made peace with Rick 's group .", "Lindsley Register as Laura , a former lieutenant of the Saviors and gardener of the Sanctuary .", "Chloe Aktas as Tanya , a resident of the Sanctuary and one of Negan 's former `` wives '' .", "Elyse Dufour as Frankie , one of Negan 's former `` wives '' .", "Zach McGowan as Justin , a hostile Savior not interested in working together with the other communities and loyal to the order of Negan 's leadership much to the disgust of Daryl .", "Rhys Coiro as Jed , a rebellious member of the Saviors who also wants to go back to Negan 's ideology .", "Matt Mangum as DJ , a hostile former lieutenant of the Saviors and guardian of the Sanctuary .", "Cooper Andrews as Jerry , a resident of the Kingdom and Ezekiel 's right - hand man who is in a relationship with Nabila . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and the younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Henry forms a bond with Carol . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom and Jerry 's girlfriend .", "Cooper Andrews as Jerry , a resident of the Kingdom and Ezekiel 's right - hand man who is in a relationship with Nabila .", "Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer .", "Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and the younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Henry forms a bond with Carol .", "Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom and Jerry 's girlfriend .", "Sydney Park as Cyndie , a young woman who has become the leader of the Oceanside community following the death of her grandmother , Natania . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers , who resents the Saviors . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside .", "Sydney Park as Cyndie , a young woman who has become the leader of the Oceanside community following the death of her grandmother , Natania .", "Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers , who resents the Saviors .", "Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers .", "Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside .", "Nadia Hilker as Magna , the leader of a small group of roaming survivors . Lauren Ridloff as Connie , a deaf member of Magna 's group . Angel Theory as Kelly , Connie 's protective sister and a member of Magna 's group . Eleanor Matsuura as Yumiko , a member of Magna 's group . Dan Fogler as Luke , a survivor who has come to appreciate safety in numbers .", "Nadia Hilker as Magna , the leader of a small group of roaming survivors .", "Lauren Ridloff as Connie , a deaf member of Magna 's group .", "Angel Theory as Kelly , Connie 's protective sister and a member of Magna 's group .", "Eleanor Matsuura as Yumiko , a member of Magna 's group .", "Dan Fogler as Luke , a survivor who has come to appreciate safety in numbers .", "Ryan Hurst as Beta , the second - in - command of the Whisperers . Cassady McClincy as Lydia , Alpha 's daughter .", "Ryan Hurst as Beta , the second - in - command of the Whisperers .", "Cassady McClincy as Lydia , Alpha 's daughter .", "Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's former best friend and fellow police officer , who was previously killed by Rick in the second season , will appear in either a hallucination or a flashback . Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams , a former survivor of Rick 's group who sacrificed herself to help Rick and his survivors against Negan during the seventh season , will appear in either a hallucination or a flashback . Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , Maggie 's father who was previously killed by The Governor in the fourth season , will appear in either a hallucination or a flashback .", "Jon Bernthal as Shane Walsh , Rick 's former best friend and fellow police officer , who was previously killed by Rick in the second season , will appear in either a hallucination or a flashback .", "Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams , a former survivor of Rick 's group who sacrificed herself to help Rick and his survivors against Negan during the seventh season , will appear in either a hallucination or a flashback .", "Scott Wilson as Hershel Greene , Maggie 's father who was previously killed by The Governor in the fourth season , will appear in either a hallucination or a flashback .", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` A New Beginning '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) 6.08 Eighteen months after Negan 's defeat , the various communities are working on rebuilding society , however , the Sanctuary suffers from infertile ground and underlying support for Negan . Rick leads a trek to a Washington , D.C. museum to recover pioneering supplies ; on the way back , they find the main bridge to Hilltop has been wiped out by a storm , forcing them to detour . A young man , Ken , is killed while protecting the group 's horses from walkers . Gregory , ousted as Hilltop 's leader , convinces Ken 's father , Earl , to try and assassinate Maggie , but he fails . Rick and Michonne ask Maggie for Hilltop 's help in providing for the Sanctuary , but she refuses . That evening , Maggie has Gregory publicly executed for his actions . 117 `` The Bridge '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) 4.95 A month after Gregory 's death , the communities work together to repair the bridge ; several Saviors have gone missing since construction began . After some persuasion , Maggie ultimately decides to deliver food to a starving Sanctuary . A herd approaches the repair crew after Justin fails to sound an alarm , and Aaron 's arm is crushed under a log . Daryl rescues Aaron , and Enid is forced to amputate Aaron 's arm to keep him alive . Anne and Fr . Gabriel pursue a romantic relationship , but Anne takes note of a nearby helicopter . Rick updates an incarcerated Negan on the bridge 's progress , and Negan warns him that his vision will fail . Justin is banished , and on his way back to the Sanctuary , he is abducted . 118 `` Warning Signs '' Dan Liu Corey Reed October 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 21 ) 5.04 After Justin is discovered dead , Arat goes missing as well , angering the Saviors and postponing the construction on the bridge . Rick asks Gabriel to follow Anne , who is revealed to have been trading people to a mysterious ally in exchange for supplies ; Gabriel confronts her , forcing her to incapacitate him . Daryl and Maggie learn that Oceanside has been capturing and killing the Saviors , including Arat , as revenge for killing Oceanside 's men ; they walk away as Cyndie kills Arat , and they decide to ignore `` Rick 's way '' and confront Negan . 119 `` The Obliged '' Rosemary Rodriguez Geraldine Inoa October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) 5.10 Jesus tells Rick about Maggie 's intentions to assassinate Negan , and Rick tries to delay her entry into Alexandria . Anne plans to send Gabriel away to her mysterious ally , but changes her mind and abandons him instead . The Saviors steal guns and confront Carol over Oceanside 's actions ; a riot ensues and the gunfire leads a walker herd to the work camp . Rick takes a horse to lead the herd away from the camp , but the horse is spooked and throws him off onto a concrete slab , impaling his torso with rebar and knocking him unconscious . 120 5 `` What Comes After '' Greg Nicotero Story by : Scott M. Gimple & Matthew Negrete Teleplay by : Matthew Negrete November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) TBD 121 6 `` Who Are You Now '' Larry Teng Eddie Guzelian November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) TBD 122 7 `` Stradivarius '' Michael Cudlitz Vivian Tse November 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 18 ) TBD 123 8 `` Evolution '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick November 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 25 ) TBD", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions )", "116 `` A New Beginning '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) 6.08", "Eighteen months after Negan 's defeat , the various communities are working on rebuilding society , however , the Sanctuary suffers from infertile ground and underlying support for Negan . Rick leads a trek to a Washington , D.C. museum to recover pioneering supplies ; on the way back , they find the main bridge to Hilltop has been wiped out by a storm , forcing them to detour . A young man , Ken , is killed while protecting the group 's horses from walkers . Gregory , ousted as Hilltop 's leader , convinces Ken 's father , Earl , to try and assassinate Maggie , but he fails . Rick and Michonne ask Maggie for Hilltop 's help in providing for the Sanctuary , but she refuses . That evening , Maggie has Gregory publicly executed for his actions .", "117 `` The Bridge '' Daisy von Scherler Mayer David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) 4.95", "A month after Gregory 's death , the communities work together to repair the bridge ; several Saviors have gone missing since construction began . After some persuasion , Maggie ultimately decides to deliver food to a starving Sanctuary . A herd approaches the repair crew after Justin fails to sound an alarm , and Aaron 's arm is crushed under a log . Daryl rescues Aaron , and Enid is forced to amputate Aaron 's arm to keep him alive . Anne and Fr . Gabriel pursue a romantic relationship , but Anne takes note of a nearby helicopter . Rick updates an incarcerated Negan on the bridge 's progress , and Negan warns him that his vision will fail . Justin is banished , and on his way back to the Sanctuary , he is abducted .", "118 `` Warning Signs '' Dan Liu Corey Reed October 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 21 ) 5.04", "After Justin is discovered dead , Arat goes missing as well , angering the Saviors and postponing the construction on the bridge . Rick asks Gabriel to follow Anne , who is revealed to have been trading people to a mysterious ally in exchange for supplies ; Gabriel confronts her , forcing her to incapacitate him . Daryl and Maggie learn that Oceanside has been capturing and killing the Saviors , including Arat , as revenge for killing Oceanside 's men ; they walk away as Cyndie kills Arat , and they decide to ignore `` Rick 's way '' and confront Negan .", "119 `` The Obliged '' Rosemary Rodriguez Geraldine Inoa October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) 5.10", "Jesus tells Rick about Maggie 's intentions to assassinate Negan , and Rick tries to delay her entry into Alexandria . Anne plans to send Gabriel away to her mysterious ally , but changes her mind and abandons him instead . The Saviors steal guns and confront Carol over Oceanside 's actions ; a riot ensues and the gunfire leads a walker herd to the work camp . Rick takes a horse to lead the herd away from the camp , but the horse is spooked and throws him off onto a concrete slab , impaling his torso with rebar and knocking him unconscious .", "120 5 `` What Comes After '' Greg Nicotero Story by : Scott M. Gimple & Matthew Negrete Teleplay by : Matthew Negrete November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) TBD", "121 6 `` Who Are You Now '' Larry Teng Eddie Guzelian November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) TBD", "122 7 `` Stradivarius '' Michael Cudlitz Vivian Tse November 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 18 ) TBD", "123 8 `` Evolution '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson - McGoldrick November 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 25 ) TBD", "The series was renewed for a ninth season in January 2018 . Along with the renewal , it was announced that showrunner Scott M. Gimple would be promoted to chief content officer for both The Walking Dead and Fear the Walking Dead , while writer and co-executive producer Angela Kang would take Gimple 's role for The Walking Dead .", "Filming for the ninth season began on April 30 , 2018 , with Greg Nicotero directing the first episode of the season . Michael Cudlitz , who played Abraham Ford , will direct the seventh episode of the season .", "The ninth season features a redesigned opening credits sequence . The animated title sequence , which is graphic novel inspired , features familiar imagery such as Daryl 's motorcycle and crossbow , and Michonne 's katana . Kang spoke of the inspiration for the new sequence , `` The feel of the season has elements of the Western genre . We 're paying homage to some of the iconic moments from the graphic novel . Life is coming out of death . Nature 's taking over , while other things are crumbling . ''", "Most of the cast 's contracts had to be renewed for the ninth season and beyond , and most of the cast did re-sign ; the notable exception was Lauren Cohan who plays Maggie Greene . Cohan had sought a pay increase from AMC given her high demand from other networks ; while she had signed on to star in a new series , Whiskey Cavalier , for the ABC network , this contract would still enable her to participate on The Walking Dead in a limited role . In April , Cohan confirmed she signed on for the ninth season but only for six episodes .", "At the end of the eighth season , former regular Lennie James ( as Morgan Jones ) was moved to The Walking Dead 's companion series , Fear the Walking Dead , as showrunner Scott M. Gimple felt there were more stories about Morgan to tell that would be more effective with Fear 's smaller cast and narrative approach . In May 2018 , it was announced that Avi Nash and Callan McAuliffe , who joined the series in the eighth season as the recurring roles of Siddiq and Alden , respectively , were promoted to series regulars .", "In late May , it was reported that the ninth season would be the final season for Andrew Lincoln , who plays lead character Rick Grimes . Lincoln said that as he lives in England and shooting a season takes six months or more , he believed it was time to leave the series to be able to spend more time with his growing children . However , he has expressed desire to direct an episode in future seasons for the series , and will shadow a director during the ninth season . Lauren Cohan also announced that this would be her last season on the series , appearing in the first six episodes as Maggie Greene before her departure . Alongside other acting commitments , Cohan felt she had become too comfortable in the role , and it was time to move on . She appreciated the opportunity to explore Maggie in her last few episodes .", "In June 2018 , it was reported that Jon Bernthal would reprise his role as Shane Walsh for one episode in the ninth season . In July 2018 , it was reported that Lauren Ridloff , a deaf actress , would join the series in the ninth season playing Connie , a deaf survivor who communicates through sign language . Also in July 2018 , during San Diego Comic - Con , it was announced that Samantha Morton was cast in the series regular role of Alpha , the leader of the Whisperers , a villain from the comic book series . Several other recurring roles were announced as well , played by Brett Butler , John Finn , Rhys Coiro , Dan Fogler , and Zach McGowan .", "On October 6 , 2018 , the day before the season premiere , the showrunners affirmed Bernthal 's return as Shane , as well as Sonequa Martin - Green and Scott Wilson returning to reprise their roles as Sasha Williams and Hershel Greene , respectively , at the New York Comic Con . Wilson died later that day due to leukemia ; however , according to Comic Book , Wilson had filmed his scenes previously to be broadcast during the first half of the season .", "Angela Kang stated that the season would include a timeskip , which coincides with the comic 's narrative after the `` All Out War '' arc . She stated that they were aiming to give the series a `` fresh look and feel '' , and `` focusing a lot on the core character relationships in the show that have kind of been long - lasting , as well as all of our wonderful series regulars '' . Kang said that the season would `` explore what happened as man made objects and structures break down '' and `` what happens as resources are getting low '' , giving the season a Western feel . Actor Tom Payne , who portrays Jesus , said the timejump is about a year and a half from the end of the eighth season , giving enough time for survivors to re-establish farming and livestock raising .", "The teaser for the season was released on July 19 , 2018 , the first day of the 2018 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer was released on July 20 , 2018 . The ninth season premiered on October 7 , 2018 , and the episode was made available a day early via AMC Premiere , the network 's on - demand service .", "Critical reception for the ninth season of The Walking Dead has been acclaimed , with critics noting its improvement over the two previous seasons , but remain cautious if the series can maintain its improved quality for the entire season . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 98 % with an average rating of 7.18 out of 10 , based on 10 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Nine seasons in , The Walking Dead feels more alive than ever , with heightened tension and a refreshed pace that rejuvenates this long - running franchise . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 72 out of 100 based on 4 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Reviewing the season premiere , Sarah Moran of Screen Rant wrote the episode `` feels like the fresh start the series so desperately needs , trading grim wartime for a more peaceful period of growth and reflection '' and praised the changes made by new showrunner Angela Kang . Erik Kain of Forbes called the first episode `` the best episode since season 6 and better than many in that season as well . ''", "Brandon Davis of Comicbook.com wrote a highly positive review based on the first three episodes , praising the more character - driven narrative . In another review from Comicbook.com , Cameron Bonomolo also praised the first three episodes of the season , writing , `` The Walking Dead is now a political drama viewed through the lens of a zombie apocalypse , turning greater focus to more complex character - driven conflict that is at its strongest since the Frank Darabont - led first season . '' Bonomolo also called the third episode `` jaw - dropping '' and that it `` delivers some of the finest mystery and drama the show has ever seen in its eight - year run . '' Jeff Stone of IndieWire wrote a positive review based on the first three episodes and gave them an `` A - '' grade . He called the ninth season a `` huge step up for the show '' and that the episodes `` are as strong as anything the show 's done since the heyday of Season 4 . ''", "The Walking Dead ( season 9 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 9 ( 2018 -- 19 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes", "Season 9 ( 2018 -- 19 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes", "Season 9 ( 2018 -- 19 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes", "Season 9 ( 2018 -- 19 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` A New Beginning '' October 7 , 2018 2.5 6.08 1.5 3.26 4.0 9.36 `` The Bridge '' October 14 , 2018 2.0 4.95 1.5 3.42 3.5 8.38 `` Warning Signs '' October 21 , 2018 1.9 5.04 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` The Obliged '' October 28 , 2018 2.0 5.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD", "No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions )", "`` A New Beginning '' October 7 , 2018 2.5 6.08 1.5 3.26 4.0 9.36", "`` The Bridge '' October 14 , 2018 2.0 4.95 1.5 3.42 3.5 8.38", "`` Warning Signs '' October 21 , 2018 1.9 5.04 TBD TBD TBD TBD", "`` The Obliged '' October 28 , 2018 2.0 5.10 TBD TBD TBD TBD" ]

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[ "Gun laws in California regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of California in the United States .", "The gun laws of California are some of the most restrictive in the United States . A 5 - year Firearm Safety Certificate , obtained by paying a $25 fee , submission of applicant data to the state , and passing a written test proctored by a DOJ Certified Instructor , is required for the sale , delivery , loan , or transfer of any firearm . Handguns sold by dealers must be `` California legal '' by being listed on the state 's Roster of Handguns Certified for Sale . This roster , which requires handgun manufacturers to pay a fee and submit specific models for safety testing , has become progressively more stringent over time and is currently the subject of a federal civil rights lawsuit on the basis that it is a de facto ban on new handgun models . Private sales of firearms must be done through a licensed dealer . All firearm sales are recorded by the state , and have a ten - day waiting period . Unlike most other states , California has no provision in its state constitution that explicitly guarantees an individual right to keep and bear arms . The California Supreme Court has maintained that most of California 's restrictive gun laws are constitutional , because the state 's constitution does not explicitly guarantee private citizens the right to purchase , possess , or carry firearms . However , U.S. Supreme Court decisions of Heller ( 2008 ) and McDonald ( 2010 ) established that the Second Amendment applies to all states within the Union , and many of California 's gun laws are now being challenged in the federal courts .", "California Penal Code § 25850 defines what constitutes a loaded weapon .", "Semi-automatic firearms that the state has classified as assault weapons ; . 50 BMG caliber rifles ; and high - capacity magazines ( magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition ) may not be sold in California . Possession of automatic firearms , and of short - barreled shotguns and rifles , is prohibited without a Dangerous Weapons Permit , that is received from the California Department of Justice pending a good reason for their possession such as : manufacture , repair , collecting in limited cases ( pre-1990 ) , movie prop guns or dealing to police / military .", "California is a `` may issue '' state for permits to carry concealed guns . The willingness of issuing authorities in California ranges from No Issue in most urban areas to Shall Issue in rural counties . Additionally , the issuing authority can also impose restrictions on the CCW permit - holder , such as limiting concealed carry only to the purposes listed on the approved CCW permit application . However , concealed carry permits are valid statewide , regardless of where they were issued . This creates a situation where residents in presumptively No Issue locations such as Los Angeles and San Francisco can not lawfully carry a concealed firearm , but residents from other counties with more permissive CCW issuance policies can lawfully carry within these same jurisdictions . California does not recognize concealed carry permits issued by other states , and non-residents are generally forbidden from obtaining a California concealed carry permit .", "California has state preemption for many , but not all , firearms laws . Actual enforcement of California 's firearms laws also varies widely across the state . Urban areas , such as the San Francisco and Los Angeles metropolitan areas strictly enforce firearms laws , and some communities within these areas have passed local ordinances that make legally owning a firearm difficult . Meanwhile , some rural jurisdictions narrowly enforce the same firearms laws by prosecuting only those who demonstrate malicious intent , or not enforcing portions of the state 's firearms laws at all . State law enforcement agencies , such as the California Highway Patrol , the California Department of Justice , and the California Department of Fish and Game strictly enforce state firearms law everywhere in California .", "Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes § 26500 ( 3 ) All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer . Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830 . Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm . Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 28150 The California Department of Justice ( `` DOJ '' ) retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in - state firearm sales and transfers , and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ . Furthermore , the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee , and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state , pursuant to § 11106 . All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System , along with those of many long guns . While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement , § 12025 and § 12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System . New residents must register handguns ( purchased outside of California ) with DOJ within 60 days . As of January 1 , 2014 , long gun serial numbers are also recorded , where as previously only the sale was recorded . However , it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an un-registered firearm . Owner license required ? No No None While a state permit is required to purchase a firearm in California , firearms may be acquired by other means - for example , before moving to California , or through a gift Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 30500 , § 30515 Illegal to possess , import , or purchase assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles , unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1 , 1989 . While California 's Assault Weapons Ban does allow individuals to obtain , transport or possess banned weapons with permission from the DOJ , the DOJ generally does not grant such permission to ordinary citizens . Legally defined assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered . Their sale and transfer is prohibited . Military look - alike rifles that are not chambered for . 50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess , with some restrictions in configuration -- known as `` banned features '' . Active - duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally - owned assault weapons into the state . The military member 's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons , and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember 's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member 's Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website . Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 32310 Section 32310 of the Penal Code states : `` commencing January 1 , 2000 , any person in this state who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , or receives any large - capacity magazine is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment '' . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . The section continues further by explaining that : `` ' manufacturing ' includes both fabricating a magazine and assembling a magazine from a combination of parts , including , but not limited to , the body , spring , follower , and floor plate or end plate , to be a fully functioning large - capacity magazine '' . Until January 1 , 2014 , it was only a crime to `` manufacture , import , keep for sale , offer or expose for sale , or give or lend any large - capacity magazine '' . Assembly Bill 48 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on October 11 , 2013 and expanded previous prohibitions by making it illegal to buy or receive a large - capacity magazine or magazine rebuild kit . Peace officers ( under Penal Code Section 830 ) and `` person licensed pursuant to ( CA Penal Code ) Sections 26700 to 26915 '' are exempt this prohibition on the purchase and sale of large - capacity magazines for personal use . However , federal law enforcement officers are not exempt and must obtain large - capacity magazines through their agency . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , requires background checks for all ammunition sales , and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts . Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding . Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted . Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself . NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 12220 , § 12020 , § 12020 Possession of automatic weapons or short - barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ `` Dangerous Weapons Permit '' ; permission rarely granted outside of film industry . Suppressors ( aka silencers ) prohibited . Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics , in which case a collectors permit can be obtained . The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel . Peaceable journey laws ? No No California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines ( LCM ) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess . Otherwise federal rules are observed . Waiting period ? Yes Yes § 26815 ( a ) ( 4 ) , § 26950 - 27140 ( 5 ) , § 27540 ( a ) ( 6 ) , § 27600 - 27750 ( 7 ) California has a ten ( 10 ) day waiting period for all firearm purchases , transfers , and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder . That is , upon purchase , the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner . On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; on February 20 , 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied , meaning that the waiting period remains in effect . Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Cal. § 27545 Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale . Red flag law ? Yes Yes The police or a person 's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others .", "Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes", "State permit to purchase ? Yes Yes § 26500 ( 3 ) All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer . Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830 . Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm .", "Firearm registration ? Yes Yes § 28150 The California Department of Justice ( `` DOJ '' ) retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in - state firearm sales and transfers , and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ . Furthermore , the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee , and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state , pursuant to § 11106 . All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System , along with those of many long guns . While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement , § 12025 and § 12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice 's Automated Firearms System . New residents must register handguns ( purchased outside of California ) with DOJ within 60 days . As of January 1 , 2014 , long gun serial numbers are also recorded , where as previously only the sale was recorded . However , it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an un-registered firearm .", "Owner license required ? No No None While a state permit is required to purchase a firearm in California , firearms may be acquired by other means - for example , before moving to California , or through a gift", "Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 30500 , § 30515 Illegal to possess , import , or purchase assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles , unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1 , 1989 . While California 's Assault Weapons Ban does allow individuals to obtain , transport or possess banned weapons with permission from the DOJ , the DOJ generally does not grant such permission to ordinary citizens . Legally defined assault weapons and . 50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered . Their sale and transfer is prohibited . Military look - alike rifles that are not chambered for . 50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess , with some restrictions in configuration -- known as `` banned features '' . Active - duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally - owned assault weapons into the state . The military member 's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons , and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember 's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member 's Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website .", "With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns that have a `` bullet button '' detachable magazine ; effectively repealing a prior law that made `` bullet button '' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines . The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018 . The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded , the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website .", "Magazine capacity restriction ? Yes Yes § 32310 Section 32310 of the Penal Code states : `` commencing January 1 , 2000 , any person in this state who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , or receives any large - capacity magazine is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment '' . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . The section continues further by explaining that : `` ' manufacturing ' includes both fabricating a magazine and assembling a magazine from a combination of parts , including , but not limited to , the body , spring , follower , and floor plate or end plate , to be a fully functioning large - capacity magazine '' . Until January 1 , 2014 , it was only a crime to `` manufacture , import , keep for sale , offer or expose for sale , or give or lend any large - capacity magazine '' . Assembly Bill 48 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on October 11 , 2013 and expanded previous prohibitions by making it illegal to buy or receive a large - capacity magazine or magazine rebuild kit . Peace officers ( under Penal Code Section 830 ) and `` person licensed pursuant to ( CA Penal Code ) Sections 26700 to 26915 '' are exempt this prohibition on the purchase and sale of large - capacity magazines for personal use . However , federal law enforcement officers are not exempt and must obtain large - capacity magazines through their agency . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , requires background checks for all ammunition sales , and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts .", "Section 32310 of the Penal Code states : `` commencing January 1 , 2000 , any person in this state who manufactures or causes to be manufactured , imports into the state , keeps for sale , or offers or exposes for sale , or who gives , lends , buys , or receives any large - capacity magazine is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment '' . Thus , the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor . The section continues further by explaining that : `` ' manufacturing ' includes both fabricating a magazine and assembling a magazine from a combination of parts , including , but not limited to , the body , spring , follower , and floor plate or end plate , to be a fully functioning large - capacity magazine '' . Until January 1 , 2014 , it was only a crime to `` manufacture , import , keep for sale , offer or expose for sale , or give or lend any large - capacity magazine '' . Assembly Bill 48 was signed by Governor Jerry Brown on October 11 , 2013 and expanded previous prohibitions by making it illegal to buy or receive a large - capacity magazine or magazine rebuild kit . Peace officers ( under Penal Code Section 830 ) and `` person licensed pursuant to ( CA Penal Code ) Sections 26700 to 26915 '' are exempt this prohibition on the purchase and sale of large - capacity magazines for personal use . However , federal law enforcement officers are not exempt and must obtain large - capacity magazines through their agency . In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , requires background checks for all ammunition sales , and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms . On June 30 , 2017 , a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63 's ban on the possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition , pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban . Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and / or the ban is upheld by the courts .", "Carry permits required ? Yes Yes § 26150 `` May issue , '' depending on jurisdiction . County sheriff 's or local Police Chief 's discretion , many counties are de facto `` no - issue '' , while others are `` shall - issue '' in practice . CCW permits valid statewide . Out - of - state permits not valid in California . California 's may - issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding .", "Open carry ? Partial Partial § 26350 Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents , a permit to carry a handgun `` loaded and exposed '' may be issued by the county sheriff , valid only in the issuing county . A person may also open carry if he or she `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . ''", "State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 53701 GC Most but not all local restrictions preempted .", "Castle doctrine law ? Yes Yes California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not . The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself .", "NFA weapons restricted ? Yes Yes § 12220 , § 12020 , § 12020 Possession of automatic weapons or short - barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ `` Dangerous Weapons Permit '' ; permission rarely granted outside of film industry . Suppressors ( aka silencers ) prohibited . Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics , in which case a collectors permit can be obtained . The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel .", "Peaceable journey laws ? No No California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines ( LCM ) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess . Otherwise federal rules are observed .", "Waiting period ? Yes Yes § 26815 ( a ) ( 4 ) , § 26950 - 27140 ( 5 ) , § 27540 ( a ) ( 6 ) , § 27600 - 27750 ( 7 ) California has a ten ( 10 ) day waiting period for all firearm purchases , transfers , and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder . That is , upon purchase , the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner . On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; on February 20 , 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied , meaning that the waiting period remains in effect .", "§ 27600 - 27750 ( 7 )", "On August 25 , 2014 , the California 's 10 - day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that `` the 10 - day waiting periods of Penal Code ( sections 26815 ( a ) and 27540 ( a ) ) violate the Second Amendment '' as applied to members of certain classifications ( notably holders of concealed carry permits ) and `` burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs '' . On December 14 , 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The plaintiffs ' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4 , 2017 ; on February 20 , 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied , meaning that the waiting period remains in effect .", "Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes Cal. § 27545 Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer , who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale .", "Red flag law ? Yes Yes The police or a person 's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others .", "The Constitution of California does not contain a provision explicitly guaranteeing an individual right to keep and bear arms . Article 1 , Section 1 , of the California Constitution implies a right to self - defense ( without specifically mentioning a right to keep and bear arms ) and defense of property , by stating , `` All people are by nature free and independent and have inalienable rights . Among these are enjoying and defending life and liberty , acquiring , possessing , and protecting property , and pursuing and obtaining safety , happiness , and privacy . ''", "California law ( § 53071 GC ) prohibits county and city authorities from enacting regulations regarding the registration or licensing of firearms . This provides for uniform firearm laws and prevents situations found in other states ( such as New York ) where traveling with an otherwise legal firearm could put a citizen at risk of violating local city ordinances .", "Because of their inability to regulate firearms directly , some cities , such as Los Angeles , have prohibited residents from possessing a handgun or rifle magazine that fit more than 10 rounds , require firearms be stored in locked containers or with trigger locks installed when not in use , and have enacted ammunition regulations . Many jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms , and use zoning laws to impose significant restrictions to the establishment of gun stores and shooting ranges within their boundaries .", "Due to one of California 's earliest gun - control bills passed in 1923 , gun sellers may not advertise the sale of handguns on their property .", "The buyer of a firearm must fill out an application to purchase a particular gun . The firearms dealer electronically submits the application to the California Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , which performs a background check on the buyer . The approved application is valid for 30 days . There is a 10 - day waiting period for the delivery of any firearm . The buyer must pick up the firearm within 30 days of the original submission of paperwork ( if approved ) , or he or she will have to have a dealer resubmit the paperwork and another 10 - day waiting period starts .", "Sales of firearms from one person to another ( private party transfers ) must be through a licensed firearms dealer using a Private Party Transfer form . The licensed dealer may charge a $10 fee , in addition to the $25 transfer fee that the state charges . Any number of firearms may be transferred at one time using this method . The dealer submits a Dealer 's Record of Sale ( DROS ) form to the state , and the purchaser must wait 10 days before picking up the guns .", "Handgun purchases , except for private party transfers and Certificate of Eligibility ( COE ) holders , are limited to one per 30 - day period . To purchase a handgun , a buyer must have a Handgun Safety Certificate . This is obtained by passing a written test , given by a Department of Justice certified instructor , on the safe and legal use of handguns . The certificate is valid for five years . A buyer must also perform a Safe Handling Demonstration when taking possession of a handgun . Some individuals are exempt from the Safety Certificate and Handling Demonstration requirements , including active and retired military and law enforcement personnel , hunter safety certificate holders , and concealed carry license holders .", "Effective January 1 , 2015 , the Handgun Safety Certificate program was replaced with the Firearm Safety Certificate ( FSC ) program . Under the FSC program , requirements that previously applied to handguns only now apply to all firearms ( handguns and long guns ) , unless exempt . A valid Handgun Safety Certificate can still be used to purchase / acquire handguns only until it expires . For long gun purchases / acquisitions made January 1 , 2015 , and thereafter , an FSC will be required . Once an FSC is obtained , it can be used for both handgun and long gun purchases / acquisitions .", "Residents of California purchasing long guns in other states are subject to the same requirements as for purchasing firearms in - state , if the buyer returns to California with the weapons in possession . For example , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada would be required to go through a registered FFL in Nevada to have the weapon shipped to an FFL in California , who would then complete the DROS and administer the 10 - day waiting period . However , a California resident would not be subject to California law for long guns purchased out - of - state and are never brought into California . In other words , a California resident who purchases a long gun in Nevada , for example , and stores the weapon at the home of a family member or friend in Nevada , would not be violating California law , as long the weapon never enters the state . Such would also be the case for a California resident purchasing a California - defined assault weapon in another state where such weapons are legal , and the weapon is never brought into California ; no violation of California law will have occurred . The California Department of Justice has been known to conduct sting operations by sending undercover agents to gun stores and gun shows in neighboring states to observe California residents purchasing firearms at such venues , and then tracking buyers back into California , where they are then arrested and prosecuted . The differences in gun laws and gun control philosophy between California and neighboring states has been a source of heated arguments between political figures in California who mostly support strict limitations on gun ownership and usage , and politicians in Arizona and Nevada who mostly favor individual gun rights .", "Dealers may not sell any new handgun unless it is listed in the state Department of Justice roster of handguns certified for sale . Listed handguns must include certain mechanical features and pass a set of laboratory tests . Private party transfers , curio / relic handguns , certain single - action revolvers , and pawn / consignment returns are exempt from this requirement . Sale to law enforcement personnel are exempt from list restrictions .", "On May 17 , 2013 , the state attorney general began enforcing a new law requiring that semi-automatic pistols incorporate microstamping . With this technology , very small markings are engraved , using a laser , on the tip of the firing pin and on the breechface of the firearm . When the gun is fired , these etchings may be transferred to the primer by the firing pin , and to the cartridge case head by the breechface , using the pressure created when a round is fired . If successful , this imprints two identifying numbers , unique to that gun , on each spent cartridge casing . This requirement applies to new guns being added to the California Department of Justice 's roster of handguns certified for sale ; semi-automatic handgun models already listed on the roster are not required to incorporate microstamping . Note of interest - this law was passed in 2007 and the wording in the law stated that it shall become effective when there are at least two companies , unencumbered by a patent , employing this technology . To date , no manufacturer offers this technology in firearms available to the public .", "The National Shooting Sports Foundation is currently suing the State of California over the microstamping law .", "California is a `` may issue '' state for concealed carry based on an applicant 's justified need and suitability . A license to carry a concealed firearm may be issued or denied to qualified applicants at the discretion of a county 's sheriff or an incorporated city 's chief of police in their place of residence . Residents of incorporated cities and towns have the option to apply for a concealed carry license through their local police department or through the sheriff 's office in their county of residence . Applicants must generally be residents of the jurisdiction in which the permit application is filed . The only exception to this is for non-resident applicants with a bona - fide place of business in the jurisdiction where the permit application is filed , in which case the permit is valid only in that jurisdiction . In practice , the attitudes of different sheriffs and police chiefs toward the issuance of permits vary widely and , consequentially , different jurisdictions in California can vary anywhere from de facto shall - issue to de facto no - issue . A permit may be issued , by a county Sheriff or city Chief or head of municipal police , in one of two formats :", "A license to carry concealed a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . Where the population of the county is less than 200,000 persons according to the most recent federal decennial census , a license to carry loaded and exposed in that county a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . ''", "A license to carry concealed a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person .", "Where the population of the county is less than 200,000 persons according to the most recent federal decennial census , a license to carry loaded and exposed in that county a pistol , revolver , or other firearm capable of being concealed upon the person . ''", "California does not recognize any concealed carry permits issued by other states or their political subdivisions . With exceptions for nonresident Active Duty military members permanently stationed within California , state law generally forbids nonresidents from obtaining a California CCW permit . As of September 2011 , there were around 35,000 active concealed carry permits in California , compared to a total population of 39 million .", "California law provides that the Sheriff of a county or a city Police Chief may issue a license to carry a concealed weapon upon proof that the person applying is of `` good moral character '' and that `` good cause '' exists for the issuance . While it is generally believed to be extremely difficult to obtain a license to carry a concealed weapon ( CCW ) in California , the difficulty varies greatly by city and county of residence . In most rural counties , qualified applicants are usually successful in obtaining a license , while some cities and counties , such as San Francisco and Los Angeles , are extremely restrictive in what they perceive to be good cause , such as a clear and immediate threat on the applicant 's life that can not be avoided or mitigated by other means . There are also jurisdictions with `` moderately restrictive '' policies , where an applicant must show circumstances that demonstrate a need for a permit above that for the general populace , such as residing or conducting lawful business in high - crime areas , where a general risk of victimization exists even if no specific threat has been identified . Some jurisdictions have established additional local requirements the applicant must meet , as a matter of demonstrating suitability , before the issuing authority grants a CCW permit . For example , the counties of Alameda and Monterey require applicants to obtain a mental health assessment at the applicant 's expense as part of each county 's permit application process .", "In Los Angeles county , many licenses are issued to people who have donated to Sheriff Lee Baca . Some departments are now being challenged in federal lawsuits , under the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment .", "Some argue that the California system for CCW issuance fosters political corruption and systematic discrimination of applicants , as it has been publicized that numerous celebrities , government officials , and campaign donors have been issued CCW licenses in cities and counties where the general public have been consistently denied . CCW issuance is also extremely low in areas where the population has a high concentration of minorities and minority applicants are more frequently denied , causing some to allege institutional racism .", "Carrying a concealed firearm without a permit is a misdemeanor with a minimum penalty of 90 days in jail . It may be prosecuted as a felony if any one of over a dozen specific circumstances exist , such as carry by a felon , carry in relation to gang activity , carry with the intent to commit a violent crime , etc .", "On February 13 , 2014 , a three - judge panel of a federal appeals court , in the case of Peruta v. San Diego , ruled that California 's may - issue concealed carry rules as implemented by the County of San Diego , in combination with its ban on open carry in most areas of the state , violate the Second Amendment , because they together deny law - abiding citizens the right to bear arms in public for the lawful purpose of self - defense .", "The San Diego County Sheriff 's Department issued a press release dated February 21 , 2014 stating it will not seek review of the decision by the entire membership of judges sitting in the Ninth Circuit , and `` Should the decision of the Ninth Circuit become final , the Sheriff 's Department will begin to issue CCW 's in situations where the applicant has met all other lawful qualifications and has requested a CCW for purposes of self - defense . '' This paves the way for California 's may - issue law to be replaced with a shall - issue law .", "On February 27 , 2014 California Attorney General Kamala Harris filed a petition for en banc review of the decision . As the state was not a formal party of the case , her action is not an appeal , but merely a request that the full court re-hear the case en banc on its own initiative . However , the petition filed was denied by the Ninth Circuit on November 12 , 2014 . However , Chief Judge Thomas of the Ninth Circuit ordered on March 26 , 2015 that the case be reheard en banc . The en banc oral arguments were heard on June 16 , 2015 . On June 9 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit reversed its prior decision and ruled that `` The right of a member of the general public to carry a concealed firearm in public is not , and never has been , protected by the Second Amendment . '' The court 's ruling did not address open carry in public , leaving that issue open to potential future litigation .", "On June 26 , 2017 , the Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari to hear an appeal of the Ninth Circuit 's en banc decision . Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch dissented from the denial .", "Open carry of firearms is governed in California by a set of laws that , at times , conflict with one another . This has created significant confusion over the legality of open carry in the state . Open carry of loaded or unloaded firearms in public is generally prohibited , although open carry may be allowed in unincorporated rural areas where permitted by local ordinance , and elsewhere under certain circumstances .", "The Mulford Act prohibited personal possession ( i.e. , carry ) of a loaded firearm in incorporated areas ( such as inside city limits ) or prohibited areas of unincorporated territory without a license to carry or other exemption provided for by law . A license to carry `` loaded and exposed '' firearms may be issued by a Police Chief or County Sheriff in a county with population of less than 200,000 persons at the last census . No license or permit is required to openly carry a loaded firearm in unincorporated areas where discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance . Additionally , state law allows open carry in situations where one `` reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate , grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property . '' However , one using this rationale as the basis for openly carrying a firearm can expect to be detained and questioned by law enforcement ( and possibly arrested and charged with unlawful carrying of a firearm if the officer does not believe that open carry is sufficiently justified ) , especially in more densely - populated areas .", "California Penal Code § 25850 ( formerly 12031 ) defines what constitutes a loaded weapon ) . For Penal Code to have validity , all following must apply to the case .", "1.1 . `` Loaded ''", "A firearm is `` loaded '' when there is :", "an unexpended cartridge or shell , consisting of a case that holds a charge of powder and a bullet or shot , in , or attached in any manner to , the firearm ... including , but not limited to , in the firing chamber , magazine , or clip thereof attached to the firearm ... Therefore , carrying a loaded magazine separate from the handgun is NOT Prohibited under the CA Penal Code . As long as the loaded magazine is not inserted into the gun , you are carrying / transporting an unloaded weapon .", "e.g. Ammunition and handgun are in the same box but the handgun does not have a loaded magazine inserted , nor a round in the chamber .", "In the case of People v. Clark ( 1996 ) a shotgun shell attached to the shotgun ( e.g. `` side - saddle '' ) , although not chambered or placed in a position where it was able to be fired , was declared to be legal under California law and the charge of having a loaded firearm against Clark was dismissed .", "Prior to January 1 , 2012 , it was legal to openly carry an unloaded handgun in public . In October 2011 , Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that modifies the law on openly carrying an unloaded firearm to match the restrictions for openly carrying a loaded weapon . Legislation was later signed by Governor Brown to expand these restrictions to long guns and shotguns , except while hunting .", "PC § 25610 ( 8 ). When being transported , handguns must be unloaded and in a locked fully enclosed container other than the glove box or any console attached to the vehicle . The trunk of a car is considered to be a locked container but a glove box or `` utility box '' is specifically forbidden . If one believes he or she is within a `` gun - free school zone '' ( area surrounding 1,000 feet from the edge of school grounds which teaches any grade from kindergarten to 12th grade ) then the handgun must be locked in a fully enclosed container . Failure to lock up a handgun while in a school zone is a violation of federal ( only if one does not possess a concealed weapons permit issued by California ) and state law .", "Long guns ( rifles , shotguns ) must be unloaded when transported in a vehicle . There is no requirement for a locked container with the exception of long guns considered to be `` assault weapons '' . Federal law requires locking containers when inside of a `` gun - free school zone . '' In U.S. v. Lopez the Supreme Court ruled the federal Gun - Free School Zone Act was an unconstitutional exercise of Congress 's power under the commerce clause . However , in 1996 Congress passed an amendment to the law requiring the gun to have traveled in interstate commerce , thereby voiding the effect of the ruling .", "Assault weapons , as defined by California law , must always be transported in locked containers and may only be transported under certain circumstances", "PC § 30665 . Possession and Importation of Assault Weapon or . 50 BMG Rifle Into State by Nonresident ; Conditions Permitting Sections 30600 , 30605 , and 30610 shall not apply to the possession and importation of an assault weapon or a . 50 BMG rifle into this state by a nonresident if all of the following conditions are met : ( a ) The person is attending or going directly to or coming directly from an organized competitive match or league competition that involves the use of an assault weapon or a . 50 BMG rifle . ( b ) The competition or match is conducted on the premises of one of the following : ( 1 ) A target range that holds a regulatory or business license for the purpose of practicing shooting at that target range . ( 2 ) A target range of a public or private club or organization that is organized for the purpose of practicing shooting at targets . ( c ) The match or competition is sponsored by , conducted under the auspices of , or approved by , a law enforcement agency or a nationally or state recognized entity that fosters proficiency in , or promotes education about , firearms . ( d ) The assault weapon or . 50 BMG rifle is transported in accordance with Section 25610 or Article 3 ( commencing with Section 25505 ) of Chapter 2 of Division 5 . ( e ) The person is 18 years of age or over and is not in a class of persons prohibited from possessing firearms by virtue of Chapter 2 ( commencing with Section 29800 ) or Chapter 3 ( commencing with Section 29900 ) of Division 9 of this code or Section 8100 or 8103 of the Welfare and Institutions Code . ( Added by Stats. 2010 , SB 1080 , Ch. 711 , Sec. 6 . Operative January 1 , 2012 . )", "Firearms must be kept locked up when children may be present . The 2008 California Dangerous Weapons Control Law modified California Penal Code § 12035 defining criminal storage of a firearm as keeping `` any loaded firearm within any premises that are under his or her custody or control and he or she knows or reasonably should know that a child is likely to gain access to the firearm . '' A person may be charged with a crime , if he or she keeps a loaded firearm , and the child takes the firearm to a public place or causes injury .", "It is illegal to possess an automatic firearm or a short - barreled shotgun or rifle without permission from the DOJ ; such permission is generally not granted . Enforcement of the ban varies throughout the state . Authorities in most urban areas will prosecute someone for merely possessing a prohibited firearm regardless of intent , whereas county sheriffs and local police in some rural counties have either refused to enforce the ban or to only prosecute those in possession of banned weapons who demonstrate malicious intent .", "Since 1989 , it is illegal to sell a firearm that the state has defined as an assault weapon and that has been listed in the California Department of Justice ( DOJ ) roster of prohibited firearms . This includes many military look - alike semi-automatic rifles and . 50 caliber BMG rifles . DOJ roster firearms may be legally possessed if registered with the state prior to January 2005 . Military look - alike firearms that are not listed on the DOJ roster of prohibited firearms , known as `` off - list lowers , '' are legal * to own and possess as long as state laws concerning configuration are followed . It is illegal to import , sell , give , trade , or lend a magazine that holds more than 10 rounds of ammunition , except for fixed tubular magazines for lever - action rifles and . 22 caliber rifles ; however , the possession of such magazines is legal . * Technically these `` off - list '' lowers are Category 2 assault weapons under current California law . However , in the 2001 case Harrott v. County of Kings ( 25 P. 3d 649 ( Cal. 2001 ) , the Category 2 assault weapon law was ruled unenforceable . With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016 , the state 's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center - fire rifles and shotguns capable of accepting a detachable magazine , regardless of specific makes or models or whether or not they have military - style features . The sale or transfer of such weapons is prohibited , effective January 1 , 2017 . Those purchased prior to January 1 , 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by June 30th , 2018 .", "The Roberti - Roos Assault Weapons Control Act of 1989 ( AWCA ) , its augmentation in 1999 , and the . 50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 have led to many restrictions on semi-automatic firearms . In addition to a list of specific firearms that are banned by name , the following firearms are banned by characteristic ( from Penal Code § 30515 ( a ) , formerly § 12276.1 ) :", "( 1 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon . ( B ) A thumbhole stock . ( C ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( D ) A grenade launcher or flare launcher . ( E ) A flash suppressor . ( F ) A forward pistol grip . ( 2 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has a fixed magazine with the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds . ( 3 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has an overall length of less than 30 inches ( 762 mm ) . ( 4 ) A semiautomatic pistol that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A threaded barrel , capable of accepting a flash suppressor , forward handgrip . ( B ) A second handgrip . ( C ) A shroud that is attached to , or partially or completely encircles , the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand , except a slide that encloses the barrel . ( D ) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip . ( 5 ) A semiautomatic pistol with a fixed magazine that has the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds . ( 6 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has both of the following : ( A ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( B ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon , thumbhole stock , or vertical handgrip . ( 7 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has the ability to accept a detachable magazine . ( 8 ) Any shotgun with a revolving cylinder .", "( 1 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon . ( B ) A thumbhole stock . ( C ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( D ) A grenade launcher or flare launcher . ( E ) A flash suppressor . ( F ) A forward pistol grip .", "( A ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon . ( B ) A thumbhole stock . ( C ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( D ) A grenade launcher or flare launcher . ( E ) A flash suppressor . ( F ) A forward pistol grip .", "( A ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon .", "( B ) A thumbhole stock .", "( C ) A folding or telescoping stock .", "( D ) A grenade launcher or flare launcher .", "( E ) A flash suppressor .", "( F ) A forward pistol grip .", "( 2 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has a fixed magazine with the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds .", "( 3 ) A semiautomatic , centerfire rifle that has an overall length of less than 30 inches ( 762 mm ) .", "( 4 ) A semiautomatic pistol that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine and any one of the following : ( A ) A threaded barrel , capable of accepting a flash suppressor , forward handgrip . ( B ) A second handgrip . ( C ) A shroud that is attached to , or partially or completely encircles , the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand , except a slide that encloses the barrel . ( D ) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip .", "( A ) A threaded barrel , capable of accepting a flash suppressor , forward handgrip . ( B ) A second handgrip . ( C ) A shroud that is attached to , or partially or completely encircles , the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand , except a slide that encloses the barrel . ( D ) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip .", "( A ) A threaded barrel , capable of accepting a flash suppressor , forward handgrip .", "( B ) A second handgrip .", "( C ) A shroud that is attached to , or partially or completely encircles , the barrel that allows the bearer to fire the weapon without burning his or her hand , except a slide that encloses the barrel .", "( D ) The capacity to accept a detachable magazine at some location outside of the pistol grip .", "( 5 ) A semiautomatic pistol with a fixed magazine that has the capacity to accept more than 10 rounds .", "( 6 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has both of the following : ( A ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( B ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon , thumbhole stock , or vertical handgrip .", "( A ) A folding or telescoping stock . ( B ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon , thumbhole stock , or vertical handgrip .", "( A ) A folding or telescoping stock .", "( B ) A pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon , thumbhole stock , or vertical handgrip .", "( 7 ) A semiautomatic shotgun that has the ability to accept a detachable magazine .", "( 8 ) Any shotgun with a revolving cylinder .", "In addition , ( Penal Code § 12001.5 ) bans , by definition , short - barreled shotguns and short - barreled rifles . Defined in Penal Code § 12020 ; a short - barreled shotgun is defined as a firearm ( designed , redesigned , or altered ) to fire a fixed shotgun shell and has a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches . A short - barreled rifle is defined as a semiautomatic , center fire rifle with a barrel length of less than 16 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches .", "Interestingly , while a Rossi Circuit Judge ( 18 '' barrel ) is considered a shotgun with a revolving cylinder ( violation of # 8 above ) , the CA DOJ claims it is legal because it has a rifled barrel . However , the Taurus Judge handgun is considered a `` short - barreled shotgun '' and therefore illegal in CA , even though it fires the same shot shell as the Circuit Judge , as well as has a rifled barrel . Conversely , there are many revolvers that fire shot shells made in different calibers ( e.g. 22 , 9mm , 38 , etc . ) mostly used to shoot birds or snakes . Even though these handguns , with less that 18 '' barrels , fire shot shells , like the Judge , they are legal in California .", "Methods of obtaining particular styles of firearms similar to assault weapons have been achieved by design changes by gun parts manufacturers . One of the most common modifications prior to 2017 was a `` bullet button '' , which modified a rifle so that the magazine is not removable without the use of a tool ( which could include a bullet used as a tool per state law ) , which presses a button that a finger alone can not press . Weapons with this feature were deemed to no longer have a `` detachable magazine '' within the assault weapons definition , and therefore could be exempt from the law as it then stood , depending on the other requirements . As certain portions of firearms ( the lower receiver , or `` lower '' for short , which is legally considered to be the firearm ) are banned by model name under California state law , multiple modifications could be made to allow a rifle to comply under state law .", "It is under these exceptions that the weapons used in the 2015 San Bernardino terrorist attack were legal when initially purchased , and subsequently illegally sold to the perpetrators . The perpetrators subsequently illegally altered these exempt weapons in ways that violated other provisions of the California law , by enabling the DPMS Panther Arms AR - 15 rifle to use a high - capacity magazine and illegally modifying the Smith & Wesson M&P15 rifle .", "In order to close what was perceived by proponents to be a loophole in the law enabling such modifications , the legislature passed Assembly Bill 1135 and Senate Bill 880 in 2016 which , amongst other things , narrowed the definition of a `` fixed magazine '' as required under the law `` to mean an ammunition feeding device contained in , or permanently attached to , a firearm in such a manner that the device can not be removed without disassembly of the firearm action . ''", "Shortly after being signed into law , Darin Prince , the creator of the bullet button , revealed the bullet button reloaded in order to comply with the new law .", "California 's assault weapons ban has a provision for an individual to seek approval from the state DOJ to acquire , transport and possess a firearm that meets the state 's prohibited firearm criteria , although such approval is generally not granted unless the applicant qualifies under a limited set of exceptions :", "Individuals who owned listed assault weapons before the 1989 assault weapons ban went into effect are allowed to keep such firearms ; owners were required to register such weapons with the California DOJ by a deadline established in the assault weapons ban legislation . Non-resident , active duty military members who bring their firearms into California when permanently assigned to a military installation within the state . Prior to arrival , the military member must submit a registration form and a copy of his or her assignment orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander to the DOJ , and the firearm ( s ) in question are legal to obtain and possess in his or her home state . If a non-resident military member decides to establish residency in California , he or she must either surrender listed assault weapons to the DOJ or police department , or remove the weapons from the state prior to becoming a resident and / or separating from the Armed Services . Resident police officers in California may own listed assault weapons with permission of their police chief and the DOJ . As of 2011 , police officers may keep their assault weapons and high capacity magazines after retirement or separation from the force . No permission is needed for police to purchase and possess magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , but they must present proof of their active law enforcement affiliation . Firearms that would have been classified as assault weapons but are used for Olympic and International competitions are exempt . There is a list of the exempt firearms , and new firearms can be added to the list if needed by USA Shooting , the governing body for Olympic and International Shooting Sport competition . Assault weapons being imported into California for sale and delivery to a federal , state or local governmental agency for use by employees of such agencies to perform official duties . Private security firms may seek approval from the DOJ to arm its employees with weapons that meet California 's assault weapon definition while on duty . The DOJ in its discretion may issue a Special Weapons Permit to security firms on a need - based determination ( e.g. , significance of persons , items , or sites being protected by the applying firm , threat level against such persons , items , or sites , etc . ) . Employees of such firms are subject to extensive training and vetting requirements prior to obtaining DOJ approval to carry assault weapons on duty . Assault weapons intended for use in the film industry are allowed , with approval from the DOJ .", "Individuals who owned listed assault weapons before the 1989 assault weapons ban went into effect are allowed to keep such firearms ; owners were required to register such weapons with the California DOJ by a deadline established in the assault weapons ban legislation .", "Non-resident , active duty military members who bring their firearms into California when permanently assigned to a military installation within the state . Prior to arrival , the military member must submit a registration form and a copy of his or her assignment orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander to the DOJ , and the firearm ( s ) in question are legal to obtain and possess in his or her home state . If a non-resident military member decides to establish residency in California , he or she must either surrender listed assault weapons to the DOJ or police department , or remove the weapons from the state prior to becoming a resident and / or separating from the Armed Services .", "Resident police officers in California may own listed assault weapons with permission of their police chief and the DOJ . As of 2011 , police officers may keep their assault weapons and high capacity magazines after retirement or separation from the force . No permission is needed for police to purchase and possess magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition , but they must present proof of their active law enforcement affiliation .", "Firearms that would have been classified as assault weapons but are used for Olympic and International competitions are exempt . There is a list of the exempt firearms , and new firearms can be added to the list if needed by USA Shooting , the governing body for Olympic and International Shooting Sport competition .", "Assault weapons being imported into California for sale and delivery to a federal , state or local governmental agency for use by employees of such agencies to perform official duties .", "Private security firms may seek approval from the DOJ to arm its employees with weapons that meet California 's assault weapon definition while on duty . The DOJ in its discretion may issue a Special Weapons Permit to security firms on a need - based determination ( e.g. , significance of persons , items , or sites being protected by the applying firm , threat level against such persons , items , or sites , etc . ) . Employees of such firms are subject to extensive training and vetting requirements prior to obtaining DOJ approval to carry assault weapons on duty .", "Assault weapons intended for use in the film industry are allowed , with approval from the DOJ .", "There are protections under the federal Firearm Owners Protection Act for nonresidents traveling through California with firearms that meet the state 's assault weapon criteria . First , the weapon must be legal for the traveler to own under federal law and under the laws of his or her home state and the state of destination . Additionally , the weapon in question must be unloaded with the firearm and ammunition locked in separate cases and placed in an area of the vehicle that is not easily accessible , such as the trunk of a car or bed of a truck . Finally , the traveler should traverse the state by the shortest route and make the minimum number of stops practicable .", "There are also numerous other laws , such as prohibition on possession of tracer ammunition , handgun armor - piercing ammunition , . 50 BMG rifles , and the sale or transfer of magazines with a capacity of more than 10 rounds . All rifles are normally exempt for the original owner if properly registered at the time of the acts which prohibited them .", "In addition , the law states that any weapon that is part of the AR - 15 series or AK series is also an assault weapon , regardless of manufacturer ; this dates back to 1989 ban , and was confirmed in the Kasler v. Lockyer decision , filed 6 / 29 / 2000 . However , the California Supreme Court declared the identification of assault weapon by series membership to be too dubious and difficult for the average citizen or even trial court to make without specific and clear model identification guidelines . The court thus set some specific requirements for the `` series '' identification portion of the law in their ruling of Harrott v. County of Kings , filed 6 / 28 / 2001 . This decision required banned firearms to be specifically listed by make and model in California Code of Regulations ( the `` Kasler list '' ) ; it did not address assault weapons defined by features . Thus , only firearms specifically listed by exact combination of manufacturer and model name , or conforming to explicit exterior characteristics ( such as a pistol grip or folding stock in combination with a detachable magazine ) can be banned under current legislation .", "Once it was realized the California Department of Justice ( CA DOJ ) had not updated the `` Kasler list '' in the five years after the Harrott decision , many Californians found they could legally purchase and possess AR and AK rifles not yet officially identified as `` series '' members . As of February 2006 , over 10,000 `` off - list '' receivers ( frames ) for such rifles have been legally imported to , and purchased within , California . The only requirement for these receivers are that the combination of make and model is not explicitly listed as banned , and as long as the owner does not add certain `` characteristic features '' turning the firearm into an assault weapon ( i.e. pistol grip , flash suppressor , etc . ) . These characteristic features can be used , however , if a nondetachable 10 - round ( or less ) magazine , conforming in the converse to the California Code of Regulations § 5469 , formerly § 978.20 , definition of detachable magazine , is affixed to such `` off - list '' rifles . These off - list rifles can also be used without a pistol grip , folding stock , or flash hider , in which case it is legal to own and use them with detachable magazines , including large capacity magazines . ( California Code of Regulations § 978.20 was changed without regulatory effect renumbering § 978.20 to § 5469 filed 6 - 28 - 2006 )", "The CA DOJ produced a report from the Ferranto Commission in response , intimating that this list will be updated in early 2006 ; as of December 2006 , it had not done so . On February 1 , 2006 , the CA DOJ also issued a controversial memorandum about this subject ; critics say the described actions are not founded or supported within statutory law in Penal Code § § 12275 -- 12290 . This memo stated that once off - list `` series '' firearms are declared and registered as assault weapons , they will not be able to have characteristic features added or fixed magazines removed . This is being challenged by pro-gun groups , since there is no criminal violation in the California Penal Code for adding or changing features to a legally acquired , registered assault weapon .", "On November 8 , 2005 , San Francisco voters enacted Proposition H , a total ban on the manufacture , sale , transfer or distribution of firearms or ammunition in San Francisco , as well as a ban on the possession of handguns within the city by San Francisco residents ( excepting police officers , security guards and the like ) . The ban did not prohibit possession of weapons other than handguns , nor did it prohibit residents of other cities from possessing handguns in San Francisco . While this measure made San Francisco the third major U.S. city , following Washington , D.C. and Chicago , to enact a ban on handguns , San Francisco 's ban extended further , not implementing a grandfather clause found in Chicago 's and Washington D.C. 's laws that protected existing gun owners . Proposition H stated that handgun owners in San Francisco must turn over their handguns to the police by the end of March 2006 , have them confiscated , or move outside the city limits . In June 2006 , Judge James Warren of the San Francisco County Superior Court struck down Proposition H , asserting that under California law local officials do not have the authority to ban handgun ownership by law - abiding citizens . On January 9 , 2008 , a California appellate court upheld Judge Warren 's decision . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) opposed the ban from its inception .", "In May 2013 , the Los Angeles City Council voted to draft a law prohibiting the possession of large - capacity ammunition magazines , sparking lawsuit threats from two gun rights organizations . In November of the same year , the city of Sunnyvale passed a similar ordinance along with three other firearm related restrictions . The new ordinance requires city residents to `` dispose , donate , or sell '' any magazine capable of holding more than ten rounds within a proscribed period of time once the measure took effect . Measure C also requires :", "city residents to report firearm theft to the police within 48 hours , residents to lock up their guns at home , and gun dealers to keep logs of ammunition sales . The city of San Francisco then passed similar ordinances a short time later .", "city residents to report firearm theft to the police within 48 hours ,", "residents to lock up their guns at home , and", "gun dealers to keep logs of ammunition sales . The city of San Francisco then passed similar ordinances a short time later .", "SB199 , passed in August 2014 , requires some fake guns to have bright colors for safety reasons .", "Bill 1014 that has passed the State Senate in September 2014 would allow the police to confiscate guns from high - risk individuals for a period of 21 days without a warrant or court order . On 30 September 2014 , Governor Brown signed the law which is phased in through 1 January 2016 . This makes California the fourth state ( behind Connecticut , Indiana , and New York ) to have a weapons seizure law .", "SB 869 , newly signed by Governor Brown , makes it a crime ( infraction with a fine up to $1,000 ) to leave a firearm in an unattended vehicle unless it has been either 1 . locked in the trunk , 2 . stored in a locked container that is placed out of plain view or 3 . stored in a locked container that is permanently affixed to the interior of the vehicle and not in plain view . The specific language of the new law can be found in Penal Code Section 25140 . Active peace officers are specifically called out as not being exempt , unless in the event that immediate aid is required that is within the course of their employment . Likely , this law will be enforced upon the report that a firearm was stolen out of a vehicle , in which case the owner will be held responsible .", "In July 2016 several new restrictions were enacted . It became illegal to sell semi-automatic rifles with magazines that can be detached using a bullet button . The possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition is now prohibited ; large capacity magazines lawfully owned before this date must either be turned into police or a licensed firearms dealer , or removed from the state . Background checks are required for the sale of ammunition .", "In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63 . The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds , requires a background check for the purchase of ammunition , and requires the reporting of lost or stolen guns . Starting on January 1 , 2019 , a permit will be required to purchase ammunition and ammunition must be registered .", "In California , the police or a person 's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others . The weapons may be held for up to a year ." ]

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[ "`` Business School '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 3 Episode 17 Directed by Joss Whedon Written by Brent Forrester Production code 317 Original air date February 15 , 2007 Guest appearance ( s ) Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Michael Patrick McGill as Kenny Anderson Tom W. Chick as Gil Episode chronology ← Previous `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' Next → `` Cocktails '' The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes", "`` Business School ''", "The Office episode", "Episode no . Season 3 Episode 17", "Directed by Joss Whedon", "Written by Brent Forrester", "Production code 317", "Original air date February 15 , 2007", "Guest appearance ( s )", "Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Michael Patrick McGill as Kenny Anderson Tom W. Chick as Gil", "Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli Michael Patrick McGill as Kenny Anderson Tom W. Chick as Gil", "Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton", "Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli", "Michael Patrick McGill as Kenny Anderson", "Tom W. Chick as Gil", "Episode chronology", "← Previous `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' Next → `` Cocktails ''", "← Previous `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' Next → `` Cocktails ''", "← Previous `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' Next → `` Cocktails ''", "The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes", "`` Business School '' is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the US version of The Office , and the show 's 45th overall . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is invited by Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) to speak to his business school class . When many of the students question the usefulness of paper in a computerized world , Michael attempts to inform the class of how essential paper is . Meanwhile , a bat becomes trapped in the office , leading Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) on a mission to protect the employees .", "The episode was written by Brent Forrester , and directed by Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Firefly creator Joss Whedon . Whedon became involved with the show due to being a friend of series creator Greg Daniels as well as series co-star Jenna Fischer . Despite Whedon 's experience with Buffy the Vampire Slayer , the sub-plot about Dwight coming to believe that Jim Halpert is a vampire was entirely coincidental .", "The episode aired on NBC on February 15 , 2007 and was seen by an estimated 8.84 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research . It was positively received by television critics , with several writing positively of Joss Whedon 's involvement . Carell 's performance was also positively received , and several critics applauded the scene in which Michael says positive things about Pam 's art .", "Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) invites Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) to speak at his business school class . Michael is excited , but Ryan admits in a talking head interview that he has only invited Michael because his professor promised to bump up the grade of any student who brings his boss into class . During his introduction of Michael , Ryan predicts that Dunder Mifflin will become obsolete within five to ten years . However , Michael could not hear him and proceeds to ruin the event with his antics ( including tearing pages out of a student 's textbook to prove you `` ca n't learn from textbooks '' ) . One of Ryan 's classmates asks for Michael 's opinion of Ryan 's prediction . Infuriated and hurt , Michael punishes Ryan by relocating his desk to the `` annex , '' where Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) works . Kelly babbles uncontrollably in excitement at the news .", "Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) discovers a bat in the ceiling . It flies through the office , sending the employees scurrying for cover . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) exploit Dwight 's paranoia , and pretend that Jim was bitten by the bat and is turning into a vampire . Jim calls animal control , but Dwight insists on catching the bat himself even after 5 : 00 passes and the other employees go home , save Meredith ( Kate Flannery ) who continues to hide in the breakroom for fear of the bat . Dwight eventually catches the bat with a garbage bag after it lands on Meredith 's head .", "Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , in the meantime , invites her co-workers to her art show after work . At the show , Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) and his partner Gil ( Tom Chick ) critique her art , with Gil dismissing it as `` motel art '' , not realizing that she is standing right behind them . None of her other co-workers show , leaving her feeling alienated and sad . Roy comes by and compliments her work , but obviously does so as a `` boyfriend 's gesture '' with no sincere appreciation for art . The general attendees show little interest in her drawings , and she begins to doubt her abilities . As she begins to take her work down , Michael arrives , having been delayed by the trip back to the office to move Ryan 's things . He expresses sincere awe for her work and asks to buy her drawing of the office building , saying that he is very proud of her . Pam embraces him as her eyes tear up . Michael hangs Pam 's drawing on the wall next to his office .", "`` Business School '' was the second Office episode written by Brent Forrester . Forrester had previously written `` The Merger '' . The episode was the first to be directed by Joss Whedon . Whedon , who is a friend of both producer Greg Daniels and Jenna Fischer , and also met most of the production staff prior to the episode , stated that he chose to direct the episode `` because I already know the writing staff and a bunch of the cast , and I adore the show . '' When informed that the episode was about a bat entering into the office and one of the characters pretending to be a vampire , Whedon thought that it was a joke ; in reference to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , he quipped to the crew , `` Did n't I just leave this party ? '' In an interview featured on the third season DVD , Whedon joked that the `` Business School '' episode and his former TV show were very similar because `` Buffy ... was sad and depressing but ... it was funny . Especially when people died . And a lot of people do die in ( ' Business School ' ) . '' But upon completing the episode , Whedon said , `` That was just coincidence . But that 's how that happened . God , it was fun . '' Whedon stated that he was surprised with the amount of input he was allowed with the script . `` I would n't say freedom to do things with it ... But way more input was asked for than I would have ever anticipated . '' At Pam 's art show , the pieces which she was supposed to have painted did not suit Whedon ; he explained , `` I got to the set and saw Pam 's art , and I was like , ' This is not right . ' '' Whedon said that he held up filming for over an hour until the staff was able create new pieces of art .", "For the scenes which involved filming with a bat , the production team used an actual bat , an animated bat , and a mechanical bat . When around the actual bat , Kate Flannery , who portrays Meredith Palmer , stated that `` we had to be extremely quiet around ( it ) , basically pretending to scream . '' California State University , Northridge served as the backdrop for Ryan 's business school and the art show ; the scenes at the institution were shot in January of 2007 .", "`` Business School '' first aired on February 15 , 2007 in the United States on NBC . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was watched by an estimated 8.84 million viewers . The Office garned a 4.4 / 11 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . This means that it was seen by 4.4 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 11 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast .", "The episode received generally good reviews from critics . Brian Zoromski , of IGN , stated that `` ' Business School ' was an exercise in what works best in an Office episode . '' Zoromski also praised Joss Whedon 's directorial debut for the show , stating that `` Whedon 's direction and sense of humor was both excellently put to use and alluded to in the scenes in which Jim hilariously pretended to become a vampire . '' Zoromski went on to say that the acting of John Krasinski and Rashida Jones , who portrays Karen Filippelli , helped to make the vampire scenes the funniest parts of the episode . He gave the episode a 9.1 out of 10 . Abby West , of Entertainment Weekly , stated that `` This show has always been able to turn on a dime and take the comedy to a soul - stirring dramatic climax with just the lightest of touches , and last night was no different . '' West went on to praise Michael and Pam 's scene at the art show as one of these moments .", "In a retrospective review of the show 's third season , Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an `` A '' . Adams highlighted Carell 's acting , writing , `` On this rewatch , I found myself slack - jawed at how deep Carell gets into Michael 's ' saying something without saying anything ' style . '' Adams also applauded the way that Carell 's character brings honesty to the final scene in which Michael praises Pam 's art and offers to buy it for the office , writing , `` The boss should keep his mouth shut more often , but every once in a while , that constant stream of bad jokes , misattributed information , and banalities produces a warm and uplifting sentiment . '' Finally , Adams compared `` Business School '' with previous television episodes that Joss Whedon has written , noting that the characters ' `` triumphs over naysayers and foreboding villains '' ( e.g. Pam receiving harsh criticism about her art only to be vindicated in the end , Michael being humiliated in Ryan 's business class but ultimately affirming his strength as an effective salesman ) was akin to how Whedon often wrote his heroes triumphing over seasonal `` Big Bads '' ." ]

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[ "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2014 )", "This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2014 )", "Skat Die Skatpartie by Josef Wagner - Höhenberg Origin Germany Type Trick - taking Players Skills required Hand evaluation , counting , cooperation Cards 32 Deck German or French Play Clockwise Card rank ( highest to lowest ) ( J ) A 10 KQ 9 8 7 AKQJ 10 9 8 7 ( only for Null - Games ) Playing time 3 - 5 minutes per hand played Random chance Low Related games Doppelkopf , Schafkopf , Sheepshead", "Die Skatpartie by Josef Wagner - Höhenberg", "Origin Germany", "Type Trick - taking", "Players", "Skills required Hand evaluation , counting , cooperation", "Cards 32", "Deck German or French", "Play Clockwise", "Card rank ( highest to lowest ) ( J ) A 10 KQ 9 8 7 AKQJ 10 9 8 7 ( only for Null - Games )", "Playing time 3 - 5 minutes per hand played", "Random chance Low", "Related games", "Doppelkopf , Schafkopf , Sheepshead", "Skat ( German pronunciation : ( ˈskaːt ) ) is a 3 - player trick - taking card game devised in early 19th - century Germany . Along with Doppelkopf it is the most popular card game in Germany and Silesia .", "Skat was developed by the members of the Brommesche Tarok - Gesellschaft between 1810 and 1817 in Altenburg , in what is now the State of Thuringia , Germany , based on the three - player game of Tarock , also known as Tarot , and the four - player game of Schafkopf ( equivalent to the American game Sheepshead ) . It has become the most loved and widely played German card game , especially in German - speaking regions . In the earliest known form of the game , the player in the first seat was dealt twelve cards and the other two players ten each . He then made two discards , constituting the Skat , and announced a contract . But the main innovation of this new game was that of the bidding process .", "The first book on the rules of Skat was published in 1848 by a secondary school teacher J.F.L. Hempel . Nevertheless , the rules continued to differ from one region to another until the first attempt to set them in order was made by a congress of Skat players on 7 August 1886 in Altenburg . These were the first official rules finally published in a book form in 1888 by Theodor Thomas of Leipzig . The current rules , followed by both the ISPA and the German Skat Federation , date from Jan. 1 , 1999 .", "The word Skat is a Tarok term derived from the Latin word scarto , scartare , which means to discard or reject , and its derivative scatola , a box or a place for safe - keeping . The word scarto is still used in some other Italian card games to this day , and is not to be confused with the American game called scat", "Note : Because of the many variations in the rules of Skat , the rules below are necessarily general , although rules not found in official German tournament play are marked as such .", "Skat is a game for three players . At the beginning of each round , one player becomes declarer and the other two players become the defending team . The two defenders are not allowed to communicate in any way except by their choice of cards to play . The game can also be played by four players . In this case , the dealer will sit out the round that was dealt .", "A central aspect of the game are the three coexisting varieties called `` Suit '' , `` Grand '' and `` Null '' game , that differ in suit order , scoring and even overall goal to achieve .", "Each round of the game starts with a bidding phase to determine declarer and the required minimum Game Value ( explained below ) . Then , ten tricks are played , allowing players to take trick points . Each card has a face value ( except in Null games ) and is worth that number of points for the player winning the trick . The total face value of all cards is 120 points . Declarer 's goal is to take at least 61 points in tricks in order to win that round of the game . Otherwise , the defending team wins the round . Points from tricks are not directly added to the players ' overall score , they are used only to determine the outcome of the game ( win or loss for declarer ) , although winning by certain margins may increase the score for that round .", "After each round a score is awarded in accordance with the Game Value . If declarer wins he is awarded a positive score , if he loses the score is doubled and subtracted from declarer 's tally ( i.e. a negative score ) .", "The French deck consists of 32 cards which are Ace , King , Queen , Jack , 10 , 9 , 8 and 7 in all four suits ( Clubs , Spades , Hearts and Diamonds ) . Some players in Eastern and Southern Germany and Austria prefer German decks with the suits of Acorns , Leaves , Hearts and Bells . The 32 cards in the German deck are Daus ( 2 ) , King , Ober , Unter , 10 , 9 , 8 , and 7 in all four suits . Until recently in Saxony and Thuringia , for example , German - suited decks were used almost exclusively . By contrast , regions of the former West Germany had adopted a French - suited ( ♣ ♠ ♥ ) deck ( of which the Anglo - American deck is a variant ) .", "Since German reunification , a compromise Turnierbild deck is used in tournaments that uses the shapes of the French suits but with corresponding German suit colors , notably green Spades ♠ and yellow Diamonds . The choice of deck does not affect the rules .", "At the beginning of each round each player is dealt ten cards , with the two remaining cards ( the so - called Skat ) being put face down in the middle of the table . Dealing follows this pattern : deal three cards each , then deal the Skat , then four cards each , then three cards again ( `` three -- Skat -- four -- three '' ) . In four - player rounds , the dealer does not receive any cards and skips actual play of the round . He or she may peek into the hand of one other player ( if allowed to do so ) but never into the Skat .", "Dealing rotates clockwise around the table , so that the player sitting to the left of the dealer will be dealer for the next round .", "After the cards have been dealt , and before the deal is played out , a bidding or auction ( German : Reizen ) is held to decide :", "Who will be declarer for the round , and thus eligible for picking up the Skat The minimum Game Value needed in order for declarer to win", "Who will be declarer for the round , and thus eligible for picking up the Skat", "The minimum Game Value needed in order for declarer to win", "The goal for each player during the bidding is to bid a Game Value as high as his or her card holding would allow , but never higher than necessary to win the auction . How the actual Game Value is determined is explained in detail below and is necessary to understand in order to know how high one can safely bid .", "It is possible for a player to overbid , which leads to an automatic loss of the game in question . Often this does not become obvious before the player picks up the Skat , or even not before the end of the game in question ( in case of a Hand game , when the Skat is not picked up ) . Players have therefore to exercise careful scrutiny during bidding , as not to incur an unnecessary loss .", "The bidding may also give away some information about what cards a player may or may not hold . Experienced players will be able to use this to their advantage .", "The Game Value ( also called Hand Value ) ( German : Spielwert ) is what the game will be worth after all tricks have been played . It is determined not only by the 10 cards held , but also by the two - card Skat . The Skat always belongs to the declarer , and if it contains certain high cards this may change the Game Value . It is therefore not possible in general to determine the exact Game Value before knowing the Skat .", "The Game Value is determined by the type of the game and the Game Level as explained below for the Suit , Grand and Null games .", "In a Suit game ( German : Farbspiel ) , one of the four suits is the trump suit .", "Each suit has a Base Value , as follows :", "suit ( French deck ) suit ( German deck ) value Clubs ( German : Kreuz ) ( ♣ ) Acorns ( German : Eichel ) ( ) 12 Spades ( German : Pik ) ( ♠ ) Leaves ( German : Blatt / Grün ) ( ) 11 Hearts ( German : Herz ) ( ♥ ) Hearts ( German : Herz / Rot ) ( ) 10 Diamonds ( German : Karo ) ( ) Bells ( German : Schellen ) ( ) 9", "suit ( French deck ) suit ( German deck ) value", "Clubs ( German : Kreuz ) ( ♣ ) Acorns ( German : Eichel ) ( ) 12", "Spades ( German : Pik ) ( ♠ ) Leaves ( German : Blatt / Grün ) ( ) 11", "Hearts ( German : Herz ) ( ♥ ) Hearts ( German : Herz / Rot ) ( ) 10", "Diamonds ( German : Karo ) ( ) Bells ( German : Schellen ) ( ) 9", "This Base Value ( German : Grundwert ) is then multiplied by the multiplier Game Level ( German : Spielstufe or Gewinngrad ) to determine the Game Value , i.e.", "Game Value = Base Value x Game Level .", "The multiplier Game Level of 1 ( for becoming declarer ) is always assumed . It is then increased by one for each of the following :", "The Matadors jack straight length ( German : Spitzen ) , counting from the top , i.e. the jack of clubs and any trumps in unbroken sequence with it . If the top trump ( ♣ J ) is held , count the length of the straight of trumps from the top ( e.g. having all jacks and the ace but not the 10 of the suit counts as `` with 5 '' , other trump cards are not considered ) . If the ♣ J is missing , count the missing trumps from the top ( e.g. owning the J but no higher jack counts as `` without 3 '' ) The Hand game ( when the Skat is not picked up by declarer ) . The Schneider ( when the game is won ( or lost ) with 90 or more trick points taken by the winning side ) . The Schwarz ( when the game is won ( or lost ) with all tricks taken by the winning side ) .", "The Matadors jack straight length ( German : Spitzen ) , counting from the top , i.e. the jack of clubs and any trumps in unbroken sequence with it . If the top trump ( ♣ J ) is held , count the length of the straight of trumps from the top ( e.g. having all jacks and the ace but not the 10 of the suit counts as `` with 5 '' , other trump cards are not considered ) . If the ♣ J is missing , count the missing trumps from the top ( e.g. owning the J but no higher jack counts as `` without 3 '' )", "If the top trump ( ♣ J ) is held , count the length of the straight of trumps from the top ( e.g. having all jacks and the ace but not the 10 of the suit counts as `` with 5 '' , other trump cards are not considered ) . If the ♣ J is missing , count the missing trumps from the top ( e.g. owning the J but no higher jack counts as `` without 3 '' )", "If the top trump ( ♣ J ) is held , count the length of the straight of trumps from the top ( e.g. having all jacks and the ace but not the 10 of the suit counts as `` with 5 '' , other trump cards are not considered ) .", "If the ♣ J is missing , count the missing trumps from the top ( e.g. owning the J but no higher jack counts as `` without 3 '' )", "The Hand game ( when the Skat is not picked up by declarer ) .", "The Schneider ( when the game is won ( or lost ) with 90 or more trick points taken by the winning side ) .", "The Schwarz ( when the game is won ( or lost ) with all tricks taken by the winning side ) .", "In case of a Hand game ( declarer does not pick up the Skat ) , the following special cases are allowed . Each one increases the multiplier Game Level by another point :", "Schneider is announced by declarer after the bidding ( declarer has to take 90 or more trick points to win the game ) Schwarz is announced by declarer after the bidding ( declarer has to take all tricks to win ) Ouvert ( declarer plays with open cards and takes all tricks ; i.e. Schwarz has to be announced in order to declare Ouvert in a Suit game )", "Schneider is announced by declarer after the bidding ( declarer has to take 90 or more trick points to win the game )", "Schwarz is announced by declarer after the bidding ( declarer has to take all tricks to win )", "Ouvert ( declarer plays with open cards and takes all tricks ; i.e. Schwarz has to be announced in order to declare Ouvert in a Suit game )", "To summarize in tabular form :", "Ordinary Skat game Hand game Matadors jack straight ( with or without ) 1 each 1 each Game ( for becoming declarer ) Hand ( the Skat is not picked up ) n / a Schneider ( win with 90 or more points ) Schneider announced n / a Schwarz ( win all tricks ) Schwarz announced n / a Ouvert ( declarer plays with open hand ) n / a", "Ordinary Skat game Hand game", "Matadors jack straight ( with or without ) 1 each 1 each", "Game ( for becoming declarer )", "Hand ( the Skat is not picked up ) n / a", "Schneider ( win with 90 or more points )", "Schneider announced n / a", "Schwarz ( win all tricks )", "Schwarz announced n / a", "Ouvert ( declarer plays with open hand ) n / a", "n / a = not applicable", "Cards in the trump suit are ordered as follows ( this is important to know when counting the length of the Matadors jack straight ) :", "Jack of Clubs , J ♣ or B ♣ or U ( German deck : Acorns / Eichel Unter ) Jack of Spades , J ♠ or B ♠ or U ( German deck : Leaves / Grüner Unter ) Jack of Hearts , J ♥ or B ♥ or U ( German deck : Hearts / Roter Unter ) Jack of Diamonds , J or B or U ( German deck : Bells / Schellen Unter ) Trump Ace Trump Ten Trump King Trump Queen ( German Deck : Ober ) Trump Nine Trump Eight Trump Seven", "Jack of Clubs , J ♣ or B ♣ or U ( German deck : Acorns / Eichel Unter )", "Jack of Spades , J ♠ or B ♠ or U ( German deck : Leaves / Grüner Unter )", "Jack of Hearts , J ♥ or B ♥ or U ( German deck : Hearts / Roter Unter )", "Jack of Diamonds , J or B or U ( German deck : Bells / Schellen Unter )", "Trump Queen ( German Deck : Ober )", "The Jack of Clubs is the highest - ranking card in a Suit game and is called in German `` der Alte '' ( `` the old man '' ) .", "The non-trump suit cards are ranked A-10 - K-Q - 9 - 8 - 7 ( or A-10 - K-O - 9 - 8 - 7 for the German deck respectively ) .", "As mentioned above , the cards in the Skat are to be included when determining the multiplier Game Level ( also in case of the Hand game , where the Skat is unknown until after the deal has been played out ) . During bidding , each player therefore has incomplete information regarding the true Game Value . The final Game Value is calculated by multiplying the Base Value for the suit by the multiplier Game Level :", "Grand is a special case of Suit game , in which only the Jacks are trumps in the same order as in the Suit game :", "Jack of Clubs , J ♣ or B ♣ Jack of Spades , J ♠ or B ♠ Jack of Hearts , J ♥ or B ♥ Jack of Diamonds , J or B", "Jack of Clubs , J ♣ or B ♣", "Jack of Spades , J ♠ or B ♠", "Jack of Hearts , J ♥ or B ♥", "Jack of Diamonds , J or B", "All other cards are ranked the same as in a Suit game : A-10 - K-Q - 9 - 8 - 7 .", "The Base Value for the Grand game is 24 in the official rules . It used to be 20 until 1932 , and many hobbyists continued to use 20 well into the postwar era .", "All other rules for determining Game Value are as in a Suit game , i.e. the Base Value of 24 is multiplied by the multiplier Game Level .", "In the Null game , declarer promises not to take any tricks at all . There is no trump suit and jacks are treated as normal suit cards sorted between 10 and queen . Thus the cards are ordered : A-K-Q-J - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 . The Game Values of Null games are fixed , as follows :", "23 for a simple Null game 35 for a Null Hand game ( the Skat is not picked up by declarer ) 46 for a Null Ouvert game ( declarer plays with open cards ) 59 for a Null Ouvert Hand game ( combination of the above two )", "23 for a simple Null game", "35 for a Null Hand game ( the Skat is not picked up by declarer )", "46 for a Null Ouvert game ( declarer plays with open cards )", "59 for a Null Ouvert Hand game ( combination of the above two )", "The following examples give a player 's holding and the contents of the Skat ( which will be unknown to all players during the auction ) and explain how to derive the Game Value .", "Holding : ♣ J J -- ♥ A 10 K 8 7 -- 9 8 7 Skat : ♠ AQ", "The length of Matadors jack strait will be 1 ( ♣ J is present , ♠ J is missing ) . The multiplier Game Level will be 2 ( 1 for Matadors jack strait plus 1 for becoming declarer ) .", "The possible Game Value now depends on which game is declared , for example :", "With Hearts as trumps ( Base Value is 10 ) , the Game Value is 20 ( 10x2 ) . If the Skat is not picked up , the Game Value is 30 ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for declaring Hand ) . If declarer manages to win with at least 90 trick points , the Game Value will be 30 as well ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for achieving Schneider ) . In the Grand game ( Base Value is 24 ) , the Game Value will be 48 ( 24x2 ) .", "With Hearts as trumps ( Base Value is 10 ) , the Game Value is 20 ( 10x2 ) . If the Skat is not picked up , the Game Value is 30 ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for declaring Hand ) . If declarer manages to win with at least 90 trick points , the Game Value will be 30 as well ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for achieving Schneider ) .", "If the Skat is not picked up , the Game Value is 30 ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for declaring Hand ) . If declarer manages to win with at least 90 trick points , the Game Value will be 30 as well ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for achieving Schneider ) .", "If the Skat is not picked up , the Game Value is 30 ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for declaring Hand ) .", "If declarer manages to win with at least 90 trick points , the Game Value will be 30 as well ( the multiplier Game Level increases from 2 to 3 for achieving Schneider ) .", "In the Grand game ( Base Value is 24 ) , the Game Value will be 48 ( 24x2 ) .", "Of course , many other possibilities exist .", "Note that Game Value is dependent not only on the cards held ( including the Skat ) but also on which game is being declared and the outcome of the play . Each holding can thus be evaluated differently by different players . A risk - taking player might be willing to declare Hand on a holding on which another player might not -- these two players will therefore give different valuations to the same holding . However , after all tricks have been played , it is always possible to determine the exact Game Value by combining the actual holding with the type of game and outcome of the play . Only then it becomes apparent if declarer has won or lost ( if he overbid ) .", "Holding : ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J -- ♥ A 10 K 8 7 -- ♣ 10 7 Skat : J ♠ Q", "Assuming a trump suit of Hearts in a Suit game , this holding will have a different valuation before and after the Skat has been examined .", "Without knowledge of the Skat ( assuming Hand is not declared )", "the multiplier Game Level is 4 ( 3 for the ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J strait , plus 1 for becoming declarer ) the Base Value is 10 ( for Hearts being the trump suit )", "the multiplier Game Level is 4 ( 3 for the ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J strait , plus 1 for becoming declarer )", "the Base Value is 10 ( for Hearts being the trump suit )", "This holding can be safely valuated at 40 ( 10x4 ) , regardless of the Skat . With Hearts as trump , the Game Value will always be at least that much .", "Now , assuming declarer wins by taking 95 points in tricks , after having declared Hand and Schneider , the actual Game Value will be as follows :", "The Base Value is 10 ( for Hearts being the trump suit ) The multiplier Game Level is 11 1 for becoming declarer 7 for the strait of ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J J ♥ A 10 K 1 for declaring Hand 1 for declaring Schneider 1 for achieving Schneider ( at least 90 points in tricks taken ) The actual Game Value will be 110 ( 10x11 )", "The Base Value is 10 ( for Hearts being the trump suit )", "The multiplier Game Level is 11 1 for becoming declarer 7 for the strait of ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J J ♥ A 10 K 1 for declaring Hand 1 for declaring Schneider 1 for achieving Schneider ( at least 90 points in tricks taken )", "1 for becoming declarer 7 for the strait of ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J J ♥ A 10 K 1 for declaring Hand 1 for declaring Schneider 1 for achieving Schneider ( at least 90 points in tricks taken )", "1 for becoming declarer", "7 for the strait of ♣ J ♠ J ♥ J J ♥ A 10 K", "1 for declaring Hand", "1 for declaring Schneider", "1 for achieving Schneider ( at least 90 points in tricks taken )", "The actual Game Value will be 110 ( 10x11 )", "The player could have bid up to that value ( 110 ) during the auction . In practice this would have been too risky because only the J in the Skat increased the length of Matadors jack strait to 7 .", "Note : Most players will declare a Grand game with the above hand , as it will be much more lucrative than a Suit game in Hearts ( declarer will concede at most two Club tricks , probably achieving Schneider for a Game Value of at least 144 ( 24x6 ) ) .", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 is 3 . ♣ J , ♥ J : With 1 ( counting interrupted by the missing Jack of Spades ) , plus 1 is 2 . ♣ J , ♠ J , ♥ J , J with 4 , plus 1 is 5 . ♥ J , J : Without 2 , plus 1 is 3 . ♥ J alone : This is also without 2 ( counting is interrupted by the present Jack of Hearts ) , plus 1 is 3 .", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 is 3 .", "♣ J , ♥ J : With 1 ( counting interrupted by the missing Jack of Spades ) , plus 1 is 2 .", "♣ J , ♠ J , ♥ J , J with 4 , plus 1 is 5 .", "♥ J , J : Without 2 , plus 1 is 3 .", "♥ J alone : This is also without 2 ( counting is interrupted by the present Jack of Hearts ) , plus 1 is 3 .", "Now for the special cases : If you think you can do more than just win , you can add points for the special cases .", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 ( Game ) plus 1 ( for Hand ) is 4 . ♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 ( Game ) plus 1 ( for Schneider ) is 4 . ♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 ( Game ) plus 1 ( for Hand ) plus 1 ( for Schneider ) plus 1 ( for Schwarz ) is 6 . ♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , Game 3 , Hand 4 , Schneider 5 , Pre-Announced Schneider 6 , Schwarz 7 , Pre-Announced Schwarz 8 , Ouvert 9", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 ( Game ) plus 1 ( for Hand ) is 4 .", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 ( Game ) plus 1 ( for Schneider ) is 4 .", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , plus 1 ( Game ) plus 1 ( for Hand ) plus 1 ( for Schneider ) plus 1 ( for Schwarz ) is 6 .", "♣ J , ♠ J : With 2 , Game 3 , Hand 4 , Schneider 5 , Pre-Announced Schneider 6 , Schwarz 7 , Pre-Announced Schwarz 8 , Ouvert 9", "The highest possible multiplier Game Level is 18 : that is with ( or without ) four jacks and all seven cards of trump suit ( including those in the Skat , if any ) 11 , plus the maximum of 7 for becoming declarer , Hand , Schneider , declaring Schneider , Schwarz , declaring Schwarz and Ouvert . The lowest possible multiplier Game Level is 2 : either with the Jack of Clubs or without the Jack of Clubs and with the Jack of Spades 1 , plus 1 for becoming declarer .", "The order of bidding is determined by the seating order . Starting from the left of the dealer players are numbered clockwise : the first seat ( German : Vorhand ) , the second seat ( German : Mittelhand ) and the third seat ( German : Hinterhand ) . In a three - player game , the dealer will be the third seat . In a four - player game the third seat will be to the right of the dealer .", "Bidding starts by the player in second seat making a call to the player in first seat on which the latter can hold or pass . If the first seat player holds , the second seat player can make a higher call or pass himself . This continues until either of the two players passes . The player in third seat is then allowed to continue making calls to the player who has not yet passed . Bidding ends as soon as at least two players have passed . It is also possible for all three players to pass .", "The starting order can be memorized as `` deal -- respond -- bid -- continue '' ( error : ( ( lang - xx ) ) : text has italic markup ( help ) ) . The player who `` continues '' in this mnemonic is either the dealer ( in a three - player game ) or the player in third seat . The mnemonic is commonly used among casual players .", "Example : Alice , Bob and Carole are playing , and seated in that order around the table . Alice deals the cards . Carole makes the first call to Bob , who passes right away . Alice then makes two more calls to Carole , who accepts both bids . Alice then passes as well . The bidding ends , with Carole being the declarer for this round .", "The calling player ( i.e. the player currently calling the bids ) may either", "`` pass '' , leaving the bidding and forfeiting the chance to become declarer in this round , or bid any possible Game Value that is higher than the highest bid made so far in this round .", "`` pass '' , leaving the bidding and forfeiting the chance to become declarer in this round , or", "bid any possible Game Value that is higher than the highest bid made so far in this round .", "The responding player ( i.e. the player currently responding to the bidder ) may either", "`` pass '' , leaving the bidding and forfeiting the chance to become declarer in this round , or `` accept '' , staying in the bidding and waiting for further calls .", "`` pass '' , leaving the bidding and forfeiting the chance to become declarer in this round , or", "`` accept '' , staying in the bidding and waiting for further calls .", "Responder must wait for caller to bid or pass before passing herself .", "Except for `` pass '' , only the possible Game Values are legal calls . Therefore , the lowest possible call is 18 , which is the lowest possible Game Value in Skat . Players are free to skip intermediate values , although it is common to always pick the lowest available call while bidding .", "The sequence of possible Game Values through 60 , beginning with 18 is 18 -- 20 -- 22 -- 23 -- 24 -- 27 -- 30 -- 33 -- 35 -- 36 -- 40 -- 44 -- 45 -- 46 -- 48 -- 50 -- 54 -- 55 -- 59 -- 60 ( higher bids are possible albeit rare in a competitive auction ) . Among German players the values representing Null games , especially 23 , the most common one , are often replaced by the call `` Null '' . Also , numbers are frequently abbreviated by only calling the lower digit of a value not divisible by 10 ( e.g. `` two '' instead of `` twenty - two '' or `` five '' instead of `` forty - five '' ) ; this is unambiguous if values are always called out in order and intermediate values never skipped , as is the custom .", "If all players pass , the hand is not played and the next dealer shuffles and deals . A dealer never deals twice in a row .", "It is common in informal play to play a variant of Skat called Ramsch ( junk , rummage ) instead of skipping the hand and dealing for the next one . This is not part of the sanctioned rules , however .", "In a pass - out game , the player in first seat will be the last one to pass . If that player intends to become declarer , however , he has to make a call of at least 18 ( picking up the Skat in that situation implies the call ) .", "Players Alice , Bob and Carol are seated in that order , clockwise ; Alice is the dealer . The auction proceeds as follows ( initial of player name in parentheses ) : `` 18 '' ( C ) , `` accept '' ( B ) , `` 20 '' ( C ) , `` accept '' ( B ) , `` 22 '' ( C ) , `` pass '' ( B ) , `` 23 '' ( A ) , `` accept '' ( C ) , `` 24 '' ( A ) , `` accept '' ( C ) , `` pass '' ( A ) .", "On this deal , Carol will be declarer with a final bid of 24 ( the last bid accepted by Carol ) .", "The winner of the auction becomes declarer . He will play against the other two players . Before the hand is played , declarer either", "picks up the Skat , combines it with cards in his hand , then puts two cards back face down on the table ( German : drücken ) or declares Hand ( in this case the Skat remains face down on the table ) .", "picks up the Skat , combines it with cards in his hand , then puts two cards back face down on the table ( German : drücken ) or", "declares Hand ( in this case the Skat remains face down on the table ) .", "In either case the two cards in the Skat count towards declarer 's trick points .", "After putting two cards back into the Skat , declarer then either declares a Suit game by announcing a trump suit , declares a Grand game or a Null game .", "If Hand has been declared , the player may make additional announcements such as Schneider , Schwarz and Ouvert .", "A common variant in non-sanctioned play allows the defenders to announce `` Kontra ! '' just before the first trick is played , if they have made or held at least one call . In this case , the stakes will be doubled for the hand . Declarer , in turn , may announce `` Re ! '' , to re-double the stakes . In a less common further variation this process can be repeated twice more by announcing `` Bock '' and `` Hirsch '' .", "The player in the first seat sitting to the left of the dealer leads to the first trick . The other two follow in clockwise direction . Every player plays one card to the trick , which is in the middle of the table . The winner of a trick stacks the cards face - down in front of him and leads to the next trick , which is again played clockwise .", "The players must play a card in the same suit as the first card of the trick , if possible ( `` following suit '' ) . If a player can not follow suit , he may play any card ( including a trump card ) . Trumps , including all four jacks , count as a single suit . If a trump is led , every player must also play trump , if he has any .", "If there are trump cards in the trick , the highest trump in it wins the trick . If there are no trumps in it , the highest card of the suit led wins the trick .", "The non-trump suit cards rank in order A-10 - K-Q - 9 - 8 - 7 . The trumps rank the same way with the four jacks on top in the order ♣ J , ♠ J , ♥ J , J .", "Completed tricks are kept face down in front of the players who won them , until all the cards have been played . Examining completed tricks ( except for the last one ) is not allowed . The tricks of the two players who are playing together are put together , either during or after play .", "In the Grand game , only the four Jacks are trumps in the suit order given above for a regular Suit game . All other ranks are the same as in the regular Suit game ( 10 is ranked just below the Ace ) . There are thus five `` Suits '' in the Grand game ( if a Jack is led to a trick , the other two players must play jacks too , if they have them ) .", "In a Null game there is no trump suit , and in each suit the cards are ranked A-K-Q-J - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 .", "The goal of a Null game is for declarer not to take any tricks . If declarer takes a trick in a Null game , he immediately loses and the game is scored right away .", "Declarer may , unilaterally , concede a loss while he is holding at least nine cards ( i.e. before playing to the second trick ) . Afterwards approval of at least one defender is required . Defenders may concede at any time , but may be requested by declarer to complete the play ( e.g. if declarer thinks that Schneider or Schwarz is still possible ) .", "Claiming of remaining tricks is possible as well , but for a defender only if she would be able to take the remaining tricks herself .", "A game in which the necessary trick points have been won can not be lost , regardless of claims .", "After the last trick has been played , the game is scored . Winning conditions for Null game are different from Suit and Grand games .", "To win a Suit or Grand game , declarer needs at least 61 card points in his tricks . If declarer announced Schneider , he needs at least 90 card points in order to win . The two cards in the Skat count towards declarer 's tricks . If declarer announced Schwarz , he must take all ten tricks in order to win .", "Point - values of cards Rank J 10 Q 9 8 7 Value 11 10 0 0 0", "Rank J 10 Q 9 8 7", "Value 11 10 0 0 0", "The highest - ranking cards for taking the tricks ( the Jacks ) are not the highest scoring cards . The Aces and Tens combined make up almost three quarters of the total points ; taking as many as possible of them is thus imperative for winning . On the other hand , taking 7s , 8s and 9s does n't help ( or hurt ) at all , unless Schwarz was declared .", "To win a Null game , declarer must not take a single trick . Null games are often not played through to the end , either because declarer is forced to take a trick , ending the game prematurely , or because it becomes apparent to the defenders that they will be forced to take the rest of the tricks . There are no card points in a Null game .", "Even with the majority in card points , declarer may still lose if the Game Value is lower than the value he bid during the auction . This is called `` overbidding '' . An overbid hand is automatically lost , leading to a negative score for declarer .", "An overbid hand is scored by determining the lowest possible Game Value that is a multiple of the Base Value of declarer 's suit ( or 24 in case of a Grand ) which is at least as high as declarer 's bid . This value is then doubled and subtracted from declarer 's score ( negative score ) .", "Example : Declarer bid to 30 , missing the two top trumps ( without 2 ) , intending to play a Club Suit game ( Game Value would be 12x3 = 36 ) . She then finds the ♣ J in the Skat ( with 1 ) . Her Game Value is now only 24 ( 12x2 ) -- she has overbid . Unless she manages to play at least Schneider ( raising the Game Value to 36 ) , or makes a game other than Clubs with a Game Value of at least 30 , the game will be lost . She will receive a negative score of - 72 ( 36 is the lowest multiple of 12 , the Base Value of Clubs , greater than the 30 she bid ; 36 times two is 72 ) . She can try to minimize her loss by declaring a game in Hearts instead of Clubs ( Base Value 10 instead of 12 ) . This will be worth only - 60 points , unless opponents score Schneider against her ...", "The score is always assigned to the declarer ( positive or negative ) .", "The score to be awarded is the actual Game Value . How high the player bid during the auction is immaterial , as long as the Game Value is at least as high as declarer 's bid ( see Overbid Hands above ) . Note that often the score will be higher than the auction value , because players typically do not bid as high as their hand would allow .", "For a won game , that score is added to declarer 's tally . For a lost game , the score is doubled and subtracted from declarer 's tally ( negative score ) .", "Until 1998 , lost hand games did not count double , but this rule was dropped in that year . The reason was that in tournament play nearly all games played were Hand games . This increased the Game Level by one , but did not penalize as much as a normal game would have if lost .", "In league games , a fixed number of points is added for each game that is won by the declarer to lower the chance factor and to stress the skill factor . In that situation , it becomes far more important for each player to bid his hand as high as possible .", "Example 1 : Declarer bids to 20 and declares a Grand game . He then wins with 78 points in tricks . Declarer held the ♣ J , ♠ J and J. The Game Value is 24x ( 2 + 1 ) = 72 points . These are awarded to declarer .", "Example 2 : Declarer bids to 30 and declares a Null Ouvert game . She , however , is forced to take the ninth trick , losing the game . The Game Value is 46 , it will be doubled and subtracted from her total score ( - 92 points ) .", "Ramsch ( rubbish ) is not part of sanctioned Skat rules , but is widely practiced in hobbyist rounds , and is the variant most often suggested to be officially sanctioned . It is played if all three players pass in the bidding . There is no declarer in Ramsch ; every player plays for himself , and the goal is to achieve as low a score as possible . The idea behind Ramsch is to punish players who underbid their hands .", "To make Ramsch more interesting , an additional rule is often played that adds a second winning condition : the Ramsch is also won by a player if that player manages to take all tricks ( German : Durchmarsch ) . At first , this seems to be not too difficult , since the other players will initially try to take as few tricks as possible and to get rid of their high - ranking cards . Once they get suspicious , however , they may thwart the effort simply by taking one trick from the player trying for the Durchmarsch .", "Suit ranks in Ramsch are the same as in the Grand game , with only the four Jacks being trumps .", "Hobby players often add the following rule : 10s are lower in trick taking power than Queens and Kings , but still count as ten points . Sometimes , they only count one point . There are a couple of variants to the rules concerning 10s , so this should be sorted out before starting the game . Often , the players are allowed to check and exchange cards with the skat , or decline to do so and pass the skat on to the next player , doubling the score ( German : Schieberamsch ) . Jacks are not allowed to be passed on in this variation . The two cards in the Skat are usually added to the tricks of the player who takes the last trick . After all ten tricks are played , the player with the highest number of card points ( or alternatively , every player ) has their card points amount deducted from their score as negative game points . If one player takes no tricks at all ( Jungfrau , English : virgin ) , the points of the losing hand are doubled . Some players also give a fixed value of 15 negative points to the loser and if there are two `` virgins '' , 20 .", "It 's possible to play a modified version of the game with only two players . The cards that would be dealt to a third player are simply laid down as a `` dummy '' hand instead and not used .", "A popular two - player variant is called Strohmann ( strawman ) , in which the dummy hand is played by the player who loses bidding . After the game has been declared , the third hand is flipped and can be seen by the other players . Thus , it is possible to predict what hand the opponent has and play much more strategically . It is sometimes used to teach new players the principles of Skat .", "Officer 's skat ( German : Offiziersskat ) is a variant for two players . Each player gets 16 cards on the table in front of him , 8 facing down and 8 on top of each of them with face shown . Bidding is replaced by declaring a game type and trump by the companion . When a top card is played , the hidden card is uncovered , making a total of 16 tricks in that game . Scoring is like normal skat .", "Skat in the United States and Canada was played for many years as an older version of the game , also known as Tournee Skat , which shares most of its rules with its modern European counterpart with the addition of a few different games and an alternate system of scoring . Tournee Skat is declining in popularity . Most tournament Skat players in North America play the modern game described above .", "Tournée To determine trump , declarer picks up one card of the skat and looks at it . If declarer wants this card 's suit as trump , the card is shown to the other players . Otherwise the hand is played as Passt mir nicht ( it does n't suit me ) and the other card in the skat is turned up to determine trump . A jack gives declarer the choice of either playing grand ( jacks only ) or the jack 's suit as trump . Once trump has been determined , both the skat cards are added to declarer 's hand and then two are removed and placed face down to begin his or her pile of cards won . Solo The skat remains on the table and declarer names trump in any suit or grand . Grand may also be played ouvert with declarer 's hand spread face up for all player to see . Grand guckser Declarer picks up both of the skat cards , adds them to his or her hand and discards two . Game is played with grand trumps . Grand Guckser is the only game in North American Skat where declarer picks up both skat cards at once . Null The skat remains untouched and declarer wagers to take no tricks . In null , cards rank A-K-Q-J - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 . If declarer takes a trick , then the hand is lost and a new deal commences . Null may also be played ouvert . Ramsch If mittelhand ( middle hand ) and hinterhand ( end hand ) both pass , vorhand ( forehand or starter hand ) may not pass , but if he does not wish to bid may declare ramsch in which players each play for themselves in trying to take the fewest number of tricks with grand as trumps . The skat is not used .", "To determine trump , declarer picks up one card of the skat and looks at it . If declarer wants this card 's suit as trump , the card is shown to the other players . Otherwise the hand is played as Passt mir nicht ( it does n't suit me ) and the other card in the skat is turned up to determine trump . A jack gives declarer the choice of either playing grand ( jacks only ) or the jack 's suit as trump . Once trump has been determined , both the skat cards are added to declarer 's hand and then two are removed and placed face down to begin his or her pile of cards won .", "The skat remains on the table and declarer names trump in any suit or grand . Grand may also be played ouvert with declarer 's hand spread face up for all player to see .", "Declarer picks up both of the skat cards , adds them to his or her hand and discards two . Game is played with grand trumps . Grand Guckser is the only game in North American Skat where declarer picks up both skat cards at once .", "The skat remains untouched and declarer wagers to take no tricks . In null , cards rank A-K-Q-J - 10 - 9 - 8 - 7 . If declarer takes a trick , then the hand is lost and a new deal commences . Null may also be played ouvert .", "If mittelhand ( middle hand ) and hinterhand ( end hand ) both pass , vorhand ( forehand or starter hand ) may not pass , but if he does not wish to bid may declare ramsch in which players each play for themselves in trying to take the fewest number of tricks with grand as trumps . The skat is not used .", "Upon determining the game , declarer may also state that he or she intends to Schneider or Schwarz for extra game points or penalties .", "Card points are the same as in German Skat : A = 11 , 10 = 10 , K = 4 , Q = 3 . J = 2 and all other cards have no value . The game points , however , are a bit different . Base value for the different games are as follows :", "Tournée : 5 , ♥ 6 , ♠ 7 , ♣ 8 , Grand 12 . If a tournée is played Paßt mir nicht and declarer does not make 61 card points , then the game point penalty is doubled . Solo : 9 , ♥ 10 , ♠ 11 , ♣ 12 , Grand 20 , Grand Ouvert 24 . Grand Guckser : 16 , 32 if lost . Null : 20 , 40 if played ouvert . Ramsch : player taking the fewest number of card points wins 10 game points , or 20 for taking zero tricks . A player taking every trick loses 30 and other players do not win any .", "Tournée : 5 , ♥ 6 , ♠ 7 , ♣ 8 , Grand 12 . If a tournée is played Paßt mir nicht and declarer does not make 61 card points , then the game point penalty is doubled .", "Solo : 9 , ♥ 10 , ♠ 11 , ♣ 12 , Grand 20 , Grand Ouvert 24 .", "Grand Guckser : 16 , 32 if lost .", "Null : 20 , 40 if played ouvert .", "Ramsch : player taking the fewest number of card points wins 10 game points , or 20 for taking zero tricks . A player taking every trick loses 30 and other players do not win any .", "As in German skat , game points in North American Skat are tallied by multiplying base game value by :", "1 for each top trump , either with or without , plus : 1 for game ( 61 or more card points ) . 2 for Schneider ( 91 or more card points ) . 3 for Schwarz ( winning every trick ) . If Schneider was declared add 1 . If Schwarz was declared add 2 .", "1 for each top trump , either with or without , plus : 1 for game ( 61 or more card points ) . 2 for Schneider ( 91 or more card points ) . 3 for Schwarz ( winning every trick ) .", "1 for game ( 61 or more card points ) . 2 for Schneider ( 91 or more card points ) . 3 for Schwarz ( winning every trick ) .", "1 for game ( 61 or more card points ) .", "2 for Schneider ( 91 or more card points ) .", "3 for Schwarz ( winning every trick ) .", "If Schneider was declared add 1 .", "If Schwarz was declared add 2 .", "Note that if Schneider or Schwarz are declared but not made , then the contract is not met and declarer loses the amount that he or she would have won if successful . The above multipliers do not figure into games played null or ramsch .", "League games are organized worldwide :", "By the International Skat Players Association ( 2 ) In North America by ISPA Canada and ISPA USA ( 3 ) Within Germany by the Deutscher Skatverband e.V. ( 4 ) Online by the Deutscher online Skatverband e.V. ( 5 )", "By the International Skat Players Association ( 2 )", "In North America by ISPA Canada and ISPA USA ( 3 )", "Within Germany by the Deutscher Skatverband e.V. ( 4 )", "Online by the Deutscher online Skatverband e.V. ( 5 )" ]

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[ "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article 1 of the United States Constitution", "Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article 1 of the United States Constitution", "This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book", "This article is part of a series on the", "Constitution of the United States of America", "Preamble and Articles of the Constitution", "Preamble II III IV V VI VII", "Preamble", "II III IV V VI VII", "Amendments to the Constitution", "Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII", "Bill of Rights", "Bill of Rights", "II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X", "XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII", "Unratified Amendments", "Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights", "Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights", "Titles of Nobility", "D.C. Voting Rights", "History", "Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism", "Drafting and ratification timeline", "Drafting and ratification timeline", "Convention Signing", "Federalism Republicanism", "Full text of the Constitution and Amendments", "Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments", "Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X", "Preamble and Articles I -- VII", "Amendments I -- X", "Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments", "Amendments XI -- XXVII", "United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book", "United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book", "United States portal", "U.S. Government portal", "", "", "Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government , the United States Congress . The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate .", "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives .", "Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress . Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III . The former confers executive power upon the President alone , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . This separation of powers , by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others , is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people .", "The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress . The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers `` herein granted '' within Article I ( as later limited by the Tenth Amendment ) . It also , by implied extension , prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government , a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an `` intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority . That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch , and may be expressed only by that branch , is central to the theory . The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly , in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have , unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to `` test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do .", "Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution , Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation . The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate . Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate , it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate . However , it is also limited to inquiries that are `` in aid of the legislative function ; '' Congress may not `` expose for the sake of exposure . '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government , but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial ( see executive privilege ) , although not often litigated . As a practical matter , the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ( `` in aid of '' its legislative powers ) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens ; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government , without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress , must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers . The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers , however . Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate , and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression .", "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature .", "Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year . Since Representatives are to be `` chosen ... by the People , '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives ; instead , the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy .", "At the time of its creation , the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote . Rather , it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional ( House of Representatives ) elections . Since the Civil War , several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards . Though never enforced , clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color , or previous condition of servitude . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax . The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age .", "Moreover , since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right , the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship , residency , and age are usually questionable .", "In the 1960s , the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature , Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed .", "In Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections .", "Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative , exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and , in fact , is currently impossible , because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435 , several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010 . However , the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected `` by the People '' to mean that , in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives , each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations .", "No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years , and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen .", "The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives : A Representative must be at least 25 years old , must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected , and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years . There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents ; although this is usually the case , there have been occasional exceptions .", "The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to `` judge ... the ... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the `` times , places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives . '' The Supreme Court , as well as other federal courts , have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions , such as imposing term limits on members of Congress , allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections , or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent . A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated .", "However , the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements , such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be .", "Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made , the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse ( sic ) three , Massachusetts eight , Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one , Connecticut five , New - York six , New Jersey four , Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one , Maryland six , Virginia ten , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , and Georgia three .", "After much debate , the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states . To facilitate this , the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count . As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census , the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats .", "Originally , the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons , three - fifths the number of all other Persons ( i.e. slaves ) , but excluding non-taxed Native Americans . This Constitutional rule , known as the three - fifths compromise , was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states . It was , according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( writing in 1833 ) , a `` matter of compromise and concession , confessedly unequal in its operation , but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation , which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests , and physical condition , and political institutions '' .", "Following the completion of each census , Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states ( according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population ) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole , and , based on its calculations , to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population .", "Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census , and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process . With one exception , the apportionment of 1842 , the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913 . The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population , so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population . With the size of the House still fixed at 435 , the current ratio , as of the 2010 Census , is around 1 Representative : 700,000 Citizens .", "Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states , the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats . Even so , the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained , as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 . The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population .", "Due to this restriction , application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say , there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected , because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population . To permit the levying of such an income tax , Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment , which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income `` from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population .", "When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State , the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies .", "Section two , Clause four , provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives , it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement , but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling . Moreover , the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement , but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy . The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid .", "The House of Representatives shall chuse ( sic ) their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment .", "Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers . Though the Constitution does not mandate it , every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives . The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions , choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task .", "Finally , Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment . Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision , the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the `` sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense .", "This power , which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury , has been used only rarely . The House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 , and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result , including : two Presidents ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , one Cabinet Secretary ( William W. Belknap ) , one Senator ( William Blount ) , one Supreme Court Associate Justice ( Samuel Chase ) , and fourteen federal judges .", "The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated . Until the early 20th century , a House member could rise and propose an impeachment , which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation . Presently , it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then , after investigating the allegations , prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration . If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution , the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of `` managers , '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution . These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate ( see Section 3 , Clause 6 below ) .", "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , chosen by the Legislature thereof , for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote .", "The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators , who would be elected by its state legislature ( now by the people of each state ) , serve for staggered six - year terms , and have one vote each . By these provisions , the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states . This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , which , in part , provides as amended , that", "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote .", "Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended . It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended . This clause is among them . ( The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9 . ) Article Five provides that `` no State , without its Consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . Thus , no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent . That is to say , an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator ( or three Senators , or any other number ) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states ; however , one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality ( for example , population , wealth , or land area ) , would require the unanimous consent of all the states .", "Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would , according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ( in Texas v. White ) , destroy the grounding of the Union . This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood . Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states . Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question .", "Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation , or otherwise , during the Recess of the Legislature of any State , the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature , which shall then fill such Vacancies .", "After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress ( 1789 -- 1791 ) , the Senators were divided into three `` classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible , as required by this section . This was done in May 1789 by lot . It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes . Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years ; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years , instead of six . After this , all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms , and as new States have joined the Union , their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes , maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible . In this way , election is staggered ; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years , but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year ( as contrasted with the House , where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years ) .", "As originally established , Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate . If a senator died , resigned , or was expelled , the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term . If the State Legislature was not in session , its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement . This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , which provided for the Popular Election of Senators , instead of their appointment by the State Legislature . In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate , the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy , but ( unlike in the House ) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held . Note , however , that under the original Constitution , the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments . The current system , under the Seventeenth Amendment , allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so ; otherwise , the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat , as in the case of a vacancy in the House .", "No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years , and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen .", "A Senator must be at least 30 years of age , must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected , and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section . 5 . authority to `` Judge ... the ... Qualifications of its own Members , '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section . 4 . authority to prescribe the `` Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , ... ''", "The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided .", "Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate . Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President , this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution . When serving in this capacity , the Vice President , who is not a member of the Senate , may cast tie - breaking votes . Early in the nation 's history , Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate . In modern times , the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated . Through March 30 , 2017 , a tie - breaking vote has been cast 258 times by 36 different Vice Presidents .", "The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the Absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States .", "Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate , a Senator elected to the post by the Senate , to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President .", "Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary , the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress , as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence . Since World War II , the senior ( longest serving ) member of the majority party has filled this position . As is true of the Speaker of the House , the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator , but by convention , a senator is always chosen .", "The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present .", "Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials . The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial . Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives , eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate . On one occasion the Senate declined to hold a trial .", "The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons . First , they believed Senators would be better educated , more virtuous , and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions . Second , they believed that the Senate , being a numerous body , would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial , in which it , unlike judges and the judiciary system , would `` never be tied down by such strict rules , either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor , or in the construction of it by judges , as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security . '' ( Alexander Hamilton , The Federalist No. 65 ) .", "There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials . The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion . The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him ( or her ) and the presidency . The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions .", "Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law .", "If any officer is convicted on impeachment , he or she is immediately removed from office , and may be barred from holding any public office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges .", "The Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations , except as to the Places of chusing ( sic ) Senators .", "The purpose of this clause is twofold . First , it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives . That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress . Second , the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government , not with the executive or judicial . As authorized by this clause , Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections : the Tuesday following the first Monday in November .", "Presently , as there are no on - point federal regulations , the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held ( registration , primary elections , etc . ) and where elections will be held . As for regulating the `` manner '' of elections , the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean `` matters like notices , registration , supervision of voting , protection of voters , prevention of fraud and corrupt practices , counting of votes , duties of inspectors and canvassers , and making and publication of election returns . '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the `` manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation .", "One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the `` manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts . Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State , it has not exercised this level of oversight . Congress has , however , required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts . States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme , whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body ( that is to say , Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House , nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative ) . The Supreme Court has interpreted `` by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process , in those state whose constitutions provide it , to create an independent redistricting commission .", "Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842 , when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts . In subsequent years , Congress expanded on the requirements , successively adding contiguity , compactness , and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements . These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929 . Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory , be `` compact , '' and have equal populations within each State . Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse , but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other `` traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity .", "In 1866 , Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office . The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected . The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights . Under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , and subsequent laws , false registration , bribery , voting without legal right , making false returns of votes cast , interference in any manner with officers of election , and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses . Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully , to witness the counting of votes , and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets .", "Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907 , Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing . The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision , Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , which , in the face of a First Amendment challenge , set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation , generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates , but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations .", "In addition to statutory constraints , Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution ( first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment ) . The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators ; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states . Also , the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex ; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax ; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old .", "The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year , and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December , unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day .", "Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet . By doing so , the Constitution empowers Congress to meet , whether or not the President called it into session . Article II , Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses ( or either of them ) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people . Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary , for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually . Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature , and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date . A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings . Finally , Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department .", "Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December , the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4 , 1789 . As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4 , that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years . Therefore , every other year , although a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' session convening in the interim . This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment , which states ( in Section 2 ) that , `` The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day '' . This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress .", "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections , Returns and Qualifications of its own Members , and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day , and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members , in such Manner , and under such Penalties as each House may provide .", "Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business ; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members . In practice , the quorum requirement is all but ignored . A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call , requested by a member , proves otherwise . Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum ; more often , they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic .", "Sometimes , unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress . For instance , the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton , a twenty - eight - year - old , in 1818 ( the admission was inadvertent , as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time ) . In 1934 , a twenty - nine - year - old , Rush Holt , was elected to the Senate ; he agreed to wait six months , until his thirtieth birthday , to take the oath . The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath , not the date of election .", "Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , punish its Members for disorderly Behavior , and , with the Concurrence of two thirds , expel a member .", "Each House can determine its own Rules ( assuming a quorum is present ) , and may punish any of its members . A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member . Section 5 , Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules , leaving details to the respective chambers .", "Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings , and from time to time publish the same , excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall , at the desire of one fifth of those present , be entered on the Journal .", "Each House must keep and publish a Journal , though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret . The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal ; if one - fifth of those present ( assuming a quorum is present ) request it , the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered .", "Neither House , during the Session of Congress , shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days , nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting .", "Neither House may adjourn , without the consent of the other , for more than three days . Often , a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days ; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement , and not to conduct business . Furthermore , neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses ( the Capitol ) , without the consent of the other House .", "The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States . They shall in all Cases , except Treason , Felony and Breach of the Peace , be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses , and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place .", "Senators and Representatives set their own compensation . Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment , any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election .", "Members of both Houses have certain privileges , based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament . Members attending , going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest , except for treason , felony or breach of the peace . One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate , nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution . The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record , which might have otherwise been a criminal offense . This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States , 408 U.S. 606 ( 1972 ) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress , so long as their activities relate to legislative matters .", "No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office .", "Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch . This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress . It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament , where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament .", "Furthermore , Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions ; rather , they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected . If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer , it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position ( known as the Saxbe fix ) . The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937 , when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term . Just prior to the appointment , Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy . It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term , and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice . The response , however , was that Black was fifty - one years old , and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later , long after his Senate term had expired .", "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills .", "This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation . Accordingly , any bill may originate in either House of Congress , except for a revenue bill , which may originate only in the House of Representatives . In practice , the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text . Either House may amend any bill , including revenue and appropriation bills .", "This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states ; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states .", "Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law . But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law .", "This clause is known as the Presentment Clause . Before a bill becomes law , it must be presented to the President , who has ten days ( excluding Sundays ) to act upon it . If the President signs the bill , it becomes law . If he disapproves of the bill , he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections . This procedure has become known as the veto , although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One . The bill does not then become law unless both Houses , by two - thirds votes , override the veto . If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit , the bill becomes law , unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime , thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated . In the latter case , the President , by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session , exercises a `` pocket veto '' , which Congress may not override . In the former case , where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned , there is no common name for the practice , but recent scholarship has termed it a `` default enactment . ''", "What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear . In the Pocket Veto Case ( 1929 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment , such as an adjournment of the first session , but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed . '' Since neither House of Congress was in session , the President could not return the bill to one of them , thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto . In Wright v. United States ( 1938 ) , however , the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto . In such cases , the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill .", "Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill .", "In 1996 , Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act , which permitted the President , at the time of the signing of the bill , to rescind certain expenditures . The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds . The President could veto the disapproval , but the Congress , by a two - thirds vote in each House , could override the veto . In the case Clinton v. City of New York , the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause . First , the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President , thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine . Second , the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven , which state , `` if he approve ( the bill ) he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it . '' Thus , the President may sign the bill , veto it , or do nothing , but he may not amend the bill and then sign it .", "Every bill , order , resolution , or vote that must be passed by both Houses , except on a question of adjournment , must be presented to the President before becoming law . However , to propose a constitutional amendment , two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification , without any consideration by the President , as prescribed in Article V .", "Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto , while others have not used it at all . Grover Cleveland , for instance , vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office ; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes . Meanwhile , seven Presidents have never used the veto power . There have been 2,560 vetoes , including pocket vetoes .", "Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight :", "The Congress shall have power", "To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof .", "To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ;", "To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ;", "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ;", "To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ;", "To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ;", "To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ;", "To establish Post Offices and post Roads ;", "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ;", "To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ;", "To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ;", "To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ;", "To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ;", "To provide and maintain a Navy ;", "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ;", "To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ;", "To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ;", "To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And", "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof .", "Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly . Most notably , the Taxing and Spending , Interstate Commerce , and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress .", "Congress may lay and collect taxes for the `` common defense '' or `` general welfare '' of the United States . The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined `` general welfare , '' leaving the political question to Congress . In United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) , the Court for the first time construed the clause . The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat ; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury , but were rather specially earmarked for farmers . The Court struck down the tax , ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to `` matters of national , as distinguished from local , welfare '' . Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause ; for instance , the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause .", "Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States . In 1871 , when deciding Knox v. Lee , the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts . Whenever Congress borrows money , it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement . However , such agreements are only `` binding on the conscience of the sovereign '' , as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment .", "The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ;", "The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes . The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden , decided by a unanimous Court in 1824 . The case involved conflicting federal and state laws : Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River , while the other , Aaron Ogden , had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York . Ogden contended that `` commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation . Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion . Marshall suggested that `` commerce '' included navigation of goods , and that it `` must have been contemplated '' by the Framers . Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce `` is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution '' .", "The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court . In United States v. E.C. Knight Company ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act , which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy . The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods , even if they were later shipped to other states . Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote , `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . ''", "The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause . In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , ( 1935 ) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry , declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry , which had `` come to a permanent rest within the State . '' As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it , `` so far as the poultry here in question is concerned , the flow of interstate commerce has ceased . '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s .", "In 1937 , the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause , when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company , that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( commonly known as the Wagner Act ) was constitutional . The legislation under scrutiny , prevented employers from engaging in `` unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions . In sustaining this act , the Court , signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall , that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce .", "This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942 . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production ( in this instance , home - grown wheat for private consumption ) that was consumed purely intrastate , because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause . This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers , which lasted into the 1990s .", "United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause . The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause , the power was limited , and did not extend so far from `` commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns , especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale . In a later case , United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) , the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect .", "In contrast to these rulings , the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn . In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes . The court held that , as with the agricultural production in the earlier case , home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce .", "Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy . It may also coin money , regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters . Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures . Furthermore , Congress may establish post offices and post roads ( the roads , however , need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail ) . Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration . Section eight , clause eight of Article One , known as the Copyright Clause , is the only instance of the word `` right '' used in the original constitution ( though the word does appear in several Amendments ) . Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited , the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright ; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for . Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress .", "Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces . Under the War Powers Clause , only Congress may declare war , but in several cases it has , without declaring war , granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts . Five wars have been declared in United States ' history : the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war . Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal . Congress may establish and support the armed forces , but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years . This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army , beyond civilian control , during peacetime . Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias , but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel . Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces . Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process , the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power ( e.g. Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137 ( 1953 ) ) . Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes : the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice , and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases , known collectively as the Feres Doctrine .", "Congress has the exclusive right to legislate `` in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital , the District of Columbia . Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia . Nevertheless , Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible , to overturn any legislation by the city government , and technically to revoke the city government at any time . Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings .", "The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof .", "Finally , Congress has the power to do whatever is `` necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and , crucially , all others vested in it . This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a `` substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however , Thomas Jefferson , in the Kentucky Resolutions , supported by James Madison , maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate , and that the only penal powers were for treason , counterfeiting , piracy and felony on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations .", "The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly , thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation . The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , which involved the establishment of a national bank . Alexander Hamilton , in advocating the creation of the bank , argued that there was `` a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and `` the powers of collecting taxes , borrowing money , regulating trade between the states , and raising and maintaining fleets and navies '' . Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers `` can all be carried into execution without a national bank . A bank therefore is not necessary , and consequently not authorized by this phrase '' . Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation . Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers `` would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind '' . Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the `` minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress , Marshall `` deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the `` great outlines '' of the general welfare , commerce and other clauses . Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause , Congress has sweepingly broad powers ( known as implied powers ) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution . However , the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers , any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers .", "The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers :", "The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person .", "The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it .", "No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed .", "No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken .", "No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State .", "No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to , or from , one State , be obliged to enter , clear , or pay Duties in another .", "No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury , but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time .", "No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State .", "The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 . Congress could however , levy a per capita duty of up to ten dollars for each slave imported into the country . This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V , where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On March 2 , 1807 , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States , which went into effect January 1 , 1808 , the first day permitted by the Constitution .", "A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention . The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable . The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended `` unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful , but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating .", "A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial . An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively , punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done . The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters .", "Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations . This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913 , the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause . This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains . Furthermore , no tax may be imposed on exports from any state . Congress may not , by revenue or commerce legislation , give preference to ports of one state over those of another ; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another . All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law . Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money . The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published .", "The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility . In addition , it specifies that no civil officer may accept , without the consent of Congress , any gift , payment , office or title from a foreign ruler or state . However , a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service .", "No State shall enter into any Treaty , Alliance , or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder , ex post facto Law , or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts , or grant any Title of Nobility .", "States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government : they may not enter into treaties , alliances or confederations , grant letters of marque or reprisal , coin money or issue bills of credit ( such as currency ) . Furthermore , no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts , which expressly forbids any state government ( but not the federal government ) from `` making a tender '' ( i.e. , authorizing something that may be offered in payment ) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation , unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver ( or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins , as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank ) . Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress . In Federalist no . 44 , Madison explains that `` ... it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin , prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin . Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin , there might be as many different currencies as States ; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded . '' Moreover , the states may not pass bills of attainder , enact ex post facto laws , impair the obligation of contracts , or grant titles of nobility .", "The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century . It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810 , when Fletcher v. Peck was decided . The case involved the Yazoo land scandal , in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices . The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature . Following elections , the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators . The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court . In writing for a unanimous court , Chief Justice John Marshall asked , `` What is a contract ? '' His answer was : `` a compact between two or more parties . '' Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature , though fraught with corruption , was a valid `` contract '' . He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land , since doing so would impair the obligations of contract .", "The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem . In 1819 , the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract . The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College , which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III . The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College . In 1815 , however , New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College . The Court , including Marshall , ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter , which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred `` vested rights '' on the trustees .", "The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield . The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811 . Later in that year , the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law , under which the debt was later discharged . The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt , and therefore violated the Constitution . In Ogden v. Saunders ( 1827 ) , however , the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law . State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898 .", "No State shall , without the Consent of the Congress , lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports , except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's ( sic ) inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts , laid by any State on Imports or Exports , shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul ( sic ) of the Congress .", "Still more powers are prohibited of the states . States may not , without the consent of Congress , tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws ( which may be revised by Congress ) . The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state , but to the federal Treasury .", "No State shall , without the Consent of Congress , lay any Duty of Tonnage , keep Troops , or Ships of War in time of Peace , enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State , or with a foreign Power , or engage in War , unless actually invaded , or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay .", "Under the Compact Clause , states may not , without the consent of Congress , keep troops or armies during times of peace . They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states , nor engage in war unless invaded . States may , however , organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . ( Article I , Section 8 , enumerated powers of Congress . ) The National Guard , whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311 , fulfill this function , as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109 .", "The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies . Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval . After the American Revolutionary War , the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or `` any cause whatever '' . The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for `` any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties .", "There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact . In Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress . ( One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself , it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport . ) According to the Court , the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is `` directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States , which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States '' . The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia ." ]

[ [ "external female sex organs" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Human vulva Vulvae of different women ( pubic hair removed in some cases ) ( Genetic variation ) Details Precursor Genital tubercle , urogenital folds Artery Internal pudendal artery Vein Internal pudendal veins Nerve Pudendal nerve Lymph Superficial inguinal lymph nodes Identifiers Latin pudendum femininum MeSH 05.360. 319.887 Dorlands / Elsevier Vulva TA A09. 2.01. 001 FMA 20462 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "Human vulva", "Vulvae of different women ( pubic hair removed in some cases ) ( Genetic variation )", "Details", "Precursor Genital tubercle , urogenital folds", "Artery Internal pudendal artery", "Vein Internal pudendal veins", "Nerve Pudendal nerve", "Lymph Superficial inguinal lymph nodes", "Identifiers", "Latin pudendum femininum", "MeSH 05.360. 319.887", "Dorlands / Elsevier Vulva", "TA A09. 2.01. 001", "FMA 20462", "Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )", "The vulva ( Latin : wrapper , covering , plural vulvae or vulvas ) consists of the external female sex organs . The vulva includes the mons pubis , labia majora , labia minora , clitoris , bulb of vestibule , vulval vestibule , urinary meatus , greater and lesser vestibular glands , and the vaginal opening . The urinary meatus is also included as it opens into the vulval vestibule . Other features of the vulva include : the pudendal cleft , sebaceous glands , the urogenital triangle ( anterior part of the perineum ) , and pubic hair .", "As the vulva is the gateway to the uterus ( womb ) , a double layer of protection is provided by the folds of the outer and inner labia . The vulva can be affected by many disorders which can often result in itching . Vulvovaginal health measures can prevent many of these .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The main structures of the vulva are : the mons pubis , the labia ( majora and minora ) including the frenulum of labia minora , the external part of the clitoris ( hood , glans ) , the urinary meatus , the vaginal opening and hymen , and the greater and lesser vestibular glands .", "Other features include : the pudendal cleft , sebaceous glands , the vulval vestibule , and the urogenital triangle ( anterior part of the perineum ) .", "The soft mound ( mons pubis ) at the front of the vulva is formed by fatty tissue in the pubic region covering the pubic bone . Mons pubis is Latin for `` pubic mound '' and is present in both sexes . Sometimes a variant term is used specific to women -- the mons veneris ( `` mound of Venus '' ) . The mons pubis separates into the labia -- two pairs of folds of tissue that protect the vulvar vestibule .", "The outer pair of folds are the labia majora , ( New Latin : larger lips ) . The labia majora are divided by the pudendal cleft and they contain and protect the other , more delicate structures of the vulva . The labia majora meet again at the urogenital triangle ( the anterior part of the perineum ) between the pudendal cleft and the anus . The color of the outside skin of the labia majora is usually close to the overall skin color of the individual , although there is considerable variation . The inside skin and mucous membrane are often pink or brownish .", "The labia minora ( smaller lips ) are the inner two soft folds of the labia , within the labia majora , and contain numerous sebaceous glands . They meet at the frenulum of the labia minora which is a fold of restrictive tissue . Though called the smaller lips they can often be of considerable size , and may protrude outside the labia majora . Much of the variation among vulvas lies in the significant differences in the size , shape , and color of the labia minora . This variation has also been evidenced in a large display of 400 vulval casts called the Great Wall of Vagina created to fill the lack of information of what a normal vulva looks like . The casts taken from a large and varied group of women showed clearly that there is much variation .", "The clitoris is located at the front of the vulva , where the labia minora meet , at the frenulum of clitoris . The visible portion of the clitoris is the clitoral glans . Typically , the clitoral glans is roughly the size and shape of a pea , although it can be significantly larger or smaller . The clitoral glans is highly sensitive , containing as many nerve endings as the homologous organ in males , the glans penis . The clitoral hood , is a protective fold of skin that normally covers the clitoris , however this may not completely cover larger than normal clitorises . The clitoral hood is the female equivalent of the male foreskin . Often the clitoral hood is only partially hidden inside of the pudendal cleft .", "The area between the labia minora where the vaginal opening and urinary meatus are located is called the vulval vestibule . The urinary meatus is below the clitoris and just in front of the vagina .", "The opening of the vagina is located at the bottom of the vulval vestibule , toward the perineum . The term introitus is more technically correct than `` opening '' , since the vagina is usually collapsed , with the opening closed , unless something is inserted . The introitus is sometimes partly covered by a membrane called the hymen . The hymen will usually rupture during the first episode of vigorous sex , and the blood produced by this rupture has been seen as to signify virginity . However , the hymen may also rupture spontaneously during exercise ( including horseback riding ) or be stretched by normal activities such as use of tampons and menstrual cups , or be so minor as to be unnoticeable . In some rare cases , the hymen may completely cover the vaginal opening , requiring surgery .", "On either side of the back part of the vaginal opening are the two greater vestibular glands also known as Bartholin 's glands . These glands secrete mucus and a vaginal and vulval lubricant . They are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in the male. The lesser vestibular glands also known as Skene 's glands , are found on the anterior wall of the vagina . They are homologues of the male prostate gland and are also referred to as the female prostate .", "The skin of the vulva is more delicate than other areas of skin . Pubic hair is much coarser than other body hair . It appears at puberty and is considered a secondary sex characteristic . The mons pubis and the labia majora become covered by pubic hair and it can also grow on the inner thighs and perineum . Pubarche is the first appearance of pubic hair and can occur independently of puberty . Premature pubarche may indicate underlying endocrine conditions . Apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat into the pubic hair follicles . This is broken down by bacteria on the skin and produces an odor , which some consider to act as a sex pheromone ( sexual attractant ) .", "The tissues of the vulva are highly vascularised and blood supply is provided by the three pudendal arteries . Venous return is via the external and internal pudendal veins . The organs and tissues of the vulva are drained by a chain of superficial inguinal lymph nodes located along the blood vessels .", "The ilioinguinal nerve originates from the first lumbar nerve and gives branches that include the anterior labial nerves which supply the skin of the mons pubis and the labia majora . The perineal nerve is one of the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve and this branches into the posterior labial nerves to supply the labia . The pudendal nerve branches include the dorsal nerve of clitoris which gives sensation to the clitoris .", "The pudendal nerve enters the pelvis through the lesser sciatic foramen and continues medial to the internal pudendal artery . The point where the nerve circles the ischial spine is the location where a pudendal block of local anesthetic can be administered to inhibit sensation to the vulva . A number of smaller nerves split off from the pudendal nerve . The deep branch of the perineal nerve supplies the muscles of the perineum and a branch of this supplies the bulb of the vestibule .", "Pelvic floor muscles help to support the vulvar structures . The voluntary , pubococcygeus muscle , part of the levator ani muscle partially constricts the vaginal opening . Other muscles support the vulvar area . These are the transverse perineal muscles , the bulbospongiosus , and the ischiocavernosus muscles . The muscles are part of the urogenital triangle .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "The appearance of the external genital region is the same for males and females during the eighth week .", "Beginning in the third month of development , the genital tubercle becomes the clitoris . The urogenital folds become the labia minora , and the labioscrotal swellings become the labia majora .", "At birth , the neonate 's vulva ( and breast tissue -- see witch 's milk ) may be swollen or enlarged as a result of having been exposed , via the placenta , to her mother 's increased levels of hormones . The clitoris is proportionally larger than it is likely to be later in life . Within a short period of time as these hormones wear off , the vulva will shrink in size . From then until puberty the vulva does n't change in appearance , other than growing in proportion with the rest of the body .", "The onset of puberty produces a number of changes . The structures of the vulva become proportionately larger and may become more pronounced . Coloration may change and pubic hair develops , first on the labia majora , and later spreading to the mons pubis , and sometimes the inner thighs and perineum . The labia minora may grow more prominent and undergo changes in color .", "In preadolescent girls , the vulva appears to be positioned further forward than in adults , showing a larger percentage of the labia majora and pudendal cleft when standing . During puberty the mons pubis enlarges , pushing the forward portion of the labia majora away from the pubic bone , and parallel to the ground ( when standing ) . Variations in body fat levels affect the extent to which this occurs .", "During menopause , hormone levels decrease , and as this process happens , reproductive tissues which are sensitive to these hormones shrink in size. The mons pubis , labia , and clitoris are reduced in size in post-menopause , although not usually to pre-puberty proportions. This is a condition called vulval atrophy and the decrease in estrogen can cause pale , itchy or sore skin .", "Most male and female sex organs originate from the same tissues during fetal development ; this includes the vulva . The anatomy of the vulva is related to the anatomy of the male genitalia by a shared developmental biology . Organs that have a common developmental ancestry in this way are said to be homologous .", "The clitoral glans is homologous to the glans penis in males , and the clitoral body and the clitoral crura are homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis . The labia majora , labia minora , and clitoral hood are homologous to the scrotum , shaft skin of the penis , and the foreskin , respectively . The vestibular bulbs beneath the skin of the labia minora are homologous to the corpus spongiosum , the tissue of the penis surrounding the urethra . The greater vestibular glands are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males .", "The vulva has a sexual function ; these external organs are richly innervated and provide pleasure when properly stimulated . There are a number of different secretions associated with the vulva , including urine , sweat , menses , sebum , and secretions from the vestibular glands and vaginal wall . These secretions contain a mix of chemicals , including pyridine , squalene , urea , acetic acid , lactic acid , complex alcohols , glycols , ketones , and aldehydes . During sexual arousal , vaginal lubrication increases . Smegma is a white substance formed from a combination of dead cells , skin oils , moisture and naturally occurring bacteria , that forms in the genitalia . In females it collects around the clitoris and labial folds . It is also found in other mammals .", "Some women produce aliphatic acids . These acids are a pungent class of chemicals which other primate species produce as sexual - olfactory signals . While there is some debate , researchers often refer to them as human pheromones . These acids are produced by natural bacteria resident on the skin . The acid content varies with the menstrual cycle , rising from one day after menstruation , and peaking mid-cycle , just before ovulation .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Sexual arousal results in a number of physical changes in the vulva . Vaginal lubrication begins first . Vulva tissue is highly vascularised ; arterioles dilate in response to sexual arousal and the smaller veins will compress after arousal , so that the clitoris and labia minora increase in size . Increased vasocongestion in the vagina causes it to swell , decreasing the size of the vaginal opening by about 30 % . The clitoris becomes increasingly erect , and the glans moves towards the pubic bone , becoming concealed by the hood . The labia minora increase considerably in thickness . The labia minora sometimes change considerably in color , going from pink to red in lighter skinned women who have not borne a child , or red to dark red in those that have . Immediately prior to orgasm , the clitoris becomes exceptionally engorged , causing the glans to appear to retract into the clitoral hood . Rhythmic muscle contractions occur in the outer third of the vagina , as well as the uterus and anus . Contractions become less intense and more randomly spaced as the orgasm continues . An orgasm may have as few as one or as many as 15 or more contractions , depending on its intensity . Orgasm may be accompanied by female ejaculation , causing liquid from either the Skene 's gland or bladder to be expelled through the urethra . The pooled blood begins to dissipate , although at a much slower rate if an orgasm has not occurred . The vagina and vaginal opening return to their normal relaxed state , and the rest of the vulva returns to its normal size , position and color .", "Pruritus vulvae is itching in the vulvar region and is a symptom of many underlying causes . Pubic shaving can result in pseudofolliculitis pubis and folliculitis as well as cuts to the labia and clitoris , and ingrown hairs . Pubic shaving increases the risk of contracting the sexually transmitted viral infection , molluscum contagiosum .", "A less common inflammatory disorder is mucosal genital lichen planus . A severe variant of this is vulvovaginal gingival syndrome which can lead to narrowing of the vagina , or vulva destruction .", "Vulvodynia is chronic pain in the vulvar region . There is no single identifiable cause . A sub-type of this is vulvar vestibulitis but since this is not thought to be an inflammatory condition it is more usually referred to as vestibulodynia . Vulvar vestibulitis usually affects pre-menopausal women .", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Vulvar organs and tissues can become infected with different pathogens , or infested by parasites . Any inflammation caused is called vulvitis . Sexually transmitted infections may cause signs and symptoms on the vulva even though the agents may not be visible in the vulvar region . Vulvovaginal health measures can help to prevent many disorders . Vaginitis can have many causes and different health measures can help its prevention . The following infections include those that can also be classed as sexually transmitted infections . Infections of the vagina such as vaginosis and of the uterus may produce vaginal discharge which can be an irritant when it comes into contact with the vulvar tissue , causing itching , inflammation and discomfort . Bacterial infections include : Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi ; Granuloma inguinale caused by Klebsiella granulomatis ; Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum ; and Gonorrhea caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae .", "Viral infections include genital herpes caused by the herpes simplex virus ( 1 and 2 ) , transmissible with or without visible blisters ; the lentivirus HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) -- transmissible in venereal fluids , semen , breast milk , and blood ; HPV ( Human papillomavirus ) -- skin and mucosal contact . ' High risk ' types of HPV can cause vulvar cancer . Some other types of HPV cause genital warts . Molluscum contagiosum caused by a poxvirus ( molluscum contagiosum virus MCV ) transmissible on close contact .", "A common fungal infection , commonly known as thrush is vaginal yeast infection a type of candidiasis caused by a number of species of Candida .", "Parasitic infections include trichomoniasis , pediculosis pubis and scabies . Trichomoniasis is a microparasitic infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis . This is the most common vulval infection ( in industrialised societies ) and is transmitted by sexual contact .", "Pediculosis pubis commonly called crabs , is a disease caused by the ectoparasite crab louse ( Pthiras pubis ) .", "Scabies also known as the seven year itch is caused by another ectoparasite , the mite Sarcoptes scabiei usually transmitted by skin to skin contact .", "Many malignancies can develop in vulvar structures . Most vulvar cancers are squamous cell carcinomas and are usually found in the labia particularly the labia majora . The second most common vulval cancer ( though not very common ) is vulval melanoma . A vulvectomy may need to be performed in order to remove some or all of the vulva . This procedure is usually performed as a last resort in certain cases of cancer , vulvar dysplasia or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia .", "Signs and symptoms can include : itching , or bleeding ; skin changes including rashes , sores , lumps or ulcers , and changes in vulval skin coloration . Pelvic pain might also occur .", "Crohn 's disease of the vulva Paget 's disease of the vulva hormone fluctuations psoriasis lichen sclerosus lichen simplex chronicus eczema ( uncommon ) seborrheic dermatosis ( uncommon ) ) papillary hidradenoma", "Crohn 's disease of the vulva", "Paget 's disease of the vulva", "lichen simplex chronicus", "eczema ( uncommon ) seborrheic dermatosis ( uncommon ) )", "seborrheic dermatosis ( uncommon ) )", "seborrheic dermatosis ( uncommon ) )", "The vulvar region is at risk for trauma during childbirth . During childbirth , the vagina and vulva must stretch to accommodate the baby 's head ( approximately 9.5 cm ( 3.7 in ) ) . This can result in tears known as perineal tears in the vaginal opening , and other structures within the perineum . An episiotomy ( a pre-emptive surgical cutting of the perineum ) is sometimes performed to facilitate delivery and limit tearing . Perineal tearing or cutting does leave scar tissue .", "No advantages have been demonstrated in the shaving of pubic hair prior to childbirth . Rates of complications remain the same between women who were shaved and those unshaven .", "Genitoplasties are surgical procedures that can be carried out to repair , restore or alter vulvar tissues , particularly following damage caused by injury or cancer treatment . These procedures include vaginoplasty which can also be performed as a cosmetic surgery . Other cosmetic surgeries to change the appearance of external structures include labiaplasties .", "Elective vulvar surgery has been criticized by clinicians . The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women be informed of the risks of these surgeries . They refer to the lack of data relevant to their safety and effectiveness and to the potential associated risks such as infection , altered sensation , dyspareunia , adhesions , and scarring . There is also a percentage of people seeking elective surgery who may be suffering from body dysmorphic disorder and surgery in these cases can be counterproductive .", "Many cultures have no or few taboos on exposure of the breasts , but the vulva and pubic triangle are always the first areas to be covered . A Khoisan woman Saartjie Baartman , the so - called `` Hottentot Venus '' who was exhibited in London at the beginning of the nineteenth century , was paid to display her large buttocks , but she never revealed her vulva . Khoisan women were said to have elongated labia , leading to questions about , and requests to exhibit , their sinus pudoris , `` curtain of shame '' , or tablier ( the French word for `` apron '' ) . To quote Georges Cuvier , `` The labia minora , or inner lips , of the ordinary female genitalia are greatly enlarged in ( Khoisan ) women , and may hang down three or four inches below the vagina when women stand , thus giving the impression of a separate and enveloping curtain of skin '' .", "The naming of the external genitalia ( in both sexes ) as pudenda membra ( parts to be ashamed of ) dates from the mid-17th century . The naming clearly influenced the general perception of the vulva and this is shown in depicted gynaecological procedures . The examiner is adopting the compromise procedure where the woman 's genitals can not be seen .", "In some cultures , including modern Western culture , women have shaved or otherwise removed the hair from part or all of the vulva . When high - cut swimsuits became fashionable , women who wished to wear them would remove the hair on either side of their pubic triangles , to avoid exhibiting pubic hair . Other women relish the beauty of seeing their vulva with hair , or completely hairless , and find one or the other more comfortable . The removal of hair from the vulva is a fairly recent phenomenon in the United States , Canada , and Western Europe , usually in the form of bikini waxing or Brazilian waxing , but has been prevalent in many Eastern European and Middle Eastern cultures for centuries , usually due to the idea that it may be more hygienic , or originating in prostitution and pornography . Hair removal may include all , most , or some of the hair . French waxing leaves a small amount of hair on either side of the labia or a strip directly above and in line with the pudendal cleft called a landing strip .", "Islam teaching includes Muslim hygienical jurisprudence a practice of which is the removal of pubic hair .", "Several forms of genital piercings can be done in the female genital area , and include the Christina piercing , the Nefertiti piercing , the fourchette piercing , and labia piercings . Piercings are usually performed for aesthetic purposes , but some forms like the clitoral hood piercing might also enhance pleasure during sex . Though they are common in traditional cultures , intimate piercings are a fairly recent trend in Western society .", "The most prevalent form of genital alteration in some countries is female genital mutilation : removal of any part of the female genitalia for cultural , religious or other non-medical reasons . This practice is highly controversial as it is often done to non-consenting minors and for debatable ( often misogynistic ) reasons . An estimated 100 to 140 million girls and women in Africa and Asia have experienced some form of genital mutilation .", "Female genital surgery includes laser resurfacing of the labia to remove wrinkles , labiaplasty ( reducing the size of the labia ) and vaginal tightening . In September 2007 , the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a committee opinion on these and other female genital surgeries , including `` vaginal rejuvenation '' , `` designer vaginoplasty '' , `` revirgination '' , and `` G - spot amplification '' . This opinion states that the safety of these procedures has not been documented . ACOG recommends that women seeking these surgeries need to be informed about the lack of data supporting these procedures and the potential associated risks such as infection , altered sensation , dyspareunia , adhesions , and scarring .", "With the growing popularity of female cosmetic genital surgeries , the practice increasingly draws criticism from an opposition movement of cyberfeminist activist groups and platforms , called the labia pride movement . The major point of contention is that heavy advertising for these procedures , in combination with a lack of public education , fosters body insecurities in women with larger labia in spite of the fact that there is normal and pronounced individual variation in the size of labia . The preference for smaller labia is a matter of a fashion fad and is without clinical or functional significance .", "The word vulva was taken from the Medieval Latin word volva or vulva ( `` womb , female genitals '' ) , probably from the Old Latin volvere ( `` to roll '' ; lit . `` wrapper '' ) .", "The term pudendum , which denotes the external genitalia , comes from the Latin pudenda membra , meaning parts to be ashamed of . As with nearly any aspect of the human body involved in sexual or excretory functions , there are many slang words for the vulva . `` Cunt '' , a medieval word for the vulva and once the standard term , has become in its literal sense a vulgarism , and in other uses one of the strongest abusive swearwords in English - speaking cultures . Two widespread terms for the vulva , pussy and fanny ( in the UK ) , which used to be a common pet name and nickname respectively , have other non-sexual meanings that lend themselves to double entendres .", "Sheela na gigs are figurative carvings of naked women displaying an exaggerated vulva . They are found in ancient and medieval European contexts . They are displayed on many churches , but their origin and significance is debatable . A main line of thinking is that they were used to ward off evil spirits .", "Other cultures have long celebrated and even worshipped the vulva . Some Hindu sects revere it under the name yoni and texts seem to indicate a similar attitude in some ancient Middle Eastern religions .", "L'Origine du monde ( `` Origin of the world '' ) painted by Gustave Courbet in 1866 was the first realistic painting of a vulva to be exhibited in Western art . This example of eroticism is also referenced as inspiring Catherine Breillat 's filming of the female genitalia in her 2004 film Anatomie de l'enfer ( Anatomy of Hell ) .", "British artist Jamie McCartney used casts of four hundred vulvas to create the installation known as The Great Wall of Vagina in 2011 . The vagina casts are life size . Explanations written by the project 's sexual health adviser accompany these . The purpose of the artist was to `` address some of the stigmas and misconceptions that are commonplace '' .", "Starr Goode explores the image and possible meanings of the Sheela na gig and Baubo images in particular , but writes also about the recurring image worldwide . Through hundreds of photographs , she demonstrates that the image of a female displaying her vulva is not an anomaly of European religious art or architecture , but that similar images are found in the visual arts and in mythical narratives of Goddesses and Heroines parting their thighs to reveal what she calls , `` sacred powers . '' Her theory is that `` the image is so rooted in our psyches that it seems as if the icon is the original cosmological center of the human imagination . ''", "Possible Rupestrian depictions of vulvae , paleolithic Possible stylised vulva stone , paleolithic Attic red - figure lid . Three female organs and a winged phallus . The Universe an oil painting by Meister des Hildegardis - Codex", "Possible Rupestrian depictions of vulvae , paleolithic", "Possible Rupestrian depictions of vulvae , paleolithic", "Possible stylised vulva stone , paleolithic", "Possible stylised vulva stone , paleolithic", "Attic red - figure lid . Three female organs and a winged phallus .", "Attic red - figure lid . Three female organs and a winged phallus .", "The Universe an oil painting by Meister des Hildegardis - Codex", "The Universe an oil painting by Meister des Hildegardis - Codex" ]

[ [ "Mr. Moose" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Mr. Moose was a puppet character on the children 's television show Captain Kangaroo .", "He would tell riddles and knock - knock jokes that would result in hundreds of ping pong balls falling from above , and hitting the Captain on the head . Mr. Moose was created and played by Cosmo Allegretti , who also created and played Mr. Bunny Rabbit , Dancing Bear , and the Captain 's painter and handyman Dennis .", "In the animated television series Family Guy episode `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , after Joe sends a ping pong ball out a window , Peter persuades Mr. Moose to say `` Knock , knock '' , then answers `` Ping pong balls ! '' , and ping pong balls fall on top of Peter ." ]

[ [ "North West England" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Lake District `` The Lakes '' or `` Lakeland '' National Park of England UNESCO World Heritage Site The Skiddaw massif , town of Keswick and Derwent Water seen from Walla Crag Constituent country England County Cumbria Districts South Lakeland , Eden , Allerdale , Copeland Highest point Scafell Pike - elevation 3,209 ft ( 978 m ) Lowest point Sea level Area 2,362 km ( 912 sq mi ) Biomes Coniferous forest , Deciduous forest , Lake , Moorland Plants Drosera , Pinguicula Animals Red deer , Red squirrel , Fell pony , Herdwick , Red kite , Arctic char , Schelly National Park of England 9 May 1951 Management Lake District National Park Authority Visitation Annual visitors : 15.8 million Annual day visits : 23.1 million UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ii , v , vi Reference 422 Inscription 2017 ( 41st Session )", "Lake District", "`` The Lakes '' or `` Lakeland ''", "National Park of England UNESCO World Heritage Site", "The Skiddaw massif , town of Keswick and Derwent Water seen from Walla Crag", "Constituent country England", "County Cumbria", "Districts South Lakeland , Eden , Allerdale , Copeland", "Highest point Scafell Pike", "- elevation 3,209 ft ( 978 m )", "Lowest point Sea level", "Area 2,362 km ( 912 sq mi )", "Biomes Coniferous forest , Deciduous forest , Lake , Moorland", "Plants Drosera , Pinguicula", "Animals Red deer , Red squirrel , Fell pony , Herdwick , Red kite , Arctic char , Schelly", "National Park of England 9 May 1951", "Management Lake District National Park Authority", "Visitation Annual visitors : 15.8 million Annual day visits : 23.1 million", "Annual visitors : 15.8 million Annual day visits : 23.1 million", "Annual visitors : 15.8 million", "Annual day visits : 23.1 million", "UNESCO World Heritage Site", "Criteria Cultural : ii , v , vi", "Reference 422", "Inscription 2017 ( 41st Session )", "The Lake District , also known as the Lakes or Lakeland , is a mountainous region in North West England . A popular holiday destination , it is famous for its lakes , forests and mountains ( or fells ) and its associations with the early 19th century writings of William Wordsworth and the other Lake Poets , Beatrix Potter , and John Ruskin . A National Park was established in 1951 and , following a minor extension in 2016 , now covers an area of approximately 2,362 square kilometres . It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017 .", "It is located entirely within the county of Cumbria , and all the land in England higher than 3,000 feet ( 914 m ) above sea level lies within the National Park , including Scafell Pike , the highest mountain in England . It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England , respectively Wast Water and Windermere .", "The Lake District National Park includes all of the central Lake District , though the town of Kendal , some coastal areas , and the Lakeland Peninsulas ( sometimes included as part of the Lake District ) are currently outside the park boundary .", "The area was designated a national park on 9 May 1951 ( less than a month after the first UK national park designation -- the Peak District ) . It retained its original boundaries until 2016 when it was extended by 3 % in the direction of the Yorkshire Dales National Park to incorporate areas such as land of high landscape value in the Lune Valley .", "It is the most visited national park in the United Kingdom with 15.8 million annual visitors and more than 23 million annual day visits , the largest of the thirteen national parks in England and Wales , and the second largest in the UK after the Cairngorms . Its aim is to protect the landscape by restricting unwelcome change by industry or commerce . Most of the land in the park is in private ownership , with about 55 % registered as agricultural land . Landowners include :", "Individual farmers and other private landowners , with more than half of the agricultural land farmed by the owners . The National Trust owns about a quarter of the total area ( including some lakes and land of significant landscape value ) . The Forestry Commission and other investors in forests and woodland . United Utilities owns 8 % Lake District National Park Authority ( 3.9 % )", "Individual farmers and other private landowners , with more than half of the agricultural land farmed by the owners .", "The National Trust owns about a quarter of the total area ( including some lakes and land of significant landscape value ) .", "The Forestry Commission and other investors in forests and woodland .", "United Utilities owns 8 %", "Lake District National Park Authority ( 3.9 % )", "The National Park Authority is based at offices in Kendal . It runs a visitor centre on Windermere at a former country house called Brockhole , Coniston Boating Centre , and Information Centres . It is reducing its landholding .", "In common with all other national parks in England , there is no restriction on entry to , or movement within the park along public routes , but access to cultivated land is usually restricted to public footpaths , bridleways and byways . Much of the uncultivated land has statutory open access rights , which cover around 50 % of the park .", "The lakes and mountains combine to form impressive scenery . Farmland and settlement have altered the natural scenery , and the ecology has been modified by human influence for millennia and includes important wildlife habitats . Having failed in a previous attempt to gain World Heritage status as a natural World Heritage Site , because of human activities , it was eventually successful in the category of cultural landscape and was awarded the status in 2017 .", "The precise extent of the Lake District was not defined traditionally , but is slightly larger than that of the National Park , the total area of which is about 912 square miles ( 2,362 km ) . The park extends just over 32 miles ( 51 km ) from east to west and nearly 40 miles ( 64 km ) from north to south , with areas such as the Lake District Peninsulas to the south lying outside the National Park .", "The Lake District is one of the most highly populated national parks . There are , however , only a handful of major settlements within this mountainous area , the towns of Keswick , Windermere , Ambleside , and Bowness - on - Windermere being the four largest . Significant towns immediately outside the boundary of the national park include Millom , Barrow - in - Furness , Kendal , Ulverston , Cockermouth , Penrith , and Grange - over-Sands ; each of these has important economic links with the area . Villages such as Coniston , Threlkeld , Glenridding , Pooley Bridge , Broughton - in - Furness , Grasmere , Newby Bridge , Staveley , Lindale , Gosforth and Hawkshead are more local centres . The economies of almost all are intimately linked with tourism . Beyond these are a scattering of hamlets and many isolated farmsteads , some of which are still tied to agriculture ; others now function as part of the tourist economy .", "The Lake District National Park is almost contained within a box of trunk routes . It is flanked to the east by the A6 road which runs from Kendal to Penrith ( though the extension approved in 2015 will be east of the A6 ) . The A590 which connects the M6 to Barrow - in - Furness , and the A5092 trunk roads cut across its southern fringes and the A66 trunk road between Penrith and Workington cuts across its northern edge . Finally the A595 trunk road runs through the coastal plains to the west of the area linking the A66 with the A5092 .", "Besides these , a few A roads penetrate the area itself , notably the A591 which runs north westwards from Kendal to Windermere and then on to Keswick . It continues up the east side of Bassenthwaite Lake . `` The A591 , Grasmere , Lake District '' was short - listed in the 2011 Google Street View awards in the Most Romantic Street category . The A593 and A5084 link the Ambleside and Coniston areas with the A590 to the south whilst the A592 and A5074 similarly link Windermere with the A590 . The A592 also continues northwards from Windermere to Ullswater and Penrith by way of the Kirkstone Pass .", "Some valleys which are not penetrated by A roads are served by B roads . The B5289 serves Lorton Vale and Buttermere and links via the Honister Pass with Borrowdale . The B5292 ascends the Whinlatter Pass from Lorton Vale before dropping down to Braithwaite near Keswick . The B5322 serves the valley of St John 's in the Vale whilst Great Langdale is served by the B5343 . Other valleys such as Little Langdale , Eskdale and Dunnerdale are served by minor roads . The last of these is connected with the first two by the Wrynose and Hardknott passes respectively ; both of these passes are known for their steep gradients and are together one of the most popular climbs in the United Kingdom for cycling enthusiasts . A minor road through the Newlands Valley connects via Newlands Hause with the B5289 at Buttermere . Wasdale is served by a cul - de-sac minor road , as are Longsleddale and the valleys at Haweswater and Kentmere . There are networks of minor roads in the lower - lying southern part of the area , connecting numerous communities between Kendal , Windermere and Coniston .", "The West Coast Main Line skirts the eastern edge of the Lake District and the Cumbrian Coast Line passes through the southern and western fringes of the area . A single railway line , the Windermere Branch Line , penetrates from Kendal to Windermere via Staveley . Railways once served Broughton - in - Furness and Coniston ( closed to passengers in 1958 ) and another ran from Penrith to Cockermouth via Keswick ( closed west of Keswick in 1966 and completely in 1972 ) . Part of the track of the latter is used by the improved A66 trunk road .", "The Cumbrian Coast line has three stations within the boundaries of the national park ( and additionally Drigg , within sight of the park boundary ) . The line gives railway enthusiasts and others a flavour of a pre-Beeching railway line , with features like manually operated level crossing gates , as well as giving a good connection to the steam railway into Eskdale and providing access for cyclists and serious walkers to the Western Fells .", "The narrow gauge Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway runs from Ravenglass on the west coast up Eskdale as far as Dalegarth Station near the hamlet of Boot , catering for tourists . Another heritage railway , the Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway , runs between Lake Windermere and Haverthwaite , and tourists can connect at Lakeside with the boats up the lake to Bowness .", "A vehicle - carrying cable ferry , the Windermere Ferry , runs frequent services across Windermere . There are also seasonal passenger boats on Coniston Water , Derwent Water and Ullswater .", "There are many paths over which the public has a right of way , all of which should be signposted . Within the area of the National Park in 2012 there were 2,159 km ( 1,342 mi ) of public footpaths , 875 km ( 544 mi ) of public bridleways , 15 km ( 9 mi ) of restricted byways and 30 km ( 19 mi ) of byways open to all traffic . There is also a general `` right to roam '' in open country .", "Many of these tracks arose centuries ago and were used either as ridge highways ( such as along High Street ) or as passes for travelling across the ridges between settlements in the valleys . Historically these paths were not planned for reaching summits , but more recently they are used by fell walkers for that purpose .", "Cycling and horse riding are allowed on bridleways , but cyclists must give way to all other users . Motor vehicles are only allowed on `` byways open to all traffic '' ( green lanes ) but in practice Traffic Regulation Orders have been brought in on several prohibiting motor traffic , although a system of permits operates on Gatesgarth Pass .", "As the highest ground in England , Scafell Pike naturally has a very extensive view on a clear day , ranging from the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland to Snowdonia in Wales . The Lake District takes the form of a roughly circular upland massif deeply dissected by a broadly radial pattern of major valleys whose character is largely the product of repeated glaciations over the last 2 million years . Most of these valleys display the U-shaped cross-section characteristic of glacial origin , and often contain elongate lakes occupying sizeable bedrock hollows , often with tracts of relatively flat ground at their heads . Smaller lakes known as tarns occupy glacial cirques at higher elevations . It is the abundance of both which has led to the area becoming known as the Lake District .", "The mountains of the Lake District are also known as the `` Cumbrian Mountains '' , although this name is less frequently used than terms like `` the Lake District '' or `` the Lakeland Fells '' . Many of the higher fells are rocky , while moorland predominates at lower altitudes . Vegetation cover across better drained areas includes bracken and heather , though much of the land is boggy , due to the high rainfall . Deciduous native woodland occurs on many steeper slopes below the tree line , but with native oak supplemented by extensive conifer plantations in many areas , particularly Grizedale Forest in the generally lower southern part of the area .", "The principal radial valleys are ( clockwise from the south ) Dunnerdale , Eskdale , Wasdale , Ennerdale , Lorton Vale and the Buttermere valley , the Derwent Valley and Borrowdale , the valleys containing Ullswater and Haweswater , Longsleddale , the Kentmere valley and those radiating from the head of Windermere including Great Langdale . The valleys break the mountains up into separate blocks , which have been described by various authors in different ways . The most frequently encountered approach is that made popular by Alfred Wainwright who published seven separate area guides to the Lakeland Fells .", "Below the tree line are wooded areas , including British and European native oak woodlands and introduced softwood plantations . The woodlands provide habitats for native English wildlife . The native red squirrel is found in the Lake District and in a few other parts of England . In parts of the Lake District the rainfall is higher than in any other part of England . This gives Atlantic mosses , ferns , lichen , and liverworts the chance to grow . There is some ancient woodland in the National Park . Management of the woodlands varies : some are coppiced , some pollarded , some left to grow naturally , and some provide grazing and shelter .", "The four highest mountains in the Lake District exceed 3,000 feet ( 914 m ) . These are :", "Scafell Pike , 978 m ( 3,209 ft ) Scafell , 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) Helvellyn , 951 m ( 3,120 ft ) Skiddaw , 931 m ( 3,054 ft )", "Scafell Pike , 978 m ( 3,209 ft )", "Scafell , 965 m ( 3,166 ft )", "Helvellyn , 951 m ( 3,120 ft )", "Skiddaw , 931 m ( 3,054 ft )", "The Northern Fells are a clearly defined range of hills contained within a 13 km ( 8 mi ) diameter circle between Keswick in the south west and Caldbeck in the north east . They culminate in the 931 m ( 3,054 ft ) peak of Skiddaw . Other notable peaks are Blencathra ( also known as Saddleback ) ( 868 m ( 2,848 ft ) ) and Carrock Fell . Bassenthwaite Lake occupies the valley between this massif and the North Western Fells .", "The North Western Fells lie between Borrowdale and Bassenthwaite Lake to the east and Buttermere and Lorton Vale to the west . Their southernmost point is at Honister Pass . This area includes the Derwent Fells above the Newlands Valley and hills to the north amongst which are Dale Head , Robinson . To the north stand Grasmoor , highest in the range at 852 m ( 2,795 ft ) , Grisedale Pike and the hills around the valley of Coledale , and in the far north west is Thornthwaite Forest and Lord 's Seat . The fells in this area are rounded Skiddaw slate , with few tarns and relatively few rock faces .", "The Western Fells lie between Buttermere and Wasdale , with Sty Head forming the apex of a large triangle . Ennerdale bisects the area , which consists of the High Stile ridge north of Ennerdale , the Loweswater Fells in the far north west , the Pillar group in the south west , and Great Gable ( 899 m ( 2,949 ft ) ) near Sty Head . Other tops include Seatallan , Haystacks and Kirk Fell . This area is craggy and steep , with the impressive pinnacle of Pillar Rock its showpiece . Wastwater , located in this part , is England 's deepest lake .", "The Central Fells are lower in elevation than surrounding areas of fell , peaking at 762 m ( 2,500 ft ) at High Raise . They take the form of a ridge running between Derwent Water in the west and Thirlmere in the east , from Keswick in the north to Langdale Pikes in the south . A spur extends south east to Loughrigg Fell above Ambleside . The central ridge running north over High Seat is exceptionally boggy .", "The Eastern Fells consist of a long north - to - south ridge , the Helvellyn range , running from Clough Head to Seat Sandal with the 950 m ( 3,118 ft ) Helvellyn at its highest point . The western slopes of these summits tend to be grassy , with rocky corries and crags on the eastern side . The Fairfield group lies to the south of the range , and forms a similar pattern with towering rock faces and hidden valleys spilling into the Patterdale valley . It culminates in the height of Red Screes overlooking the Kirkstone Pass .", "The Far Eastern Fells refer to all of the Lakeland fells to the east of Ullswater and the A592 road running south to Windermere . At 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) , the peak known as High Street is the highest point on a complex ridge which runs broadly north -- south and overlooks the hidden valley of Haweswater to its east . In the north of this region are the lower fells of Martindale Common and Bampton Common whilst in the south are the fells overlooking the Kentmere valley . Further to the east , beyond Mardale and Longsleddale is Shap Fell , an extensive area consisting of high moorland , more rolling and Pennine in nature than the mountains to the west .", "The Southern Fells occupy the southwestern quarter of the Lake District . They can be regarded as comprising a northern grouping between Wasdale , Eskdale and the two Langdale valleys , a southeastern group east of Dunnerdale and south of Little Langdale and a southwestern group bounded by Eskdale to the north and Dunnerdale to the east .", "The first group includes England 's highest mountains : Scafell Pike in the centre , at 978 m ( 3,209 ft ) and Scafell one mile ( 1.6 km ) to the southwest . Though it is slightly lower it has a 700 ft ( 210 m ) rockface , Scafell Crag , on its northern side . It also includes the Wastwater Screes overlooking Wasdale , the Glaramara ridge overlooking Borrowdale , the three tops of Crinkle Crags , Bowfell and Esk Pike . The core of the area is drained by the infant River Esk . Collectively these are some of the Lake District 's most rugged hillsides .", "The second group , otherwise known as the Furness Fells or Coniston Fells , have as their northern boundary the steep and narrow Hardknott and Wrynose passes . The highest are Old Man of Coniston and Swirl How which slightly exceed 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) .", "The third group to the west of the Duddon includes Harter Fell and the long ridge leading over Whitfell to Black Combe and the sea . The south of this region consists of lower forests and knolls , with Kirkby Moor on the southern boundary . The southwestern Lake District ends near the Furness peninsula and Barrow - in - Furness , a town which many Lake District residents rely on for basic amenities .", "The southeastern area is the territory between Coniston Water and Windermere and east of Windermere towards Kendal and south to Lindale . There are no high summits in this area which is mainly low hills , knolls and limestone cuestas such as Gummer 's How and Whitbarrow . Indeed , it rises only as high as 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) at Top o ' Selside east of Coniston Water ; the wide expanse of Grizedale Forest stands between the two lakes . Kendal and Morecambe Bay stand at the eastern and southern edges of the area .", "Only one of the lakes in the Lake District is called by that name , Bassenthwaite Lake . All the others such as Windermere , Coniston Water , Ullswater and Buttermere are meres , tarns and waters , with mere being the least common and water being the most common . The major lakes and reservoirs in the National Park are given below .", "Bassenthwaite Lake Brotherswater Buttermere Coniston Water Crummock Water Derwent Water Devoke Water Elter Water Ennerdale Water Esthwaite Water Grasmere Haweswater Reservoir Hayeswater Loweswater Rydal Water Thirlmere Ullswater Wast Water Windermere", "The Lake District 's geology is very complex but well - studied . A granite batholith beneath the area is responsible for this upland massif , its relatively low density causing the area to be `` buoyed up '' . The granite can be seen at the surface as the Ennerdale , Skiddaw , Carrock Fell , Eskdale and Shap granites .", "Broadly speaking the area can be divided into three bands , the divisions between which run south west to north east . Generally speaking the rocks become younger from north west to south east . The north western band is composed of early to mid-Ordovician sedimentary rocks , largely mudstones and siltstones of marine origin . Together they comprise the Skiddaw Group and include the rocks traditionally known as the Skiddaw Slates . Their friability generally leads to mountains with relatively smooth slopes such as Skiddaw itself .", "The central band is a mix of volcanic and sedimentary rocks of mid-to - late Ordovician age comprising the lavas and tuffs of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group , erupted as the former Iapetus Ocean was subducted beneath what is now the Scottish border during the Caledonian orogeny . The northern central peaks , such as Great Rigg , were produced by considerable lava flows . These lava eruptions were followed by a series of pyroclastic eruptions which produced a series of calderas , one of which includes present - day Scafell Pike . These pyroclastic rocks give rise to the craggy landscapes typical of the central fells .", "The south eastern band comprises the mudstones and wackes of the Windermere Supergroup and which includes ( successively ) the rocks of the Dent , Stockdale , Tranearth , Coniston and Kendal groups . These are generally a little less resistant to erosion than the rocks sequence to the north and underlie much of the lower landscapes around Coniston and Windermere .", "Later intrusions have formed individual outcrops of igneous rock in each of these groups . Around the edges of these Ordovician and Silurian rocks on the northern , eastern and southern fringes of the area is a semi-continuous outcrop of Carboniferous Limestone seen most spectacularly at places like Whitbarrow Scar and Scout Scar .", "The Lake District 's location on the northwest coast of England , coupled with its mountainous geography , makes it the wettest part of England . The UK Met Office reports average annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm ( 80 in ) , but with very large local variation .", "Although the entire region receives above average rainfall , there is a wide disparity between the amount of rainfall in the western and eastern lakes , as the Lake District experiences relief rainfall . Seathwaite , Borrowdale is the wettest inhabited place in England with an average of 3,300 mm ( 130 in ) of rain a year , while nearby Sprinkling Tarn is even wetter , recording over 5,000 mm ( 200 in ) per year ; by contrast , Keswick , at the end of Borrowdale receives 1,470 mm ( 58 in ) every year , and Penrith ( just outside the Lake District ) only 870 mm ( 34 in ) . March to June tend to be the driest months , with October to January the wettest , but at low levels there is relatively little difference between months .", "Although sheltered valleys experience gales on an average of only five days a year , the Lake District is generally very windy with the coastal areas having 20 days of gales , and the fell tops around 100 days of gales per year . The maritime climate means that the Lake District experiences relatively moderate temperature variations through the year . Mean temperature in the valleys ranges from about 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) in January to around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in July . ( By comparison , Moscow , at the same latitude , ranges from − 10 to 19 ° C ( 14 to 66 ° F ) . )", "The relatively low height of most of the fells means that , while snow is expected during the winter , they can be free of snow at any time of the year . Normally , significant snow fall only occurs between November and April . On average , snow falls on Helvellyn 67 days per year . During the year , valleys typically experience 20 days with snow falling , a further 200 wet days , and 145 dry days . Hill fog is common at any time of year , and the fells average only around 2.5 hours of sunshine per day , increasing to around 4.1 hours per day on the coastal plains .", "( hide ) Climate data for Keswick , Lake District Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C 7.2 7.4 9.4 11.9 15.6 17.9 19.7 19.1 16.7 13.3 9.7 7.5 13.0 Average low ° C 1.6 1.4 2.8 4.2 6.4 9.3 11.5 11.1 9.0 6.7 3.9 1.5 5.8 Average rainfall mm 169.1 119.9 127.8 81.7 79.4 84.3 88.1 104.1 126.6 189.3 177.9 173.0 1,521 Average high ° F 45 45.3 48.9 53.4 60.1 64.2 67.5 66.4 62.1 55.9 49.5 45.5 55.4 Average low ° F 34.9 34.5 37 39.6 43.5 48.7 52.7 52 48.2 44.1 39 34.7 42.4 Average rainfall inches 6.657 4.72 5.031 3.217 3.126 3.319 3.469 4.098 4.984 7.453 7.004 6.811 59.882 Average rainy days 16.8 13.1 15.8 12.5 12.0 12.2 12.9 14.4 13.9 17.8 17.7 17.0 176.1 Source :", "( hide ) Climate data for Keswick , Lake District", "Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year", "Average high ° C 7.2 7.4 9.4 11.9 15.6 17.9 19.7 19.1 16.7 13.3 9.7 7.5 13.0", "Average low ° C 1.6 1.4 2.8 4.2 6.4 9.3 11.5 11.1 9.0 6.7 3.9 1.5 5.8", "Average rainfall mm 169.1 119.9 127.8 81.7 79.4 84.3 88.1 104.1 126.6 189.3 177.9 173.0 1,521", "Average high ° F 45 45.3 48.9 53.4 60.1 64.2 67.5 66.4 62.1 55.9 49.5 45.5 55.4", "Average low ° F 34.9 34.5 37 39.6 43.5 48.7 52.7 52 48.2 44.1 39 34.7 42.4", "Average rainfall inches 6.657 4.72 5.031 3.217 3.126 3.319 3.469 4.098 4.984 7.453 7.004 6.811 59.882", "Average rainy days 16.8 13.1 15.8 12.5 12.0 12.2 12.9 14.4 13.9 17.8 17.7 17.0 176.1", "Source :", "The Lake District is home to a great variety of wildlife , due to its range of varied topography , lakes and forests . It provides a home for the red squirrel and colonies of sundew and butterwort , two of the few carnivorous plants native to Britain . The Lake District is a major sanctuary for the red squirrel and has the largest population in England ( out of the estimated 140,000 red squirrels in the United Kingdom , compared with about 2.5 million grey squirrels ) .", "The Lake District is home to a range of bird species , and the RSPB maintain a reserve in Haweswater . England 's only nesting pair of golden eagles can be found in the Lake District . The female golden eagle has not been seen since 2004 although the male still remains . Conservationists believe he is now the only resident golden eagle in England . Following recolonisation attempts , a pair of ospreys nested in the Lake District for the first time in over 150 years near Bassenthwaite Lake during 2001 . Ospreys now frequently migrate north from Africa in the spring to nest in the Lake District , and a total of 23 chicks have fledged in The Lakes since 2001 . Another bird species which has had recolonisation attempts is the red kite which , as of 2012 , have a population of approximately 90 in the dense forest areas near Grizedale . Conservationists hope the reintroduction will create a large red kite population in the Lake District and in North West England where the red kite population is low . Other bird species resident to the Lake District include the buzzard , dipper , peregrine and raven . Seasonal birds include the ring ouzel and the redstart .", "The lakes of the Lake District support three rare and endangered species of fish : the vendace , which can be found only in Derwent Water and until 2008 in Bassenthwaite Lake . Vendace have struggled in recent years with naturally occurring algae becoming a threat and the lakes gradually getting warmer . Vendace have been moved to higher lakes on a number of occasions to preserve the species , notably in 2005 and 2011 . The Lakes are also home to two other rare species : the schelly , which lives in Brothers Water , Haweswater , Red Tarn and Ullswater , and the Arctic charr , which can be found in Buttermere , Coniston Water , Crummock Water , Ennerdale Water , Haweswater , Loweswater , Thirlmere , Wast Water , and Windermere .", "In recent years , some important changes have been made to fisheries byelaws covering the north west region of England , to help protect some of the rarest fish species . In 2002 , the Environment Agency introduced a new fisheries byelaw , banning the use of all freshwater fish as live or dead bait in 14 of the lakes in the Lake District . Anglers not complying with the new byelaw can face fines of up to £ 2,500 . There are 14 lakes in the Lake District which are affected . These are : Bassenthwaite Lake , Brothers Water , Buttermere , Coniston Water , Crummock Water , Derwent Water , Ennerdale Water , Haweswater , Loweswater , Red Tarn , Thirlmere , Ullswater , Wast Water and Windermere .", "The lakes and waters of the Lake District do not naturally support as many species of fish as other similar habitats in the south of the country and elsewhere in Europe . Some fish that do thrive there are particularly at risk from introduction of new species .", "The introduction of non-native fish can lead to the predation of the native fish fauna or competition for food . There is also the risk of disease being introduced , which can further threaten native populations . In some cases , the introduced species can disturb the environment so much that it becomes unsuitable for particular fish . For example , a major problem has been found with ruffe . This non-native fish has now been introduced into a number of lakes in recent years . It is known that ruffe eat the eggs of vendace , which are particularly vulnerable because of their long incubation period . This means that they are susceptible to predators for up to 120 days . The eggs of other fish , for example roach , are only at risk for as little as three days .", "Farming , and in particular sheep farming , has been the major industry in the region since Roman times . The breed most closely associated with the area is the tough Herdwick , with Rough Fell and Swaledale sheep also common . Sheep farming remains important both for the economy of the region and for preserving the landscape which visitors want to see . Features such as dry stone walls , for example , are there as a result of sheep farming . Some land is also used for silage and dairy farming .", "The area was badly affected by the outbreak of foot - and - mouth disease across the United Kingdom in 2001 . The outbreak started in Surrey in February , but had spread to Cumbria by end of March . Thousands of sheep , include the native Herdwicks which graze on the fellsides across the district , were destroyed . In replacing the sheep , one problem to overcome was that many of the lost sheep were heafed , that is , they knew their part of the unfenced fell and did not stray , with this knowledge being passed between generations . With all the sheep lost at once , this knowledge has to be relearnt and some of the fells have had discreet electric fences strung across them for a period of five years , to allow the sheep to `` re-heaf '' . At the time of the outbreak , worries existed about the future of certain species of sheep such as Ryeland and Herdwick in the district , however these fears have been allayed and sheep now occupy the district in abundance .", "Forestry has also assumed greater importance over the course of the last century with the establishment of extensive conifer plantations around Whinlatter Pass , in Ennerdale and at Grizedale Forest amongst other places . There are extensive plantations of non-native pine trees .", "With its wealth of rock types and their abundance in the landscape , mining and quarrying have long been significant activities in the Lake District economy . In Neolithic times , the Lake District was a major source of stone axes , examples of which have been found all over Britain . The primary site , on the slopes of the Langdale Pikes , is sometimes described as a `` stone axe factory '' of the Langdale axe industry . Some of the earliest stone circles in Britain are connected with this industry .", "Mining , particularly of copper , lead ( often associated with quantities of silver ) , baryte , graphite and slate , was historically a major Lakeland industry , mainly from the 16th to 19th centuries . Coppiced woodland was used extensively to provide charcoal for smelting . Some mining still takes place today ; for example , slate mining continues at the Honister Mines , at the top of Honister Pass . Abandoned mine workings can be found on fellsides throughout the district . The locally mined graphite led to the development of the pencil industry , especially around Keswick .", "In the middle of the 19th century , half the world textile industry 's bobbin supply came from the Lake District area . Over the past century , however , tourism has grown rapidly to become the area 's primary source of income .", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "Early visitors to the Lake District , who travelled for the education and pleasure of the journey , include Celia Fiennes who in 1698 undertook a journey the length of England , including riding through Kendal and over Kirkstone Pass into Patterdale . Her experiences and impressions were published in her book Great Journey to Newcastle and Cornwall :", "As I walked down at this place I was walled on both sides by those inaccessible high rocky barren hills which hang over one 's head in some places and appear very terrible ; and from them springs many little currents of water from the sides and clefts which trickle down to some lower part where it runs swiftly over the stones and shelves in the way , which makes a pleasant rush and murmuring noise and like a snowball is increased by each spring trickling down on either side of those hills , and so descends into the bottoms which are a Moorish ground in which in many places the waters stand , and so form some of those Lakes as it did here .", "In 1724 , Daniel Defoe published the first volume of A Tour Thro ' the Whole Island of Great Britain . He commented on Westmorland that it was :", "the wildest , most barren and frightful of any that I have passed over in England , or even Wales itself ; the west side , which borders on Cumberland , is indeed bounded by a chain of almost unpassable mountains which , in the language of the country , are called fells .", "Towards the end of the 18th century , the area was becoming more popular with travellers . This was partly a result of wars in Continental Europe , restricting the possibility of travel there . In 1778 Thomas West produced A Guide to the Lakes , which began the era of modern tourism .", "West listed `` stations '' , viewpoints where tourists could enjoy the best views of the landscape , being encouraged to appreciated the formal qualities of the landscape and to apply aesthetic values . At some of these stations , buildings were erected to help this process . The remains of Claife Station ( on the western shore Windermere below Claife Heights ) can be visited today .", "William Wordsworth published his Guide to the Lakes in 1810 , and by 1835 it had reached its fifth edition , now called A Guide Through the District of the Lakes in the North of England . This book was particularly influential in popularising the region . Wordsworth 's favourite valley was Dunnerdale or the Duddon Valley nestling in the south west of the Lake District .", "The railways led to another expansion in tourism . The Kendal and Windermere Railway was the first to penetrate the Lake District , reaching Kendal in 1846 and Windermere in 1847 . The line to Coniston opened in 1848 ( although until 1857 this was only linked to the national network with ferries between Fleetwood and Barrow - in - Furness ) ; the line from Penrith through Keswick to Cockermouth in 1865 ; and the line to Lakeside at the foot of Windermere in 1869 . The railways , built with traditional industry in mind , brought with them a huge increase in the number of visitors , thus contributing to the growth of the tourism industry . Railway services were supplemented by steamer boats on the major lakes of Ullswater , Windermere , Coniston Water , and Derwent Water .", "The growth in tourist numbers continued into the age of the motor car , when railways began to be closed or run down . The formation of the Lake District National Park in 1951 recognised the need to protect the Lake District environment from excessive commercial or industrial exploitation , preserving that which visitors come to see , without any restriction on the movement of people into and around the district . The M6 Motorway helped bring traffic to the Lake District , passing up its eastern flank . The narrow roads present a challenge for traffic flow and , from the 1960s , certain areas have been very congested .", "Whilst the roads and railways provided easier access to the area , many people were drawn to Lakeland by the publication of the Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells by Alfred Wainwright . First published between 1955 and 1966 , these books provided detailed information on 214 fells across the region , with carefully hand - drawn maps and panoramas , and also stories and asides which add to the colour of the area . They are still used by many visitors to the area as guides for walking excursions , with the ultimate goal of bagging the complete list of Wainwrights . The famous guides were revised by Chris Jesty between 2005 and 2009 to reflect changes , mainly in valley access and paths , and are currently being revised by Clive Hutchby , the author of The Wainwright Companion . The first of the revised volumes , Book One : The Eastern Fells , was published in March 2015 .", "Since the early 1960s , the National Park Authority has employed rangers to help cope with increasing tourism and development , the first being John Wyatt , who has since written a number of guide books . He was joined two years later by a second , and since then the number of rangers has been rising .", "The area has also become associated with writer Beatrix Potter . A number of tourists visit to see her family home , with particularly large numbers coming from Japan .", "Tourism has now become the park 's major industry , with about 12 million visitors each year , mainly from the UK 's larger settlements , China , Japan , Spain , Germany and the US . Windermere Lake Steamers are Cumbria 's most popular charging tourist attraction with about 1.35 million paying customers each year , and the local economy is dependent upon tourists . The negative impact of tourism has been seen , however . Soil erosion , caused by walking , is now a significant problem , with millions of pounds being spent to protect overused paths . In 2006 , two tourist information centres in the National Park were closed .", "Cultural tourism is becoming an increasingly important part of the wider tourist industry . The Lake District 's links with a wealth of artists and writers and its strong history of providing summer theatre performances in the old Blue Box of Century Theatre are strong attractions for visiting tourists . The tradition of theatre is carried on by venues such as Theatre by the Lake in Keswick with its summer season of six plays in repertoire , Christmas and Easter productions , and the many literature , film , mountaineering , jazz and creative arts festivals , such as the Kendal Mountain Festival and the Keswick Mountain Festival .", "The Lake District has been regarded as one of the best places to eat in Britain . The region has four Michelin Star restaurants : L'Enclume , The Samling in Ambleside , The Forest Side and Gilpin Hotel . In addition , Cumbria has more microbreweries than any other county in Britain and together with Jennings Brewery supply a variety of ales to pubs and restaurants throughout the region .", "The Lake District is intimately associated with English literature of the 18th and 19th centuries . Thomas Gray was the first to bring the region to attention , when he wrote a journal of his Grand Tour in 1769 , but it was William Wordsworth whose poems were most famous and influential . Wordsworth 's poem `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' , inspired by the sight of daffodils on the shores of Ullswater , remains one of the most famous in the English language . Out of his long life of eighty years , sixty were spent amid its lakes and mountains , first as a schoolboy at Hawkshead , and afterwards living in Grasmere ( 1799 -- 1813 ) and Rydal Mount ( 1813 -- 50 ) . Wordsworth , Coleridge and Southey became known as the Lake Poets .", "The poet and his wife lie buried in the churchyard of Grasmere and very near to them are the remains of Hartley Coleridge ( son of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge ) , who himself lived for many years in Keswick , Ambleside and Grasmere . Robert Southey , the Poet Laureate and friend of Wordsworth ( who would succeed Southey as Laureate in 1843 ) , was a resident of Keswick for forty years ( 1803 -- 43 ) , and was buried in Crosthwaite churchyard . Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived for some time in Keswick , and also with the Wordsworths at Grasmere . From 1807 to 1815 John Wilson lived at Windermere . Thomas de Quincey spent the greater part of the years 1809 to 1828 at Grasmere , in the first cottage which Wordsworth had inhabited . Ambleside , or its environs , was also the place of residence both of Thomas Arnold , who spent there the vacations of the last ten years of his life and of Harriet Martineau , who built herself a house there in 1845 . At Keswick , Mrs Lynn Linton ( wife of William James Linton ) was born , in 1822 . Brantwood , a house beside Coniston Water , was the home of John Ruskin during the last years of his life . His assistant W.G. Collingwood the author , artist and antiquarian lived nearby , and wrote Thorstein of the Mere , set in the Norse period .", "In addition to these residents or natives of the Lake District , a variety of other poets and writers made visits to the Lake District or were bound by ties of friendship with those already mentioned above . These include Percy Bysshe Shelley , Sir Walter Scott , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Arthur Hugh Clough , Henry Crabb Robinson , `` Conversation '' Sharp , Thomas Carlyle , John Keats , Lord Tennyson , Matthew Arnold , Felicia Hemans , and Gerald Massey .", "Although it is unlikely she ever went there , Letitia Elizabeth Landon produced no less than sixteen poems on subjects within the Lake District and its surroundings , all associated with engravings within Fisher 's Drawing Room Scrap Books , from 1832 to 1838 . Also included there ( 1834 ) is Grasmere Lake ( A Sketch by a Cockney ) , a skit on becoming a ' lakes poet ' .", "During the early 20th century , the children 's author Beatrix Potter was in residence at Hill Top Farm , setting many of her famous Peter Rabbit books in the Lake District . Her life was made into a biopic film , starring Renée Zellweger and Ewan McGregor . Arthur Ransome lived in several areas of the Lake District , and set five of his Swallows and Amazons series of books , published between 1930 and 1947 , in a fictionalised Lake District setting . So did Geoffrey Trease with his five Black Banner school stories ( 1949 -- 56 ) , starting with No Boats on Bannermere .", "The novelist Sir Hugh Walpole lived at `` Brackenburn '' on the lower slopes of Catbells overlooking Derwent Water from 1924 until his death in 1941 . Whilst living at `` Brackenburn '' he wrote The Herries Chronicle detailing the history of a fictional Cumbrian family over two centuries . The noted author and poet Norman Nicholson came from the south west lakes , living and writing about Millom in the 20th century -- he was known as the last of the Lake Poets and came close to becoming the Poet Laureate .", "The Lakes has been an inspirations for many notable artists . Some of the most famous artists to depict the region in their work have been Alfred Heaton Cooper and William Heaton Cooper .", "Writer and author Melvyn Bragg was brought up in the region and has used it as the setting for some of his work , such as his novel A Time to Dance , later turned into a television drama .", "The Lake District has been the setting for crime novels by Reginald Hill , Val McDermid and Martin Edwards . The region is also a recurring theme in Ernest Hemingway 's 1926 novella The Torrents of Spring and features prominently in Ian McEwan 's Amsterdam , which won the 1998 Booker Prize . The 1996 Eisner Award winning graphic novel The Tale of One Bad Rat by Bryan Talbot featured a young girl 's journey to and subsequent stay in the Lake District .", "The Lake District is mentioned in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice ; Elizabeth Bennet looks forward to a holiday there with her aunt and uncle and is `` excessively disappointed '' upon learning they can not travel that far .", "The opening of Charlotte Turner Smith 's novel Ethelinde with its atmospheric description of Grasmere ( complete with a Gothic Abbey ! ) is supposed to have induced Wordsworth into looking to it as a possible place of residence .", "Film director Ken Russell lived in the Keswick / Borrowdale area until 2007 and used it in films such as Tommy and Mahler .", "The Lake District is the setting for the 1977 Richard Adams novel The Plague Dogs . Adams ' knowledge of the area offers the reader a precise view of the natural beauty of the Lake District .", "Some students of Arthurian lore identify the Lake District with the Grail kingdom of Listeneise .", "The former Keswick School of Industrial Art at Keswick was started by Canon Rawnsley , a friend of John Ruskin .", "Also set in the Lake District is Sophie Jackson 's mystery novel The Woman Died Thrice . It was published in 2016 under Jackson 's pen name Evelyn James .", "A number of words and phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect , though many are shared by other northern dialects . These include :", "Fell -- from Old Norse fjallr , brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian fjell and Swedish fjäll meaning mountain Howe -- place name from the Old Norse haugr meaning hill , knoll , or mound Tarn -- a word that has been taken to mean a small lake situated in a corrie ( the local name for which is cove ) , a local phrase for any small pool of water . The word is derived from the Old Norse , Norwegian and Swedish word tjern / tjärn , meaning small lake . Yan tan tethera -- the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District . Though now rare , it is still used by some and taught in local schools . Heaf ( a variant of heft ) -- the `` home territory '' of a flock of sheep", "Fell -- from Old Norse fjallr , brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian fjell and Swedish fjäll meaning mountain", "Howe -- place name from the Old Norse haugr meaning hill , knoll , or mound", "Tarn -- a word that has been taken to mean a small lake situated in a corrie ( the local name for which is cove ) , a local phrase for any small pool of water . The word is derived from the Old Norse , Norwegian and Swedish word tjern / tjärn , meaning small lake .", "Yan tan tethera -- the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District . Though now rare , it is still used by some and taught in local schools .", "Heaf ( a variant of heft ) -- the `` home territory '' of a flock of sheep" ]

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[ "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )", "`` Angel of the Morning '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts from the album Angel of the Morning B - side `` Reap What You Sow '' Released 7 February 1968 Format 7 '' single Recorded American Sound Studios Memphis January 1968 Genre Pop , country Length 3 : 19 Label Bell Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Merrilee Rush singles chronology `` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 ) `` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' Merrilee & the Turnabouts ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` Angel of the Morning ''", "A-side label of U.S. vinyl single", "Single by Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts", "from the album Angel of the Morning", "B - side `` Reap What You Sow ''", "Released 7 February 1968", "Format 7 '' single", "Recorded American Sound Studios Memphis January 1968", "Genre Pop , country", "Length 3 : 19", "Label Bell", "Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor", "Producer ( s ) Chips Moman", "Merrilee Rush singles chronology", "`` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' Merrilee & the Turnabouts ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' Merrilee & the Turnabouts ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` How 's the Weather on Your Street '' Merrilee & the Turnabouts ( 1967 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts ( 1968 ) `` That Kind of Woman '' ( 1968 )", "`` Angel of the Morning '' is a popular song , written and composed by Chip Taylor , that has been recorded numerous times by , or has been a hit single for , various artists including Evie Sands , Merrilee Rush , Juice Newton , Nina Simone , P.P. Arnold , Olivia Newton - John , The Pretenders / Chrissie Hynde , Dusty Springfield , Mary Mason , Melba Montgomery , Vagiant , Billie Davis , Bonnie Tyler , Rita Wilson , The New Seekers and Skeeter Davis .", "Written and composed by New York City - born songwriter Chip Taylor , actor Jonathan `` Jon '' Voight 's brother , `` Angel of the Morning '' was originally offered to Connie Francis to sing , but she turned it down because she thought that it was too risqué for her career . The song 's narrator describes her feelings about a one - night stand : `` If morning 's echo says we 've sinned , well , it was what I wanted now . ''", "Taylor produced a recording of the song with Evie Sands , but the financial straits of Cameo - Parkway Records , which had Sands on their roster , reportedly prevented either that version 's release or its distribution .", "Other early recordings of the song were made in 1967 by Danny Michaels for Lee Hazlewood 's LHI label and by UK vocalist Billie Davis .", "The song finally became a hit in 1968 through a recording by Merrilee Rush , made that January at American Sound Studios in Memphis , with Chips Moman and Tommy Cogbill producing . Rush had come to Memphis through the group she fronted , the Turnabouts , being the opening act for a Paul Revere and the Raiders tour . While in Memphis , the Raiders recorded the album Going to Memphis at American Sound Studios , an association which led to Rush 's discovery by Tommy Cogbill , who had been hoping to find the right voice for `` Angel of the Morning '' -- he had kept a tape of the demo of that song constantly in his pocket for several months .", "Rush recorded the song and the tracks which would comprise her Angel of the Morning album with the American Sound house band , even though the single and the album would be credited to the group `` Merrilee Rush & the Turnabouts . ''", "The single version was released in February 1968 , and reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 that June , peaking at No. 7 . A No. 1 hit in Canada , Australia and New Zealand , and also gave Rush a hit in the Netherlands ( No. 4 ) . The song earned Rush a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary - Pop Vocal Performance , Female .", "Rush recorded a new version of the song for her 1977 eponymous album release . ( Rush 's version of `` Angel of the Morning '' would be featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 film Girl , Interrupted , whose time frame is 1967 and 1968 , in which author - composer Chip Taylor 's niece Angelina Jolie had a starring role . )", "In the United Kingdom , where Rush 's version stalled at No. 55 , a rendition by P.P. Arnold , who had sung background on the 1967 Billie Davis version , reached No. 29 in August 1968 .", "In 1970 a rendition by Connie Eaton reached No. 34 on the Billboard C&W charts .", "In 1977 , Mary Mason also had a UK Top 30 hit with her version , which was actually a medley of two Chip Taylor songs , `` Angel of the Morning '' and `` Any Way That You Want Me , '' reaching No. 27 .", "Also in 1977 the British act Guys ' n ' Dolls had a hit in the Netherlands with the song , and their version reached No. 11 on the Dutch charts .", "In 1978 a release by Melba Montgomery reached No. 22 on the Billboard C&W chart .", "`` Angel of the Morning '' Single by Juice Newton from the album Juice B - side `` Headin ' for a Heartache '' Released February 1981 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 4 September 1980 Genre Soft rock , Country rock Length 3 : 49 3 : 57 ( 7 `` ) Label Capitol 4976 Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor Producer ( s ) Richard Landis Juice Newton singles chronology `` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 ) `` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "`` Angel of the Morning ''", "Single by Juice Newton", "from the album Juice", "B - side `` Headin ' for a Heartache ''", "Released February 1981", "Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm )", "Recorded 4 September 1980", "Genre Soft rock , Country rock", "Length 3 : 49 3 : 57 ( 7 `` )", "Label Capitol 4976", "Songwriter ( s ) Chip Taylor", "Producer ( s ) Richard Landis", "Juice Newton singles chronology", "`` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "`` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "`` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "`` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "`` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "`` You Fill My Life '' ( 1980 ) `` Angel of the Morning '' ( 1981 ) `` Queen of Hearts '' ( 1981 )", "The highest - charting and best - selling version in the United States was recorded and released in 1981 by country - rock singer Juice Newton for her album Juice . Newton re-interpreted the song at the suggestion of Steve Meyer , who promoted Capitol Records singles and albums to radio stations and felt a version of `` Angel of the Morning '' by Newton would be a strong candidate for airplay . Newton would state that she would never have herself thought of recording `` Angel of the Morning , '' and even though she immediately recognized the song when Meyer played it for her ( quote ) : `` I ( had n't been ) really aware of that song because ... when ( it ) was popular I was listening to folk music and R&B and not Pop , and that was a very Pop song . ''", "Newton 's version reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 22 on the Billboard country music chart , and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart in April of that year . The recording also earned Newton a Grammy nomination , and in the same category as Rush 's 1968 hit . More than 1 million units of Newton 's single of the song were sold in the United States , and the single reached the Top 10 in a number of other countries , including Canada and Australia . Notably , Newton 's video for `` Angel of the Morning '' was the first country - music music video aired on MTV ; it first aired in 1981 . In the UK , this recording reached No. 43 on the UK Singles Chart , marking the song 's third appearance on that chart without becoming a truly major hit . ( Newton recorded the song again in 1998 for her The Trouble with Angels album . )", "The song `` Angel , '' released by reggae artist Shaggy , heavily samples `` Angel of the Morning , '' using the melody , but with different words , for the sung refrain . It reached # 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 31 , 2001 .", "Swedish singer Jill Johnson released `` Angel of the Morning , '' with lyrics in English , in 2007 from her album of cover versions , Music Row . This version peaked at No. 30 at the Swedish singles chart .", "In 1972 , Taylor released a version on Buddah 325 . It reached # 101 in the Record World survey . In 1996 , Taylor released a version on the album Hit Man . In 1999 , a version by Taylor appeared on the KGSR fundraiser CD Broadcasts Vol. 7 . In 2004 , Taylor released a version of the song with his singer / songwriter partner Carrie Rodriguez on the album of the same name .", "In 1972 , Taylor released a version on Buddah 325 . It reached # 101 in the Record World survey .", "In 1996 , Taylor released a version on the album Hit Man .", "In 1999 , a version by Taylor appeared on the KGSR fundraiser CD Broadcasts Vol. 7 .", "In 2004 , Taylor released a version of the song with his singer / songwriter partner Carrie Rodriguez on the album of the same name .", "In 1968 , the American singer Joya Landis recorded a late rocksteady / early reggae version of this song in Jamaica for producer Arthur `` Duke '' Reid and his Treasure Isle label . The UK release ( Trojan TR - 622 ) had `` Love Letters '' by Phyllis Dillon and Alton Ellis as the B - side . It also appeared on the compilation album Soul Of Jamaica a.k.a. Come Rock With Me In Jamaica , and on the Trojan compilation album , Tighten Up , Volume 1 ( both 1968 ) . The Chicks , a female New Zealand pop duo , released their version on their 1968 album C'mon Chicks . Allison Durbin , who was dubbed `` Australia 's Queen of Pop '' in the 1960s , released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man . Soul singer Bettye Swann had a single release of `` Angel of the Morning '' in 1969 . The New Seekers included `` Angel of the Morning '' on their self - titled debut album ( 1969 ) . Nina Simone recorded the song in 1971 on Here Comes the Sun . Norwegian singer Ellen Nikolaysen recorded the song for her 1973 English language album Freckles . Soul singer Thelma Jones recorded the song for her eponymous 1978 album . Reggae singer Samantha Rose recorded a Lover 's rock version on the In Person LP in 1979 . Vintage British Invasion group The Tremeloes recorded the song in 1987 as an attempted comeback single . In 1991 , horror punk band Haunted Garage included the chorus of `` Angel of the Morning '' in the bridge of their song `` Theme '' on the album Possession Park , changing the lyrics to `` Satan of the morning '' . In 1995 , Chrissie Hynde and The Pretenders sang their own version on the Friends soundtrack album . The song was released as a single , but it did not chart . The short - lived British girl band Thunderbugs recorded an upbeat version of the song for their 1999 debut album , Delicious . In 2003 Maggie Reilly recorded `` Angel of the Morning '' for her album Save It for a Rainy Day . The Boston - based band Tijuana Sweetheart ( then named VAGIANT ) released a cover on their debut album , Public Display of Infection . The Atlanta - based band Girlyman released a cover on its 2007 live album Somewhere Different Now . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country , which they released in 2014 . Ray Conniff recorded a version found on the album `` Turn Around Look at Me '' in 1968 .", "In 1968 , the American singer Joya Landis recorded a late rocksteady / early reggae version of this song in Jamaica for producer Arthur `` Duke '' Reid and his Treasure Isle label . The UK release ( Trojan TR - 622 ) had `` Love Letters '' by Phyllis Dillon and Alton Ellis as the B - side . It also appeared on the compilation album Soul Of Jamaica a.k.a. Come Rock With Me In Jamaica , and on the Trojan compilation album , Tighten Up , Volume 1 ( both 1968 ) .", "The Chicks , a female New Zealand pop duo , released their version on their 1968 album C'mon Chicks .", "Allison Durbin , who was dubbed `` Australia 's Queen of Pop '' in the 1960s , released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man .", "Soul singer Bettye Swann had a single release of `` Angel of the Morning '' in 1969 .", "The New Seekers included `` Angel of the Morning '' on their self - titled debut album ( 1969 ) .", "Nina Simone recorded the song in 1971 on Here Comes the Sun .", "Norwegian singer Ellen Nikolaysen recorded the song for her 1973 English language album Freckles .", "Soul singer Thelma Jones recorded the song for her eponymous 1978 album .", "Reggae singer Samantha Rose recorded a Lover 's rock version on the In Person LP in 1979 .", "Vintage British Invasion group The Tremeloes recorded the song in 1987 as an attempted comeback single .", "In 1991 , horror punk band Haunted Garage included the chorus of `` Angel of the Morning '' in the bridge of their song `` Theme '' on the album Possession Park , changing the lyrics to `` Satan of the morning '' .", "In 1995 , Chrissie Hynde and The Pretenders sang their own version on the Friends soundtrack album . The song was released as a single , but it did not chart .", "The short - lived British girl band Thunderbugs recorded an upbeat version of the song for their 1999 debut album , Delicious .", "In 2003 Maggie Reilly recorded `` Angel of the Morning '' for her album Save It for a Rainy Day .", "The Boston - based band Tijuana Sweetheart ( then named VAGIANT ) released a cover on their debut album , Public Display of Infection .", "The Atlanta - based band Girlyman released a cover on its 2007 live album Somewhere Different Now .", "Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country , which they released in 2014 .", "Ray Conniff recorded a version found on the album `` Turn Around Look at Me '' in 1968 .", "A number of non-English versions of `` Angel of the Morning '' have been recorded including the following :", "In Czech as `` Dál jen vejdi '' a 1989 single by Věra Martinová In Dutch as `` Vlinder van een zomer '' a 1968 single by Willeke Alberti . In French as `` Au revoir et à demain '' ( literally : `` goodbye and see you tomorrow '' ) a 1967 single by Liliane Saint - Pierre . In Finnish as `` Kaipuu '' a 1968 single by Pepe Willberg and also as `` Jos Itket Silloin '' recorded by Pirjo Lehti for her 1985 Se On Rakkautta Oikeaa album . In Italian as `` Gli occhi verdi dell'amore '' ( literally : `` the green eyes of love '' ) which was a 1968 hit in Italy at No. 9 for I Profeti . In German as `` Der Engel der Verdammten '' by Juliane Werding on her 1975 album Wenn du denkst , dass du denkst , dann denkst du nur , du denkst and also as `` `` Ich bin dein Engel bis zum Morgen '' a 1981 single by Suzanne Klee . In Spanish as `` Ángel de la Mañana '' by Enrique Guzmán in 1975 . In Swedish as `` En enda morgon '' recorded by Elisabeth Andreassen for her 1981 album Angel of the Morning and also as `` Nattens sista ängel '' recorded by Wizex for their 1982 album Nattfjäril . These respective lyricists for these versions were Mats Rådberg and Roine Carlsson . In Russian as `` Нелегальный Ангел '' ( Nelegal'nyj Angel ) by Julia Kova in 2005 .", "In Czech as `` Dál jen vejdi '' a 1989 single by Věra Martinová", "In Dutch as `` Vlinder van een zomer '' a 1968 single by Willeke Alberti .", "In French as `` Au revoir et à demain '' ( literally : `` goodbye and see you tomorrow '' ) a 1967 single by Liliane Saint - Pierre .", "In Finnish as `` Kaipuu '' a 1968 single by Pepe Willberg and also as `` Jos Itket Silloin '' recorded by Pirjo Lehti for her 1985 Se On Rakkautta Oikeaa album .", "In Italian as `` Gli occhi verdi dell'amore '' ( literally : `` the green eyes of love '' ) which was a 1968 hit in Italy at No. 9 for I Profeti .", "In German as `` Der Engel der Verdammten '' by Juliane Werding on her 1975 album Wenn du denkst , dass du denkst , dann denkst du nur , du denkst and also as `` `` Ich bin dein Engel bis zum Morgen '' a 1981 single by Suzanne Klee .", "In Spanish as `` Ángel de la Mañana '' by Enrique Guzmán in 1975 .", "In Swedish as `` En enda morgon '' recorded by Elisabeth Andreassen for her 1981 album Angel of the Morning and also as `` Nattens sista ängel '' recorded by Wizex for their 1982 album Nattfjäril . These respective lyricists for these versions were Mats Rådberg and Roine Carlsson .", "In Russian as `` Нелегальный Ангел '' ( Nelegal'nyj Angel ) by Julia Kova in 2005 .", "The Merrilee Rush version of the song is featured in the soundtrack of the films Girl , Interrupted ( as noted above ) and Violet and Daisy . Rush 's version is also played during a scene in the 1978 film Fingers , where it is used to accentuate the conflicted nature of the main character played by Harvey Keitel . The song was performed live by Chrissie Hynde in a 1995 episode of Friends titled `` The One with the Baby on the Bus , '' and that version also appears in that show 's soundtrack album . ( As noted above , though released as a single , it did not chart . ) The song also makes an appearance in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire , with Tom Cruise 's titular character singing what appears to be the original version , enthusiastically if badly . More recently , Conan O'Brien has referenced the track , during periodic ironic pledges to cease his show 's use of arbitrary and stupid humor in which he presents a gorilla dressed as a nurse who uses an old - fashioned abdominal exerciser while enjoying the song . In `` Branch Closing '' , an episode of The Office , Michael Scott sings `` Levinson in the morning '' to his supervisor , Jan Levinson . The song plays a central role in Graeme Simsion 's 2016 novel The Best of Adam Sharp ( optioned to Vocab Films in 2017 ) .", "The Merrilee Rush version of the song is featured in the soundtrack of the films Girl , Interrupted ( as noted above ) and Violet and Daisy .", "Rush 's version is also played during a scene in the 1978 film Fingers , where it is used to accentuate the conflicted nature of the main character played by Harvey Keitel .", "The song was performed live by Chrissie Hynde in a 1995 episode of Friends titled `` The One with the Baby on the Bus , '' and that version also appears in that show 's soundtrack album . ( As noted above , though released as a single , it did not chart . )", "The song also makes an appearance in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire , with Tom Cruise 's titular character singing what appears to be the original version , enthusiastically if badly .", "More recently , Conan O'Brien has referenced the track , during periodic ironic pledges to cease his show 's use of arbitrary and stupid humor in which he presents a gorilla dressed as a nurse who uses an old - fashioned abdominal exerciser while enjoying the song .", "In `` Branch Closing '' , an episode of The Office , Michael Scott sings `` Levinson in the morning '' to his supervisor , Jan Levinson .", "The song plays a central role in Graeme Simsion 's 2016 novel The Best of Adam Sharp ( optioned to Vocab Films in 2017 ) .", "Juice Newton 's version is heard during Drew Barrymore 's first scene in the film Charlie 's Angels , in the film Charlie Wilson 's War ( in which it is also sung by Emily Blunt ) , the opening titles of Deadpool , and the ending of The Meddler . It is also featured in Season 1 of HBO 's True Detective .", "The Toyota Highlander `` Kid Cave '' commercial , aired from late 2010 , features a young boy who is embarrassed by his parents 's singing of the song while he is riding with them in a car .", "The song features in an episode of ABC 's sitcom Modern Family , `` Regrets Only '' ( Series / Season 2 , Ep 16 ) , when Gloria , portrayed by Sofia Vergara , is singing along to it on a karaoke machine . A karaoke version of the song is also featured in the second - season finale of the HBO series The Leftovers .", "The song also features a parody version in Family Guy with Peter Griffin portraying himself as Deadpool .", "1967 : Evie Sands ( original recording ) , Billie Davis 1968 : Merrilee Rush and The Turnabouts , Asha Puthli and The Surfers , P.P. Arnold , Percy Faith , Ray Conniff 1969 : Dusty Springfield ( TV performance on Decidedly Dusty ) , Skeeter Davis , Bettye Swann , the New Seekers , the Tremeloes , Connie Eaton 1970 : The Aggressors , on their album Reggae Steadae Go 1971 : Nina Simone 1973 : Olivia Newton - John 1977 : Merrilee Rush ( re-recording for United Artists Records ) , Guys ' n ' Dolls , Mary Mason ( `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Any Way That You Want Me '' medley ) 1978 : Melba Montgomery , Thelma Jones , Pat Kelly 1981 : Elisabeth Andreassen , Juice Newton , the States 1987 : The Tremeloes 1995 : The Pretenders 1995 : Annie Schilder BZN 1998 : Juice Newton ( re-recording ) , Bonnie Tyler 1998 : Gitte Haenning ( Gitte Hænning ) WEA Records Warner music Germany 1998 : Bonnie Tyler 1999 : Thunderbugs 2000 : Joya Landis 2001 : Maggie Reilly 2003 : The Shocker 2006 : Chip Taylor & Carrie Rodriguez 2007 : Girlyman , Jill Johnson , Vagiant 2008 : Barb Jungr , Randy Crawford ( with Joe Sample ) 2011 : Hanne Boel 2012 : Rita Wilson", "1967 : Evie Sands ( original recording ) , Billie Davis", "1968 : Merrilee Rush and The Turnabouts , Asha Puthli and The Surfers , P.P. Arnold , Percy Faith , Ray Conniff", "1969 : Dusty Springfield ( TV performance on Decidedly Dusty ) , Skeeter Davis , Bettye Swann , the New Seekers , the Tremeloes , Connie Eaton", "1970 : The Aggressors , on their album Reggae Steadae Go", "1971 : Nina Simone", "1973 : Olivia Newton - John", "1977 : Merrilee Rush ( re-recording for United Artists Records ) , Guys ' n ' Dolls , Mary Mason ( `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Any Way That You Want Me '' medley )", "1978 : Melba Montgomery , Thelma Jones , Pat Kelly", "1981 : Elisabeth Andreassen , Juice Newton , the States", "1987 : The Tremeloes", "1995 : The Pretenders", "1995 : Annie Schilder BZN", "1998 : Juice Newton ( re-recording ) , Bonnie Tyler", "1998 : Gitte Haenning ( Gitte Hænning ) WEA Records Warner music Germany", "1998 : Bonnie Tyler", "1999 : Thunderbugs", "2000 : Joya Landis", "2001 : Maggie Reilly", "2003 : The Shocker", "2006 : Chip Taylor & Carrie Rodriguez", "2007 : Girlyman , Jill Johnson , Vagiant", "2008 : Barb Jungr , Randy Crawford ( with Joe Sample )", "2011 : Hanne Boel", "2012 : Rita Wilson", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 70 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Cash Box 45", "Weekly charts ( edit ) Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 70 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Cash Box 45", "Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32 US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position", "Canada RPM Top Singles", "Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5", "US Billboard Hot 100 7", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 32", "US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 70 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Cash Box 45", "Chart ( 1968 ) Rank", "Canada 70", "US Billboard Hot 100 28", "US Cash Box 45", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 26 Canada 8 New Zealand 50 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Cash Box 21", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 26 Canada 8 New Zealand 50 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Cash Box 21", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Canada RPM Top Singles Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1981 ) Peak position", "Australia ( Kent Music Report )", "Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7", "Canada RPM Top Singles", "Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 23", "South Africa ( Springbok Radio )", "Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade )", "New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5", "UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 43", "US Billboard Hot 100", "US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard )", "US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22", "US Cash Box Top 100", "Chart ( 1981 ) Rank Australia 26 Canada 8 New Zealand 50 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Cash Box 21", "Chart ( 1981 ) Rank", "Australia 26", "Canada 8", "New Zealand 50", "US Billboard Hot 100 25", "US Cash Box 21" ]

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[ "Millennium : 2nd millennium Centuries : 17th century 18th century 19th century Timelines : 17th century 18th century 19th century State leaders : 17th century 18th century 19th century Decades : 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments", "Millennium : 2nd millennium", "Centuries : 17th century 18th century 19th century", "17th century 18th century 19th century", "Timelines : 17th century 18th century 19th century", "17th century 18th century 19th century", "State leaders : 17th century 18th century 19th century", "17th century 18th century 19th century", "Decades : 1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s 1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s", "1700s 1710s 1720s 1730s 1740s", "1750s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s", "Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments", "The 18th century lasted from January 1 , 1701 to December 31 , 1800 in the Gregorian calendar . During the 18th century , the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions . Philosophy and science increased in prominence . Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age . This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789 , though later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror ( 1793 -- 1794 ) under Maximilien Robespierre . At first , many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals , but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution . The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion , taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768 . As a consequence the empire did not share in Europe 's military improvements during the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , causing its military to fall behind and suffer defeats against Russia in the second half of the century . Music was a key part of the 18th century . The first half known as the Baroque period saw the likes of Johan Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel . The later half was known as the classical period where new forms like the symphony came to be . That period saw the likes of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart .", "The 18th century also marked the end of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state . The once - powerful and vast kingdom , which had once conquered Moscow and defeated great Ottoman armies , collapsed under numerous invasions . Its semi-democratic government system was not robust enough to rival the neighboring monarchies of the Kingdom of Prussia , the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire which divided the Commonwealth territories between themselves , changing the landscape of Central European politics for the next hundred years .", "European colonization of the Americas and other parts of the world intensified and associated mass migrations of people grew in size as the Age of Sail continued . Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in North America in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India . However , Britain lost many of its North American colonies after the American Revolution , which resulted in the formation of the newly independent United States . The Industrial Revolution started in Britain in the 1770s with the production of the improved steam engine . Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century , steam - powered machinery would radically change human society and the environment .", "Western historians have occasionally defined the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work . For example , the `` short '' 18th century may be defined as 1715 -- 1789 , denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution , with an emphasis on directly interconnected events . To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements , the `` long '' 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later .", "1700 -- 1721 : Great Northern War between the Russian and Swedish Empires . 1701 : Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I . 1701 : Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I . 1701 -- 1714 : The War of the Spanish Succession is fought , involving most of continental Europe . 1701 -- 1702 : The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England . 1702 : Forty - seven rōnin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan . 1702 -- 1715 : Camisard Rebellion in France . 1703 : Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great ; it is the Russian capital until 1918 . 1703 -- 1711 : The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy . 1704 : End of Japan 's Genroku period . 1704 : First Javanese War of Succession . 1705 : George Frideric Handel 's first opera , Almira , premieres . 1706 : War of the Spanish Succession : French troops defeated at the battles of Ramillies and Turin . 1706 : The first English - language edition of the Arabian Nights is published . 1707 : The Act of Union is passed , merging the Scottish and English Parliaments , thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain . 1707 : After Aurangzeb 's death , the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it . 1707 : Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700 . 1707 : War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India . 1708 : The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . 1708 -- 1709 : Famine kills one - third of East Prussia 's population . 1709 : The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years . 1709 : Hotak dynasty founded in Afghanistan . 1709 : Charles XII of Sweden flees to the Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava .", "1700 -- 1721 : Great Northern War between the Russian and Swedish Empires .", "1701 : Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I .", "1701 : Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I .", "1701 -- 1714 : The War of the Spanish Succession is fought , involving most of continental Europe .", "1701 -- 1702 : The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England .", "1702 : Forty - seven rōnin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan .", "1702 -- 1715 : Camisard Rebellion in France .", "1703 : Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great ; it is the Russian capital until 1918 .", "1703 -- 1711 : The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy .", "1704 : End of Japan 's Genroku period .", "1704 : First Javanese War of Succession .", "1705 : George Frideric Handel 's first opera , Almira , premieres .", "1706 : War of the Spanish Succession : French troops defeated at the battles of Ramillies and Turin .", "1706 : The first English - language edition of the Arabian Nights is published .", "1707 : The Act of Union is passed , merging the Scottish and English Parliaments , thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain .", "1707 : After Aurangzeb 's death , the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it .", "1707 : Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700 .", "1707 : War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India .", "1708 : The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies .", "1708 -- 1709 : Famine kills one - third of East Prussia 's population .", "1709 : The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years .", "1709 : Hotak dynasty founded in Afghanistan .", "1709 : Charles XII of Sweden flees to the Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava .", "1710 : The world 's first copyright legislation , Britain 's Statute of Anne , takes effect . 1710 -- 1711 : Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo - Turkish War . 1711 -- 1715 : Tuscarora War between British , Dutch , and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina . 1712 : War of the Spanish Succession : The French defeat a combined Dutch - Austrian force at the Battle of Denain . 1712 : The first shipment of coffee from Java reaches Amsterdam . 1713 : The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession . 1713 -- 1714 : Tarabai establishes the rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu . 1714 : Accession of George I , Elector of Hanover , to the throne of Great Britain . 1715 : The first Jacobite rising breaks out ; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir ; Battle of Preston . 1715 : Louis XIV dies , leaving France greatly enlarged but deep in debt ; The Regency takes power under Philippe d'Orleans . 1715 : Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible . 1716 : Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present - day India - Pakistan border . 1717 : The Netherlands , Britain and France sign the Triple Alliance . 1717 : Surabaya rebels against the VOC . 1718 : The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America . 1718 : Blackbeard ( Edward Teach ) is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island . 1718 -- 1730 : Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire . 1719 : The Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails . 1719 : Second Javanese War of Succession .", "1710 : The world 's first copyright legislation , Britain 's Statute of Anne , takes effect .", "1710 -- 1711 : Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo - Turkish War .", "1711 -- 1715 : Tuscarora War between British , Dutch , and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina .", "1712 : War of the Spanish Succession : The French defeat a combined Dutch - Austrian force at the Battle of Denain .", "1712 : The first shipment of coffee from Java reaches Amsterdam .", "1713 : The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession .", "1713 -- 1714 : Tarabai establishes the rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu .", "1714 : Accession of George I , Elector of Hanover , to the throne of Great Britain .", "1715 : The first Jacobite rising breaks out ; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir ; Battle of Preston .", "1715 : Louis XIV dies , leaving France greatly enlarged but deep in debt ; The Regency takes power under Philippe d'Orleans .", "1715 : Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible .", "1716 : Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present - day India - Pakistan border .", "1717 : The Netherlands , Britain and France sign the Triple Alliance .", "1717 : Surabaya rebels against the VOC .", "1718 : The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America .", "1718 : Blackbeard ( Edward Teach ) is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island .", "1718 -- 1730 : Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire .", "1719 : The Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails .", "1719 : Second Javanese War of Succession .", "1720 : The South Sea Bubble . 1720 : Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition , traveling north from Mexico into the Great Plains . 1720 -- 1721 : The Great Plague of Marseille . 1721 : Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain ( de facto ) . 1721 : The Treaty of Nystad is signed , ending the Great Northern War . 1721 : Kangxi Emperor bans Christian missionaries because of Pope Clement XI 's decree . 1721 : Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church . 1722 : Afghans conquer Iran , overthrowing the Safavid Shah Sultan Husayn . 1722 : Kangxi Emperor of China dies . 1722 : Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast . 1722 -- 1723 : Russo - Persian War . 1722 -- 1725 : Controversy over William Wood 's halfpence leads to the Drapier 's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement . 1723 : Slavery is abolished in Russia ; Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs . 1723 -- 1730 : The `` Great Disaster '' , an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars . 1724 : The Treaty of Constantinople is signed , partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia . 1725 : The Fulani nomads take complete control of Futa Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come . 1726 : The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper - based Chinese movable type printing . 1727 -- 1729 : Anglo - Spanish War . 1729 -- 1735 : Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin Methodism in England .", "1720 : The South Sea Bubble .", "1720 : Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition , traveling north from Mexico into the Great Plains .", "1720 -- 1721 : The Great Plague of Marseille .", "1721 : Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain ( de facto ) .", "1721 : The Treaty of Nystad is signed , ending the Great Northern War .", "1721 : Kangxi Emperor bans Christian missionaries because of Pope Clement XI 's decree .", "1721 : Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church .", "1722 : Afghans conquer Iran , overthrowing the Safavid Shah Sultan Husayn .", "1722 : Kangxi Emperor of China dies .", "1722 : Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast .", "1722 -- 1723 : Russo - Persian War .", "1722 -- 1725 : Controversy over William Wood 's halfpence leads to the Drapier 's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement .", "1723 : Slavery is abolished in Russia ; Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs .", "1723 -- 1730 : The `` Great Disaster '' , an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars .", "1724 : The Treaty of Constantinople is signed , partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia .", "1725 : The Fulani nomads take complete control of Futa Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come .", "1726 : The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper - based Chinese movable type printing .", "1727 -- 1729 : Anglo - Spanish War .", "1729 -- 1735 : Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin Methodism in England .", "1730 : Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt , ending the Tulip period . 1730 -- 1760 : The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America . 1732 -- 1734 : Crimean Tatar raids into Russia . 1733 -- 1738 : War of the Polish Succession . 1734 : Letters Concerning on the English Nations , Voltaire 1735 -- 1739 : Russo - Turkish War . 1735 -- 1799 : The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory . 1735 : Governor - General Dirck van Cloon dies , one of many victims of malaria in Batavia . 1736 : Nader Shah assumes the title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afsharid dynasty ; he rules until his death in 1747 . 1736 : Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan 's classic panoramic painting , Along the River During Qingming Festival . 1738 -- 1756 : Famine across the Sahel ; half the population of Timbuktu dies . 1738 : Pope Clement XII issues In eminenti apostolatus , prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons . 1738 : Turlough O'Carolan , famous Irish harper , dies . 1739 : Nader Shah defeats the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and sacks Delhi . 1739 : Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins ' Ear in the Caribbean .", "1730 : Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt , ending the Tulip period .", "1730 -- 1760 : The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America .", "1732 -- 1734 : Crimean Tatar raids into Russia .", "1733 -- 1738 : War of the Polish Succession .", "1734 : Letters Concerning on the English Nations , Voltaire", "1735 -- 1739 : Russo - Turkish War .", "1735 -- 1799 : The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory .", "1735 : Governor - General Dirck van Cloon dies , one of many victims of malaria in Batavia .", "1736 : Nader Shah assumes the title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afsharid dynasty ; he rules until his death in 1747 .", "1736 : Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan 's classic panoramic painting , Along the River During Qingming Festival .", "1738 -- 1756 : Famine across the Sahel ; half the population of Timbuktu dies .", "1738 : Pope Clement XII issues In eminenti apostolatus , prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons .", "1738 : Turlough O'Carolan , famous Irish harper , dies .", "1739 : Nader Shah defeats the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and sacks Delhi .", "1739 : Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins ' Ear in the Caribbean .", "1740 : Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia . 1740 : Great Awakening , George Whitefield 1740 : The British attempt to capture St. Augustine , Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine . 1740 -- 1741 : Famine in Ireland kills ten percent of the population . 1740 -- 1748 : War of the Austrian Succession . 1740 : 9 October , a massacre of Batavia 's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion ; approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned . 1741 : Russians begin settling the Aleutian Islands . 1741 : Pope Benedict XIV issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery . 1742 : The rebellion of Juan Santos Atahualpa . 1742 : Marvel 's Mill , the first water - powered cotton mill , begins operation in England . 1743 : The capital of the Sultanate of Mataram Kartasura fell under the Geger Pecinan uprising -- Raden Mas Garendi ( Sunan Kuning ) led Chinese mercenaries in revolt against Pakubuwono II . 1744 : The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud . 1744 : The French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails . 1744 -- 1748 : The First Carnatic War is fought between the British , the French , the Marathas , and Mysore in India . 1745 : Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland . 1745 : 17 February , Pakubuwono II establishes a new kraton in Sala village , along with Surakarta Sunanate . 1747 : Ahmed Shah Durrani founds the Durrani Empire in modern - day Afghanistan . 1748 : The Treaty of Aix - La - Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War . 1748 -- 1754 : The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British , the French , the Marathas , and Mysore in India .", "1740 : Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia .", "1740 : Great Awakening , George Whitefield", "1740 : The British attempt to capture St. Augustine , Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine .", "1740 -- 1741 : Famine in Ireland kills ten percent of the population .", "1740 -- 1748 : War of the Austrian Succession .", "1740 : 9 October , a massacre of Batavia 's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion ; approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned .", "1741 : Russians begin settling the Aleutian Islands .", "1741 : Pope Benedict XIV issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery .", "1742 : The rebellion of Juan Santos Atahualpa .", "1742 : Marvel 's Mill , the first water - powered cotton mill , begins operation in England .", "1743 : The capital of the Sultanate of Mataram Kartasura fell under the Geger Pecinan uprising -- Raden Mas Garendi ( Sunan Kuning ) led Chinese mercenaries in revolt against Pakubuwono II .", "1744 : The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud .", "1744 : The French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails .", "1744 -- 1748 : The First Carnatic War is fought between the British , the French , the Marathas , and Mysore in India .", "1745 : Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland .", "1745 : 17 February , Pakubuwono II establishes a new kraton in Sala village , along with Surakarta Sunanate .", "1747 : Ahmed Shah Durrani founds the Durrani Empire in modern - day Afghanistan .", "1748 : The Treaty of Aix - La - Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War .", "1748 -- 1754 : The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British , the French , the Marathas , and Mysore in India .", "1750 : Peak of the Little Ice Age . 1754 : The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic . 1754 : King 's College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain . 1754 -- 1763 : The French and Indian War , the North American chapter of the Seven Years ' War , is fought in colonial North America , mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies . 1755 : The Lisbon earthquake occurs . 1755 -- 1763 : The Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . 1755 : 13 February , the Treaty of Giyanti is signed , effectively partitioning the Mataram Sultanate ; the VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwana I , who rules half of Central Java ; Hamengkubuwana I then establishes Yogyakarta Sultanate , moves to Yogya and renames the city Yogyakarta . 1755 : Demand - Supply , Richard Cantillon 1756 -- 1763 : The Seven Years ' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world . 1756 -- 1763 : The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British , the French , the Marathas , and Mysore in India . 1757 : The Battle of Plassey signals the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company . 1757 : 17 March , Salatiga treaty between Prince Sambernyawa with Pakubuwono III and Hamengkubuwono I further partitions the remnant of Mataram Sultanate ; the Mangkunegaran Grand Duchy is established . 1758 : British colonel James Wolfe issues Wolfe 's Manifesto . 1759 : French and Indian War : French commander Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham .", "1750 : Peak of the Little Ice Age .", "1754 : The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic .", "1754 : King 's College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain .", "1754 -- 1763 : The French and Indian War , the North American chapter of the Seven Years ' War , is fought in colonial North America , mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies .", "1755 : The Lisbon earthquake occurs .", "1755 -- 1763 : The Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick .", "1755 : 13 February , the Treaty of Giyanti is signed , effectively partitioning the Mataram Sultanate ; the VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwana I , who rules half of Central Java ; Hamengkubuwana I then establishes Yogyakarta Sultanate , moves to Yogya and renames the city Yogyakarta .", "1755 : Demand - Supply , Richard Cantillon", "1756 -- 1763 : The Seven Years ' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world .", "1756 -- 1763 : The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British , the French , the Marathas , and Mysore in India .", "1757 : The Battle of Plassey signals the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company .", "1757 : 17 March , Salatiga treaty between Prince Sambernyawa with Pakubuwono III and Hamengkubuwono I further partitions the remnant of Mataram Sultanate ; the Mangkunegaran Grand Duchy is established .", "1758 : British colonel James Wolfe issues Wolfe 's Manifesto .", "1759 : French and Indian War : French commander Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham .", "1760 : George III becomes King of Britain . 1760 : Zand dynasty is founded in Iran . 1761 : Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat . 1762 -- 1796 : Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia . 1763 : The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years ' War and Third Carnatic War . 1763 : Kingdom of Mysore conquers the Kingdom of Keladi . 1763 : Echelon Formation , Frederick II of Prussia 1765 : The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament . 1766 : Christian VII becomes king of Denmark . He was king of Denmark to 1808 . 1766 -- 1799 : Anglo - Mysore Wars . 1767 : Burmese conquer the Ayutthaya Kingdom . 1768 : Gurkhas conquer Nepal . 1768 -- 1772 : War of the Bar Confederation . 1768 -- 1774 : Russo - Turkish War . 1768 : Imperial Leather , Count Olov 1769 : Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California . 1769 -- 1770 : James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia . 1769 -- 1773 : The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one - third of the Bengal population . 1769 : French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon , ending the VOC monopoly of the plant . ( to 1772 ) 1769 : Court Factor , Mayer Amschel Rothschild", "1760 : George III becomes King of Britain .", "1760 : Zand dynasty is founded in Iran .", "1761 : Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat .", "1762 -- 1796 : Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia .", "1763 : The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years ' War and Third Carnatic War .", "1763 : Kingdom of Mysore conquers the Kingdom of Keladi .", "1763 : Echelon Formation , Frederick II of Prussia", "1765 : The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament .", "1766 : Christian VII becomes king of Denmark . He was king of Denmark to 1808 .", "1766 -- 1799 : Anglo - Mysore Wars .", "1767 : Burmese conquer the Ayutthaya Kingdom .", "1768 : Gurkhas conquer Nepal .", "1768 -- 1772 : War of the Bar Confederation .", "1768 -- 1774 : Russo - Turkish War .", "1768 : Imperial Leather , Count Olov", "1769 : Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California .", "1769 -- 1770 : James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia .", "1769 -- 1773 : The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one - third of the Bengal population .", "1769 : French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon , ending the VOC monopoly of the plant . ( to 1772 )", "1769 : Court Factor , Mayer Amschel Rothschild", "1770 : James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia ( New South Wales ) for Great Britain . 1770 : 5 March , the Boston Massacre 1770 -- 1771 : Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands . 1770 : James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his voyage around the world . 1771 : The Plague Riot in Moscow . 1771 : Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world 's first water - powered mill at Cromford . 1772 : Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark . 1772 : Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état , becoming almost an absolute monarch . 1772 -- 1779 : Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao 's forces during the First Anglo - Maratha War . 1772 -- 1795 : The Partitions of Poland end the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years . 1773 -- 1775 : Pugachev 's Rebellion , the largest peasant revolt in Russian history . 1773 : East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China . 1773 : 16 December , the Boston Tea Party 1775 : John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his second voyage ( 1772 -- 1775 ) . 1775 -- 1782 : First Anglo - Maratha War . 1775 -- 1783 : American Revolutionary War . 1776 : Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt . 1776 : The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia . 1776 : Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations . 1778 : Tây Sơn Dynasty is established in Vietnam . 1778 : James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands . 1778 : 24 April , the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences is established by a group of Dutch intellectuals ; this institution is a pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of the National Museum of Indonesia . 1779 : Captain James Cook is killed by Hawaiian natives at Kealakekua Bay , following an attempted kidnapping and ransoming of ruling chief , Kalaniʻōpuʻu in return for a stolen boat . 1779 -- 1879 : Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic .", "1770 : James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia ( New South Wales ) for Great Britain .", "1770 : 5 March , the Boston Massacre", "1770 -- 1771 : Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands .", "1770 : James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his voyage around the world .", "1771 : The Plague Riot in Moscow .", "1771 : Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world 's first water - powered mill at Cromford .", "1772 : Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark .", "1772 : Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état , becoming almost an absolute monarch .", "1772 -- 1779 : Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao 's forces during the First Anglo - Maratha War .", "1772 -- 1795 : The Partitions of Poland end the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years .", "1773 -- 1775 : Pugachev 's Rebellion , the largest peasant revolt in Russian history .", "1773 : East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China .", "1773 : 16 December , the Boston Tea Party", "1775 : John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his second voyage ( 1772 -- 1775 ) .", "1775 -- 1782 : First Anglo - Maratha War .", "1775 -- 1783 : American Revolutionary War .", "1776 : Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt .", "1776 : The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia .", "1776 : Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations .", "1778 : Tây Sơn Dynasty is established in Vietnam .", "1778 : James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands .", "1778 : 24 April , the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences is established by a group of Dutch intellectuals ; this institution is a pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of the National Museum of Indonesia .", "1779 : Captain James Cook is killed by Hawaiian natives at Kealakekua Bay , following an attempted kidnapping and ransoming of ruling chief , Kalaniʻōpuʻu in return for a stolen boat .", "1779 -- 1879 : Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic .", "1780 : Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru . 1781 : The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers . 1781 -- 1785 : Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy ( first step ; second step in 1848 ) . 1783 : Famine in Iceland , caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano . 1783 : Russian Empire annexes the Crimean Khanate . 1783 : The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War . 1785 -- 1791 : Imam Sheikh Mansur , a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic , leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus , as well as against local traditionalists , who followed the traditional customs and common law ( Adat ) rather than the theocratic Sharia . 1785 -- 1795 : The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans . 1787 : The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification . 1787 : Freed slaves from London establish Freetown in present - day Sierra Leone . 1787 : Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu . 1787 -- 1792 : Russo - Turkish War . 1788 : First French Quaker community established in Congénies . 1788 : First permanent European settlement established in Australia by Britain at Sydney . 1788 -- 1790 : Russo - Swedish War ( 1788 -- 1790 ) . 1788 : New Hampshire becomes the 9th state to ratify the United States Constitution , and by the terms of Article VII it takes effect . 1788 -- 1789 : Inconfidência Mineira , conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil . 1789 : George Washington is elected the first President of the United States ; he serves until 1797 . 1789 : Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789 : Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis . 1789 -- 1799 : French Revolution .", "1780 : Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru .", "1781 : The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers .", "1781 -- 1785 : Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy ( first step ; second step in 1848 ) .", "1783 : Famine in Iceland , caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano .", "1783 : Russian Empire annexes the Crimean Khanate .", "1783 : The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War .", "1785 -- 1791 : Imam Sheikh Mansur , a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic , leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus , as well as against local traditionalists , who followed the traditional customs and common law ( Adat ) rather than the theocratic Sharia .", "1785 -- 1795 : The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans .", "1787 : The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification .", "1787 : Freed slaves from London establish Freetown in present - day Sierra Leone .", "1787 : Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu .", "1787 -- 1792 : Russo - Turkish War .", "1788 : First French Quaker community established in Congénies .", "1788 : First permanent European settlement established in Australia by Britain at Sydney .", "1788 -- 1790 : Russo - Swedish War ( 1788 -- 1790 ) .", "1788 : New Hampshire becomes the 9th state to ratify the United States Constitution , and by the terms of Article VII it takes effect .", "1788 -- 1789 : Inconfidência Mineira , conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil .", "1789 : George Washington is elected the first President of the United States ; he serves until 1797 .", "1789 : Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen", "1789 : Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis .", "1789 -- 1799 : French Revolution .", "1789 : The Liège Revolution . 1789 : The Brabant Revolution .", "1789 : The Liège Revolution .", "1789 : The Brabant Revolution .", "1790 : The United States of Belgium is proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution . 1790 : Suppression of the United States of Belgium and re-establishment of Austrian control . 1790 : Establishment of the Polish - Prussian Pact . 1791 : The Constitutional Act ( or Canada Act ) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America . 1791 : Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince - Bishopric of Liège . 1791 -- 1795 : George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition . 1791 -- 1804 : The Haitian Revolution . 1791 : Surprise Symphony , Haydn 1792 -- 1802 : The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars , which last from 1803 -- 1815 . 1792 : The New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded . 1792 : Polish -- Russian War of 1792 . 1792 : King Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen . 1792 : March , Hamengkubuwana I dies . 1793 : Former King Louis XVI of France and his wife Marie Antoinette are guillotined . Louis is executed in January , Marie Antoinette in October . 1793 : Upper Canada bans slavery . 1793 : The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia , roughly 10 % of the population . 1793 -- 1796 : Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution . 1794 : Polish revolt . 1794 : Jay 's Treaty is concluded between Great Britain and the United States , by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S. and commerce between the two countries is regulated . 1794 : Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty . 1794 : The Mysteries of Udolpho , Ann Radcliffe 1795 : Mohammad Khan Qajar razes Tbilisi to the ground . 1795 : Establishment of the French - backed Batavian Republic in present - day Netherlands . 1795 : Pinckney 's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S. 1795 : The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem . 1795 : Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu . 1796 : Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination ; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century , including five reigning monarchs . 1796 : War of the First Coalition : The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte 's first victory as an army commander . 1796 : The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon . 1796 : Mungo Park , backed by the African Association , is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa . 1796 -- 1804 : The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China . 1796 : Trinidad becomes British 1797 : Napoleon 's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic . 1798 : The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland . 1798 -- 1800 : The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France . 1799 : Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes First Consul of France . 1799 : Dutch East India Company is dissolved . 1799 : The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu , Tukuʻaho , plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war . 1799 : Tipu Sultan is killed in a battle with British forces .", "1790 : The United States of Belgium is proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution .", "1790 : Suppression of the United States of Belgium and re-establishment of Austrian control .", "1790 : Establishment of the Polish - Prussian Pact .", "1791 : The Constitutional Act ( or Canada Act ) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America .", "1791 : Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince - Bishopric of Liège .", "1791 -- 1795 : George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition .", "1791 -- 1804 : The Haitian Revolution .", "1791 : Surprise Symphony , Haydn", "1792 -- 1802 : The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars , which last from 1803 -- 1815 .", "1792 : The New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded .", "1792 : Polish -- Russian War of 1792 .", "1792 : King Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen .", "1792 : March , Hamengkubuwana I dies .", "1793 : Former King Louis XVI of France and his wife Marie Antoinette are guillotined . Louis is executed in January , Marie Antoinette in October .", "1793 : Upper Canada bans slavery .", "1793 : The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia , roughly 10 % of the population .", "1793 -- 1796 : Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution .", "1794 : Polish revolt .", "1794 : Jay 's Treaty is concluded between Great Britain and the United States , by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S. and commerce between the two countries is regulated .", "1794 : Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty .", "1794 : The Mysteries of Udolpho , Ann Radcliffe", "1795 : Mohammad Khan Qajar razes Tbilisi to the ground .", "1795 : Establishment of the French - backed Batavian Republic in present - day Netherlands .", "1795 : Pinckney 's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.", "1795 : The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem .", "1795 : Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu .", "1796 : Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination ; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century , including five reigning monarchs .", "1796 : War of the First Coalition : The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte 's first victory as an army commander .", "1796 : The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon .", "1796 : Mungo Park , backed by the African Association , is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa .", "1796 -- 1804 : The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu dynasty in China .", "1796 : Trinidad becomes British", "1797 : Napoleon 's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic .", "1798 : The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland .", "1798 -- 1800 : The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France .", "1799 : Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes First Consul of France .", "1799 : Dutch East India Company is dissolved .", "1799 : The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu , Tukuʻaho , plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war .", "1799 : Tipu Sultan is killed in a battle with British forces .", "1800 : 1 January , The bankrupt Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established .", "1800 : 1 January , The bankrupt Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) is formally dissolved and the nationalised Dutch East Indies are established .", "John Adams , American statesman Samuel Adams , American statesman Ahmad Shah Abdali , Afghan King Ahmed III , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Hyder Ali , Ruler of Mysore Ethan Allen , American Revolutionary Army Anne , Queen of Great Britain Marie Antoinette , Austrian - born Queen of France Ferdinand VI , King of Spain Augustus III , Elector of Saxony , King of Poland , and Grand Duke of Lithuania Aurangzeb , Mughal Emperor Bajirao I , Second Peshwa of Maratha Empire Boromakot , King of Ayutthaya Boromaracha V , King of Ayutthaya Aaron Burr , American statesman William Cavendish , Anglo - Irish politician William Pitt the Younger , Prime Minister of Britain John Carteret , Anglo - Irish politician Catherine the Great , Empress of Russia Charles III , King of Spain , Naples , and Sicily Charles VI , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , King of Bohemia and Hungary Charles XII , King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends ; Charlotte Corday , French revolutionary Georges Danton , French revolutionary Elizabeth of Russia , Empress of Russia Farrukhsiyar , Emperor of Mughal Ferdinand I , King of Naples , Sicily , and the Two Sicilies Benjamin Franklin , American leader , scientist and statesman Juan Francisco , Spanish naval officer and explorer Adolf Frederick , King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends Frederick the Great , King of Prussia George I , King of Great Britain and Ireland George II , King of Great Britain and Ireland George III , King of Great Britain and Ireland Olympe de Gouges , French feminist Robert Gray , American revolutionary , merchant , and explorer Gustav III , King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends Guru Gobind Singh , tenth of the eleven Sikh Gurus Gyeongjong , King of Joseon dynasty Nathan Hale , American patriot , executed for espionage by the British Abdul Hamid I , Sultan of Ottoman Empire Alexander Hamilton , American statesman Patrick Henry , American statesman Emperor Higashiyama , Emperor of Japan John Jay , American statesman Thomas Jefferson , American statesman Jeongjo , King of Joseon Dynasty John Paul Jones , American naval commander Joseph I , King of Portugal Joseph II , Austrian Emperor Kangxi Emperor , Chinese Emperor Karim Khan , Shah of Iran and King of Persia Marquis de Lafayette , Continental Army officer Louis XIV , King of France Louis XV , King of France Louis XVI , King of France Louis XVII , imprisoned King of France , never ruled James Madison , American statesman Madhavrao I , Fourth Peshwa of Maratha Empire Madhavrao I Scindia , Marathan leader Mahmud I , Sultan of Ottoman Empire Alessandro Malaspina , Spanish explorer George Mason , American statesman Prince Aleksandr Menshikov , Russian statesman , generalissimo Michikinikwa , Miami chief and warrior José Moñino y Redondo , Spanish statesman Louis - Joseph de Montcalm , French officer Mustafa III , Sultan of Ottoman Empire Nader Shah , King of Persia Nakamikado , Emperor of Japan Horatio Nelson , British admiral Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao , Third Peshwa of Maratha Empire Shivappa Nayaka , King of Keladi Nayaka Osman III , Sultan of Ottoman Empire Peter I ( Peter the Great ) , Emperor of Russia Philip V , King of Spain Pontiac , Ottawa chief and warrior Prince Grigory Potyomkin , Russian statesman and general Nguyễn Huệ , Emperor of Tây Sơn Dynasty of Vietnam Qianlong Emperor , Emperor of China Rajaram II of Satara , Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy Francis II Rákóczi , Prince of Hungary and Transylvania , revolutionary leader Tadeusz Rejtan , Polish politician Paul Revere , American revolutionary leader and silversmith Maximilien Robespierre , French revolutionary leader Betsy Ross , American flag maker Count Pyotr Rumyantsev , Russian general Shah Rukh of Persia , King of Persia . John Russell , Anglo - Irish politician Lionel Sackville , Anglo - Irish politician Louis Antoine de Saint - Just , French revolutionary Sebastião de Melo , Prime Minister of Portugal Prithivi Narayan Shah , King of Nepal and founder of Kingdom of Nepal Chattrapati Shahu , Emperor of Maratha Empire Selim III , Sultan of Ottoman Empire Charles Edward Stuart , Anglo - Scottish Jacobite exile Sukjong , King of Joseon Dynasty Alexander Suvorov , Russian military leader Maria Theresa , Austrian Empress Theobald Wolfe Tone , Leader of the 1798 United Irishmen rebellion Tokugawa Ieharu , Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu , Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Ieshige , Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Ietsugu , Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi , Japanese Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune , Japanese Shogun Toussaint L'Ouverture , Haitian revolutionary leader Túpac Amaru II , Peruvian revolutionary George Vancouver , British Captain and explorer Robert Walpole , Prime Minister of Great Britain George Washington , American general and first President of the United States James Wolfe , British officer Yeongjo , King of Joseon Dynasty", "John Adams , American statesman", "Samuel Adams , American statesman", "Ahmad Shah Abdali , Afghan King", "Ahmed III , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire", "Hyder Ali , Ruler of Mysore", "Ethan Allen , American Revolutionary Army", "Anne , Queen of Great Britain", "Marie Antoinette , Austrian - born Queen of France", "Ferdinand VI , King of Spain", "Augustus III , Elector of Saxony , King of Poland , and Grand Duke of Lithuania", "Aurangzeb , Mughal Emperor", "Bajirao I , Second Peshwa of Maratha Empire", "Boromakot , King of Ayutthaya", "Boromaracha V , King of Ayutthaya", "Aaron Burr , American statesman", "William Cavendish , Anglo - Irish politician", "William Pitt the Younger , Prime Minister of Britain", "John Carteret , Anglo - Irish politician", "Catherine the Great , Empress of Russia", "Charles III , King of Spain , Naples , and Sicily", "Charles VI , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , King of Bohemia and Hungary", "Charles XII , King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends ;", "Charlotte Corday , French revolutionary", "Georges Danton , French revolutionary", "Elizabeth of Russia , Empress of Russia", "Farrukhsiyar , Emperor of Mughal", "Ferdinand I , King of Naples , Sicily , and the Two Sicilies", "Benjamin Franklin , American leader , scientist and statesman", "Juan Francisco , Spanish naval officer and explorer", "Adolf Frederick , King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends", "Frederick the Great , King of Prussia", "George I , King of Great Britain and Ireland", "George II , King of Great Britain and Ireland", "George III , King of Great Britain and Ireland", "Olympe de Gouges , French feminist", "Robert Gray , American revolutionary , merchant , and explorer", "Gustav III , King of Sweden , the Goths and the Wends", "Guru Gobind Singh , tenth of the eleven Sikh Gurus", "Gyeongjong , King of Joseon dynasty", "Nathan Hale , American patriot , executed for espionage by the British", "Abdul Hamid I , Sultan of Ottoman Empire", "Alexander Hamilton , American statesman", "Patrick Henry , American statesman", "Emperor Higashiyama , Emperor of Japan", "John Jay , American statesman", "Thomas Jefferson , American statesman", "Jeongjo , King of Joseon Dynasty", "John Paul Jones , American naval commander", "Joseph I , King of Portugal", "Joseph II , Austrian Emperor", "Kangxi Emperor , Chinese Emperor", "Karim Khan , Shah of Iran and King of Persia", "Marquis de Lafayette , Continental Army officer", "Louis XIV , King of France", "Louis XV , King of France", "Louis XVI , King of France", "Louis XVII , imprisoned King of France , never ruled", "James Madison , American statesman", "Madhavrao I , Fourth Peshwa of Maratha Empire", "Madhavrao I Scindia , Marathan leader", "Mahmud I , Sultan of Ottoman Empire", "Alessandro Malaspina , Spanish explorer", "George Mason , American statesman", "Prince Aleksandr Menshikov , Russian statesman , generalissimo", "Michikinikwa , Miami chief and warrior", "José Moñino y Redondo , Spanish statesman", "Louis - Joseph de Montcalm , French officer", "Mustafa III , Sultan of Ottoman Empire", "Nader Shah , King of Persia", "Nakamikado , Emperor of Japan", "Horatio Nelson , British admiral", "Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao , Third Peshwa of Maratha Empire", "Shivappa Nayaka , King of Keladi Nayaka", "Osman III , Sultan of Ottoman Empire", "Peter I ( Peter the Great ) , Emperor of Russia", "Philip V , King of Spain", "Pontiac , Ottawa chief and warrior", "Prince Grigory Potyomkin , Russian statesman and general", "Nguyễn Huệ , Emperor of Tây Sơn Dynasty of Vietnam", "Qianlong Emperor , Emperor of China", "Rajaram II of Satara , Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy", "Francis II Rákóczi , Prince of Hungary and Transylvania , revolutionary leader", "Tadeusz Rejtan , Polish politician", "Paul Revere , American revolutionary leader and silversmith", "Maximilien Robespierre , French revolutionary leader", "Betsy Ross , American flag maker", "Count Pyotr Rumyantsev , Russian general", "Shah Rukh of Persia , King of Persia .", "John Russell , Anglo - Irish politician", "Lionel Sackville , Anglo - Irish politician", "Louis Antoine de Saint - Just , French revolutionary", "Sebastião de Melo , Prime Minister of Portugal", "Prithivi Narayan Shah , King of Nepal and founder of Kingdom of Nepal", "Chattrapati Shahu , Emperor of Maratha Empire", "Selim III , Sultan of Ottoman Empire", "Charles Edward Stuart , Anglo - Scottish Jacobite exile", "Sukjong , King of Joseon Dynasty", "Alexander Suvorov , Russian military leader", "Maria Theresa , Austrian Empress", "Theobald Wolfe Tone , Leader of the 1798 United Irishmen rebellion", "Tokugawa Ieharu , Japanese Shogun", "Tokugawa Ienobu , Japanese Shogun", "Tokugawa Ieshige , Japanese Shogun", "Tokugawa Ietsugu , Japanese Shogun", "Tokugawa Tsunayoshi , Japanese Shogun", "Tokugawa Yoshimune , Japanese Shogun", "Toussaint L'Ouverture , Haitian revolutionary leader", "Túpac Amaru II , Peruvian revolutionary", "George Vancouver , British Captain and explorer", "Robert Walpole , Prime Minister of Great Britain", "George Washington , American general and first President of the United States", "James Wolfe , British officer", "Yeongjo , King of Joseon Dynasty", "Pierre Beaumarchais , French playwright Antonio Bernacchi , Italian singer Faustina Bordoni , Italian singer La Camargo , French dancer Barbara Campanini , Italian dancer Colley Cibber , English actor , poet , playwright La Clairon , French actress Fabre d'Églantine , French actor Farinelli , Italian singer Denis Fonvizin , Russian playwright David Garrick , English actor John Gay , English dramatist and poet Carlo Goldoni , Italian playwright Carlo Gozzi , Italian playwright Antiochus Kantemir , Russian playwright Kong Shangren , Chinese dramatist , poet Praskovia Kovalyova - Zhemchugova , Russian actress , singer Adrienne Lecouvreur , French actress Charles Macklin , Irish actor Chikamatsu Monzaemon , Japanese dramatist , playwright Jean - Georges Noverre , French dancer and balletmaster Marie Sallé , French dancer and choreographer Senesino , Italian singer Richard Brinsley Sheridan , Irish playwright Alexander Sumarokov , Russian playwright François - Joseph Talma , French actor Fyodor Volkov , Russian actor Wang Yun , Chinese playwright , poet Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composer , playwright", "Pierre Beaumarchais , French playwright", "Antonio Bernacchi , Italian singer", "Faustina Bordoni , Italian singer", "La Camargo , French dancer", "Barbara Campanini , Italian dancer", "Colley Cibber , English actor , poet , playwright", "La Clairon , French actress", "Fabre d'Églantine , French actor", "Farinelli , Italian singer", "Denis Fonvizin , Russian playwright", "David Garrick , English actor", "John Gay , English dramatist and poet", "Carlo Goldoni , Italian playwright", "Carlo Gozzi , Italian playwright", "Antiochus Kantemir , Russian playwright", "Kong Shangren , Chinese dramatist , poet", "Praskovia Kovalyova - Zhemchugova , Russian actress , singer", "Adrienne Lecouvreur , French actress", "Charles Macklin , Irish actor", "Chikamatsu Monzaemon , Japanese dramatist , playwright", "Jean - Georges Noverre , French dancer and balletmaster", "Marie Sallé , French dancer and choreographer", "Senesino , Italian singer", "Richard Brinsley Sheridan , Irish playwright", "Alexander Sumarokov , Russian playwright", "François - Joseph Talma , French actor", "Fyodor Volkov , Russian actor", "Wang Yun , Chinese playwright , poet", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composer , playwright", "Tomaso Albinoni , Italian composer Johann Sebastian Bach , German composer Luigi Boccherini , Italian composer Dmitry Bortniansky , Russian composer Charles Burney , English musician and music historian François Couperin , French composer William Cowper , English hymnist and poet Dede Efendi , Turkish / Ottoman composer Christoph Willibald Gluck , German composer Francesco Geminiani , Italian violinist , composer , and music theorist . George Frideric Handel , German - English composer Joseph Haydn , Austrian composer Hampartsoum Limondjian , Armenian / Ottoman composer Kali Mirza , Bengali composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Austrian composer Johann Pachelbel , German composer , teacher François - André Danican Philidor , French composer and chess master Jean - Philippe Rameau , French composer Bharatchandra Ray , Bengali composer , musician , and poet Antonio Salieri , Venetian composer Domenico Scarlatti , Italian composer . Antonio Stradivari , Italian violin maker Georg Philipp Telemann , German composer Antonio Vivaldi , Italian composer Isaac Watts , English hymnist", "Tomaso Albinoni , Italian composer", "Johann Sebastian Bach , German composer", "Luigi Boccherini , Italian composer", "Dmitry Bortniansky , Russian composer", "Charles Burney , English musician and music historian", "François Couperin , French composer", "William Cowper , English hymnist and poet", "Dede Efendi , Turkish / Ottoman composer", "Christoph Willibald Gluck , German composer", "Francesco Geminiani , Italian violinist , composer , and music theorist .", "George Frideric Handel , German - English composer", "Joseph Haydn , Austrian composer", "Hampartsoum Limondjian , Armenian / Ottoman composer", "Kali Mirza , Bengali composer", "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Austrian composer", "Johann Pachelbel , German composer , teacher", "François - André Danican Philidor , French composer and chess master", "Jean - Philippe Rameau , French composer", "Bharatchandra Ray , Bengali composer , musician , and poet", "Antonio Salieri , Venetian composer", "Domenico Scarlatti , Italian composer .", "Antonio Stradivari , Italian violin maker", "Georg Philipp Telemann , German composer", "Antonio Vivaldi , Italian composer", "Isaac Watts , English hymnist", "John James Audubon , French painter John Baskerville , British printer and typographer ( founder of Baskerville font , Birmingham ) . Bernardo Bellotto , Italian painter Michel Benoist , French painter , architect , missionary in China William Blake , English artist and poet Edmé Bouchardon , French sculptor François Boucher , French painter Canaletto , Italian painter Rosalba Carriera , Italian painter Giuseppe Castiglione , Italian painter , architect , missionary in China Jean - Baptiste - Siméon Chardin , French painter Vasili Bazhenov , Russian architect Karl Blank , Russian architect Vladimir Borovikovsky , Russian painter Leonardo Coccorante , Italian painter John Singleton Copley , American painter Jacques - Louis David , French painter Yury Felten , Russian architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , Austrian architect Étienne Maurice Falconet , French sculptor Jean - Honoré Fragonard , French painter Gai Qi , Chinese painter , poet Thomas Gainsborough , English painter Francisco de Goya , Spanish painter Jean - Baptiste Greuze , French painter Giuseppe Grisoni , Italian painter Francesco Guardi , Italian painter Jacob Philipp Hackert , German painter Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt , Aus ( trian - Italian architect William Hogarth , English painter and engraver Angelica Kauffman , Austrian painter Matvey Kazakov , Russian architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff , German painter and architect Alexander Kokorinov , Russian architect Mikhail Ivanovich Kozlovsky , Russian sculptor Jean - Baptiste Lemoyne , French sculptor , student of his father Jean - Louis Lemoyne , French sculptor Dmitry Levitzky , Russian painter Jean - Étienne Liotard , Swiss painter Jiang Tingxi , Chinese artist and scholar Robert Le Lorrain , French sculptor Ivan Martos , Russian sculptor Constance Mayer , French painter Luis Egidio Meléndez , Spanish painter Antoine Ignace Melling , French - German painter , architect Louis Montoyer , Belgian architect Nishikawa Sukenobu , Japanese printmaker , teacher Giovanni Paolo Panini , Italian painter Ulrika Pasch , Swedish painter Giovanni Battista Piranesi , Italian painter Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann , German architect ( Saxony ) Bartolomeo Rastrelli , Italian - born Russian architect Joshua Reynolds , English painter Rachel Ruysch , Dutch painter Giacomo Quarenghi , Italian - born Russian architect Francisco Salzillo , Spanish sculptor Gilbert Stuart , American painter Suzuki Harunobu , Japanese woodblock printer Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Venetian painter Domenico Trezzini , Italian - born Russian architect Kitagawa Utamaro , Japanese printmaker and painter Luigi Vanvitelli , Italian architect Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun , French painter Juan de Villanueva , Spanish architect Marie - Denise Villers , French painter Antoine Watteau , French painter Yuan Mei , Chinese painter , poet , essayist Mikhail Zemtsov , Russian architect", "John James Audubon , French painter", "John Baskerville , British printer and typographer ( founder of Baskerville font , Birmingham ) .", "Bernardo Bellotto , Italian painter", "Michel Benoist , French painter , architect , missionary in China", "William Blake , English artist and poet", "Edmé Bouchardon , French sculptor", "François Boucher , French painter", "Canaletto , Italian painter", "Rosalba Carriera , Italian painter", "Giuseppe Castiglione , Italian painter , architect , missionary in China", "Jean - Baptiste - Siméon Chardin , French painter", "Vasili Bazhenov , Russian architect", "Karl Blank , Russian architect", "Vladimir Borovikovsky , Russian painter", "Leonardo Coccorante , Italian painter", "John Singleton Copley , American painter", "Jacques - Louis David , French painter", "Yury Felten , Russian architect", "Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach , Austrian architect", "Étienne Maurice Falconet , French sculptor", "Jean - Honoré Fragonard , French painter", "Gai Qi , Chinese painter , poet", "Thomas Gainsborough , English painter", "Francisco de Goya , Spanish painter", "Jean - Baptiste Greuze , French painter", "Giuseppe Grisoni , Italian painter", "Francesco Guardi , Italian painter", "Jacob Philipp Hackert , German painter", "Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt , Aus ( trian - Italian architect", "William Hogarth , English painter and engraver", "Angelica Kauffman , Austrian painter", "Matvey Kazakov , Russian architect", "Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff , German painter and architect", "Alexander Kokorinov , Russian architect", "Mikhail Ivanovich Kozlovsky , Russian sculptor", "Jean - Baptiste Lemoyne , French sculptor , student of his father", "Jean - Louis Lemoyne , French sculptor", "Dmitry Levitzky , Russian painter", "Jean - Étienne Liotard , Swiss painter", "Jiang Tingxi , Chinese artist and scholar", "Robert Le Lorrain , French sculptor", "Ivan Martos , Russian sculptor", "Constance Mayer , French painter", "Luis Egidio Meléndez , Spanish painter", "Antoine Ignace Melling , French - German painter , architect", "Louis Montoyer , Belgian architect", "Nishikawa Sukenobu , Japanese printmaker , teacher", "Giovanni Paolo Panini , Italian painter", "Ulrika Pasch , Swedish painter", "Giovanni Battista Piranesi , Italian painter", "Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann , German architect ( Saxony )", "Bartolomeo Rastrelli , Italian - born Russian architect", "Joshua Reynolds , English painter", "Rachel Ruysch , Dutch painter", "Giacomo Quarenghi , Italian - born Russian architect", "Francisco Salzillo , Spanish sculptor", "Gilbert Stuart , American painter", "Suzuki Harunobu , Japanese woodblock printer", "Giovanni Battista Tiepolo , Venetian painter", "Domenico Trezzini , Italian - born Russian architect", "Kitagawa Utamaro , Japanese printmaker and painter", "Luigi Vanvitelli , Italian architect", "Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun , French painter", "Juan de Villanueva , Spanish architect", "Marie - Denise Villers , French painter", "Antoine Watteau , French painter", "Yuan Mei , Chinese painter , poet , essayist", "Mikhail Zemtsov , Russian architect", "Jane Austen , English writer Anna Laetitia Barbauld , English Poet , essayist , and children 's author Pierre Beaumarchais , French writer Bernardin de St. Pierre , French writer Nicolas Boileau - Despréaux , French poet and literary critic James Boswell , Scottish biographer Frances Burney , English novelist Robert Burns , Scottish poet Cao Xueqin , Chinese writer Giacomo Casanova , Venetian adventurer , writer and womanizer Pierre Choderlos de Laclos , French writer Daniel Defoe , English novelist and journalist Gavrila Derzhavin , Russian poet Maria Edgeworth , Anglo - Irish novelist Olaudah Equiano , Eboe writer and abolitionist Henry Fielding , English novelist Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle , French writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , German writer Oliver Goldsmith , Anglo - Irish writer , poet , children 's writer , and playwright Thomas Gray , English poet , scholar , and educator Eliza Haywood , English writer Samuel Johnson , British writer , lexicographer , poet , and literary critic Ferenc Kazinczy , Hungarian writer Ivan Krylov , Russian fabulist Pierre Choderlos de Laclos , French writer Charlotte Lennox , English novelist and poet Liang Desheng , Chinese poet and writer Matthew Lewis , English novelist and playwright Li Ruzhen , Chinese novelist Sadhak Kamalakanta , Indian poet Henry Mackenzie , Scottish novelist Jean - Paul Marat , French journalist Pierre de Marivaux , French writer Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , Spanish writer Honoré Mirabeau , French writer and politician John Newbery , English children 's literature publisher Alexander Pope , English poet Abbe Prevost , French writer Pu Songling , Chinese short story writer Ann Radcliffe , English novelist Alexander Radishchev , Russian writer Samuel Richardson , English novelist Marquis de Sade , French writer and philosopher Ramprasad Sen , Bengali poet and singer Friedrich Schiller , German writer Walter Scott , Scottish novelist and poet Christopher Smart , English poet and actor Robert Southey , English poet and biographer Hester Thrale , English memoirist Vasily Trediakovsky , Russian poet and playwright Charlotte Turner Smith , English writer Laurence Sterne , Anglo - Irish writer Jonathan Swift , Anglo - Irish satirist and Church of Ireland Dean Ueda Akinari , Japanese writer Voltaire , French writer and philosopher Horace Walpole , English writer and politician Phillis Wheatley , first published African - American female poet Mary Wollstonecraft , British writer and feminist Wu Jingzi , Chinese writer Yuan Mei , Chinese poet , scholar and artist", "Jane Austen , English writer", "Anna Laetitia Barbauld , English Poet , essayist , and children 's author", "Pierre Beaumarchais , French writer", "Bernardin de St. Pierre , French writer", "Nicolas Boileau - Despréaux , French poet and literary critic", "James Boswell , Scottish biographer", "Frances Burney , English novelist", "Robert Burns , Scottish poet", "Cao Xueqin , Chinese writer", "Giacomo Casanova , Venetian adventurer , writer and womanizer", "Pierre Choderlos de Laclos , French writer", "Daniel Defoe , English novelist and journalist", "Gavrila Derzhavin , Russian poet", "Maria Edgeworth , Anglo - Irish novelist", "Olaudah Equiano , Eboe writer and abolitionist", "Henry Fielding , English novelist", "Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle , French writer", "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , German writer", "Oliver Goldsmith , Anglo - Irish writer , poet , children 's writer , and playwright", "Thomas Gray , English poet , scholar , and educator", "Eliza Haywood , English writer", "Samuel Johnson , British writer , lexicographer , poet , and literary critic", "Ferenc Kazinczy , Hungarian writer", "Ivan Krylov , Russian fabulist", "Pierre Choderlos de Laclos , French writer", "Charlotte Lennox , English novelist and poet", "Liang Desheng , Chinese poet and writer", "Matthew Lewis , English novelist and playwright", "Li Ruzhen , Chinese novelist", "Sadhak Kamalakanta , Indian poet", "Henry Mackenzie , Scottish novelist", "Jean - Paul Marat , French journalist", "Pierre de Marivaux , French writer", "Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , Spanish writer", "Honoré Mirabeau , French writer and politician", "John Newbery , English children 's literature publisher", "Alexander Pope , English poet", "Abbe Prevost , French writer", "Pu Songling , Chinese short story writer", "Ann Radcliffe , English novelist", "Alexander Radishchev , Russian writer", "Samuel Richardson , English novelist", "Marquis de Sade , French writer and philosopher", "Ramprasad Sen , Bengali poet and singer", "Friedrich Schiller , German writer", "Walter Scott , Scottish novelist and poet", "Christopher Smart , English poet and actor", "Robert Southey , English poet and biographer", "Hester Thrale , English memoirist", "Vasily Trediakovsky , Russian poet and playwright", "Charlotte Turner Smith , English writer", "Laurence Sterne , Anglo - Irish writer", "Jonathan Swift , Anglo - Irish satirist and Church of Ireland Dean", "Ueda Akinari , Japanese writer", "Voltaire , French writer and philosopher", "Horace Walpole , English writer and politician", "Phillis Wheatley , first published African - American female poet", "Mary Wollstonecraft , British writer and feminist", "Wu Jingzi , Chinese writer", "Yuan Mei , Chinese poet , scholar and artist", "Arai Hakuseki , Japanese scholar , writer and politician Baal Shem Tov , Ukrainian rabbi Cesare Beccaria , Italian philosopher and politician Jeremy Bentham , English philosopher and reformer George Berkeley , Irish empiricist philosopher Edmund Burke , British statesman and philosopher Étienne Bonnot de Condillac , French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet , French philosopher Frederick Cornwallis , Archbishop of Canterbury Erasmus Darwin , English philosopher , poet and scientist Denis Diderot , French writer and philosopher Jonathan Edwards , American theologian and philosopher William Godwin , English philosopher and novelist Aaron Halle - Wolfssohn , German writer , Jewish theologian , translator , and professor Johann Gottfried Herder , German philosopher , writer , and critic Thomas Herring , Archbishop of Canterbury Baron d'Holbach , French - German philosopher and writer David Hume , Scottish philosopher Matthew Hutton , Archbishop of Canterbury Kamo no Mabuchi , Japanese philosopher Immanuel Kant , German philosopher William Law , English theologian Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , German philosopher and writer Alphonsus Liguori , Italian bishop , founder of Redemptorists , Saint Joseph de Maistre , Italian philosopher and diplomat Moses Mendelssohn , German philosopher Charles de Secondat ( Montesquieu ) , French thinker John Moore , Archbishop of Canterbury Motoori Norinaga , Japanese philosopher and scholar Thomas Paine , English philosopher Elihu Palmer , American deist Thomas Percy , English bishop and editor Joseph Perl , German writer , Jewish theologian , and educator John Potter , Archbishop of Canterbury Jean - Jacques Rousseau , French writer and philosopher Thomas Secker , Archbishop of Canterbury Seraphim of Sarov , Russian theologian Sugita Genpaku , Japanese scholar and translator Emanuel Swedenborg , Swedish scientist , thinker and mystic Thomas Tenison , Archbishop of Canterbury Christian Thomasius , German philosopher and jurist Giambattista Vico , Italian philosopher Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab , Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism William Wake , Archbishop of Canterbury John Wesley , English theologian , founder of Methodism Zeynalabdin Shirvani , also known as Tamkin , was an Azerbaijani geographer , philosopher and poet ) ) Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf , German religious writer and bishop", "Arai Hakuseki , Japanese scholar , writer and politician", "Baal Shem Tov , Ukrainian rabbi", "Cesare Beccaria , Italian philosopher and politician", "Jeremy Bentham , English philosopher and reformer", "George Berkeley , Irish empiricist philosopher", "Edmund Burke , British statesman and philosopher", "Étienne Bonnot de Condillac , French philosopher", "Marquis de Condorcet , French philosopher", "Frederick Cornwallis , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Erasmus Darwin , English philosopher , poet and scientist", "Denis Diderot , French writer and philosopher", "Jonathan Edwards , American theologian and philosopher", "William Godwin , English philosopher and novelist", "Aaron Halle - Wolfssohn , German writer , Jewish theologian , translator , and professor", "Johann Gottfried Herder , German philosopher , writer , and critic", "Thomas Herring , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Baron d'Holbach , French - German philosopher and writer", "David Hume , Scottish philosopher", "Matthew Hutton , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Kamo no Mabuchi , Japanese philosopher", "Immanuel Kant , German philosopher", "William Law , English theologian", "Gotthold Ephraim Lessing , German philosopher and writer", "Alphonsus Liguori , Italian bishop , founder of Redemptorists , Saint", "Joseph de Maistre , Italian philosopher and diplomat", "Moses Mendelssohn , German philosopher", "Charles de Secondat ( Montesquieu ) , French thinker", "John Moore , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Motoori Norinaga , Japanese philosopher and scholar", "Thomas Paine , English philosopher", "Elihu Palmer , American deist", "Thomas Percy , English bishop and editor", "Joseph Perl , German writer , Jewish theologian , and educator", "John Potter , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Jean - Jacques Rousseau , French writer and philosopher", "Thomas Secker , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Seraphim of Sarov , Russian theologian", "Sugita Genpaku , Japanese scholar and translator", "Emanuel Swedenborg , Swedish scientist , thinker and mystic", "Thomas Tenison , Archbishop of Canterbury", "Christian Thomasius , German philosopher and jurist", "Giambattista Vico , Italian philosopher", "Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab , Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism", "William Wake , Archbishop of Canterbury", "John Wesley , English theologian , founder of Methodism", "Zeynalabdin Shirvani , also known as Tamkin , was an Azerbaijani geographer , philosopher and poet ) )", "Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf , German religious writer and bishop", "Maria Gaetana Agnesi , Italian mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert , French mathematician , physicist and encyclopedist Joseph Banks , English botanist Laura Bassi , Italian scientist , the first European female college teacher Daniel Bernoulli , Swiss mathematician and physicist Joseph Black , Scottish chemist ( discovered carbon dioxide ) Roger Joseph Boscovich , physicist , astronomer , mathematician , philosopher , diplomat , poet , and Jesuit Comte de Buffon , French scientist Henry Cavendish , chemist ( recognized Hydrogen as its own elemental substance ) Anders Celsius , Swedish astronomer Jacques Charles , French scientist and inventor Anders Chydenius , Finnish philosopher and economist Alexis Clairaut , French mathematician James Cook , English navigator , explorer and cartographer Dai Zhen , Chinese mathematician , geographer , phonologist and philosopher Eugenio Espejo , Ecuadorian scientist Leonhard Euler , Swiss mathematician Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit , German physicist and engineer George Fordyce , Scottish physician and chemist Carl Friedrich Gauss , German mathematician , physicist and astronomer Edward Gibbon , English historian Edward Jenner , English inventor of vaccination William Jones , English philologist Nikolay Karamzin , Russian historian Ivan Kulibin , Russian inventor Joseph - Louis Lagrange , Italian - French mathematician and physicist Jean - Baptiste Lamarck , French naturalist , biologist Pierre - Simon Laplace , French physicist and mathematician Antoine Lavoisier , French chemist , considered father of modern chemistry Marie - Anne Paulze Lavoisier , French chemist and painter John Law , Scottish economist Pan Lei , Chinese scholar and mathematician Adrien - Marie Legendre , French mathematician Carl Linnaeus , Swedish biologist Mikhail Lomonosov , Russian scientist Edmond Malone , Irish literary scholar Thomas Malthus , English economist Pierre Louis Maupertuis , French mathematician Peter Simon Pallas , German - Russian zoologist and botanist Joseph Priestley , dissenting minister and chemist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur , French scientist François Quesnay , French economist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , Swedish chemist ( discovered oxygen ) John Smeaton , civil engineer and physicist Adam Smith , Scottish economist and philosopher Vasily Tatishchev , Russian historian and ethnographer Anne - Robert - Jacques Turgot , Baron de Laune , French economist Antonio de Ulloa , Spanish scientist and explorer Alessandro Volta , Italian physicist and chemist James Watt , Scottish scientist and inventor Benjamin West , American astronomer and mathematician John Whitehurst , English geologist", "Maria Gaetana Agnesi , Italian mathematician", "Jean le Rond d'Alembert , French mathematician , physicist and encyclopedist", "Joseph Banks , English botanist", "Laura Bassi , Italian scientist , the first European female college teacher", "Daniel Bernoulli , Swiss mathematician and physicist", "Joseph Black , Scottish chemist ( discovered carbon dioxide )", "Roger Joseph Boscovich , physicist , astronomer , mathematician , philosopher , diplomat , poet , and Jesuit", "Comte de Buffon , French scientist", "Henry Cavendish , chemist ( recognized Hydrogen as its own elemental substance )", "Anders Celsius , Swedish astronomer", "Jacques Charles , French scientist and inventor", "Anders Chydenius , Finnish philosopher and economist", "Alexis Clairaut , French mathematician", "James Cook , English navigator , explorer and cartographer", "Dai Zhen , Chinese mathematician , geographer , phonologist and philosopher", "Eugenio Espejo , Ecuadorian scientist", "Leonhard Euler , Swiss mathematician", "Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit , German physicist and engineer", "George Fordyce , Scottish physician and chemist", "Carl Friedrich Gauss , German mathematician , physicist and astronomer", "Edward Gibbon , English historian", "Edward Jenner , English inventor of vaccination", "William Jones , English philologist", "Nikolay Karamzin , Russian historian", "Ivan Kulibin , Russian inventor", "Joseph - Louis Lagrange , Italian - French mathematician and physicist", "Jean - Baptiste Lamarck , French naturalist , biologist", "Pierre - Simon Laplace , French physicist and mathematician", "Antoine Lavoisier , French chemist , considered father of modern chemistry", "Marie - Anne Paulze Lavoisier , French chemist and painter", "John Law , Scottish economist", "Pan Lei , Chinese scholar and mathematician", "Adrien - Marie Legendre , French mathematician", "Carl Linnaeus , Swedish biologist", "Mikhail Lomonosov , Russian scientist", "Edmond Malone , Irish literary scholar", "Thomas Malthus , English economist", "Pierre Louis Maupertuis , French mathematician", "Peter Simon Pallas , German - Russian zoologist and botanist", "Joseph Priestley , dissenting minister and chemist", "René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur , French scientist", "François Quesnay , French economist", "Carl Wilhelm Scheele , Swedish chemist ( discovered oxygen )", "John Smeaton , civil engineer and physicist", "Adam Smith , Scottish economist and philosopher", "Vasily Tatishchev , Russian historian and ethnographer", "Anne - Robert - Jacques Turgot , Baron de Laune , French economist", "Antonio de Ulloa , Spanish scientist and explorer", "Alessandro Volta , Italian physicist and chemist", "James Watt , Scottish scientist and inventor", "Benjamin West , American astronomer and mathematician", "John Whitehurst , English geologist", "Blackbeard , English pirate John Bowen , Bermudian pirate Black Caesar , African pirate Calico Jack , English pirate Gabriel Prosser , American literate enslaved blacksmith Bartholomew Roberts , Welsh pirate", "Blackbeard , English pirate", "John Bowen , Bermudian pirate", "Black Caesar , African pirate", "Calico Jack , English pirate", "Gabriel Prosser , American literate enslaved blacksmith", "Bartholomew Roberts , Welsh pirate", "1709 : The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori 1711 : Tuning fork was invented by John Shore 1712 : Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen 1714 : Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 1717 : Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley , sustainable to a depth of 55 ft c. 1730 : Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England , and Thomas Godfrey in America 1733 : Flying shuttle invented by John Kay 1736 : Europeans encountered rubber -- the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America . It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley c. 1740 : Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman 1741 : Vitus Bering discovers Alaska 1745 : Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor 1752 : Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin 1755 : The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple , Chengde , China . 1764 : Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution 1765 : James Watt enhances Newcomen 's steam engine , allowing new steel technologies 1761 : The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison 1763 : Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes ' theorem , paving the way for Bayesian probability 1768 -- 1779 : James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands 1774 : Joseph Priestley discovers `` dephlogisticated air '' Oxygen 1775 : Joseph Priestley first synthesis of `` phlogisticated nitrous air '' Nitrous Oxide `` laughing gas '' 1776 : First improved steam engines installed by James Watt 1776 : Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy 1777 : Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller 1779 : Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz 1781 : William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus 1784 : Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin 1784 : Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand 1785 : Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright 1785 : Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans 1786 : Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle 1787 : Jacques Charles discovers Charles 's law 1789 : Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass , the basis for chemistry , and begins modern chemistry 1798 : Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination 1798 : The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder 1799 : Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon 's troops", "1709 : The first piano was built by Bartolomeo Cristofori", "1711 : Tuning fork was invented by John Shore", "1712 : Steam engine invented by Thomas Newcomen", "1714 : Mercury thermometer by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit", "1717 : Diving bell was successfully tested by Edmond Halley , sustainable to a depth of 55 ft", "c. 1730 : Octant navigational tool was developed by John Hadley in England , and Thomas Godfrey in America", "1733 : Flying shuttle invented by John Kay", "1736 : Europeans encountered rubber -- the discovery was made by Charles Marie de La Condamine while on expedition in South America . It was named in 1770 by Joseph Priestley", "c. 1740 : Modern steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman", "1741 : Vitus Bering discovers Alaska", "1745 : Leyden jar invented by Ewald Georg von Kleist was the first electrical capacitor", "1752 : Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin", "1755 : The tallest wooden Bodhisattva statue in the world is erected at Puning Temple , Chengde , China .", "1764 : Spinning jenny created by James Hargreaves brought on the Industrial Revolution", "1765 : James Watt enhances Newcomen 's steam engine , allowing new steel technologies", "1761 : The problem of longitude was finally resolved by the fourth chronometer of John Harrison", "1763 : Thomas Bayes publishes first version of Bayes ' theorem , paving the way for Bayesian probability", "1768 -- 1779 : James Cook mapped the boundaries of the Pacific Ocean and discovered many Pacific Islands", "1774 : Joseph Priestley discovers `` dephlogisticated air '' Oxygen", "1775 : Joseph Priestley first synthesis of `` phlogisticated nitrous air '' Nitrous Oxide `` laughing gas ''", "1776 : First improved steam engines installed by James Watt", "1776 : Steamboat invented by Claude de Jouffroy", "1777 : Circular saw invented by Samuel Miller", "1779 : Photosynthesis was first discovered by Jan Ingenhousz", "1781 : William Herschel announces discovery of Uranus", "1784 : Bifocals invented by Benjamin Franklin", "1784 : Argand lamp invented by Aimé Argand", "1785 : Power loom invented by Edmund Cartwright", "1785 : Automatic flour mill invented by Oliver Evans", "1786 : Threshing machine invented by Andrew Meikle", "1787 : Jacques Charles discovers Charles 's law", "1789 : Antoine Lavoisier discovers the law of conservation of mass , the basis for chemistry , and begins modern chemistry", "1798 : Edward Jenner publishes a treatise about smallpox vaccination", "1798 : The Lithographic printing process invented by Alois Senefelder", "1799 : Rosetta Stone discovered by Napoleon 's troops", "1703 : The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed 1704 -- 1717 : One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland . The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe . 1704 : A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published 1712 : The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope ( publication of first version ) 1719 : Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe 1725 : The New Science by Giambattista Vico 1726 : Gulliver 's Travels by Jonathan Swift 1728 : The Dunciad by Alexander Pope ( publication of first version ) 1744 : A Little Pretty Pocket - Book becomes one of the first books marketed for children 1748 : Chushingura ( The Treasury of Loyal Retainers ) , popular Japanese puppet play , composed 1748 : Clarissa by Samuel Richardson 1749 : The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling by Henry Fielding 1751 : Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published 1751 -- 1785 : The French Encyclopédie 1755 : A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson 1759 : Candide by Voltaire 1759 : The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith 1759 -- 1767 : Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne 1762 : Emile : or , On Education by Jean - Jacques Rousseau 1762 : The Social Contract , Or Principles of Political Right by Jean - Jacques Rousseau 1774 : The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published 1776 : Ugetsu Monogatari ( Tales of Moonlight and Rain ) by Ueda Akinari 1776 : The Wealth of Nations , foundation of the modern theory of economy , was published by Adam Smith 1776 -- 1789 : The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon 1779 : Amazing Grace published by John Newton 1779 -- 1782 : Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson 1781 : Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant ( publication of first edition ) 1781 : The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published 1782 : Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 1786 : Poems , Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns 1787 -- 1788 : The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay 1788 : Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant 1789 : Songs of Innocence by William Blake 1790 : Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev 1790 : Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke 1791 : Rights of Man by Thomas Paine 1792 : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft 1794 : Songs of Experience by William Blake 1798 : Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1798 : An Essay on the Principle of Population published by Thomas Malthus ( mid-18th century ) : The Dream of the Red Chamber ( authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin ) , one of the most famous Chinese novels", "1703 : The Love Suicides at Sonezaki by Chikamatsu first performed", "1704 -- 1717 : One Thousand and One Nights translated into French by Antoine Galland . The work becomes immensely popular throughout Europe .", "1704 : A Tale of a Tub by Jonathan Swift first published", "1712 : The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope ( publication of first version )", "1719 : Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe", "1725 : The New Science by Giambattista Vico", "1726 : Gulliver 's Travels by Jonathan Swift", "1728 : The Dunciad by Alexander Pope ( publication of first version )", "1744 : A Little Pretty Pocket - Book becomes one of the first books marketed for children", "1748 : Chushingura ( The Treasury of Loyal Retainers ) , popular Japanese puppet play , composed", "1748 : Clarissa by Samuel Richardson", "1749 : The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling by Henry Fielding", "1751 : Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard by Thomas Gray published", "1751 -- 1785 : The French Encyclopédie", "1755 : A Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson", "1759 : Candide by Voltaire", "1759 : The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith", "1759 -- 1767 : Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne", "1762 : Emile : or , On Education by Jean - Jacques Rousseau", "1762 : The Social Contract , Or Principles of Political Right by Jean - Jacques Rousseau", "1774 : The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe first published", "1776 : Ugetsu Monogatari ( Tales of Moonlight and Rain ) by Ueda Akinari", "1776 : The Wealth of Nations , foundation of the modern theory of economy , was published by Adam Smith", "1776 -- 1789 : The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was published by Edward Gibbon", "1779 : Amazing Grace published by John Newton", "1779 -- 1782 : Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets by Samuel Johnson", "1781 : Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant ( publication of first edition )", "1781 : The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller first published", "1782 : Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos", "1786 : Poems , Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect by Robert Burns", "1787 -- 1788 : The Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay", "1788 : Critique of Practical Reason by Immanuel Kant", "1789 : Songs of Innocence by William Blake", "1790 : Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow by Alexander Radishchev", "1790 : Reflections on the Revolution in France by Edmund Burke", "1791 : Rights of Man by Thomas Paine", "1792 : A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft", "1794 : Songs of Experience by William Blake", "1798 : Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge", "1798 : An Essay on the Principle of Population published by Thomas Malthus", "( mid-18th century ) : The Dream of the Red Chamber ( authorship attributed to Cao Xueqin ) , one of the most famous Chinese novels", "1711 : Rinaldo , Handel 's first opera for the London stage , premiered 1721 : Brandenburg Concertos by J.S. Bach 1723 : The Four Seasons , violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi , composed 1724 : St John Passion by J.S. Bach 1727 : St Matthew Passion composed by J.S. Bach 1733 : Hippolyte et Aricie , first opera by Jean - Philippe Rameau 1741 : Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach 1742 : Messiah , oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin 1749 : Mass in B minor by J.S. Bach assembled in current form 1751 : The Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach 1762 : Orfeo ed Euridice , first `` reform opera '' by Gluck , performed in Vienna 1786 : The Marriage of Figaro , opera by Mozart 1787 : Don Giovanni , opera by Mozart 1788 : Jupiter Symphony ( Symphony No. 41 ) composed by Mozart 1791 : The Magic Flute , opera by Mozart 1791 -- 1795 : London symphonies by Haydn 1798 : The Pathétique , piano sonata by Beethoven 1798 : The Creation , oratorio by Haydn first performed", "1711 : Rinaldo , Handel 's first opera for the London stage , premiered", "1721 : Brandenburg Concertos by J.S. Bach", "1723 : The Four Seasons , violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi , composed", "1724 : St John Passion by J.S. Bach", "1727 : St Matthew Passion composed by J.S. Bach", "1733 : Hippolyte et Aricie , first opera by Jean - Philippe Rameau", "1741 : Goldberg Variations for harpsichord published by Bach", "1742 : Messiah , oratorio by Handel premiered in Dublin", "1749 : Mass in B minor by J.S. Bach assembled in current form", "1751 : The Art of Fugue by J.S. Bach", "1762 : Orfeo ed Euridice , first `` reform opera '' by Gluck , performed in Vienna", "1786 : The Marriage of Figaro , opera by Mozart", "1787 : Don Giovanni , opera by Mozart", "1788 : Jupiter Symphony ( Symphony No. 41 ) composed by Mozart", "1791 : The Magic Flute , opera by Mozart", "1791 -- 1795 : London symphonies by Haydn", "1798 : The Pathétique , piano sonata by Beethoven", "1798 : The Creation , oratorio by Haydn first performed" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Michael Scott The Office character Steve Carell as Michael Gary Scott First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Portrayed by Steve Carell Information Gender Male Occupation Director , Paper Distribution of the Department of Natural Resources , Boulder , CO Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton , PA Regional Co-Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Founder , Michael Scott Paper Company , Scranton , PA Greeter , Men 's Wearhouse , Scranton , PA Telemarketer , Lipophedrine Diet Pill Company , Scranton , PA Family Unnamed mother and father ( divorced ) Jeff ( step - father ) Unnamed brother Unnamed half - sister Barbara Kevis ( grandmother ) ( portrayed by Connie Sawyer ) Luke Cooper ( nephew , portrayed by Evan Peters ) Four unnamed children Spouse ( s ) Holly Scott Significant other ( s ) Jan Levinson ( ex-girlfriend ) Carol Stills ( ex-girlfriend ) Helene Beesly ( ex-girlfriend ) Donna Newton ( ex-girlfriend ) Nationality American Based on David Brent", "Michael Scott", "The Office character", "Steve Carell as Michael Gary Scott", "First appearance `` Pilot ''", "Last appearance `` Finale ''", "Portrayed by Steve Carell", "Information", "Gender Male", "Occupation Director , Paper Distribution of the Department of Natural Resources , Boulder , CO Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton , PA Regional Co-Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Founder , Michael Scott Paper Company , Scranton , PA Greeter , Men 's Wearhouse , Scranton , PA Telemarketer , Lipophedrine Diet Pill Company , Scranton , PA", "Director , Paper Distribution of the Department of Natural Resources , Boulder , CO Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton , PA Regional Co-Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA Founder , Michael Scott Paper Company , Scranton , PA Greeter , Men 's Wearhouse , Scranton , PA Telemarketer , Lipophedrine Diet Pill Company , Scranton , PA", "Director , Paper Distribution of the Department of Natural Resources , Boulder , CO", "Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA", "Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton , PA", "Regional Co-Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA", "Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton , PA", "Founder , Michael Scott Paper Company , Scranton , PA", "Greeter , Men 's Wearhouse , Scranton , PA", "Telemarketer , Lipophedrine Diet Pill Company , Scranton , PA", "Family Unnamed mother and father ( divorced ) Jeff ( step - father ) Unnamed brother Unnamed half - sister Barbara Kevis ( grandmother ) ( portrayed by Connie Sawyer ) Luke Cooper ( nephew , portrayed by Evan Peters ) Four unnamed children", "Spouse ( s ) Holly Scott", "Significant other ( s ) Jan Levinson ( ex-girlfriend ) Carol Stills ( ex-girlfriend ) Helene Beesly ( ex-girlfriend ) Donna Newton ( ex-girlfriend )", "Nationality American", "Based on David Brent", "Michael Gary Scott is a fictional character in NBC 's The Office , portrayed by Steve Carell and based on David Brent from the original British version of the program . Michael is the central character of the series , serving as Regional Manager of the Scranton branch of paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin Inc. from seasons 1 through 7 . However , he leaves Dunder Mifflin temporarily to form the Michael Scott Paper Company during the late end of the 5th season and shares a co-managerial position with Jim Halpert during a 6th season arc from `` The Meeting '' to `` The Manager and the Salesman '' . In the end of the 7th season , he proposes to HR representative Holly Flax and moves to Colorado to take care of her aging parents , leaving the manager position to Deangelo Vickers in `` Goodbye , Michael '' , to Andy Bernard in season 8 after Vickers becomes brain dead , and ultimately to Dwight Schrute in season 9 .", "All original series characters were adapted for the U.S. version . NBC programmer Tracy McLaughlin suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott , but the actor declined . Martin Short , Hank Azaria , and Bob Odenkirk were also reported to be interested . In January 2004 , Variety reported Steve Carell of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , was in talks to play the role . At the time , he was already committed to another NBC midseason replacement comedy , Come to Papa . Due to Carell being unavailable , Bob Odenkirk was selected as Michael Scott and was part of the cast presented to NBC executives . However , Come to Papa was quickly canceled , allowing Carell to commit to The Office . Carell later stated he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned . He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais ' characterizations . On the audio commentary of The Pilot episode , director Ken Kwapis says that Carell 's unfamiliarity with the British version of The Office and their experience working together on Watching Ellie influenced his being cast as Scott .", "Two supporting roles in films helped get the attention of audiences : Bruce Almighty , in which Carell plays Evan Baxter ( an arrogant rival to Jim Carrey 's character ) , who gets a humorous comeuppance while co-anchoring the news . In Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy , Carell plays another news personality , as slow - witted weatherman Brick Tamland . Although the series premiered to mediocre ratings , NBC renewed it for another season because of the anticipated success of Carell 's movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin , and the show subsequently became a ratings success . Carell won a Golden Globe and Television Critics Association award in 2006 for his role . He also received Emmy nominations in 2006 , 2007 and 2011 for his work in the series . Although The 40 - Year - Old Virgin was a surprise success , Carell revealed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that he had no plans to leave The Office . However , on the BBC Radio 5 Live Film Review show , he stated in an interview that his time on the show would probably end after his contract ran out after Season 7 . This was later confirmed on June 28 , 2010 , when Carell confirmed that the seventh season of the show was to be his last after his contract with NBC expired .", "Michael 's hometown is also Scranton , Pennsylvania . His birthdate is March 15 , 1964 , as described in `` Michael 's Birthday '' and `` Dream Team '' . His full name is Michael Gary Scott , as said in the episode `` Double Date '' . He came from a relatively difficult childhood of loneliness , describing to Jan 's child Astrid that she will be able to survive not having a father figure around because he was in that position as a child . In `` Diversity Day '' , Michael claims to be of English , Irish , German and Scottish ancestry . He also claims to be two - fifteenths Native American . He has mentioned a stepfather , Jeff , whom he despises . In `` Nepotism '' , it is revealed that Michael had a half - sister , from whom he was estranged from 1995 through 2010 . As a consequence of their reunion , Michael hires his nephew Luke as an intern for the office , but eventually confronts the incompetent and rude Luke and ends up spanking him in front of the office , leading Luke to burst into tears and quit .", "In the episode `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , Michael makes the claim that he was a child star on a kids ' show called Fundle Bundle ; however , it becomes clear that he simply appeared on the show as one of many guest children who usually watched from home . In the old recording being played , he speaks touchingly about what he wanted when he grew up : get married , have `` 100 kids '' so he could then have `` 100 friends '' and none of them could say no to being his friend . Michael did not attend college , having lost all his tuition money in a pyramid scheme .", "He was hired as a salesman at Dunder Mifflin in the 1990s , where he proved to be extremely effective . Dwight praised him in a deleted scene from `` The Coup '' for winning consecutive awards for best salesman . In `` Two Weeks '' , he claims to have acquired half of the Scranton branch client base . In `` The Client '' , he impresses his then - manager , Jan Levinson - Gould , by singlehandedly acquiring an important client through somewhat unorthodox methods . Both Pam Halpert and Ryan Howard are impressed watching him make sales and negotiate their contracts when working in The Michael Scott Paper Company . Even Jim Halpert concedes that he might never become as good a salesman as Michael in `` Koi Pond '' .", "The skills that made him successful as a salesman , however , are not effective when applied to managerial duties and Michael is shown to be ill - suited to that position , injecting a lot of his personal feelings into the work environment . During a candid conversation in `` The Fire '' , Michael tells Ryan that he became a salesman because he loved to make friends and , after being promoted to regional manager at a young age , continued to treat work - related relationships as personal friendships which he acknowledges is more difficult because his colleagues are all lower than him in the workplace 's hierarchy . He seems to have few relationships outside the office . In his interactions with other characters , he is shallow , callous , ignorant and unaware of basic social norms . He tends to overestimate his own importance in the eyes of his co-workers and can not understand why they do not seem to have much fun at work , as he believes an office to be the `` place where dreams come true . '' However , Michael is somewhat loyal to the company and honestly tries to help his employees when he thinks they are having a problem . Michael has been at Dunder Mifflin ( as of `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' ) 9,986,000 minutes , meaning he would have been working at Dunder Mifflin since May 6 , 1992 .", "Michael 's constant desire to be the center of attention often manifests itself in selfish behavior . For example , when he burns his foot in `` The Injury '' , he expects Pam and Ryan to tend to his needs , despite Dwight 's much more serious concussion . When invited to be an usher in `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' , he assumes that his participation will be the high point of the ceremony and pouts when he is upstaged by Phyllis ' elderly father , eventually giving an insulting and overly familiar toast that gets him banned from the reception altogether . His desire to be liked often leads him to make unwise decisions or unfeasible promises without considering the consequences , only to back out when they result in an undesirable comeuppance . Michael appears to emphasize moments of sympathy or civility directed at him by his co-workers ( mostly Jim ) and inflates their importance in order to compensate for his loneliness .", "Michael is irresponsible with his finances , and at one point is so heavily in debt he has to take up a second job as a telemarketer . Oscar makes a chart of Michael 's spending habits and chides him for spending too much money on things `` nobody ever needs '' like multiple magic sets and professional bass fishing equipment . Eventually , Michael is forced to declare bankruptcy ( which he thinks requires only standing up and shouting `` I declare bankruptcy ! '' )", "Due to his overall lack of common sense , Michael can withstand significant abuse from his peers and is often the butt of jokes . He is quick to take offense when he realizes he is being wronged and his response is often disproportionate to the harm suffered ; similarly , he tends to unintentionally offend people , but will usually sincerely apologize on the rare occasion that he realizes he has inadvertently insulted someone , the most notable example being in `` Gay Witch Hunt '' when he cries upon realizing his use of the term `` faggy '' hurt Oscar 's feelings . Even though he is generally oblivious to criticism , derision and sarcasm , Michael has some limits to his patience , and leaves to question the extent of offense that he can actually acknowledge ( demanding professional respect from Stanley Hudson in `` Did I Stutter ? '' or standing up to the employees in favor of Holly in `` Business Ethics '' ) .", "In `` The Meeting '' , it is shown that Michael does not aim for his employees ' betterment or his own , thinking that this would put his job at jeopardy ; he unwittingly turns down a promotion that would put Jim in his position , choosing the status quo over his employees ' ambitions , and sabotaging Jim with a bad recommendation because he mistakenly believes that Jim 's promotion to his job would lead to his firing . He does , however , concede to a co-managerial position with Jim to avoid losing him .", "Michael 's catchphrase is `` That 's what she said ! '' , a sexually suggestive double entendre he uses even in the most inappropriate circumstances , including business meetings and legal depositions . Michael finds uttering the phrase so irresistible that in `` Sexual Harassment '' he is goaded into saying it just seconds after Jan Levinson and a lawyer from Corporate specifically ask him not to do so .", "He has diverse interests in media . Song parody writing is often referred to : in `` Goodbye , Toby '' , he relates the titles of two of his songs , `` Beers in Heaven '' and `` Total Eclipse of the Fart '' , before singing a rendition of `` Goodbye Stranger '' as a departing gesture to Toby . He performs his parody of `` The Chanukah Song '' to reflect the Diwali celebration Kelly invites Michael to . In Dream Team , he comes up with `` Achey Breaky Fart '' and `` My Stumps '' during a brainstorming exercise . He hopes to finish the video production of his script , `` Threat Level : Midnight '' , whose script was found and read by the office and whose finished movie ( after ten years of production ) was viewed in the seventh - season episode of the same name .", "He adores the theatrical stylings of Meryl Streep , describing her in `` The Job '' as the `` best actor around , '' and mimics her character from The Devil Wears Prada after seeing the film . He adores Wikipedia and YouTube , although he does n't seem to really understand how they work and believes them to be news media organizations . Michael also likes the music of Billy Joel , the movies Mean Girls , Million Dollar Baby , Die Hard , What a girl wants , and television series such as ALF , Entourage , The L Word and Queer as Folk . Michael tends to be a bit `` behind '' when it comes to popular culture references , such as when he refers to his then - girlfriend Jan 's youthful male assistant as `` James Van Der Beek '' or in his numerous ringtones , including `` My Humps , '' `` Mambo Number Five '' and `` Salt N Pepa . ''", "He appears to have a history of playing ice hockey and demonstrates his talent in `` Michael 's Birthday '' , and mentions in `` Dream Team '' that in high school , after his math teacher told him he was going to flunk out , he went out the next day and `` scored more goals than anyone in the history of the hockey team . '' He also has invited potential clients to `` Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins '' games . On multiple occasions , Michael has also expressed interest in basketball even though he is terrible at it ( in `` The Fire '' , `` Basketball '' and `` Goodbye , Michael '' ) . Michael is a Pittsburgh Pirates fan , and does not like the New York Mets . This appears in episode 6 season 1 , when he is on a phone call with Jan Levinson - Gould . In addition , He has also been shown wearing a Pittsburgh Pirates cap .", "Other interests include a pair of Levi 's he refers to as his `` fun jeans '' , which he has professionally dry cleaned and likely instituted Casual Friday for , according to Pam , in `` The Convention '' , his self - bought `` World 's Best Boss '' mug he bought at Spencer Gifts , that he has duplicates of , and Chrysler automobiles . He drives a silver 2004 Sebring convertible for the first three seasons until he trades it in with Jan 's Volvo for a shared Porsche Boxster in the episode `` Money '' . After their relationship , he drives a red PT Cruiser convertible and later a newer - model Sebring as a benefit of the buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company to Dunder Mifflin in `` Broke '' . Michael enjoys planning fantasy entrepreneurial schemes that he would like to start , such as a men 's shoe store called `` Shoe La La '' , or another paper company simply called `` Michael '' .", "Apart from his masterful salesmanship , Michael is lacking in almost any other skills , management or otherwise . Co-manager Jim Halpert once made a color graph of how Michael spends his time : 80 % `` distracting others , '' 19 % `` procrastination , '' and 1 % `` critical thinking '' , and added that he inflated the `` critical thinking '' percentage so people could actually see it on the graph . His laid - back approach more often results in lower than expected workplace productivity , particularly when Michael places his personal interests as a priority over work ( such as his birthday , someone else 's birthday , or his various seminars ) . To avoid being disciplined for his foolish actions , Michael often resorts to scapegoating employees to cover himself . Although his actions often lead to more problems for his employees , Michael believes that Scranton is `` the cool , fun branch ... like Animal House , '' and is genuinely upset when the top salesman from the Utica office trashes Scranton in a phone call by saying it 's `` worse than Camden '' .", "Although his position as Regional Manager gives him broad decision - making authority on branch operations , he often places those responsibilities secondary to his desire to be friends with his employees . On the other hand , he also oversteps his authority by hosting events that Corporate disapproves of , such as The Dundies and a booze cruise .", "It is revealed in the episode `` The Duel '' that , despite Michael 's incompetence , the Scranton branch is the best - performing company branch , well ahead of Utica and Nashua . Michael is called to Corporate to answer the question , `` What are you doing right ? '' After several minutes of Michael 's inarticulate babble , his superiors concede that while Michael is definitely doing something right , they will probably never know exactly what . They send him on a lecture tour for Michael to spread his wisdom ; instead , he wastes time and annoys the workers who have to listen to his drivel .", "Despite his apparent ineptitude , Michael is prone to brief bouts of surprising insight and is shown to have a kind heart as he shows deep , family - like affection towards most of the people working for him in the Scranton branch . The staff initially finds Michael annoying but he grows on them and is given emotional goodbyes during his final days in Scranton . In the episode `` Broke '' , Michael displays self - awareness of his inability to keep secrets when he , Pam and Ryan all agree not to let Dunder Mifflin know that the Michael Scott Paper Company is broke , yet moments later he is seen bent over and in a near panic when he admits that he 's afraid he wo n't be able to keep himself from letting the truth slip . Later in the same episode , he displays a remarkable ability to negotiate with Dunder Mifflin and convince the company to hire himself as well as Pam and Ryan back with full benefits .", "In the episode `` Business School '' , Michael is one of the few Dunder Mifflin employees to show up to Pam 's gallery showing . Unlike Oscar and his then - boyfriend Gil , who had shown up and were critical of Pam 's drawings ( which Pam overheard ) , Michael immediately marvels at her work and asks to buy Pam 's drawing of their office building . In a moment of sincere kindness , Michael tells Pam that he is very proud of her . Pam begins to tear up and hugs Michael , who also seems touched by Pam 's reaction . During `` The Seminar '' , Michael advises a fledgling Andy Bernard to step up and begin selling at a seminar Andy 's hosting , in order to boost his sagging sales .", "While Michael 's habits of joking around and treating professional colleagues as personal friends are often inappropriate for management , they are , along with his near encyclopedic knowledge of the paper industry , remarkably effective when utilized to sign clients , as seen in `` The Client '' and `` Heavy Competition . '' In `` Initiation '' , Pam balks at Michael 's sugar - fueled phone calls to a local business , but later realizes that his silly conversation ( including a Bill Cosby imitation ) helped to secure a major sale for Dunder - Mifflin . He remembers people through word association starting with nicknames such as `` baldy '' and `` fatso '' which , while offensive to the individuals in question , works to his advantage . Although he is unsuccessful using his sales methods as a telemarketer in `` Money '' , his social interactions with coworkers suggest that he would be a more popular presence in an office of peers as opposed to subordinates .", "It seems clear that Michael loves Dunder Mifflin very much , but he has also shown signs that he sometimes feels underappreciated , given his long history with the company . In the episode `` The Negotiation '' , Michael discovers that he is making only slightly more money than Darryl , the warehouse manager , even though at that point he had worked for the company for 14 years and was in a management position . Later in the episode he drives to New York and demands a raise from Jan at corporate headquarters .", "In the episode `` New Boss '' , after Dunder Mifflin 's CFO David Wallace ducks Michael 's calls throughout the day and Michael 's 15 - year anniversary party is cancelled by Michael 's new superior , Charles Miner , Michael drives to New York to confront Wallace . Citing his long history of service with the company and his many sacrifices for Dunder Mifflin , Michael asks that he be treated more respectfully . Wallace , seeing Michael 's heartfelt openness , promises Michael his party and pledges to attend , as well . But Michael surprisingly recognizes that the CFO is just humoring him , and stuns Wallace by quitting his job .", "Michael tends to overestimate his importance to his employees , but despite constantly offending some of them , he has a close bond with them . Most of the employees have been the focus of Michael 's jokes at one point or another , usually in reference to their race , sex , size , attractiveness , or sexual orientation . Examples of Michael 's difficult relationship with his staff include getting slapped by Kelly for being racist , hitting Meredith with his car , getting kicked out of Phyllis and Bob 's wedding , and outing Oscar to the entire office without his permission . They are , however , generally sympathetic to his shortcomings and , while regularly losing patience when he interrupts their workflow , often try to assist him with his personal problems .", "Michael 's relationship with the company warehouse employees is tense . He has a tendency to disrupt their daily work flow , and in a talking head interview , warehouse supervisor Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) explains that they have never been able to make a full year accident - free because of Michael 's antics . CFO David Wallace tolerates Michael 's antics because he values his loyalty to the company , but Michael offends CEO Allan and the rest of the executives during his only meeting with them .", "Although many Dunder Mifflin employees are initially barely able to tolerate Michael , they gradually grow to appreciate his sincere intentions , even at times coming to find amusement in his sophomoric humor and behavior ; this transition is most apparent in Pam Halpert , with whom he eventually develops a genuine friendship . His co-workers are overjoyed when Michael finds his soulmate in Holly Flax , participate in his romantic proposal to her and are shown to be emotional at his leaving Scranton to be with her . Jim Halpert even teared up while calling Michael `` the best boss ( he ) ever had . ''", "Dwight has the most respect for Michael , viewing him as a model for success , and is thrilled when asked to handle any task given to him , however ill - conceived it may be . Although on the surface , Michael usually appears dismissive of Dwight and generally views him as a suck - up , he is genuinely hurt and angry at the few times when Dwight has deceived him , such as when Dwight went over Michael 's head to vie for the manager 's job or when Dwight refused to reveal office secrets to Michael 's new company , the Michael Scott Paper Company . In the episode `` Heavy Competition '' of Season 5 , Dwight steals Michael 's Rolodex and finds his own business card , on the back of which , Michael had written ( before leaving Dunder Mifflin ) : `` Dwight Schrute , tall , beets '' . Michael also cares how Dwight feels about him . After Michael beats Dwight at his own dojo , Michael finds out that Dwight no longer wanted Michael as his primary contact in case of an emergency which causes Michael to promote him from `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' to `` Assistant Regional Manager '' , with a three - month probational period . Dwight told Michael in Season 6 that Michael 's pathetic career path hurt Dwight and he regretted working for him instead of taking a fast - track job at Home Depot , but they buried their differences later on . When Deangelo Vickers arrives to be the new Branch Manager , Dwight is depressed that he did n't get the job after Michael recommended him , only to learn from Gabe that Michael did n't recommend him after all . At first Dwight is angry with Michael , but they make amends when Michael gives him a letter of recommendation on his final day at Dunder Mifflin . They end the day with a paintball fight behind the building . In the series finale , Michael is the best man at Dwight 's wedding after Jim arranges it .", "Michael has a one - sided mancrush on Ryan , which makes Ryan uncomfortable . Examples of this are when Michael gave Ryan a $400 iPod for the staff 's Christmas Secret Santa exchange , despite an agreed upon office limit of $20 per person , and when in `` The Dundies '' , Michael gives Ryan the `` Hottest in the Office '' award . Michael appears to view Ryan both as an idolized friend , such as when he grew a goatee just because Ryan also grew one , and as a son , which he says he views Ryan as in `` Secret Santa '' . In `` The Deposition '' , a page from Michael 's diary reveals he describes Ryan as being `` just as hot as Jan , but in a different way . '' He is horrified when he finds out about Ryan 's arrest for fraud , and much to the dismay of David Wallace , he re-hires Ryan despite the fact that he was fired by corporate office for his crime . He later earns Ryan 's respect when Ryan sees Michael 's talents as a salesman over the phone . In `` Prince Family Paper '' , Michael acknowledges that his heart has led him astray before , naming Jan and Ryan as examples of this . In Season 7 , Michael shows the full gamut of his ties to Ryan : he heavily invests in WUPHF.com and wo n't agree to sell his majority shares when it 's clear Ryan is incapable of saving the venture from bankruptcy , although Ryan exploits Michael 's goodwill in their friendship to keep his venture going . But Ryan is later stunned when Michael later calls out his negative qualities and makes it clear Ryan only has nine days with no wiggle room before he fails everyone . Michael is later relieved when Ryan sells the project and everyone gets their money back . Ryan later appears as part of the group to help Michael brainstorm a perfect proposal to Holly .", "Michael does n't hesitate to compliment or criticize Pam for her looks and he frequently mentions her breasts . In the episode `` Diwali '' Michael mistakenly thinks that he and Pam have a connection , and is rejected when he tries to kiss her . Throughout their relationship , Pam has served as something of a shoulder angel for Michael by encouraging him to be more productive and discouraging his bad ideas , with varying degrees of success . She grows closer to Michael as he supports her goals in pursuing sales and art . Pam is visibly touched when , after many art show attendees dismiss her artwork , Michael is so impressed that he asks to buy her painting of their office building . Their relationship comes to a rocky point when he begins dating her mother Helene . This is only repaired after he breaks up with Helene and allows Pam to slap him in the face in the parking lot . He trusts and respects Jim , although when they were co-managers they clashed due to their polar - opposite management styles . In `` Secret Santa '' , Michael mentions that in a future vision he sees himself and his future wife living next door to Jim and Pam and that their children will play together . He often also refers to Jim as his best friend in the office , although , based on his impersonation of Jim using surfer slang in `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , does not have a very good understanding of his personality . While Jim and Pam are both shown to care about Michael , his clingy nature makes them reluctant to socialize with him outside of the office ; such as when , after numerous unsuccessful invitations , Michael is forced to trick them in order to have them over for a disastrous dinner in the episode `` Dinner Party . '' In a Season 5 episode , Michael also shows his admiration for Jim , when Jim wears a tuxedo to work and goes on and on about having a ' classy party ' for the party planning committee , and frequently suggests all of the ideas Dwight had offered that Michael had then rejected , only to bother Dwight by having Michael accept the same ideas from him . During Cecilia Halpert 's baptism , Michael approaches Pam referring to himself as `` the godfather '' while imitating Don Corleone , after which she sympathetically but emphatically asks him to acknowledge that he wo n't be Cece 's godfather , he is disappointed but does so and is hurt to learn that the godparents are a couple they 'd only recently met . Pam is shown to have a soft spot for Michael , consoling him after he finds Holly to be in a relationship with AJ , and her advising him on ideas on how to propose to Holly . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' it is revealed that Michael is secretly planning to leave for Colorado at the end of his penultimate work day , thereby avoiding having to say goodbye to everyone . Jim figures this out and goes along with it , telling Michael that he will tell him what a great boss he was the following day at lunch , which they both know Michael will not be around for ; Michael and Jim both get sentimental during this final conversation between them . The strength of his relationship with Pam is revealed as he continuously asks about her whereabouts , not wanting to leave without saying goodbye . Pam , who spent the better part of the day away from the office , finds Michael at the airport and says goodbye in a touching scene just as he 's about to board his plane for Colorado . She watches from the window as his plane flies off . In a deleted scene of `` The Inner Circle '' , Pam is flattered that Michael named his new dog `` Pamela Beagsley . '' Pam later teases Jim that their second child will be named `` little Michael Scott '' displaying the friendship she had developed with her former boss .", "Despite liking the majority of the staff , Michael fiercely hates Human Resources Manager Toby Flenderson , likely due to Toby 's requirement to enforce the rules of proper office behavior that Michael loves to flout . Michael once reasoned that `` Toby is in HR , which technically means he works for Corporate . So he 's really not a part of our family . He 's also divorced so he 's not a part of his family either '' . His longtime goal is to get rid of Toby and any attempts at reconciliation between the two usually backfire , with Michael resorting to name calling or jokes at Toby 's expense . In the episode `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Michael is thrilled when Toby decides to move to Costa Rica and gives as his going away present a rock with a note that reads `` Suck on this '' . The next season , after Toby 's replacement Holly is transferred , Michael is horrified when Toby returns to Dunder Mifflin . In `` Frame Toby '' , he goes to great lengths to get him fired , trying to frame him for possession of marijuana ( which turns out to be a caprese salad ) . In `` The Chump '' , Michael says if he had a gun with two bullets and was in a room with Adolf Hitler , Osama bin Laden , and Toby , he would shoot Toby twice ( which disgusts the rest of the office ) . In `` Nepotism '' , after Michael spanks Luke , the office intern who is also his nephew , he is ordered to attend counseling sessions moderated by Toby , much to Michael 's horror . At first Michael is uncooperative but is gradually tricked by Toby into discussing therapeutic details of his life and childhood . In `` Classy Christmas '' , Michael is happy to hear the news that Toby is going to be on a leave of absence for jury duty and that Holly will be taking his place . In `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' , Michael eggs Toby 's house in the cold open while yelling , `` you suck '' , while he and Deangelo are handing out Dundie nominations . Ironically , Michael is shown to have befriended Toby 's daughter Sasha in `` Take Your Daughter to Work '' . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Michael is seen saying goodbye to Toby without insulting him , possibly indicating that he will miss Toby on some level . Toby suggests Michael visit his brother Rory , who also lives in Colorado .", "Once Pam is promoted to salesperson following Dunder Mifflin 's buyout of The Michael Scott Paper Company , Michael keeps Erin Hannon as her replacement . He is initially unkind to her as he misses having Pam as his receptionist , but she is able to earn his respect by cheering him up after his disastrous school visit in `` Scott 's Tots . '' Unlike her predecessor , Erin loves working as a receptionist , admires Michael and cheerfully accommodates many of his unusual requests ( such as serving him a plate of ants on a log every day at 2 : 30 and spinning him in his chair until he 's dizzy ) that Pam likely would have been apprehensive about . Although he generally enjoys Erin 's thoughtful treatment , his dismissive feelings towards Erin continue until `` Secretary 's Day '' when he reluctantly agrees to take her out to lunch . Erin relishes the opportunity to spend time with her boss while Michael finds their conversation awkward and mentions that her then - boyfriend Andy Bernard was previously engaged to Angela Martin of which Erin was previously unaware , she is upset to learn this and ends her relationship with Andy . Later that day , Michael apologizes to Erin ; the two are finally able to relate to each other over their mutual fondness for silly humor , stemming from their similar immature tendencies ( with Michael 's ignorance and Erin 's naïveté ) . Their working relationship then develops smoothly while they bond by making each other laugh with childish jokes , such as Erin pointing out that the phrase `` it 's not '' sounds like `` snot . '' In `` Viewing Party '' , Erin throws a Glee party with her new boyfriend , Gabe Lewis . Throughout the night , she unsuccessfully attempts to get Michael and Gabe to bond . Michael is jealous that the office looks to Gabe as the boss and attempts to sabotage the party . After being confronted by Erin in private , Michael questions why his opinion matters so much to her as he is not her father . In a moment of insight , Michael realizes that Erin , who was raised in foster care , does indeed look to him as a father figure and he instigates a playful fight as father and daughter by saying `` go to your room , young lady ! '' Erin becomes protective of Michael to the point where she is hostile towards Holly Flax , saying in a talking head interview that she does n't understand what Michael sees in her , until The Search when she , Dwight and Holly go searching for a missing Michael . Erin sees that Holly is able to sense where Michael is , and when she sees them reconcile , she finally understands their love for each other and smiles . Later in `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Erin talks to Michael about her love life and wishes that she knew her birth mother so she could tell Erin what to do . Michael advises Erin that she should n't rush things and that she 'll know what to do when the right guy comes along . Michael then tells her that she wo n't need her mother for advice , because she will always have his personal phone number when she needs advice and kisses her on the head .", "Shortly after the dissolution of his troubled relationship with Jan , Michael found love with Holly Flax ( Amy Ryan ) , Toby 's replacement as HR Representative , who appears for a while to be Michael 's best chance at love , with the two sharing a similar sense of humor and social awkwardness . However , after David Wallace witnesses them kissing , Holly is transferred to the Nashua branch and she and Michael break up after choosing not to pursue a long - distance relationship . Despite the breakup and Holly 's new relationship with another man , their affection for each other does n't go away , as it 's shown that Holly had been writing a note for Michael on her work computer , as well as their subtle romantic glances at one another during the summer company picnic . Throughout her absence in Season 5 ( excluding Company Picnic ) and carrying on into Season 7 , Michael hooks up with a few other women , but ultimately he realizes that they 're nothing compared to her . Around Christmas in Season 7 , Toby is forced to leave the office due to being selected as part of the jury duty for a local murder case , resulting in Holly returning as the temporary HR replacement . There 's initial tension between the two of them and hesitation on her side ( mostly after her sudden break - up with A.J. ) , but Holly finally reunites with Michael after realizing they 're both soulmates . The two continue dating for a few weeks , and on Valentine 's Day , they tell each other they love each other , decide to move in together , and resolve that they will not allow Dunder Mifflin to interfere with their future together . With her time at the Scranton branch almost up and the recent knowledge that her aging parents need to be taken care of , they ultimately become fiancees . Holly later moves back to Colorado and Michael follows her soon after . In the finale it is revealed that they have children together . It was revealed in a photo album on NBC that they have 3 children and are expecting their 4th child .", "Michael 's longest relationship to date has been with Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) , his original - then - former boss from Corporate . Starting with a one - night stand after they closed their business deal at Chilli 's in `` The Client '' ( which featured guest star Tim Meadows as the eponymous client ) , Michael and Jan begin awkward dating , become an official couple , and eventually move in together after Jan is fired from her job -- although it should be noted that Jan usually treated Michael with contempt . After Michael fails to defend Jan in her Wrongful Dismissal suit against Dunder Mifflin , they remain together for a short while , but end up blowing up at each other during an ill - fated dinner party and eventually break up . He also dated Carol ( played by Carell 's wife Nancy Walls ) , a real estate agent from whom Michael bought his condominium . Michael was much more interested in Carol than vice versa , and after he made an unwanted and rejected impromptu public marriage proposal , Michael 's decision to Photoshop pictures of himself over Carol 's ex-husband in her family pictures resulted in their breakup . On a business trip to Winnipeg , Michael & `` Concierge Marie '' become close , and Michael does not wish to leave her after they are caught necking in her suite . After Jim and Pam 's wedding , Michael begins dating Pam 's mother Helene ( much to Pam 's horror ) , but he breaks up with her on her birthday after discovering she is turning 58 . Near the end of season six , Michael begins dating Donna ( Amy Pietz ) , the manager of a local bar , but later finds out that she 's married and he is , as he puts it , `` the mistress '' . He continues seeing her until the disgust of his employees drives him to listen to his conscience and break things off with her . In Season 7 's `` Sex Ed '' , Michael reunites ( in person or by telephone ) with all of his aforementioned past girlfriends when he believes that he has contracted herpes . In doing so , he realizes that Holly was the only one he truly loved .", "Given his proclivity for constantly trying to keep his employees entertained ( and coupled with his juvenile personality ) , Michael has created a variety of different alter egos which he uses for both entertainment , and , at times , educational purposes . Often at times he uses these characters names to hide transacting information , and at one point his credit card uses `` Michael Scarn '' , instead of Michael Scott .", "Ping ( `` The Dundies '' , `` The Seminar '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' ) , a Chinese caricature based on Michael 's Chinese food delivery man . Agent Michael Scarn ( `` Threat Level Midnight '' , `` The Client '' , `` E-mail Surveillance '' , referenced in `` Product Recall '' , `` Money '' , `` Dinner Party '' , `` Prince Family Paper '' ) is the star of Threat Level Midnight , a derivative spy / action hero screenplay written and illustrated by Michael . He had kept it hidden in his desk drawer until it was discovered by Pam without his knowledge and photocopied so the staff could stage a rollicking reading of it while Michael was on a sales call . A thinly veiled portrayal of himself , Michael also adopts the persona in one session of his improv comedy class , ignoring the rule to base his dialogue on his scene partners , and ultimately shooting everyone in the room , regardless of their participation in the scene . He also uses the alias in another episode to go undercover in a local paper competitor to attain information from it . ( `` Prince Family Paper '' ) Prison Mike ( `` The Convict '' ) wears a purple bandana over his head , speaking in a caricature of New York English , and explains that he is in prison for theft , robbery and kidnapping the president 's son for ransom ( although he claims , in knee - jerk defensiveness , that he was never caught ) . He proceeds to paint an awful , and somewhat fanciful , picture of prison life . He states that the scariest part of prison is the Dementors . The character is likely the result of Michael 's take on the Scared Straight ! documentary series . Michael the Magic ( `` Cocktails '' ) attempts to escape from a straitjacket but fails because of a lost key ( actually hidden by Jim ) . Michael 's fondness for magic is referenced throughout the series , including an off - screen visit to a children 's magic camp . Michael also attempts to utilize a magic prop briefcase ( which included a working chainsaw ) while speaking at Karen 's Utica branch in `` Lecture Circuit '' . In the cold open for `` Nepotism '' , he is seen performing numerous , albeit repetitive , magic tricks . Michael Klump ( `` Weight Loss '' , referenced in `` Garage Sale '' ) attempts to show that overweight people are people too . Michael wears a partially inflated sumo suit underneath a business suit , and is patterned after the Eddie Murphy character in the Nutty Professor remakes . Michael Scotch ( `` New Boss '' ) was co-created when Michael and Dwight were trying to contact David Wallace to complain when Charles Miner cancelled Michael 's fifteenth anniversary party because of budget cuts . Michael Scotch is an overly aggressive character who threatens that he has kidnapped David Wallace 's son . Blind Guy McSqueezy ( `` The Lover '' ) is a character Michael created at his improv class so he could feel up women . Caleb Crawdad ( `` Murder '' ) is a Southern persona used for the purposes of a murder mystery game . Date Mike ( `` Happy Hour '' ) is a personality Michael takes on when on a date . Michael creates this personality when Jim points out to him that Pam 's friend likes him . Up to that point , Michael had been charming and likable , but Date Mike completely ruined things and the friend fled in disgust . Ironically , Michael felt Date Mike was successful because he impressed Donna , while Jim thought Date Mike was a disaster because he did n't know about Donna . Michael says Date Mike is inspired by watching dating competitions , saying `` I absorb information , from the strategies of winners . And the losers ! Actually I probably learn more from the losers . '' . Date Mike comes off as egotistical and introduces himself with the line `` Hi , I 'm Date Mike . Nice to meet me . How do you like your eggs in the morning ? '' Scranton Strangler ( `` Happy Hour '' ) ( Bloopers Season 6 ) occurs in the same episode as Date Mike , although he only appears in the blooper reel for the sixth season . Michael claims that `` Oh , I 'm working on a new one . Scranton Strangler ... ' Hey , I 'm going to kill you ... ' '' The character was cut from the aired version of the episode . Mike Leno is an interview personality that is a parody of Jay Leno . Santa Bond is an obvious parody of James Bond that Michael uses to help make Holly Flax notice him sexier in ( `` Classy Christmas '' ) . However , it only appeared in that episode so far , and was replaced by a Santa Claus outfit later in the episode . Reginald Poofta is Michael 's English character , briefly mentioned but never actually seen in `` The Seminar '' . Michael brings up the character after running into David Brent . Mykonos ( `` The Seminar '' ) , a Greek character whose persona he develops with the help of Holly , used in order to pretend he is a potential customer interested in Andy 's product . Michael states Mykonos was based on another character , Spiros , who is never again mentioned . Orville Tootenbacher ( `` The Search '' ) is Michael 's briefly mentioned `` millionaire character that farts popcorn '' . Lord Rupert Everton is Michael 's hopeful identity for his dream to be in the United States Federal Witness Protection Program .", "Ping ( `` The Dundies '' , `` The Seminar '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' ) , a Chinese caricature based on Michael 's Chinese food delivery man .", "Agent Michael Scarn ( `` Threat Level Midnight '' , `` The Client '' , `` E-mail Surveillance '' , referenced in `` Product Recall '' , `` Money '' , `` Dinner Party '' , `` Prince Family Paper '' ) is the star of Threat Level Midnight , a derivative spy / action hero screenplay written and illustrated by Michael . He had kept it hidden in his desk drawer until it was discovered by Pam without his knowledge and photocopied so the staff could stage a rollicking reading of it while Michael was on a sales call . A thinly veiled portrayal of himself , Michael also adopts the persona in one session of his improv comedy class , ignoring the rule to base his dialogue on his scene partners , and ultimately shooting everyone in the room , regardless of their participation in the scene . He also uses the alias in another episode to go undercover in a local paper competitor to attain information from it . ( `` Prince Family Paper '' )", "Prison Mike ( `` The Convict '' ) wears a purple bandana over his head , speaking in a caricature of New York English , and explains that he is in prison for theft , robbery and kidnapping the president 's son for ransom ( although he claims , in knee - jerk defensiveness , that he was never caught ) . He proceeds to paint an awful , and somewhat fanciful , picture of prison life . He states that the scariest part of prison is the Dementors . The character is likely the result of Michael 's take on the Scared Straight ! documentary series .", "Michael the Magic ( `` Cocktails '' ) attempts to escape from a straitjacket but fails because of a lost key ( actually hidden by Jim ) . Michael 's fondness for magic is referenced throughout the series , including an off - screen visit to a children 's magic camp . Michael also attempts to utilize a magic prop briefcase ( which included a working chainsaw ) while speaking at Karen 's Utica branch in `` Lecture Circuit '' . In the cold open for `` Nepotism '' , he is seen performing numerous , albeit repetitive , magic tricks .", "Michael Klump ( `` Weight Loss '' , referenced in `` Garage Sale '' ) attempts to show that overweight people are people too . Michael wears a partially inflated sumo suit underneath a business suit , and is patterned after the Eddie Murphy character in the Nutty Professor remakes .", "Michael Scotch ( `` New Boss '' ) was co-created when Michael and Dwight were trying to contact David Wallace to complain when Charles Miner cancelled Michael 's fifteenth anniversary party because of budget cuts . Michael Scotch is an overly aggressive character who threatens that he has kidnapped David Wallace 's son .", "Blind Guy McSqueezy ( `` The Lover '' ) is a character Michael created at his improv class so he could feel up women .", "Caleb Crawdad ( `` Murder '' ) is a Southern persona used for the purposes of a murder mystery game .", "Date Mike ( `` Happy Hour '' ) is a personality Michael takes on when on a date . Michael creates this personality when Jim points out to him that Pam 's friend likes him . Up to that point , Michael had been charming and likable , but Date Mike completely ruined things and the friend fled in disgust . Ironically , Michael felt Date Mike was successful because he impressed Donna , while Jim thought Date Mike was a disaster because he did n't know about Donna . Michael says Date Mike is inspired by watching dating competitions , saying `` I absorb information , from the strategies of winners . And the losers ! Actually I probably learn more from the losers . '' . Date Mike comes off as egotistical and introduces himself with the line `` Hi , I 'm Date Mike . Nice to meet me . How do you like your eggs in the morning ? ''", "Scranton Strangler ( `` Happy Hour '' ) ( Bloopers Season 6 ) occurs in the same episode as Date Mike , although he only appears in the blooper reel for the sixth season . Michael claims that `` Oh , I 'm working on a new one . Scranton Strangler ... ' Hey , I 'm going to kill you ... ' '' The character was cut from the aired version of the episode .", "Mike Leno is an interview personality that is a parody of Jay Leno .", "Santa Bond is an obvious parody of James Bond that Michael uses to help make Holly Flax notice him sexier in ( `` Classy Christmas '' ) . However , it only appeared in that episode so far , and was replaced by a Santa Claus outfit later in the episode .", "Reginald Poofta is Michael 's English character , briefly mentioned but never actually seen in `` The Seminar '' . Michael brings up the character after running into David Brent .", "Mykonos ( `` The Seminar '' ) , a Greek character whose persona he develops with the help of Holly , used in order to pretend he is a potential customer interested in Andy 's product . Michael states Mykonos was based on another character , Spiros , who is never again mentioned .", "Orville Tootenbacher ( `` The Search '' ) is Michael 's briefly mentioned `` millionaire character that farts popcorn '' .", "Lord Rupert Everton is Michael 's hopeful identity for his dream to be in the United States Federal Witness Protection Program .", "The show often uses the joke `` that 's what she said '' which was popularized by the Wayne 's World sketch on Saturday Night Live . In the original BBC version of The Office , Ricky Gervais 's character David Brent frequently used the similar phrase `` as the actress said to the bishop '' as an inappropriate joke . Michael inserts the phrase as a sexually suggestive double entendre even in the most inappropriate circumstances , including business meetings and legal depositions . Michael finds uttering the phrase so irresistible that in `` Sexual Harassment '' he is goaded into saying it just seconds after Jan Levinson and a lawyer from Corporate specifically ask him not to do so . The phrase has become so associated with the character that the television show 30 Rock in the episode `` TGS Hates Women '' there was a scene in which Liz Lemon became infuriated at another character 's use of `` TWSS '' because `` Steve Carell owns ' That 's What She Said , ' okay ? He owns it ! '' In the episode , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , `` that 's what she said '' was Steve Carell 's final ( inaudible ) line as a series regular , and was his first line upon returning as a guest star in `` Finale '' .", "Although originally based on David Brent , Scott has developed into a significantly different character than his British counterpart . Whereas Brent is shown to be irredeemably incompetent , Scott is portrayed as an outstanding salesman who is unwisely promoted to a management role to which he appears completely ill - suited . ( In a scathing performance review during episode eight of season two , Jan Levinson suggests that Scott should be removed from his management role and return to sales ) . Scott is thus an apt example of the Peter Principle which states that competent persons in a hierarchical organization will `` rise to the level of their incompetence '' after which they will not advance .", "Despite his failings , Scott has been oddly successful as regional manager . This is attributed , in part , to his weakness of procrastination wherein he typically forfeits a bad choice by seeking the advice of his more competent subordinates ( such as Jim , Oscar , or Darryl ) and uses their recommendations . Scott 's success is also partly attributed to his main strength : genuinely caring about the well - being of the office and treating his employees like family . When he took over the Scranton Branch he decreased costs by 17 % , without firing any personnel . After the merger of the two branches Scott does not lose a single client despite a great deal of employee turnover ( much of which he was directly responsible for ) . He received a $3,000 bonus for firing Devon , most likely because his doing so saved the company around $50,000 . Although it is suggested that Brent has had similar success , such claims only ever come from Brent himself , thus making them unreliable .", "Scott 's social immaturity and inability to cope with responsibility is balanced with a personality that is much more caring than Brent 's , even if both make unwise comments in the heat of the moment . Unlike Brent , who pretends to be friendly with many of his employees purely for the benefit of the cameras , Scott seems to genuinely like his colleagues , with the exception of Human Resources Director Toby Flenderson . Scott 's need to be liked by his staff and his belief that people see him as a genuine friend leads him to become very hurt when he realizes this is not the case . Most , if not all , of Scott 's managerial blunders can be directly correlated with the degree to which he desires to be liked by his employees or jealously seeks their approval .", "The DVD commentary to the pilot episode suggests that Scott 's character continues a process begun in the second UK series , in which Gervais and Merchant intentionally made Brent less nasty , and more of a buffoon . It is said in the commentary that Gervais and Merchant suggested that this be applied to Scott . This also reflects a general change in the US version 's attitude , which is more sympathetic to the characters , and tones down the cruel humor of the original . The commentary also says that Steve Carell had not seen more than a few minutes of the original UK series when he was offered the role of Scott , and has since made a conscious decision not to watch it in case it influences his own performance .", "The show 's writers have said that the 2005 hit movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin provided very useful guidance as they refined the character along with Steve Carell between the 1st and 2nd seasons . Michael Scott wore a large amount of hair gel and dressed sloppily in Season 1 , but by Season 2 he had a more conventional haircut and dressed much more neatly . Also , while Michael is often rude and nasty in Season 1 , he is generally nicer and less hard - edged in subsequent seasons .", "In the seventh - season episode `` The Seminar '' , Michael in fact briefly meets David Brent in the lobby and they establish an immediate rapport , joking together and generally signalling that they would have been good friends .", "U.S. Developer Greg Daniels envisioned Michael Scott behaving as if `` I was hoping that the documentary about this would one day be seen by Jennifer Aniston , and I was just trying to impress her any way I possibly could . '' On the audio commentary for `` Valentine 's Day '' , Daniels notes that he included a meeting between Michael and two other branch managers in order to contrast Michael 's level of competence with theirs : while Michael is not as dynamic as Josh Porter who would later be hired in a senior management position at Staples , his management skills are superior to those of the hopelessly inept Craig and could be regarded as an adequate but unexceptional branch manager who is , despite his antics , just competent enough to avoid being fired . Writer B.J. Novak explains that Michael Scott drives a Sebring because it is the most ostentatious car he can afford , opting for a convertible even though the climate in Scranton is cool even in the summer . After the airing of `` Garage Sale '' , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . Until `` The Inner Circle '' , the character Michael Scott had appeared in every episode .", "U.S. Developer Greg Daniels envisioned Michael Scott behaving as if `` I was hoping that the documentary about this would one day be seen by Jennifer Aniston , and I was just trying to impress her any way I possibly could . '' On the audio commentary for `` Valentine 's Day '' , Daniels notes that he included a meeting between Michael and two other branch managers in order to contrast Michael 's level of competence with theirs : while Michael is not as dynamic as Josh Porter who would later be hired in a senior management position at Staples , his management skills are superior to those of the hopelessly inept Craig and could be regarded as an adequate but unexceptional branch manager who is , despite his antics , just competent enough to avoid being fired .", "Writer B.J. Novak explains that Michael Scott drives a Sebring because it is the most ostentatious car he can afford , opting for a convertible even though the climate in Scranton is cool even in the summer .", "After the airing of `` Garage Sale '' , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources .", "Until `` The Inner Circle '' , the character Michael Scott had appeared in every episode ." ]

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[ "Brown Bear , Brown Bear , What Do You See ? Author Bill Martin , Jr . Illustrator Eric Carle Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Doubleday & Company Publication date 1967 Published in English 1967 Media type Hardcover", "Author Bill Martin , Jr .", "Illustrator Eric Carle", "Country United States", "Language English", "Genre Children 's literature", "Publisher Doubleday & Company", "Publication date 1967", "Published in English 1967", "Media type Hardcover", "Brown Bear , Brown Bear , What Do You See ? is a children 's picture book published in 1967 . Written and illustrated by Bill Martin , Jr. and Eric Carle , the book is designed to help toddlers associate colors and meanings to objects .", "The book itself has little to no plot . Instead , the narrator asks various animals what they see with the response usually being another animal , the respondent is then asked what they themselves see , and the process is repeated . It features a Brown Bear , Red Bird , Yellow Duck , Blue Horse , Green Frog , Purple Cat , White Dog , Black Sheep , a Goldfish , a Teacher or a Mother , and Students or Children . The 1984 British edition of the book substitutes a monkey for the teacher . Carle explained that variations in text between editions ( mostly on the last page ) were due to Martin , and that he made new illustrations to go with the changes .", "Carle and Martin published three spin - off books : Polar Bear , Polar Bear , What Do You Hear ? ( 1991 ) uses zoo animals and sounds ; Panda Bear , Panda Bear , What Do You See ? ( 2003 ) , endangered species ; and Baby Bear , Baby Bear , What Do You See ? ( 2007 ) , North American animals .", "The book was one of the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal . As of 2013 , it ranked 21st on a Goodreads list of `` Best Children 's Books , '' and the publisher claimed that there were `` 7 million copies in print in various formats and languages . ''", "In 2010 , the Texas State Board of Education briefly removed the book from the public school curriculum after confusing the author with philosopher Bill Martin , author of Ethical Marxism : The Categorical Imperative of Liberation ." ]

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[ "Works Progress Administration Agency overview Formed May 6 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 06 ) Preceding Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved June 30 , 1943 Employees 8.5 million 1935 -- 1943 3.3 million in November 1938 ( peak ) Annual budget $1.3 billion ( 1935 ) Key document Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", "Agency overview", "Formed May 6 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 06 )", "Preceding Federal Emergency Relief Administration", "Federal Emergency Relief Administration", "Federal Emergency Relief Administration", "Dissolved June 30 , 1943", "Employees 8.5 million 1935 -- 1943 3.3 million in November 1938 ( peak )", "Annual budget $1.3 billion ( 1935 )", "Key document Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", "The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency , employing millions of people ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . In a much smaller project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects .", "Almost every community in the United States had a new park , bridge or school constructed by the agency . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) .", "Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States . At its peak in 1938 , it provided paid jobs for three million unemployed men and women , as well as youth in a separate division , the National Youth Administration . Between 1935 and 1943 , when the agency was disbanded , the WPA employed 8.5 million people . Most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity . Hourly wages were typically set to the prevailing wages in each area . Full employment , which was reached in 1942 and emerged as a long - term national goal around 1944 , was not the goal of the WPA ; rather , it tried to provide one paid job for all families in which the breadwinner suffered long - term unemployment .", "`` The stated goal of public building programs was to end the depression or , at least , alleviate its worst effects , '' sociologist Robert D. Leighninger asserted . `` Millions of people needed subsistence incomes . Work relief was preferred over public assistance ( the dole ) because it maintained self - respect , reinforced the work ethic , and kept skills sharp . ''", "The WPA was a national program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments , which provided 10 -- 30 % of the costs . Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies , with the WPA responsible for wages ( and for the salaries of supervisors , who were not on relief ) . WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs .", "It was liquidated on June 30 , 1943 , as a result of low unemployment due to the worker shortage of World War II . The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years .", "A joint resolution introduced January 21 , 1935 , the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 8 , 1935 . On May 6 , 1935 , FDR issued Executive Order 7034 , establishing the Works Progress Administration . The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , which was dissolved . Direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program -- a major public works program directed by the WPA .", "The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and close adviser to Roosevelt . Both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA . Hallie Flanagan , national director of the Federal Theatre Project , wrote that `` for the first time in the relief experiments of this country the preservation of the skill of the worker , and hence the preservation of his self - respect , became important . ''", "The WPA was organized into the following divisions :", "The Division of Engineering and Construction , which planned and supervised construction projects including airports , dams , highways and sanitation systems . The Division of Professional and Service Projects ( called the Division of Women 's and Professional Projects in 1937 ) , which was responsible for white - collar projects including education programs , recreation programs , and the arts projects . It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division . The Division of Finance . The Division of Information . The Division of Investigation , which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud , misappropriation of funds and disloyalty . The Division of Statistics , also known as the Division of Social Research . The Project Control Division , which processed project applications . Other divisions including the Employment , Management , Safety , Supply , and Training and Reemployment .", "The Division of Engineering and Construction , which planned and supervised construction projects including airports , dams , highways and sanitation systems .", "The Division of Professional and Service Projects ( called the Division of Women 's and Professional Projects in 1937 ) , which was responsible for white - collar projects including education programs , recreation programs , and the arts projects . It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division .", "The Division of Finance .", "The Division of Information .", "The Division of Investigation , which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud , misappropriation of funds and disloyalty .", "The Division of Statistics , also known as the Division of Social Research .", "The Project Control Division , which processed project applications .", "Other divisions including the Employment , Management , Safety , Supply , and Training and Reemployment .", "These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation . They were golden threads woven in the national fabric . In this , they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them , thus fulfilling the founding vision of a government by and for its people . All its people .", "The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered . Harry Hopkins testified to Congress in January 1935 why he set the number at 3.5 million , using Federal Emergency Relief Administration data . Estimating costs at $1,200 per worker per year ( $21.4 thousand in present - day terms ) , he asked for and received $4 billion ( $71.4 billion in present - day terms ) . Many women were employed , but they were few compared to men .", "In 1935 there were 20 million people on relief in the United States . Of these , 8.3 million were children under 16 years of age ; 3.8 million were persons between the ages of 16 and 65 who were not working or seeking work . These included housewives , students in school , and incapacitated persons . Another 750,000 were person age 65 or over . Thus , of the total of 20 million persons then receiving relief , 13 million were not considered eligible for employment . This left a total of 7 million presumably employable persons between the ages of 16 and 65 inclusive . Of these , however , 1.65 million were said to be farm operators or persons who had some non-relief employment , while another 350,000 were , despite the fact that they were already employed or seeking work , considered incapacitated . Deducting this 2 million from the total of 7.15 million , there remained 5.15 million persons age 16 to 65 , unemployed , looking for work , and able to work .", "Because of the assumption that only one worker per family would be permitted to work under the proposed program , this total of 5.15 million was further reduced by 1.6 million -- the estimated number of workers who were members of families with two or more employable people . Thus , there remained a net total of 3.55 million workers in as many households for whom jobs were to be provided .", "The WPA reached its peak employment of 3,334,594 people in November 1938 . To be eligible for WPA employment , an individual had to be an American citizen , 18 or older , able - bodied , unemployed , and certified as in need by a local public relief agency approved by the WPA . The WPA Division of Employment selected the worker 's placement to WPA projects based on previous experience or training . Worker pay was based on three factors : the region of the country , the degree of urbanization , and the individual 's skill . It varied from $19 per month to $94 per month , with the average wage being about $52.50 -- $913.00 in present - day terms . The goal was to pay the local prevailing wage , but limit the hours of work to 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week ; the stated minimum being 30 hours a week , or 120 hours a month .", "WPA projects were administered by the Division of Engineering and Construction and the Division of Professional and Service Projects . Most projects were initiated , planned and sponsored by states , counties or cities . Nationwide projects were sponsored until 1939 .", "The WPA built traditional infrastructure of the New Deal such as roads , bridges , schools , courthouses , hospitals , sidewalks , waterworks , and post-offices , but also constructed museums , swimming pools , parks , community centers , playgrounds , coliseums , markets , fairgrounds , tennis courts , zoos , botanical gardens , auditoriums , waterfronts , city halls , gyms , and university unions . Most of these are still in use today . The amount of infrastructure projects of the WPA included 40,000 new and 85,000 improved buildings . These new buildings included 5,900 new schools ; 9,300 new auditoriums , gyms , and recreational buildings ; 1,000 new libraries ; 7,000 new dormitories ; and 900 new armories . In addition , infrastructure projects included 2,302 stadiums , grandstands , and bleachers ; 52 fairgrounds and rodeo grounds ; 1,686 parks covering 75,152 acres ; 3,185 playgrounds ; 3,026 athletic fields ; 805 swimming pools ; 1,817 handball courts ; 10,070 tennis courts ; 2,261 horseshoe pits ; 1,101 ice - skating areas ; 138 outdoor theatres ; 254 golf courses ; and 65 ski jumps . Total expenditures on WPA projects through June 1941 totaled approximately $11.4 billion -- the equivalent of $190 billion today . Over $4 billion was spent on highway , road , and street projects ; more than $1 billion on public buildings , including the iconic Dock Street Theatre in Charleston , the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles , and Timberline Lodge in Oregon 's Mount Hood National Forest .", "More than $1 billion -- $16.6 billion today -- was spent on publicly owned or operated utilities ; and another $1 billion on welfare projects , including sewing projects for women , the distribution of surplus commodities , and school lunch projects . One construction project was the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut , the bridges of which were each designed as architecturally unique . In its eight - year run , the WPA built 325 firehouses and renovated 2,384 of them across the United States . The 20,000 miles of water mains , installed by their hand as well , contributed to increased fire protection across the country .", "The direct focus of the WPA projects changed with need . In 1935 priority projects were to improve infrastructure ; roads , extension of electricity to rural areas , water conservation , sanitation and flood control . In 1936 , as outlined in that year 's Emergency Relief Appropriations Act , public facilities became a focus ; parks and associated facilities , public buildings , utilities , airports , and transportation projects were funded . The following year , saw the introduction of agricultural improvements , such as the production of marl fertilizer and the eradication of fungus pests . As the Second World War approached , and then eventually began , WPA projects became increasingly defense related .", "One project of the WPA was funding state - level library service demonstration projects , to create new areas of library service to underserved populations and to extend rural service . Another project was the Household Service Demonstration Project , which trained 30,000 women for domestic employment . South Carolina had one of the larger statewide library service demonstration projects . At the end of the project in 1943 , South Carolina had twelve publicly funded county libraries , one regional library , and a funded state library agency .", "A significant aspect of the Works Progress Administration was the Federal Project Number One , which had five different parts : the Federal Art Project , the Federal Music Project , the Federal Theatre Project , the Federal Writers Project , and the Historical Records Survey . The government wanted to provide new federal cultural support instead of just providing direct grants to private institutions . After only one year , over 40,000 artists and other talented workers had been employed through this project in the United States . Cedric Larson stated that `` The impact made by the five major cultural projects of the WPA upon the national consciousness is probably greater in toto than anyone readily realizes . As channels of communication between the administration and the country at large , both directly and indirectly , the importance of these projects can not be overestimated , for they all carry a tremendous appeal to the eye , the ear , or the intellect -- or all three . ''", "This project was directed by Holger Cahill and in 1936 , the peak for employment in this federal project , the Federal Art Project employed over 5,300 artists . The Arts Service Division created illustrations and posters for the WPA writers , musicians , and theaters . The Exhibition Division had public exhibitions of artwork from the WPA , and artists from the Art Teaching Division were employed in settlement houses and community centers to give classes to an estimated 50,000 children and adults . They set up over 100 art centers around the country that served an estimated eight million individuals .", "Directed by Nikolai Sokoloff , former principal conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra , the Federal Music Project employed over 16,000 musicians at its peak . Its purpose was to establish different ensembles such as chamber groups , orchestras , choral units , opera units , concert bands , military bands , dance bands , and theater orchestras that gave an estimated 131,000 performances and programs to 92 million people each week . The Federal Music Project performed plays and dances , as well as radio dramas . In addition , the Federal Music Project gave music classes to an estimated 132,000 children and adults every week , recorded folk music , served as copyists , arrangers , and librarians to expand the availability of music , and experimented in music therapy . Sokoloff stated , `` Music can serve no useful purpose unless it is heard , but these totals on the listeners ' side are more eloquent than statistics as they show that in this country there is a great hunger and eagerness for music . ''", "This project was directed by Iowan Hallie Flanagan , and employed 12,700 performers at its peak . These performers presented more than 1,000 performances each month to almost one million people , produced 1,200 plays in the four years it was established , and introduced 100 new playwrights . Many performers later became successful in Hollywood including Orson Welles , John Houseman , Burt Lancaster , Joseph Cotten , Canada Lee , Will Geer , Joseph Losey , Virgil Thomson , Nicholas Ray , E.G. Marshall and Sidney Lumet . The Federal Theatre Project was the first project to end in June 1939 after four years from an end of funding from the federal government .", "This project was directed by Henry Alsberg and employed 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936 . By January 1939 , more than 275 major books and booklets had been published by the FWP . Most famously , the FWP created the American Guide Series , which produced thorough guidebooks for every state that include descriptions of towns , waterways , historic sites , oral histories , photographs , and artwork . An association or group that put up the cost of publication sponsored each book , the cost was anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000 . In almost all cases , the book sales were able to reimburse their sponsors . Additionally , another important part of this project was to record oral histories to create archives such as the Slave Narratives and collections of folklore . These writers also participated in research and editorial services to other government agencies .", "This project was the smallest of Federal Project Number One and served to identify , collect , and conserve United States ' historical records . It is one of the biggest bibliographical efforts and was directed by Dr. Luther H. Evans . At its peak , this project employed more than 4,400 workers .", "1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children . WPA health education poster about cancer , c. 1936 -- 1938 Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10 ¢ store WPA poster advertising art classes for children WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit , showing an elephant 1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America", "1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children .", "1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children .", "WPA health education poster about cancer , c. 1936 -- 1938", "WPA health education poster about cancer , c. 1936 -- 1938", "Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10 ¢ store", "Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10 ¢ store", "WPA poster advertising art classes for children", "WPA poster advertising art classes for children", "WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit , showing an elephant", "WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit , showing an elephant", "1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation", "1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation", "WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America", "WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America", "The share of Federal Emergency Relief Administration and WPA benefits for African Americans exceeded their proportion of the general population . The FERA 's first relief census reported that more than two million African Americans were on relief during early 1933 , a proportion of the African - American population ( 17.8 % ) that was nearly double the proportion of whites on relief ( 9.5 % ) . This was during the period of Jim Crow and racial segregation in the South , when blacks were largely disenfranchised .", "By 1935 , there were 3,500,000 African Americans ( men , women and children ) on relief , almost 35 percent of the African - American population ; plus another 250,000 African - American adults were working on WPA projects . Altogether during 1938 , about 45 percent of the nation 's African - American families were either on relief or were employed by the WPA .", "Civil rights leaders initially objected that African Americans were proportionally underrepresented . African American leaders made such a claim with respect to WPA hires in New Jersey , stating , `` In spite of the fact that Blacks indubitably constitute more than 20 percent of the State 's unemployed , they composed 15.9 % of those assigned to W.P.A. jobs during 1937 . '' Nationwide in 1940 , 9.8 % of the population were African American .", "However , by 1941 , the perception of discrimination against African Americans had changed to the point that the NAACP magazine Opportunity hailed the WPA :", "It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program . In the South , as might have been expected , this participation has been limited , and differential wages on the basis of race have been more or less effectively established ; but in the northern communities , particularly in the urban centers , the Negro has been afforded his first real opportunity for employment in white - collar occupations .", "The WPA mostly operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate , the National Youth Administration . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North ; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South , only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues , `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation . ''", "About 15 % of the household heads on relief were women , and youth programs were operated separately by the National Youth Administration . The average worker was about 40 years old ( about the same as the average family head on relief ) .", "WPA policies were consistent with the strong belief of the time that husbands and wives should not both be working ( because the second person working would take one job away from some other breadwinner ) . A study of 2,000 female workers in Philadelphia showed that 90 % were married , but wives were reported as living with their husbands in only 18 percent of the cases . Only 2 percent of the husbands had private employment . Of the 2,000 women , all were responsible for one to five additional people in the household .", "In rural Missouri , 60 % of the WPA - employed women were without husbands ( 12 % were single ; 25 % widowed ; and 23 % divorced , separated or deserted ) . Thus , only 40 % were married and living with their husbands , but 59 % of the husbands were permanently disabled , 17 % were temporarily disabled , 13 % were too old to work , and remaining 10 % were either unemployed or handicapped . Most of the women worked with sewing projects , where they were taught to use sewing machines and made clothing and bedding , as well as supplies for hospitals , orphanages , and adoption centers .", "One WPA - funded project , the Pack Horse Library Project , mainly employed women to deliver books to rural areas in eastern Kentucky . Many of the women employed by the project were the sole breadwinners for their families .", "The WPA had numerous critics , especially from conservatives . The strongest attacks were that it was the prelude for a national political machine on behalf of Roosevelt . Reformers secured the Hatch Act of 1939 that largely depoliticized the WPA .", "Others complained that far left elements played a major role , especially in the New York City unit . Representative J. Parnell Thomas of the House Committee on Un-American Activities claimed in 1938 that divisions of the WPA were a `` hotbed of Communists '' and `` one more link in the vast and unparalleled New Deal propaganda network . ''", "Much of the criticism of the distribution of projects and funding allotment is a result of the view that the decisions were politically motivated . The South , as the poorest region of the United States , received 75 percent less in federal relief and public works funds per capita than the West . Critics would point to the fact that Roosevelt 's Democrats could be sure of voting support from the South , whereas the West was less of a sure thing ; swing states took priority over the other states .", "There was a perception that WPA employees were not diligent workers , and that they had little incentive to give up their busy work in favor of productive jobs . Some employers said that the WPA instilled poor work habits and encouraged inefficiency . Some job applicants found that a WPA work history was viewed negatively by employers , who said they had formed poor work habits .", "A Senate committee reported that , `` To some extent the complaint that WPA workers do poor work is not without foundation. ... Poor work habits and incorrect techniques are not remedied . Occasionally a supervisor or a foreman demands good work . '' The WPA and its workers were ridiculed as being lazy . The organization 's initials were said to stand for `` We Poke Along '' or `` We Putter Along '' or `` We piddle around '' or `` Whistle , Piss and Argue . '' These were sarcastic references to WPA projects that sometimes slowed down deliberately because foremen had an incentive to keep going , rather than finish a project .", "The WPA 's Division of Investigation proved so effective in preventing political corruption `` that a later congressional investigation could n't find a single serious irregularity it had overlooked , '' wrote economist Paul Krugman . `` This dedication to honest government was n't a sign of Roosevelt 's personal virtue ; rather , it reflected a political imperative . FDR 's mission in office was to show that government activism works . To maintain that mission 's credibility he needed to keep his administration 's record clean . And he did . ''", "On December 23 , 1938 , after leading the WPA for 3.5 years , Harry Hopkins resigned and became the Secretary of Commerce . To succeed him Roosevelt appointed Francis C. Harrington , a colonel in the Army Corps of Engineers and the WPA 's chief engineer , who had been leading the Division of Engineering and Construction .", "Following the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 in April 1939 , the WPA was grouped with the Bureau of Public Roads , Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division , Branch of Buildings Management of the National Park Service , United States Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration under the newly created Federal Works Agency . Created at the same time , the Federal Security Agency assumed the WPA 's responsibility for the National Youth Administration . `` The name of the Works Progress Administration has been changed to Work Projects Administration in order to make its title more descriptive of its major purpose , '' President Roosevelt wrote when announcing the reorganization .", "As WPA projects became more subject to the state , local sponsors were called on to provide 25 % of project costs . As the number of public works projects slowly diminished , more projects were dedicated to preparing for war . Having languished since the end of World War I , the American military services were depopulated and served by crumbling facilities ; when Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in 1938 , the U.S. Army numbered only 176,000 soldiers .", "On May 26 , 1940 , FDR delivered a fireside chat to the American people about `` the approaching storm '' , and on June 6 Harrington reprioritized WPA projects , anticipating a major expansion of the U.S. military . `` Types of WPA work to be expedited in every possible way to include , in addition to airports and military airfields , construction of housing and other facilities for enlarged military garrisons , camp and cantonment construction , and various improvements in navy yards , '' Harrington said . He observed that the WPA had already made substantial contributions to national defense over its five years of existence , by building 85 percent of the new airports in the U.S. and making $420 million in improvements to military facilities . He predicted there would be 500,000 WPA workers on defense - related projects over the next 12 months , at a cost of $250 million . The estimated number of WPA workers needed for defense projects was soon revised to between 600,000 and 700,000 . Vocational training for war industries was also begun by the WPA , with 50,000 trainees in the program by October 1940 .", "`` Only the WPA , having employed millions of relief workers for more than five years , had a comprehensive awareness of the skills that would be available in a full - scale national emergency , '' wrote journalist Nick Taylor . `` As the country began its preparedness buildup , the WPA was uniquely positioned to become a major defense agency . ''", "Harrington died suddenly , aged 53 , on September 30 , 1940 . Notably apolitical -- he boasted that he had never voted -- he had deflected Congressional criticism of the WPA by bringing attention to its building accomplishments and its role as an employer . Harrington 's successor , Howard O. Hunter , served as head of the WPA until May 1 , 1942 .", "Unemployment ended with war production for World War II , as millions of men joined the services , and cost - plus contracts made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them .", "Concluding that a national relief program was no longer needed , Roosevelt directed the Federal Works Administrator to end the WPA in a letter December 4 , 1942 . `` Seven years ago I was convinced that providing useful work is superior to any and every kind of dole . Experience had amply justified this policy , '' FDR wrote :", "By building airports , schools , highways , and parks ; by making huge quantities of clothing for the unfortunate ; by serving millions of lunches to school children ; by almost immeasurable kinds and quantities of service the Work Projects Administration has reached a creative hand into every county in this Nation . It has added to the national wealth , has repaired the wastage of depression , and has strengthened the country to bear the burden of war . By employing eight millions of Americans , with thirty millions of dependents , it has brought to these people renewed hope and courage . It has maintained and increased their working skills ; and it has enabled them once more to take their rightful places in public or in private employment .", "Roosevelt ordered a prompt end to WPA activities to conserve funds that had been appropriated . Operations in most states ended February 1 , 1943 . With no funds budgeted for the next fiscal year , the WPA ceased to exist after June 30 , 1943 .", "`` The agencies of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use '' , wrote sociologist Robert D. Leighninger . `` In a short period of ten years , the Public Works Administration , the Works Progress Administration , and the Civilian Conservation Corps built facilities in practically every community in the country . Most are still providing service half a century later . It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation . ''", "Alabama National Guard Armory , Guntersville , Alabama ( 1936 ) Prairie County Courthouse , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas ( 1939 ) Griffith Observatory , Los Angeles , California ( 1933 ) Santa Ana City Hall , Santa Ana , California ( 1935 ) Leon High School , Tallahassee , Florida ( 1936 -- 37 ) Government House , St. Augustine , Florida ( 1937 ) Fort Hawkins , Macon , Georgia ( 1936 -- 38 ) Boise High School Gymnasium , Boise , Idaho ( 1936 ) Midway International Airport , Chicago , Illinois ( 1935 -- 39 ) Gregg Park Bandshell , Vincennes , Indiana ( 1939 ) Canoe house , University of Iowa ( 1937 ) Jenkins Culvert , Gove County , Kansas ( 1938 ) Louisville Fire Department Headquarters , Louisville , Kentucky ( 1936 ) Alvar Street Branch , New Orleans Public Library ( 1940 ) WPA Field House and Pump Station , Scituate , Massachusetts ( 1938 ) Detroit Naval Armory , Detroit , Michigan ( 1936 -- 39 ) Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , Brandon , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Milaca Municipal Hall , Milaca , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Upland Auditorium , Upland , Nebraska ( 1936 ) Jackie Robinson Play Center , Harlem , New York ( 1936 ) LaGuardia Airport , Queens , New York ( 1937 -- 39 ) U.S. Post Office , Rhinebeck , New York ( 1940 ) Robeson County Agricultural Building , Lumberton , North Carolina ( 1937 ) Emmons County Courthouse , Linton , North Dakota ( 1934 ) Rubber Bowl Stadium , Akron , Ohio ( 1940 ) Timberline Lodge , Mt . Hood National Forest , Oregon ( 1936 -- 38 ) Oregon State Library , Salem , Oregon ( 1939 ) Schenley Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1938 -- 39 ) McCoy Stadium , Pawtucket , Rhode Island ( 1942 ) Dock Street Theatre , Charleston , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Liberty Colored High School , Liberty , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Dinosaur Park , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 1936 ) Bristol Municipal Stadium , Bristol , Tennessee ( 1934 ) Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas ( 1940 ) Schoolhouse , Lometa , Texas ( 1938 -- 40 ) River Walk , San Antonio , Texas ( 1939 ) City Library , Monroe , Utah ( 1934 ) Bremerton Public Library , Bremerton , Washington ( 1938 ) White Center Fieldhouse , White Center , Washington ( 1938 -- 40 ) Raleigh County Courthouse , Beckley , West Virginia ( 1936 -- 37 ) Carson Park Baseball Stadium , Eau Claire , Wisconsin ( 1937 ) Mondeaux Lodge House , Westboro , Wisconsin ( 1936 -- 38 ) Natrona County High School , Casper , Wyoming ( 1941 )", "Alabama National Guard Armory , Guntersville , Alabama ( 1936 )", "Alabama National Guard Armory , Guntersville , Alabama ( 1936 )", "Prairie County Courthouse , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas ( 1939 )", "Prairie County Courthouse , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas ( 1939 )", "Griffith Observatory , Los Angeles , California ( 1933 )", "Griffith Observatory , Los Angeles , California ( 1933 )", "Santa Ana City Hall , Santa Ana , California ( 1935 )", "Santa Ana City Hall , Santa Ana , California ( 1935 )", "Leon High School , Tallahassee , Florida ( 1936 -- 37 )", "Leon High School , Tallahassee , Florida ( 1936 -- 37 )", "Government House , St. Augustine , Florida ( 1937 )", "Government House , St. Augustine , Florida ( 1937 )", "Fort Hawkins , Macon , Georgia ( 1936 -- 38 )", "Fort Hawkins , Macon , Georgia ( 1936 -- 38 )", "Boise High School Gymnasium , Boise , Idaho ( 1936 )", "Boise High School Gymnasium , Boise , Idaho ( 1936 )", "Midway International Airport , Chicago , Illinois ( 1935 -- 39 )", "Midway International Airport , Chicago , Illinois ( 1935 -- 39 )", "Gregg Park Bandshell , Vincennes , Indiana ( 1939 )", "Gregg Park Bandshell , Vincennes , Indiana ( 1939 )", "Canoe house , University of Iowa ( 1937 )", "Canoe house , University of Iowa ( 1937 )", "Jenkins Culvert , Gove County , Kansas ( 1938 )", "Jenkins Culvert , Gove County , Kansas ( 1938 )", "Louisville Fire Department Headquarters , Louisville , Kentucky ( 1936 )", "Louisville Fire Department Headquarters , Louisville , Kentucky ( 1936 )", "Alvar Street Branch , New Orleans Public Library ( 1940 )", "Alvar Street Branch , New Orleans Public Library ( 1940 )", "WPA Field House and Pump Station , Scituate , Massachusetts ( 1938 )", "WPA Field House and Pump Station , Scituate , Massachusetts ( 1938 )", "Detroit Naval Armory , Detroit , Michigan ( 1936 -- 39 )", "Detroit Naval Armory , Detroit , Michigan ( 1936 -- 39 )", "Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , Brandon , Minnesota ( 1936 )", "Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , Brandon , Minnesota ( 1936 )", "Milaca Municipal Hall , Milaca , Minnesota ( 1936 )", "Milaca Municipal Hall , Milaca , Minnesota ( 1936 )", "Upland Auditorium , Upland , Nebraska ( 1936 )", "Upland Auditorium , Upland , Nebraska ( 1936 )", "Jackie Robinson Play Center , Harlem , New York ( 1936 )", "Jackie Robinson Play Center , Harlem , New York ( 1936 )", "LaGuardia Airport , Queens , New York ( 1937 -- 39 )", "LaGuardia Airport , Queens , New York ( 1937 -- 39 )", "U.S. Post Office , Rhinebeck , New York ( 1940 )", "U.S. Post Office , Rhinebeck , New York ( 1940 )", "Robeson County Agricultural Building , Lumberton , North Carolina ( 1937 )", "Robeson County Agricultural Building , Lumberton , North Carolina ( 1937 )", "Emmons County Courthouse , Linton , North Dakota ( 1934 )", "Emmons County Courthouse , Linton , North Dakota ( 1934 )", "Rubber Bowl Stadium , Akron , Ohio ( 1940 )", "Rubber Bowl Stadium , Akron , Ohio ( 1940 )", "Timberline Lodge , Mt . Hood National Forest , Oregon ( 1936 -- 38 )", "Timberline Lodge , Mt . Hood National Forest , Oregon ( 1936 -- 38 )", "Oregon State Library , Salem , Oregon ( 1939 )", "Oregon State Library , Salem , Oregon ( 1939 )", "Schenley Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1938 -- 39 )", "Schenley Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1938 -- 39 )", "McCoy Stadium , Pawtucket , Rhode Island ( 1942 )", "McCoy Stadium , Pawtucket , Rhode Island ( 1942 )", "Dock Street Theatre , Charleston , South Carolina ( 1937 )", "Dock Street Theatre , Charleston , South Carolina ( 1937 )", "Liberty Colored High School , Liberty , South Carolina ( 1937 )", "Liberty Colored High School , Liberty , South Carolina ( 1937 )", "Dinosaur Park , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 1936 )", "Dinosaur Park , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 1936 )", "Bristol Municipal Stadium , Bristol , Tennessee ( 1934 )", "Bristol Municipal Stadium , Bristol , Tennessee ( 1934 )", "Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas ( 1940 )", "Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas ( 1940 )", "Schoolhouse , Lometa , Texas ( 1938 -- 40 )", "Schoolhouse , Lometa , Texas ( 1938 -- 40 )", "River Walk , San Antonio , Texas ( 1939 )", "River Walk , San Antonio , Texas ( 1939 )", "City Library , Monroe , Utah ( 1934 )", "City Library , Monroe , Utah ( 1934 )", "Bremerton Public Library , Bremerton , Washington ( 1938 )", "Bremerton Public Library , Bremerton , Washington ( 1938 )", "White Center Fieldhouse , White Center , Washington ( 1938 -- 40 )", "White Center Fieldhouse , White Center , Washington ( 1938 -- 40 )", "Raleigh County Courthouse , Beckley , West Virginia ( 1936 -- 37 )", "Raleigh County Courthouse , Beckley , West Virginia ( 1936 -- 37 )", "Carson Park Baseball Stadium , Eau Claire , Wisconsin ( 1937 )", "Carson Park Baseball Stadium , Eau Claire , Wisconsin ( 1937 )", "Mondeaux Lodge House , Westboro , Wisconsin ( 1936 -- 38 )", "Mondeaux Lodge House , Westboro , Wisconsin ( 1936 -- 38 )", "Natrona County High School , Casper , Wyoming ( 1941 )", "Natrona County High School , Casper , Wyoming ( 1941 )" ]

[ [ "July 21, 2017" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "Descendants 2 Genre Musical Fantasy Teen Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Directed by Kenny Ortega Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Sofia Carson Booboo Stewart China Anne McClain Composer ( s ) David Lawrence Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Judy Taylor Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Kenny Ortega Producer ( s ) Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer ) Editor ( s ) Don Brochu Running time 111 minutes Production company ( s ) Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel Original Productions Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney XD Lifetime Lifetime Movies Freeform ABC Original release July 21 , 2017 Chronology Preceded by Descendants", "Descendants 2", "Genre Musical Fantasy Teen", "Musical Fantasy Teen", "Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott", "Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott", "Directed by Kenny Ortega", "Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Sofia Carson Booboo Stewart China Anne McClain", "Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Sofia Carson Booboo Stewart China Anne McClain", "China Anne McClain", "Composer ( s ) David Lawrence", "Country of origin United States", "Original language ( s ) English", "Production", "Executive producer ( s ) Judy Taylor Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Kenny Ortega", "Judy Taylor Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Kenny Ortega", "Producer ( s ) Tracey Jeffrey ( line producer )", "Editor ( s ) Don Brochu", "Running time 111 minutes", "Production company ( s ) Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel Original Productions", "Bad Angels Productions 5678 Productions Disney Channel Original Productions", "Bad Angels Productions", "Disney Channel Original Productions", "Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television", "Release", "Original network Disney Channel Disney XD Lifetime Lifetime Movies Freeform ABC", "Disney Channel Disney XD Lifetime Lifetime Movies Freeform ABC", "Original release July 21 , 2017", "Chronology", "Preceded by Descendants", "Descendants 2 is a Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on July 21 , 2017 on Disney Channel , and was simulcast on Disney - owned networks ABC , Disney XD , Freeform , Lifetime and Lifetime Movies . It is the sequel to the 2015 film Descendants . The film stars Dove Cameron , Cameron Boyce , Sofia Carson , Booboo Stewart , Mitchell Hope and China Anne McClain .", "Mal struggles with her new celebrity life as the girlfriend of King Ben , dying her hair blonde , and maintaining a princess - like personality that she is uncomfortable with . She admits her issues to her friends Evie , Carlos , and Jay , but they are content with their new lives in Auradon and do not wish to return to the Isle of the Lost . Evie scolds Mal for relying on her mother 's spell book to solve her issues . Carlos , wishing to ask Jane to the upcoming Cotillion dance , turns to Mal for help to be honest with her . Mal gives him a sweet that will make him speak the truth , but his dog Dude eats it , magically speaking the truth in English and very frankly as a result .", "Ben eventually discovers Mal 's reliance on magic , and she comes clean about her insecurities , causing the two to have a falling out . Mal returns to the Isle , now ruled by her former friend Uma , Ursula 's daughter , along with Harry and Gil , the sons of Captain Hook and Gaston . Mal visits hair stylist Dizzy Tremaine , Drizella 's daughter , who restores her signature purple hair , saying she felt that Mal 's blonde hair was unnatural . Harry discovers Mal has returned and informs Uma .", "Ben , Evie , Jay , and Carlos learn of Mal 's departure and sneak onto the island to find her , but Gil recognizes them . Ben confronts Mal , who rejects his feelings for what she thought was both his sake and Auradon 's . Ben leaves dejected , only to be captured by Uma , who orders Mal and her friends to retrieve the Fairy Godmother 's wand or Ben dies . Carlos and Jay return to Auradon Prep , where they create a replica of the wand using a 3D printer . They are caught by Lonnie , Mulan 's daughter , who blackmails them into letting her come with them , having previously been rejected from Jay 's sports team based on her gender .", "Uma speaks with Ben , bitter that she and the others were not chosen to go to Auradon . Ben takes this into account and invites her to Auradon , but Uma instead plots to make her own way there . Mal 's group return , handing over the fake wand in exchange for Ben , but Uma realizes it is a forgery . The group flee back to Auradon , but Mal and Ben 's relationship is still on the rocks . The villains ' children come to terms that they can not run from their pasts and agree to be honest with themselves and each other . Carlos confesses to Jane but struggles a little bit , while Jay appoints Lonnie as the captain of his team .", "Aboard a ship during the Cotillion , Ben stuns everyone by appearing with Uma , who he declares as his true love and announces he will destroy the barrier on the Isle . Jane unveils a stain glass display Ben commissioned to show his affection for Mal , who realizes he loved her for who she was all along . Suspecting Uma has given him a love potion , Mal confesses her love for Ben and kisses him , breaking the spell . Feeling infuriated , Uma leaps into the water , using Ursula 's magic seashell to transform into an octopus , Mal fighting back by transforming into a dragon . Ben intervenes , quelling the battle , and Uma returns the ring , that Ben had originally given her , when he had declared her as his true love , and swims away despite his offer still standing .", "Mal and Ben reunite , Mal surrendering her spell book over to the Fairy Godmother . Mal and Evie request that Dizzy be allowed to attend Auradon Prep . When she is given the offer , Dizzy accepts it immediately . In a post-credit scene , Uma addresses the audience , promising that the story is not over .", "Dove Cameron as Mal , the daughter of Maleficent Cameron Boyce as Carlos de Vil , the son of Cruella de Vil Sofia Carson as Evie , the daughter of The Evil Queen Booboo Stewart as Jay , the son of Jafar Mitchell Hope as Ben , the son of Belle and Beast Brenna D'Amico as Jane , the daughter of the Fairy Godmother Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother , the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane 's mother Bobby Moynihan as the Voice of Dude , Carlos ' dog Thomas Doherty as Harry Hook , the son of Captain Hook Dylan Playfair as Gil , the son of Gaston Dianne Doan as Lonnie , the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang Jedidiah Goodacre as Chad Charming , the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming Zachary Gibson as Doug , the son of Dopey the Dwarf Anna Cathcart as Dizzy Tremaine , the daughter of Drizella Tremaine and granddaughter of Lady Tremaine Dan Payne as the Beast , Queen Belle 's husband and Ben 's father Keegan Connor Tracy as Belle , Beast 's wife and Ben 's mother China Anne McClain as Uma , the daughter of Ursula", "Dove Cameron as Mal , the daughter of Maleficent", "Cameron Boyce as Carlos de Vil , the son of Cruella de Vil", "Sofia Carson as Evie , the daughter of The Evil Queen", "Booboo Stewart as Jay , the son of Jafar", "Mitchell Hope as Ben , the son of Belle and Beast", "Brenna D'Amico as Jane , the daughter of the Fairy Godmother", "Melanie Paxson as the Fairy Godmother , the headmistress of Auradon Prep and Jane 's mother", "Bobby Moynihan as the Voice of Dude , Carlos ' dog", "Thomas Doherty as Harry Hook , the son of Captain Hook", "Dylan Playfair as Gil , the son of Gaston", "Dianne Doan as Lonnie , the daughter of Fa Mulan and Li Shang", "Jedidiah Goodacre as Chad Charming , the son of Cinderella and Prince Charming", "Zachary Gibson as Doug , the son of Dopey the Dwarf", "Anna Cathcart as Dizzy Tremaine , the daughter of Drizella Tremaine and granddaughter of Lady Tremaine", "Dan Payne as the Beast , Queen Belle 's husband and Ben 's father", "Keegan Connor Tracy as Belle , Beast 's wife and Ben 's mother", "China Anne McClain as Uma , the daughter of Ursula", "At the 2015 D23 Expo , Disney announced that a Descendants sequel film had been ordered . An official announcement was made on Disney Channel 's Facebook page on October 15 , 2015 . Deadline Hollywood reported that Parriott and McGibbon would return as screenwriters and executive producers for the sequel and that the cast from the first film was expected to return .", "On June 10 , 2016 , China Anne McClain , who was already voicing Freddie on the Descendants spinoff series Descendants : Wicked World , was announced to be playing Ursula 's daughter , Uma , in Descendants 2 . In July 2016 it was revealed that Thomas Doherty would play the role of Harry , the son of Captain Hook . In August 2016 , Sarah Jeffery who portrays Audrey revealed that she would not be returning , while Brenna D'Amico revealed that she would be returning in Descendants 2 , as were as Dianne Doan , Jedidiah Goodacre , and Zachary Gibson . On July 19 , 2017 , it was announced on The View that Whoopi Goldberg would be providing the voice for Ursula , the Sea Witch and Uma 's mother .", "Descendants 2 made its debut on Disney Channel in Canada on July 21 , 2017 , at the same time as the United States . In the United States , the film premiered simultaneously across six - Disney owned networks : Disney Channel , Disney XD , Freeform , ABC , Lifetime , and Lifetime Movies . On Disney Channel , the film premiere alongside the world premiere of Raven 's Home , which premiered immediately after .", "In total , the film was viewed by 8.92 million viewers across six networks on the night of its premiere , up from its predecessor in 2015 ; at least 13 million people watched a minute of the film . On Disney Channel , the film was watched by 5.33 million viewers , and topped the night on cable television , receiving a 1.20 rating . Although down from the first film , it was the most - viewed telecast on the network since the first film . ABC 's broadcast of the film received a 0.6 / 3 rating / share , drawing 2.41 million viewers ; 0.47 million viewers watched the film on Disney XD with a 0.12 rating , 0.30 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime with a 0.09 rating , 0.26 million viewers watched the film on Freeform with a 0.08 rating , and 0.15 million viewers watched the film on Lifetime Movies with a 0.05 rating . In delayed viewing , the film rose to a total of 21 million viewers .", "On Disney Channel , the film placed second in the week of its DVR ratings , jumping 92 % to a 2.3 rating , and topped the week in viewer gains , jumping 104 % with an additional 5.54 million viewers , the biggest viewer gain on cable television in two years , totaling to 10.90 million viewers on Disney Channel . On Freeform , the film jumped 207 % with an additional 0.54 million viewers , totaling to 0.80 million viewers on the network ; on Lifetime Movie Network , the film gained 96 % with an additional 0.14 million viewers , totaling to 0.29 million viewers on the network .", "Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Descendants cast Released July 21 , 2017 Recorded July -- August 2016 Genre Pop Length 32 : 30 Label Walt Disney Descendants soundtracks chronology Descendants ( 2015 ) Descendants 2015 Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Singles from Descendants 2 `` Ways to Be Wicked '' Released : April 14 , 2017 `` What 's My Name '' Released : June 2 , 2017", "Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack )", "Soundtrack album by Descendants cast", "Released July 21 , 2017", "Recorded July -- August 2016", "Genre Pop", "Length 32 : 30", "Label Walt Disney", "Descendants soundtracks chronology", "Descendants ( 2015 ) Descendants 2015 Descendants 2 ( 2017 )", "Descendants ( 2015 ) Descendants 2015 Descendants 2 ( 2017 )", "Descendants ( 2015 ) Descendants 2015 Descendants 2 ( 2017 )", "Singles from Descendants 2", "`` Ways to Be Wicked '' Released : April 14 , 2017 `` What 's My Name '' Released : June 2 , 2017", "`` Ways to Be Wicked '' Released : April 14 , 2017 `` What 's My Name '' Released : June 2 , 2017", "`` Ways to Be Wicked '' Released : April 14 , 2017", "`` What 's My Name '' Released : June 2 , 2017", "Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) is the soundtrack accompanying the film of the same name . The soundtrack and lead single , `` Ways to Be Wicked '' , was announced on April 12 , 2017 . The soundtrack was released on July 21 , 2017 .", "The soundtrack debuted at number six on the U.S. Billboard 200 after earning 46,000 album - equivalent units , 35,000 of which were pure sales ; sales for the soundtrack 's debuting week were up from the previous film . It dropped to number nine on the chart for its second week , earning an additional 27,000 units .", "`` Ways to Be Wicked '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce and Booboo Stewart , premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as first single on April 14 along with the pre-order of the soundtrack . It debuted at number 1 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles . The song is produced by Sam Hollander and Josh Edmondson who wrote the song with Grant Michaels and Charity Daw . `` What 's My Name '' , performed by China Anne McClain , Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair , premiered on Radio Disney and then was officially released as second single on June 2 , 2017 .", "`` Rather Be With You '' , from `` Descendants : Wicked World '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Lauryn McClain and Brenna D'Amico , was released as first promotional single on October 28 , 2016 . `` Evil '' , from Wicked World , performed by Dove Cameron , was released on December 9 , 2016 as second promotional single . `` Better Together '' , from Wicked World , performed by Dove Cameron and Sofia Carson , was released as third and final promotional single on March 3 , 2017 .", "`` Chillin ' Like a Villain '' , performed by Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce , Booboo Stewart and Mitchell Hope , peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` It 's Goin ' Down '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce , Booboo Stewart , China Anne McClain , Mitchell Hope , Thomas Doherty and Dylan Playfair , peaked at number 77 on the Hot 100 . `` You and Me '' , performed by Dove Cameron , Sofia Carson , Cameron Boyce , Booboo Stewart , Mitchell Hope and Jeff Lewis , debuted at number 20 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles .", "Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ways to Be Wicked '' Sam Hollander Josh Edmondson Grant Michaels Charity Daw Dove Cameron Sofia Carson Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart 3 : 38 2 . `` What 's My Name '' Antonina Armato Tim James Tom Sturges Adam Schmalholz China Anne McClain Thomas Doherty Dylan Playfair 3 : 10 3 . `` Chillin ' Like a Villain '' Armato James Sturges Schmalholz Carson Boyce Stewart Mitchell Hope 3 : 13 4 . `` Space Between '' Shayna Mordue Stephen Mark Conley Tyler Shamy Andy Dodd Cameron Carson 3 : 26 5 . `` It 's Goin ' Down '' Armato James Sturges Schmalholz Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Hope Doherty Playfair 4 : 12 6 . `` You and Me '' Mitch Allan Nikki Leonti Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart Hope Jeff Lewis 3 : 32 7 . `` Kiss the Girl '' Alan Menken Howard Ashman Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Doherty 2 : 44 8 . `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' Menken Ashman McClain 2 : 43 9 . `` Better Together '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Matt Wong Jack Kugell Hannah Jones Cameron Carson 2 : 44 10 . `` Evil '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Dan Book Shelly Peiken Cameron 2 : 54 11 . `` Rather Be with You '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Jeannie Lurie Chen Neeman Aris Archontis Cameron Carson 2 : 14 Total length : 32 : 30", "Descendants 2 ( Original TV Movie Soundtrack ) -- Standard edition", "No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length", "1 . `` Ways to Be Wicked '' Sam Hollander Josh Edmondson Grant Michaels Charity Daw Dove Cameron Sofia Carson Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart 3 : 38", "Sam Hollander Josh Edmondson Grant Michaels Charity Daw", "Dove Cameron Sofia Carson Cameron Boyce Booboo Stewart", "2 . `` What 's My Name '' Antonina Armato Tim James Tom Sturges Adam Schmalholz China Anne McClain Thomas Doherty Dylan Playfair 3 : 10", "Antonina Armato Tim James Tom Sturges Adam Schmalholz", "China Anne McClain Thomas Doherty Dylan Playfair", "China Anne McClain", "3 . `` Chillin ' Like a Villain '' Armato James Sturges Schmalholz Carson Boyce Stewart Mitchell Hope 3 : 13", "Armato James Sturges Schmalholz", "Carson Boyce Stewart Mitchell Hope", "4 . `` Space Between '' Shayna Mordue Stephen Mark Conley Tyler Shamy Andy Dodd Cameron Carson 3 : 26", "Shayna Mordue Stephen Mark Conley Tyler Shamy Andy Dodd", "Stephen Mark Conley", "Cameron Carson", "5 . `` It 's Goin ' Down '' Armato James Sturges Schmalholz Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Hope Doherty Playfair 4 : 12", "Armato James Sturges Schmalholz", "Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Hope Doherty Playfair", "6 . `` You and Me '' Mitch Allan Nikki Leonti Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart Hope Jeff Lewis 3 : 32", "Mitch Allan Nikki Leonti", "Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart Hope Jeff Lewis", "7 . `` Kiss the Girl '' Alan Menken Howard Ashman Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Doherty 2 : 44", "Alan Menken Howard Ashman", "Cameron Carson Boyce Stewart McClain Doherty", "8 . `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' Menken Ashman McClain 2 : 43", "Menken Ashman", "McClain", "9 . `` Better Together '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Matt Wong Jack Kugell Hannah Jones Cameron Carson 2 : 44", "Matt Wong Jack Kugell Hannah Jones", "Cameron Carson", "10 . `` Evil '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Dan Book Shelly Peiken Cameron 2 : 54", "Dan Book Shelly Peiken", "Cameron", "11 . `` Rather Be with You '' ( from Descendants : Wicked World ) Jeannie Lurie Chen Neeman Aris Archontis Cameron Carson 2 : 14", "Jeannie Lurie Chen Neeman Aris Archontis", "Cameron Carson", "Total length : 32 : 30", "Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 64 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 102 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 25 New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) 6 US Billboard 200 6 US Top Album Sales ( Billboard ) US Kid Albums ( Billboard ) US Digital Albums ( Billboard ) US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Current Albums ( Billboard )", "Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position", "Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 64", "Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 102", "Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 25", "New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) 6", "US Billboard 200 6", "US Top Album Sales ( Billboard )", "US Kid Albums ( Billboard )", "US Digital Albums ( Billboard )", "US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard )", "US Top Current Albums ( Billboard )", "A prequel novel called Rise of the Isle of the Lost was released on May 23 , 2017 . The novel details Uma 's rise to power and her earlier history with Mal . The main plot details Uma planning to get the migrating trident of King Triton in order to help bring down the barrier surrounding the Isle of the Lost .", "In addition to the mentioning of Genie , Grumpy , and Merriwether being teachers at Auradon Prep , a third school called the Serpent Preparatory School for the Education of Miscreants is located on the Isle of the Lost which Uma , Harry Hook , and Gil attended . Serpent Prep is a rival of Dragon Hall .", "The book also introduced Yen Sid 's Auradon intern Sophie , Ariel 's niece Arrabelle , and Mulan and Shang 's son Li'l Shang who is Lonnie 's brother . There was a mentioning that the Stabbington Brothers from Tangled are also on the Isle of the Lost where they have Stabbington Cousins . Other information listed here that was later referenced in the film was Audrey and Chad breaking up , the introduction of R.O.A.R. , Mal keeping Maleficent 's lizard form as a pet , and Evie having her magic mirror placed in the museum ." ]

[ [ "Los Angeles Lakers" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "2004 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Detroit Pistons Larry Brown Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson Dates June 6 -- 15 MVP Chauncey Billups ( Detroit Pistons ) Television ABC ( U.S. ) Announcers Al Michaels and Doc Rivers Radio network ESPN Announcers Brent Musburger and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1 : Joe Crawford , Bob Delaney , Bernie Fryer Game 2 : Bennett Salvatore , Steve Javie , Joe DeRosa Game 3 : Ron Garretson , Dan Crawford , Mike Callahan Game 4 : Jack Nies , Dick Bavetta , Eddie F. Rush Game 5 : Joe Crawford , Bernie Fryer , Bennett Salvatore Hall of Famers Lakers : Karl Malone ( 2010 ) Gary Payton ( 2013 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 2016 ) Coaches : Larry Brown ( 2002 ) Phil Jackson ( 2007 ) Tex Winter ( 2011 ) Officials : Dick Bavetta ( 2015 ) Eastern Finals Pistons defeated Pacers , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Lakers defeated Timberwolves , 4 -- 2 < 2003 NBA Finals 2005 >", "Team Coach Wins Detroit Pistons Larry Brown Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson", "Team Coach Wins Detroit Pistons Larry Brown Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson", "Team Coach Wins", "Detroit Pistons Larry Brown", "Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson", "Dates June 6 -- 15", "MVP Chauncey Billups ( Detroit Pistons )", "Television ABC ( U.S. )", "Announcers Al Michaels and Doc Rivers", "Radio network ESPN", "Announcers Brent Musburger and Jack Ramsay", "Referees", "Game 1 : Joe Crawford , Bob Delaney , Bernie Fryer Game 2 : Bennett Salvatore , Steve Javie , Joe DeRosa Game 3 : Ron Garretson , Dan Crawford , Mike Callahan Game 4 : Jack Nies , Dick Bavetta , Eddie F. Rush Game 5 : Joe Crawford , Bernie Fryer , Bennett Salvatore", "Game 1 : Joe Crawford , Bob Delaney , Bernie Fryer Game 2 : Bennett Salvatore , Steve Javie , Joe DeRosa Game 3 : Ron Garretson , Dan Crawford , Mike Callahan Game 4 : Jack Nies , Dick Bavetta , Eddie F. Rush Game 5 : Joe Crawford , Bernie Fryer , Bennett Salvatore", "Game 1 : Joe Crawford , Bob Delaney , Bernie Fryer", "Game 2 : Bennett Salvatore , Steve Javie , Joe DeRosa", "Game 3 : Ron Garretson , Dan Crawford , Mike Callahan", "Game 4 : Jack Nies , Dick Bavetta , Eddie F. Rush", "Game 5 : Joe Crawford , Bernie Fryer , Bennett Salvatore", "Hall of Famers Lakers : Karl Malone ( 2010 ) Gary Payton ( 2013 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 2016 ) Coaches : Larry Brown ( 2002 ) Phil Jackson ( 2007 ) Tex Winter ( 2011 ) Officials : Dick Bavetta ( 2015 )", "Eastern Finals Pistons defeated Pacers , 4 -- 2", "Western Finals Lakers defeated Timberwolves , 4 -- 2", "< 2003 NBA Finals 2005 >", "The 2004 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 2003 -- 04 National Basketball Association season . The Finals were between the Los Angeles Lakers of the Western Conference and the Detroit Pistons of the Eastern Conference ; the Lakers held home court advantage . The series was played under a best - of - seven format , so the first team to collect four game victories would win the series .", "Although the Lakers were the heavy favorite , the Pistons won the series four games to one to win their first title since 1990 and their fifth overall ( three NBA Championships , two NBL Championships ) . Pistons point guard Chauncey Billups was named as the NBA Finals MVP . The series was noted for the perceived underdog , the Pistons , dominating a Lakers team that had four future Hall of Famers .", "Pistons owner William Davidson became the first owner in sports history to win two championships in one year . Eight days earlier , the other team that Davidson owned , the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League had won the Stanley Cup in seven games over the Calgary Flames .", "The Lakers had won consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 , but lost to the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference playoffs in 2003 to end their streak at three .", "In the 2003 offseason , the Lakers made major changes , with initially varying results . Needing to find a point guard and a power forward to defend against Tim Duncan and the Spurs , the Lakers signed veteran stars Gary Payton and Karl Malone for well below market value ; they also hoped to give both veterans their first championship ring . The Lakers were afterwards considered the favorites to win the NBA title .", "During the regular season , after starting the season 18 -- 3 , the Lakers were afflicted by numerous injuries and stumbled to a 56 -- 26 record to finish the season with the second seed in the Western Conference .", "The Lakers breezed past their first - round opponent , the Houston Rockets , headlining a matchup between Shaquille O'Neal and a young Yao Ming , defeating the squad 4 - 1 but then lost the first two games in their series against the Spurs before a dramatic comeback that saw them win 4 -- 2 . Then , they faced the Minnesota Timberwolves and league MVP Kevin Garnett . The Lakers won the series 4 -- 2 to advance to the Finals .", "The Pistons won two back - to - back championships in 1989 and 1990 , but with retirements and departures of several stars , they faded from relevance . The team hired former star Joe Dumars as general manager of the team in 2000 , and he began stockpiling draft picks and trading players . He landed defensive stalwart Ben Wallace and guard Richard Hamilton by trading established stars in controversial trades , signed Chauncey Billups ( considered an underachiever ) , and drafted Tayshaun Prince with the 23rd pick in the 2002 Draft . He was named the NBA Executive of the Year in 2003 for returning the Pistons to prominence .", "The Pistons made another major -- perhaps , riskier -- coaching change , firing head coach Rick Carlisle , who had led the Pistons to consecutive Central Division titles , 100 regular season wins , and had received the NBA Coach of the Year Award in 2002 . In his place , Dumars hired legendary coach Larry Brown , who had most recently led the Philadelphia 76ers to the NBA Finals in 2001 .", "In a three - team trade involving the Boston Celtics and Atlanta Hawks at the trade deadline , Dumars traded Chucky Atkins , Lindsey Hunter , Bobby Sura , Željko Rebrača and other considerations for guard Mike James and forward Rasheed Wallace , who proved to be the final pieces of the championship team . Lindsey Hunter would rejoin the Pistons a week later after being waived by the Celtics , and would be partnered with Mike James to create a formidable guard tandem off the bench dubbed `` The Pit Bulls . '' . The Pistons , who were already a good defensive team , became a defensive force to be reckoned with . They became the first team in NBA history to hold five consecutive opponents under 70 points , and finished the season with a 54 -- 28 record and the third seed in the Eastern Conference .", "The Pistons easily overcame the Milwaukee Bucks 4 - 1 , but struggled against the defending conference champion New Jersey Nets . After splitting the first four games of the series , the Nets won Game 5 in Detroit in triple overtime to take a 3 - 2 series lead back to New Jersey . After falling behind by 12 early in Game 6 , the Pistons stormed back in the second quarter and held on for an 81 - 75 to force a seventh game . The Pistons never trailed after the midway point of the first quarter and cruised to a 90 - 69 win to take the series .", "In the Eastern Conference Finals , a match up with the 61 - win , Carlisle - led Pacers , the Pistons faltered in the final 90 seconds of Game 1 , falling 78 - 74 . Prior to Game 2 , Rasheed Wallace famously guaranteed a Detroit victory . With Detroit clinging to a 69 - 67 lead with under 30 seconds to play , after Billups recovered the basketball after a Jermaine O'Neal blocked shot of Rasheed Wallace , Jamaal Tinsley stripped Billups and found Reggie Miller open down the court for what appeared to be the tying lay - up . As Miller approached the basket , Tayshaun Prince ran in from the left wing and blocked Miller 's lay - up as it left his fingertips . Richard Hamilton recovered the loose ball before it went out of bounds and was fouled by Tinsley. Hamilton would make three free throws in the game 's final 15 seconds to seal the victory and tie the series . The Pistons rode the momentum of Game 2 ( including dominant wins in Games 3 and 5 ) to a 4 - 2 series victory , advancing to the NBA Finals for the first time in 14 years .", "Los Angeles Lakers ( Western Conference Champion ) Detroit Pistons ( Eastern Conference Champion ) # Western Conference Team PCT GB c - Minnesota Timberwolves 58 24 . 707 -- y - Los Angeles Lakers 56 26 . 683 x-San Antonio Spurs 57 25 . 695 x-Sacramento Kings 55 27 . 671 5 x-Dallas Mavericks 52 30 . 634 6 6 x-Memphis Grizzlies 50 32 . 610 8 7 x-Houston Rockets 45 37 . 549 13 8 x-Denver Nuggets 43 39 . 524 15 9 Utah Jazz 42 40 . 512 16 10 Portland Trail Blazers 41 41 . 500 17 11 Seattle SuperSonics 37 45 . 451 21 12 Golden State Warriors 37 45 . 451 21 13 Phoenix Suns 29 53 . 354 29 14 Los Angeles Clippers 28 54 . 341 30 2nd seed in the West , 4th best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB z - Indiana Pacers 61 21 . 744 -- y - New Jersey Nets 47 35 . 573 14 x-Detroit Pistons 54 28 . 659 7 x-Miami Heat 42 40 . 512 19 5 x-New Orleans Hornets 41 41 . 500 20 6 x-Milwaukee Bucks 41 41 . 500 20 7 x-New York Knicks 39 43 . 476 22 8 x-Boston Celtics 36 46 . 439 25 9 Cleveland Cavaliers 35 47 . 427 26 10 Toronto Raptors 33 49 . 402 28 10 Philadelphia 76ers 33 49 . 402 28 12 Atlanta Hawks 28 54 . 341 33 13 Washington Wizards 25 57 . 305 36 14 Chicago Bulls 23 59 . 280 37 15 Orlando Magic 21 61 . 256 39 3rd seed in the East , 6th best league record Defeated the ( 7 ) Houston Rockets , 4 -- 1 First Round Defeated the ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks , 4 -- 1 Defeated the ( 3 ) San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 2 Conference Semifinals Defeated the ( 2 ) New Jersey Nets , 4 -- 3 Defeated the ( 1 ) Minnesota Timberwolves , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the ( 1 ) Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 2", "Los Angeles Lakers ( Western Conference Champion ) Detroit Pistons ( Eastern Conference Champion )", "# Western Conference Team PCT GB c - Minnesota Timberwolves 58 24 . 707 -- y - Los Angeles Lakers 56 26 . 683 x-San Antonio Spurs 57 25 . 695 x-Sacramento Kings 55 27 . 671 5 x-Dallas Mavericks 52 30 . 634 6 6 x-Memphis Grizzlies 50 32 . 610 8 7 x-Houston Rockets 45 37 . 549 13 8 x-Denver Nuggets 43 39 . 524 15 9 Utah Jazz 42 40 . 512 16 10 Portland Trail Blazers 41 41 . 500 17 11 Seattle SuperSonics 37 45 . 451 21 12 Golden State Warriors 37 45 . 451 21 13 Phoenix Suns 29 53 . 354 29 14 Los Angeles Clippers 28 54 . 341 30 2nd seed in the West , 4th best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB z - Indiana Pacers 61 21 . 744 -- y - New Jersey Nets 47 35 . 573 14 x-Detroit Pistons 54 28 . 659 7 x-Miami Heat 42 40 . 512 19 5 x-New Orleans Hornets 41 41 . 500 20 6 x-Milwaukee Bucks 41 41 . 500 20 7 x-New York Knicks 39 43 . 476 22 8 x-Boston Celtics 36 46 . 439 25 9 Cleveland Cavaliers 35 47 . 427 26 10 Toronto Raptors 33 49 . 402 28 10 Philadelphia 76ers 33 49 . 402 28 12 Atlanta Hawks 28 54 . 341 33 13 Washington Wizards 25 57 . 305 36 14 Chicago Bulls 23 59 . 280 37 15 Orlando Magic 21 61 . 256 39 3rd seed in the East , 6th best league record", "# Western Conference Team PCT GB c - Minnesota Timberwolves 58 24 . 707 -- y - Los Angeles Lakers 56 26 . 683 x-San Antonio Spurs 57 25 . 695 x-Sacramento Kings 55 27 . 671 5 x-Dallas Mavericks 52 30 . 634 6 6 x-Memphis Grizzlies 50 32 . 610 8 7 x-Houston Rockets 45 37 . 549 13 8 x-Denver Nuggets 43 39 . 524 15 9 Utah Jazz 42 40 . 512 16 10 Portland Trail Blazers 41 41 . 500 17 11 Seattle SuperSonics 37 45 . 451 21 12 Golden State Warriors 37 45 . 451 21 13 Phoenix Suns 29 53 . 354 29 14 Los Angeles Clippers 28 54 . 341 30", "# Western Conference", "", "Team PCT GB", "c - Minnesota Timberwolves 58 24 . 707 --", "y - Los Angeles Lakers 56 26 . 683", "x-San Antonio Spurs 57 25 . 695", "x-Sacramento Kings 55 27 . 671", "5 x-Dallas Mavericks 52 30 . 634 6", "6 x-Memphis Grizzlies 50 32 . 610 8", "7 x-Houston Rockets 45 37 . 549 13", "8 x-Denver Nuggets 43 39 . 524 15", "", "9 Utah Jazz 42 40 . 512 16", "10 Portland Trail Blazers 41 41 . 500 17", "11 Seattle SuperSonics 37 45 . 451 21", "12 Golden State Warriors 37 45 . 451 21", "13 Phoenix Suns 29 53 . 354 29", "14 Los Angeles Clippers 28 54 . 341 30", "2nd seed in the West , 4th best league record", "# Eastern Conference Team PCT GB z - Indiana Pacers 61 21 . 744 -- y - New Jersey Nets 47 35 . 573 14 x-Detroit Pistons 54 28 . 659 7 x-Miami Heat 42 40 . 512 19 5 x-New Orleans Hornets 41 41 . 500 20 6 x-Milwaukee Bucks 41 41 . 500 20 7 x-New York Knicks 39 43 . 476 22 8 x-Boston Celtics 36 46 . 439 25 9 Cleveland Cavaliers 35 47 . 427 26 10 Toronto Raptors 33 49 . 402 28 10 Philadelphia 76ers 33 49 . 402 28 12 Atlanta Hawks 28 54 . 341 33 13 Washington Wizards 25 57 . 305 36 14 Chicago Bulls 23 59 . 280 37 15 Orlando Magic 21 61 . 256 39", "# Eastern Conference", "", "Team PCT GB", "z - Indiana Pacers 61 21 . 744 --", "y - New Jersey Nets 47 35 . 573 14", "x-Detroit Pistons 54 28 . 659 7", "x-Miami Heat 42 40 . 512 19", "5 x-New Orleans Hornets 41 41 . 500 20", "6 x-Milwaukee Bucks 41 41 . 500 20", "7 x-New York Knicks 39 43 . 476 22", "8 x-Boston Celtics 36 46 . 439 25", "", "9 Cleveland Cavaliers 35 47 . 427 26", "10 Toronto Raptors 33 49 . 402 28", "10 Philadelphia 76ers 33 49 . 402 28", "12 Atlanta Hawks 28 54 . 341 33", "13 Washington Wizards 25 57 . 305 36", "14 Chicago Bulls 23 59 . 280 37", "15 Orlando Magic 21 61 . 256 39", "3rd seed in the East , 6th best league record", "Defeated the ( 7 ) Houston Rockets , 4 -- 1 First Round Defeated the ( 6 ) Milwaukee Bucks , 4 -- 1", "Defeated the ( 3 ) San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 2 Conference Semifinals Defeated the ( 2 ) New Jersey Nets , 4 -- 3", "Defeated the ( 1 ) Minnesota Timberwolves , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the ( 1 ) Indiana Pacers , 4 -- 2", "The teams split the two meetings , each won by the home team :", "November 14 , 2003", "November 14 , 2003", "", "Detroit Pistons 89 , Los Angeles Lakers 94", "Detroit Pistons 89 , Los Angeles Lakers 94", "Staples Center , Los Angeles , California", "Staples Center , Los Angeles , California", "November 18 , 2003", "November 18 , 2003", "", "Los Angeles Lakers 96 , Detroit Pistons 106", "Los Angeles Lakers 96 , Detroit Pistons 106", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan", "2004 Detroit Pistons Finals roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Billups , Chauncey 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) 1976 -- 09 -- 25 Colorado 6.0 ! C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Campbell , Elden 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 279 lb ( 127 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Clemson 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Fowlkes , Tremaine 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1976 -- 04 -- 11 Fresno State 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ham , Darvin 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1973 -- 07 -- 23 Texas Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Hamilton , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1978 -- 02 -- 14 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Hunter , Lindsey 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 03 Jackson State 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 James , Mike 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 23 Duquesne 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Miličić , Darko 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 20 Serbia and Montenegro 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Okur , Mehmet 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1979 -- 05 -- 26 Turkey 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Prince , Tayshaun 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1980 -- 02 -- 28 Kentucky 5.5 ! F / C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Wallace , Ben 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 10 Virginia Union 5.5 ! F / C 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Wallace , Rasheed 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 17 North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Williamson , Corliss 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1973 -- 12 -- 04 Arkansas Head coach Larry Brown Assistant coach ( es ) Herb Brown Dave Hanners Igor Kokoškov John Kuester Mike Woodson Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2004 -- 02 -- 26", "2004 Detroit Pistons Finals roster", "Players Coaches", "Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Billups , Chauncey 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) 1976 -- 09 -- 25 Colorado 6.0 ! C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Campbell , Elden 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 279 lb ( 127 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Clemson 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Fowlkes , Tremaine 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1976 -- 04 -- 11 Fresno State 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ham , Darvin 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1973 -- 07 -- 23 Texas Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Hamilton , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1978 -- 02 -- 14 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Hunter , Lindsey 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 03 Jackson State 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 James , Mike 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 23 Duquesne 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Miličić , Darko 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 20 Serbia and Montenegro 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Okur , Mehmet 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1979 -- 05 -- 26 Turkey 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Prince , Tayshaun 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1980 -- 02 -- 28 Kentucky 5.5 ! F / C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Wallace , Ben 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 10 Virginia Union 5.5 ! F / C 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Wallace , Rasheed 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 17 North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Williamson , Corliss 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1973 -- 12 -- 04 Arkansas Head coach Larry Brown Assistant coach ( es ) Herb Brown Dave Hanners Igor Kokoškov John Kuester Mike Woodson Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2004 -- 02 -- 26", "Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Billups , Chauncey 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) 1976 -- 09 -- 25 Colorado 6.0 ! C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Campbell , Elden 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 279 lb ( 127 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Clemson 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Fowlkes , Tremaine 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1976 -- 04 -- 11 Fresno State 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ham , Darvin 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1973 -- 07 -- 23 Texas Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Hamilton , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1978 -- 02 -- 14 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Hunter , Lindsey 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 03 Jackson State 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 James , Mike 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 23 Duquesne 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Miličić , Darko 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 20 Serbia and Montenegro 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Okur , Mehmet 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1979 -- 05 -- 26 Turkey 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Prince , Tayshaun 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1980 -- 02 -- 28 Kentucky 5.5 ! F / C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Wallace , Ben 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 10 Virginia Union 5.5 ! F / C 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Wallace , Rasheed 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 17 North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Williamson , Corliss 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1973 -- 12 -- 04 Arkansas", "Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From", "1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Billups , Chauncey 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) 1976 -- 09 -- 25 Colorado", "6.0 ! C 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Campbell , Elden 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 279 lb ( 127 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Clemson", "4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Fowlkes , Tremaine 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 212 lb ( 96 kg ) 1976 -- 04 -- 11 Fresno State", "4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ham , Darvin 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1973 -- 07 -- 23 Texas Tech", "2.5 ! G / F 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Hamilton , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1978 -- 02 -- 14 Connecticut", "1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Hunter , Lindsey 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 03 Jackson State", "1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 James , Mike 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) 1975 -- 06 -- 23 Duquesne", "6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Miličić , Darko 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 20 Serbia and Montenegro", "5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Okur , Mehmet 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 290 lb ( 132 kg ) 1979 -- 05 -- 26 Turkey", "4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Prince , Tayshaun 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1980 -- 02 -- 28 Kentucky", "5.5 ! F / C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Wallace , Ben 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 10 Virginia Union", "5.5 ! F / C 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Wallace , Rasheed 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1974 -- 09 -- 17 North Carolina", "4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Williamson , Corliss 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1973 -- 12 -- 04 Arkansas", "Head coach", "Larry Brown", "Assistant coach ( es )", "Assistant coach ( es )", "Herb Brown Dave Hanners Igor Kokoškov John Kuester Mike Woodson", "Legend", "( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured", "( C ) Team captain", "( DP ) Unsigned draft pick", "( FA ) Free agent", "( S ) Suspended", "Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2004 -- 02 -- 26", "2004 Los Angeles Lakers Finals roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bryant , Kobe 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1978 -- 08 -- 23 Lower Merion HS ( PA ) 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cook , Brian 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 234 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 04 Illinois 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fisher , Derek 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1974 -- 08 -- 09 Arkansas - Little Rock 4.0 ! F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Fox , Rick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1969 -- 07 -- 24 North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 George , Devean 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1977 -- 08 -- 29 Augsburg 5.5 ! F / C 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Grant , Horace 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1965 -- 07 -- 04 Clemson 4.0 ! F 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Malone , Karl 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1963 -- 07 -- 24 Louisiana Tech 4.0 ! F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Medvedenko , Slava 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1979 -- 04 -- 04 Ukraine 6.0 ! C 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 O'Neal , Shaquille 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 325 lb ( 147 kg ) 1972 -- 03 -- 06 LSU 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Payton , Gary 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Oregon State 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Rush , Kareem 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 30 Missouri 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russell , Bryon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 31 Long Beach State 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Sampson , Jamal 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 15 UC Berkeley 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Walton , Luke 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 28 Arizona Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coach ( es ) Jim Cleamons Frank Hamblen Kurt Rambis Tex Winter Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2004 -- 02 -- 19", "2004 Los Angeles Lakers Finals roster", "Players Coaches", "Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bryant , Kobe 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1978 -- 08 -- 23 Lower Merion HS ( PA ) 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cook , Brian 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 234 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 04 Illinois 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fisher , Derek 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1974 -- 08 -- 09 Arkansas - Little Rock 4.0 ! F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Fox , Rick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1969 -- 07 -- 24 North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 George , Devean 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1977 -- 08 -- 29 Augsburg 5.5 ! F / C 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Grant , Horace 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1965 -- 07 -- 04 Clemson 4.0 ! F 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Malone , Karl 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1963 -- 07 -- 24 Louisiana Tech 4.0 ! F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Medvedenko , Slava 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1979 -- 04 -- 04 Ukraine 6.0 ! C 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 O'Neal , Shaquille 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 325 lb ( 147 kg ) 1972 -- 03 -- 06 LSU 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Payton , Gary 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Oregon State 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Rush , Kareem 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 30 Missouri 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russell , Bryon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 31 Long Beach State 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Sampson , Jamal 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 15 UC Berkeley 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Walton , Luke 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 28 Arizona Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coach ( es ) Jim Cleamons Frank Hamblen Kurt Rambis Tex Winter Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2004 -- 02 -- 19", "Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bryant , Kobe 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1978 -- 08 -- 23 Lower Merion HS ( PA ) 4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cook , Brian 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 234 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 04 Illinois 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fisher , Derek 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1974 -- 08 -- 09 Arkansas - Little Rock 4.0 ! F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Fox , Rick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1969 -- 07 -- 24 North Carolina 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 George , Devean 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1977 -- 08 -- 29 Augsburg 5.5 ! F / C 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Grant , Horace 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1965 -- 07 -- 04 Clemson 4.0 ! F 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Malone , Karl 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1963 -- 07 -- 24 Louisiana Tech 4.0 ! F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Medvedenko , Slava 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1979 -- 04 -- 04 Ukraine 6.0 ! C 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 O'Neal , Shaquille 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 325 lb ( 147 kg ) 1972 -- 03 -- 06 LSU 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Payton , Gary 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Oregon State 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Rush , Kareem 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 30 Missouri 4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russell , Bryon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 31 Long Beach State 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Sampson , Jamal 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 15 UC Berkeley 4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Walton , Luke 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 28 Arizona", "Pos . # Name Ht . Wt . DOB From", "1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bryant , Kobe 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1978 -- 08 -- 23 Lower Merion HS ( PA )", "4.0 ! F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cook , Brian 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 234 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 04 Illinois", "1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fisher , Derek 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1974 -- 08 -- 09 Arkansas - Little Rock", "4.0 ! F 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Fox , Rick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1969 -- 07 -- 24 North Carolina", "4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 George , Devean 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1977 -- 08 -- 29 Augsburg", "5.5 ! F / C 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Grant , Horace 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1965 -- 07 -- 04 Clemson", "4.0 ! F 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Malone , Karl 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1963 -- 07 -- 24 Louisiana Tech", "4.0 ! F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Medvedenko , Slava 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1979 -- 04 -- 04 Ukraine", "6.0 ! C 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 O'Neal , Shaquille 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 325 lb ( 147 kg ) 1972 -- 03 -- 06 LSU", "1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Payton , Gary 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1968 -- 07 -- 23 Oregon State", "1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Rush , Kareem 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 30 Missouri", "4.0 ! F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Russell , Bryon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1970 -- 12 -- 31 Long Beach State", "6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Sampson , Jamal 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 15 UC Berkeley", "4.0 ! F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Walton , Luke 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 28 Arizona", "Head coach", "Phil Jackson", "Assistant coach ( es )", "Assistant coach ( es )", "Jim Cleamons Frank Hamblen Kurt Rambis Tex Winter", "Legend", "( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured", "( C ) Team captain", "( DP ) Unsigned draft pick", "( FA ) Free agent", "( S ) Suspended", "Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2004 -- 02 -- 19", "Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Sunday , June 6 Los Angeles Lakers 75 -- 87 ( 1 -- 0 ) Detroit Pistons Game 2 Tuesday , June 8 Los Angeles Lakers 99 -- 91 ( OT ) ( 1 -- 1 ) Detroit Pistons Game 3 Thursday , June 10 Detroit Pistons 88 -- 68 ( 2 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 4 Sunday , June 13 Detroit Pistons 88 -- 80 ( 3 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 5 Tuesday , June 15 Detroit Pistons 100 -- 87 ( 4 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers", "Game Date Home Team Result Road Team", "Game 1 Sunday , June 6 Los Angeles Lakers 75 -- 87 ( 1 -- 0 ) Detroit Pistons", "Game 2 Tuesday , June 8 Los Angeles Lakers 99 -- 91 ( OT ) ( 1 -- 1 ) Detroit Pistons", "Game 3 Thursday , June 10 Detroit Pistons 88 -- 68 ( 2 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers", "Game 4 Sunday , June 13 Detroit Pistons 88 -- 80 ( 3 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers", "Game 5 Tuesday , June 15 Detroit Pistons 100 -- 87 ( 4 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Lakers", "Note : teams in Bold won that game .", "The Finals were played using a 2 -- 3 -- 2 site format , where the first two and last two games are held at the team with home court advantage . This is only used in the Finals ; all other playoff games are held in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with home court advantage starts ) .", "The Pistons became the fourth team to sweep the middle three games since the NBA started using the 2 - 3 - 2 format in 1985 . But they became the first to do so at home ; the previous three times this had occurred it was done by road teams ( 1990 Pistons , 1991 Chicago Bulls , 2001 Lakers ) . With this , Detroit became the only team to have both swept the middle three games at home and on the road .", "This was the first Finals series to be played on the current Sunday -- Tuesday -- Thursday rotation since 1990 , the last year CBS had the NBA 's national television contract . NBA on NBC switched to a Wednesday - Friday - Sunday rotation in 1991 , which was used through 2003 , save for Monday games in 1999 and 2000 . It is also the last series to have Game 1 be played on a Sunday . From 2005 to 2010 , the championship series started on either the first or second Thursday in June .", "The NBA heavily publicized the series as it has done with all other NBA Finals series . There was a sentiment among fans that the Pistons were the clear underdogs , and many described the series as a David vs. Goliath match - up . The Lakers had a lineup of Stars such as Karl Malone , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Shaquille O'Neal -- their offensive capability was expected to overpower Detroit 's defensive - based game plan .", "Payton and Malone also added to the publicity of the Finals . Perennial All - Stars who had both previously reached the Finals , Payton had led the Seattle SuperSonics there in 1996 , while Malone had led the Utah Jazz there in 1997 and 1998 . However , the Chicago Bulls denied them championship rings a total of three times . By the time of Jordan 's second retirement in 1998 , the two veterans were aged and failed to lead their teams deep into the playoffs . It would be Malone 's final chance to win a championship , as he would retire before the subsequent season .", "All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 )", "All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 )", "ABC", "ABC", "June 6 9 : 00 pm ET", "June 6 9 : 00 pm ET", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Detroit Pistons 87 , Los Angeles Lakers 75 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 19 , 18 -- 22 , 24 -- 17 , 23 -- 17 Pts : Chauncey Billups 22 Rebs : B. Wallace , R. Wallace 8 each Asts : Richard Hamilton 5 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 34 Rebs : Malone , O'Neal 11 each Asts : Kobe Bryant 4 Detroit lead series , 1 -- 0", "Detroit Pistons 87 , Los Angeles Lakers 75", "Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 19 , 18 -- 22 , 24 -- 17 , 23 -- 17", "Pts : Chauncey Billups 22 Rebs : B. Wallace , R. Wallace 8 each Asts : Richard Hamilton 5 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 34 Rebs : Malone , O'Neal 11 each Asts : Kobe Bryant 4", "Detroit lead series , 1 -- 0", "Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Referees : No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 26 Bob Delaney No. 7 Bernie Fryer", "Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Referees : No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 26 Bob Delaney No. 7 Bernie Fryer", "No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 26 Bob Delaney No. 7 Bernie Fryer", "No. 17 Joe Crawford", "No. 26 Bob Delaney", "No. 7 Bernie Fryer", "Considered to be a stunning upset by most of the NBA world , the Detroit Pistons managed to defeat the Lakers with imposing defense . Defensively clamping down on everyone but Bryant and O'Neal , the Pistons managed to hold everyone else to a total of 16 points .", "The Pistons trailed the Lakers 41 -- 40 at halftime , but by the fourth quarter the Pistons had opened up a 13 - point lead ; they would not trail for the rest of the game .", "ABC", "ABC", "June 8 9 : 00 pm ET", "June 8 9 : 00 pm ET", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Detroit Pistons 91 , Los Angeles Lakers 99 ( OT ) Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 18 , 20 -- 26 , 30 -- 24 , 23 -- 21 , Overtime : 2 -- 10 Pts : Chauncey Billups 27 Rebs : Ben Wallace 14 Asts : Chauncey Billups 9 Pts : Kobe Bryant 33 Rebs : Karl Malone 9 Asts : Luke Walton 8 Series tied , 1 -- 1", "Detroit Pistons 91 , Los Angeles Lakers 99 ( OT )", "Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 18 , 20 -- 26 , 30 -- 24 , 23 -- 21 , Overtime : 2 -- 10", "Pts : Chauncey Billups 27 Rebs : Ben Wallace 14 Asts : Chauncey Billups 9 Pts : Kobe Bryant 33 Rebs : Karl Malone 9 Asts : Luke Walton 8", "Series tied , 1 -- 1", "Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 15 Bennett Salvatore No. 14 Joe DeRosa No. 29 Steve Javie", "Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 15 Bennett Salvatore No. 14 Joe DeRosa No. 29 Steve Javie", "No. 15 Bennett Salvatore No. 14 Joe DeRosa No. 29 Steve Javie", "No. 15 Bennett Salvatore", "No. 14 Joe DeRosa", "No. 29 Steve Javie", "The second game was n't close throughout the first half , but in the third quarter the Pistons scored 30 points , cutting the deficit 68 -- 66 . Detroit led by three points with 10.9 seconds remaining in the final period . Coach Brown wanted to foul a Lakers player where they could get only 2 points rather than 3 . However , the Pistons ' veterans only wanted to intentionally foul O'Neal . Kobe Bryant 's 3 - point shot with 2.1 seconds left in the fourth quarter would force overtime , where the Pistons would make only one two - point field goal ( compared to Los Angeles scoring ten points ) . Afterwards , on the team bus back to the airport , Billups told the Pistons ' players and coaches , `` We 're not coming back to L.A. ''", "ABC", "ABC", "June 10 9 : 00 pm ET", "June 10 9 : 00 pm ET", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Los Angeles Lakers 68 , Detroit Pistons 88 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 24 , 16 -- 15 , 19 -- 24 , 17 -- 25 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 14 Rebs : Medvedenko , O'Neal 8 each Asts : Gary Payton 7 Pts : Richard Hamilton 31 Rebs : Ben Wallace 11 Asts : Billups , Hamilton , B. Wallace 3 each Detroit lead series , 2 -- 1", "Los Angeles Lakers 68 , Detroit Pistons 88", "Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 24 , 16 -- 15 , 19 -- 24 , 17 -- 25", "Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 14 Rebs : Medvedenko , O'Neal 8 each Asts : Gary Payton 7 Pts : Richard Hamilton 31 Rebs : Ben Wallace 11 Asts : Billups , Hamilton , B. Wallace 3 each", "Detroit lead series , 2 -- 1", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan Referees : No. 10 Ron Garretson No. 43 Dan Crawford No. 24 Mike Callahan", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan Referees : No. 10 Ron Garretson No. 43 Dan Crawford No. 24 Mike Callahan", "No. 10 Ron Garretson No. 43 Dan Crawford No. 24 Mike Callahan", "No. 10 Ron Garretson", "No. 43 Dan Crawford", "No. 24 Mike Callahan", "The Pistons beat Los Angeles by 20 in their first NBA Finals appearance together at The Palace of Auburn Hills since 1989 to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . The 68 points scored by the Lakers set a franchise record for the lowest number of points scored in a playoff game .", "ABC", "ABC", "June 13 9 : 00 pm ET", "June 13 9 : 00 pm ET", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Los Angeles Lakers 80 , Detroit Pistons 88 Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 21 , 17 -- 20 , 17 -- 15 , 24 -- 32 Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 36 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 20 Asts : Rick Fox 6 Pts : Rasheed Wallace 26 Rebs : B. Wallace , R. Wallace 13 each Asts : Richard Hamilton 6 Detroit lead series , 3 -- 1", "Los Angeles Lakers 80 , Detroit Pistons 88", "Scoring by quarter : 22 -- 21 , 17 -- 20 , 17 -- 15 , 24 -- 32", "Pts : Shaquille O'Neal 36 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 20 Asts : Rick Fox 6 Pts : Rasheed Wallace 26 Rebs : B. Wallace , R. Wallace 13 each Asts : Richard Hamilton 6", "Detroit lead series , 3 -- 1", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan Referees : No. 35 Jack Nies No. 27 Dick Bavetta No. 32 Eddie F. Rush", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan Referees : No. 35 Jack Nies No. 27 Dick Bavetta No. 32 Eddie F. Rush", "No. 35 Jack Nies No. 27 Dick Bavetta No. 32 Eddie F. Rush", "No. 35 Jack Nies", "No. 27 Dick Bavetta", "No. 32 Eddie F. Rush", "Again , the Pistons defeated the Lakers , although this time by eight , to take a 3 -- 1 series advantage .", "O'Neal scored 36 for the Lakers and Bryant scored 20 but shot 32 percent from the field .", "Malone would play his last game , as a knee injury would not allow him to dress in Game Five .", "ABC", "ABC", "June 15 9 : 00 pm ET", "June 15 9 : 00 pm ET", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Recap at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 21 , 2010 )", "Los Angeles Lakers 87 , Detroit Pistons 100 Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 25 , 21 -- 30 , 14 -- 27 , 28 -- 18 Pts : Kobe Bryant 24 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 8 Asts : Luke Walton 5 Pts : Richard Hamilton 21 Rebs : Ben Wallace 22 Asts : Chauncey Billups 6 Detroit wins series , 4 -- 1", "Los Angeles Lakers 87 , Detroit Pistons 100", "Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 25 , 21 -- 30 , 14 -- 27 , 28 -- 18", "Pts : Kobe Bryant 24 Rebs : Shaquille O'Neal 8 Asts : Luke Walton 5 Pts : Richard Hamilton 21 Rebs : Ben Wallace 22 Asts : Chauncey Billups 6", "Detroit wins series , 4 -- 1", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan Referees : No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 7 Bernie Fryer No. 15 Bennett Salvatore", "The Palace of Auburn Hills , Auburn Hills , Michigan Referees : No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 7 Bernie Fryer No. 15 Bennett Salvatore", "No. 17 Joe Crawford No. 7 Bernie Fryer No. 15 Bennett Salvatore", "No. 17 Joe Crawford", "No. 7 Bernie Fryer", "No. 15 Bennett Salvatore", "In Game 5 , the Pistons won their first championship since 1990 , and Larry Brown finally won a professional title . The Pistons defense had overcome the high - scoring Laker offense , winning the game by 13 , winning the series 4 - 1 , and also ending a long Laker dynasty that lasted for many years . The game saw the end of Phil Jackson 's first run as the coach ( he returned in the 2005 - 06 season ) , and saw O'Neal , Payton , and Malone 's last games in Laker uniforms .", "Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game", "Legend", "GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game", "FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage", "RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game", "BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game", "Detroit Pistons", "Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups 5 5 38.4 . 509 . 471 . 929 3.2 5.2 1.2 0.0 21.0 Campbell , Elden Elden Campbell 5 0 13.6 . 375 . 000 . 500 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.6 3.4 Ham , Darvin Darvin Ham 0 2.5 1.000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Hamilton , Richard Richard Hamilton 5 5 44.4 . 402 . 400 . 853 5.2 4.0 0.8 0.0 21.4 Hunter , Lindsey Lindsey Hunter 5 0 13.0 . 294 . 250 1.000 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 3.6 James , Mike Mike James 5 0 4.4 . 500 . 000 . 000 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 Miličić , Darko Darko Miličić 0 1.7 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Okur , Mehmet Mehmet Okur 0 9.8 . 444 1.000 . 500 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.8 Prince , Tayshaun Tayshaun Prince 5 5 39.2 . 389 . 188 . 455 6.8 2.0 1.8 0.4 10.0 Wallace , Ben Ben Wallace 5 5 40.6 . 478 . 000 . 294 13.6 1.4 1.8 1.0 10.8 Wallace , Rasheed Rasheed Wallace 5 5 30.2 . 453 . 250 . 778 7.8 1.4 0.4 1.6 13.0 Williamson , Corliss Corliss Williamson 5 0 10.4 . 400 . 000 . 900 2.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 4.2", "Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG", "Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups 5 5 38.4 . 509 . 471 . 929 3.2 5.2 1.2 0.0 21.0", "Campbell , Elden Elden Campbell 5 0 13.6 . 375 . 000 . 500 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.6 3.4", "Ham , Darvin Darvin Ham 0 2.5 1.000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5", "Hamilton , Richard Richard Hamilton 5 5 44.4 . 402 . 400 . 853 5.2 4.0 0.8 0.0 21.4", "Hunter , Lindsey Lindsey Hunter 5 0 13.0 . 294 . 250 1.000 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 3.6", "James , Mike Mike James 5 0 4.4 . 500 . 000 . 000 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8", "Miličić , Darko Darko Miličić 0 1.7 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0", "Okur , Mehmet Mehmet Okur 0 9.8 . 444 1.000 . 500 1.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.8", "Prince , Tayshaun Tayshaun Prince 5 5 39.2 . 389 . 188 . 455 6.8 2.0 1.8 0.4 10.0", "Wallace , Ben Ben Wallace 5 5 40.6 . 478 . 000 . 294 13.6 1.4 1.8 1.0 10.8", "Wallace , Rasheed Rasheed Wallace 5 5 30.2 . 453 . 250 . 778 7.8 1.4 0.4 1.6 13.0", "Williamson , Corliss Corliss Williamson 5 0 10.4 . 400 . 000 . 900 2.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 4.2", "Los Angeles Lakers", "Los Angeles Lakers", "Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 5 5 46.2 . 381 . 174 . 920 2.8 4.4 1.8 0.6 22.6 Cook , Brian Brian Cook 0 7.0 . 167 . 000 1.000 2.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.3 Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 5 0 20.2 . 306 . 375 . 571 3.0 1.8 1.0 0.0 6.4 Fox , Rick Rick Fox 0 10.0 . 571 . 000 . 000 1.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.7 George , Devean Devean George 5 5 20.8 . 393 . 333 0.5 2.8 0.6 1.0 0.4 5.8 Malone , Karl Karl Malone 30.5 . 333 . 000 . 667 7.3 2.3 0.3 0.3 5.0 Medvedenko , Slava Slava Medvedenko 5 14.4 . 353 . 000 . 750 3.6 0.6 0.0 0.2 3.6 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal 5 5 42.6 . 631 . 000 . 491 10.8 1.6 0.4 0.6 26.6 Payton , Gary Gary Payton 5 5 33.6 . 321 . 200 . 500 3.0 4.4 1.2 0.4 4.2 Rush , Kareem Kareem Rush 5 0 15.6 . 318 . 250 . 000 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 3.6 Russell , Bryon Bryon Russell 0 2.7 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Walton , Luke Luke Walton 0 19.3 . 385 . 167 1.000 3.0 4.5 1.5 0.5 3.3", "Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG", "Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 5 5 46.2 . 381 . 174 . 920 2.8 4.4 1.8 0.6 22.6", "Cook , Brian Brian Cook 0 7.0 . 167 . 000 1.000 2.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.3", "Fisher , Derek Derek Fisher 5 0 20.2 . 306 . 375 . 571 3.0 1.8 1.0 0.0 6.4", "Fox , Rick Rick Fox 0 10.0 . 571 . 000 . 000 1.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.7", "George , Devean Devean George 5 5 20.8 . 393 . 333 0.5 2.8 0.6 1.0 0.4 5.8", "Malone , Karl Karl Malone 30.5 . 333 . 000 . 667 7.3 2.3 0.3 0.3 5.0", "Medvedenko , Slava Slava Medvedenko 5 14.4 . 353 . 000 . 750 3.6 0.6 0.0 0.2 3.6", "O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal 5 5 42.6 . 631 . 000 . 491 10.8 1.6 0.4 0.6 26.6", "Payton , Gary Gary Payton 5 5 33.6 . 321 . 200 . 500 3.0 4.4 1.2 0.4 4.2", "Rush , Kareem Kareem Rush 5 0 15.6 . 318 . 250 . 000 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 3.6", "Russell , Bryon Bryon Russell 0 2.7 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0", "Walton , Luke Luke Walton 0 19.3 . 385 . 167 1.000 3.0 4.5 1.5 0.5 3.3", "The games were broadcast on ABC by Al Michaels and Doc Rivers . Brent Musburger and Dr. Jack Ramsay broadcast the Finals nationally on ESPN Radio . The finals were shown on Sky Sports in the UK and Ireland . In Canada , Leafs TV and RDS ( in French ) simulcast ABC , and Azteca 13 broadcast the Finals in Mexico .", "To promote the series , the NBA used The Black Eyed Peas ' song `` Let 's Get It Started '' , which it had also used throughout the 2004 NBA Playoffs .", "The Pistons made the Finals again in 2005 , losing to the Spurs in a tough seven - game series . That season , the Pistons won 54 games and defeated the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 games ) , Indiana Pacers ( 6 games ) and Miami Heat ( 7 games ) on their way back to the finals . However the Spurs , who likewise play a defensive style , would defeat them in a tough Game 7 . The Pistons would continue their run of Eastern Conference superiority for 3 more years , losing in the Conference Finals each time . After a loss to the Boston Celtics in the 2007 - 08 season , management would finally break up the core of the team and enter a period of dormancy .", "The Lakers ' collapse became apparent in the days following the Finals . Head coach Phil Jackson abruptly resigned as head coach . Shaquille O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat , then Gary Payton was also traded and Karl Malone was left unsigned , then retired . The 2004 - 05 NBA season was a tough one for the Lakers , winning only 34 games and missed the playoffs for only the fifth time in the team 's history . Jackson returned to the Lakers in the offseason ; despite writing a book called The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul , in which he voiced disdain for Kobe Bryant by calling him ' uncoachable ' , he and Bryant would bury the hatchet once the season began . Jackson and Bryant would later produce three more NBA Finals appearances and two more NBA championships in six seasons before Jackson retired at the conclusion of the 2011 NBA Playoffs , when the Lakers were swept by the eventual NBA champion , the Dallas Mavericks . Meanwhile , O'Neal , along with Payton and Dwyane Wade of the Heat , won the 2006 championship .", "The Pistons ' win was the 21st championship among the four professional sports teams in Detroit ( NFL 's Lions , MLB 's Tigers and NHL 's Red Wings ) . The Red Wings made it 22 upon winning the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals ." ]

[ [ "James Harden" ] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "In basketball , points are accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three point field goals because the three - point line had just been implemented in the NBA at the start of that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season .", "Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season .", "Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Lew Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - pointers in his winning season .", "At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . Russell Westbrook led the league with an average of 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season , when he also became the second NBA player to average a triple - double in a season . The most recent champion is James Harden .", "Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center", "Denotes player who is still active in the NBA", "* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame", "Denotes player who won the MVP award that year", "Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season", "Guard Forward Center", "Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Nate Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4", "Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref", "1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2", "1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0", "1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3", "1949 -- 50 George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4", "1950 -- 51 George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4", "1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4", "1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3", "1953 -- 54 Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5", "1954 -- 55 Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7", "1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7", "1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6", "1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8", "1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2", "1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6", "1960 -- 61 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4", "1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4", "1962 -- 63 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8", "1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9", "1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7", "1965 -- 66 Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5", "1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6", "1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1", "1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4", "1969 -- 70 Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2", "1970 -- 71 Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7", "1971 -- 72 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8", "1972 -- 73 Nate Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0", "1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6", "1974 -- 75 Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5", "1975 -- 76 Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1", "1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1", "1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2", "1978 -- 79 George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6", "1979 -- 80 George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1", "1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7", "1981 -- 82 George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3", "1982 -- 83 Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4", "1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6", "1984 -- 85 Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9", "1985 -- 86 Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3", "1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1", "1987 -- 88 Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0", "1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5", "1989 -- 90 Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6", "1990 -- 91 Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5", "1991 -- 92 Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1", "1992 -- 93 Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6", "1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8", "1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3", "1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4", "1996 -- 97 Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6", "1997 -- 98 Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7", "1998 -- 99 Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8", "1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7", "2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1", "2001 -- 02 Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4", "2002 -- 03 Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1", "2003 -- 04 Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0", "2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7", "2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4", "2006 -- 07 Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6", "2007 -- 08 LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0", "2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2", "2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1", "2010 -- 11 Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7", "2011 -- 12 Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0", "2012 -- 13 Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7", "2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0", "2014 -- 15 Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1", "2015 -- 16 Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1", "2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6", "2017 -- 18 James Harden 28 Houston Rockets 72 651 265 624 2,191 30.4", "Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 6 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 9 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017", "Ranking Player Team Times leader Years", "Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998", "Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966", "Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005", "6 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951", "9 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017" ]

[ [] ]

[ -1 ]

[ "The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division ( reproduction ) . When used in the context of cell development , the term refers to increase in cytoplasmic and organelle volume ( G1 phase ) , as well as increase in genetic material ( G2 phase ) following the replication during S phase . This is not to be confused with growth in the context of cell division , referred to as proliferation , where a cell , known as the `` mother cell '' , grows and divides to produce two `` daughter cells '' ( M phase ) .", "Cell populations go through a particular type of exponential growth called doubling . Thus , each generation of cells should be twice as numerous as the previous generation . However , the number of generations only gives a maximum figure as not all cells survive in each generation .", "Cell size is highly variable among organisms , with some algae such as Caulerpa taxifolia being a single cell several meters in length . Plant cells are much larger than animal cells , and protists such as Paramecium can be 330 μm long , while a typical human cell might be 10 μm . How these cells `` decide '' how big they should be before dividing is an open question . Chemical gradients are known to be partly responsible , and it is hypothesized that mechanical stress detection by cytoskeletal structures is involved . Work on the topic generally requires an organism whose cell cycle is well - characterized .", "The relationship between cell size and cell division has been extensively studied in yeast . For some cells , there is a mechanism by which cell division is not initiated until a cell has reached a certain size . If the nutrient supply is restricted ( after time t = 2 in the diagram , below ) , and the rate of increase in cell size is slowed , the time period between cell divisions is increased . Yeast cell - size mutants were isolated that begin cell division before reaching a normal / regular size ( wee mutants ) .", "Wee1 protein is a tyrosine kinase that normally phosphorylates the Cdc2 cell cycle regulatory protein ( the homolog of CDK1 in humans ) , a cyclin - dependent kinase , on a tyrosine residue . Cdc2 drives entry into mitosis by phosphorylating a wide range of targets . This covalent modification of the molecular structure of Cdc2 inhibits the enzymatic activity of Cdc2 and prevents cell division . Wee1 acts to keep Cdc2 inactive during early G2 when cells are still small . When cells have reached sufficient size during G2 , the phosphatase Cdc25 removes the inhibitory phosphorylation , and thus activates Cdc2 to allow mitotic entry . A balance of Wee1 and Cdc25 activity with changes in cell size is coordinated by the mitotic entry control system . It has been shown in Wee1 mutants , cells with weakened Wee1 activity , that Cdc2 becomes active when the cell is smaller . Thus , mitosis occurs before the yeast reach their normal size . This suggests that cell division may be regulated in part by dilution of Wee1 protein in cells as they grow larger .", "The protein kinase Cdr2 ( which negatively regulates Wee1 ) and the Cdr2 - related kinase Cdr1 ( which directly phosphorylates and inhibits Wee1 in vitro ) are localized to a band of cortical nodes in the middle of interphase cells . After entry into mitosis , cytokinesis factors such as myosin II are recruited to similar nodes ; these nodes eventually condense to form the cytokinetic ring . A previously uncharacterized protein , Blt1 , was found to colocalize with Cdr2 in the medial interphase nodes . Blt1 knockout cells had increased length at division , which is consistent with a delay in mitotic entry . This finding connects a physical location , a band of cortical nodes , with factors that have been shown to directly regulate mitotic entry , namely Cdr1 , Cdr2 , and Blt1 .", "Further experimentation with GFP - tagged proteins and mutant proteins indicates that the medial cortical nodes are formed by the ordered , Cdr2 - dependent assembly of multiple interacting proteins during interphase . Cdr2 is at the top of this hierarchy and works upstream of Cdr1 and Blt1 . Mitosis is promoted by the negative regulation of Wee1 by Cdr2 . It has also been shown that Cdr2 recruits Wee1 to the medial cortical node . The mechanism of this recruitment has yet to be discovered . A Cdr2 kinase mutant , which is able to localize properly despite a loss of function in phosphorylation , disrupts the recruitment of Wee1 to the medial cortex and delays entry into mitosis . Thus , Wee1 localizes with its inhibitory network , which demonstrates that mitosis is controlled through Cdr2 - dependent negative regulation of Wee1 at the medial cortical nodes .", "Cell polarity factors positioned at the cell tips provide spatial cues to limit Cdr2 distribution to the cell middle . In fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ( S. Pombe ) , cells divide at a defined , reproducible size during mitosis because of the regulated activity of Cdk1 . The cell polarity protein kinase Pom1 , a member of the dual - specificity tyrosine - phosphorylation regulated kinase ( DYRK ) family of kinases , localizes to cell ends . In Pom1 knockout cells , Cdr2 was no longer restricted to the cell middle , but was seen diffusely through half of the cell . From this data it becomes apparent that Pom1 provides inhibitory signals that confine Cdr2 to the middle of the cell . It has been further shown that Pom1 - dependent signals lead to the phosphorylation of Cdr2 . Pom1 knockout cells were also shown to divide at a smaller size than wild - type , which indicates a premature entry into mitosis .", "Pom1 forms polar gradients that peak at cell ends , which shows a direct link between size control factors and a specific physical location in the cell . As a cell grows in size , a gradient in Pom1 grows . When cells are small , Pom1 is spread diffusely throughout the cell body . As the cell increases in size , Pom1 concentration decreases in the middle and becomes concentrated at cell ends . Small cells in early G2 which contain sufficient levels of Pom1 in the entirety of the cell have inactive Cdr2 and can not enter mitosis . It is not until the cells grow into late G2 , when Pom1 is confined to the cell ends that Cdr2 in the medial cortical nodes is activated and able to start the inhibition of Wee1 . This finding shows how cell size plays a direct role in regulating the start of mitosis . In this model , Pom1 acts as a molecular link between cell growth and mitotic entry through a Cdr2 - Cdr1 - Wee1 - Cdk1 pathway . The Pom1 polar gradient successfully relays information about cell size and geometry to the Cdk1 regulatory system . Through this gradient , the cell ensures it has reached a defined , sufficient size to enter mitosis .", "Many different types of eukaryotic cells undergo size - dependent transitions during the cell cycle . These transitions are controlled by the cyclin - dependent kinase Cdk1 . Though the proteins that control Cdk1 are well understood , their connection to mechanisms monitoring cell size remains elusive . A postulated model for mammalian size control situates mass as the driving force of the cell cycle . A cell is unable to grow to an abnormally large size because at a certain cell size or cell mass , the S phase is initiated . The S phase starts the sequence of events leading to mitosis and cytokinesis . A cell is unable to get too small because the later cell cycle events , such as S , G2 , and M , are delayed until mass increases sufficiently to begin S phase .", "Many of the signal molecules that convey information to cells during the control of cellular differentiation or growth are called growth factors . The protein mTOR is a serine / threonine kinase that regulates translation and cell division . Nutrient availability influences mTOR so that when cells are not able to grow to normal size they will not undergo cell division . The details of the molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell size control are currently being investigated . The size of post-mitotic neurons depends on the size of the cell body , axon and dendrites . In vertebrates , neuron size is often a reflection of the number of synaptic contacts onto the neuron or from a neuron onto other cells . For example , the size of motoneurons usually reflects the size of the motor unit that is controlled by the motoneuron . Invertebrates often have giant neurons and axons that provide special functions such as rapid action potential propagation . Mammals also use this trick for increasing the speed of signals in the nervous system , but they can also use myelin to accomplish this , so most human neurons are relatively small cells .", "One common means to produce very large cells is by cell fusion to form syncytia . For example , very long ( several inches ) skeletal muscle cells are formed by fusion of thousands of myocytes . Genetic studies of the fruit fly Drosophila have revealed several genes that are required for the formation of multinucleated muscle cells by fusion of myoblasts . Some of the key proteins are important for cell adhesion between myocytes and some are involved in adhesion - dependent cell - to - cell signal transduction that allows for a cascade of cell fusion events .", "Oocytes can be unusually large cells in species for which embryonic development takes place away from the mother 's body . Their large size can be achieved either by pumping in cytosolic components from adjacent cells through cytoplasmic bridges ( Drosophila ) or by internalization of nutrient storage granules ( yolk granules ) by endocytosis ( frogs ) .", "Increases in the size of plant cells are complicated by the fact that almost all plant cells are inside of a solid cell wall . Under the influence of certain plant hormones the cell wall can be remodeled , allowing for increases in cell size that are important for the growth of some plant tissues .", "Most unicellular organisms are microscopic in size , but there are some giant bacteria and protozoa that are visible to the naked eye . See : Table of cell sizes -- Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments -- Large protists of the genus Chaos , closely related to the genus Amoeba", "In the rod - shaped bacteria E. coli , Caulobacter crescentus and B. subtilis cell size is controlled by a simple mechanisms in which cell division occurs after a constant volume has been added since the previous division . By always growing by the same amount , cells born smaller or larger than average naturally converge to an average size equivalent to the amount added during each generation .", "Cell reproduction is asexual . For most of the constituents of the cell , growth is a steady , continuous process , interrupted only briefly at M phase when the nucleus and then the cell divide in two .", "The process of cell division , called cell cycle , has four major parts called phases . The first part , called G phase is marked by synthesis of various enzymes that are required for DNA replication . The second part of the cell cycle is the S phase , where DNA replication produces two identical sets of chromosomes . The third part is the G phase in which a significant protein synthesis occurs , mainly involving the production of microtubules that are required during the process of division , called mitosis . The fourth phase , M phase , consists of nuclear division ( karyokinesis ) and cytoplasmic division ( cytokinesis ) , accompanied by the formation of a new cell membrane . This is the physical division of `` mother '' and `` daughter '' cells . The M phase has been broken down into several distinct phases , sequentially known as prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase leading to cytokinesis .", "Cell division is more complex in eukaryotes than in other organisms . Prokaryotic cells such as bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission , a process that includes DNA replication , chromosome segregation , and cytokinesis . Eukaryotic cell division either involves mitosis or a more complex process called meiosis . Mitosis and meiosis are sometimes called the two `` nuclear division '' processes . Binary fission is similar to eukaryote cell reproduction that involves mitosis . Both lead to the production of two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell . Meiosis is used for a special cell reproduction process of diploid organisms . It produces four special daughter cells ( gametes ) which have half the normal cellular amount of DNA . A male and a female gamete can then combine to produce a zygote , a cell which again has the normal amount of chromosomes .", "The rest of this article is a comparison of the main features of the three types of cell reproduction that either involve binary fission , mitosis , or meiosis . The diagram below depicts the similarities and differences of these three types of cell reproduction .", "The DNA content of a cell is duplicated at the start of the cell reproduction process . Prior to DNA replication , the DNA content of a cell can be represented as the amount Z ( the cell has Z chromosomes ) . After the DNA replication process , the amount of DNA in the cell is 2Z ( multiplication : 2 x Z = 2Z ) . During Binary fission and mitosis the duplicated DNA content of the reproducing parental cell is separated into two equal halves that are destined to end up in the two daughter cells . The final part of the cell reproduction process is cell division , when daughter cells physically split apart from a parental cell . During meiosis , there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells .", "After the completion of binary fission or cell reproduction involving mitosis , each daughter cell has the same amount of DNA ( Z ) as what the parental cell had before it replicated its DNA . These two types of cell reproduction produced two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parental cell . Chromosomes duplicate prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction . After meiotic cell reproduction the four daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes that the parental cell originally had . This is the haploid amount of DNA , often symbolized as N. Meiosis is used by diploid organisms to produce haploid gametes . In a diploid organism such as the human organism , most cells of the body have the diploid amount of DNA , 2N . Using this notation for counting chromosomes we say that human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes ( 2N = 46 ) while human sperm and eggs have 23 chromosomes ( N = 23 ) . Humans have 23 distinct types of chromosomes , the 22 autosomes and the special category of sex chromosomes . There are two distinct sex chromosomes , the X chromosome and the Y chromosome . A diploid human cell has 23 chromosomes from that person 's father and 23 from the mother . That is , your body has two copies of human chromosome number 2 , one from each of your parents .", "Immediately after DNA replication a human cell will have 46 `` double chromosomes '' . In each double chromosome there are two copies of that chromosome 's DNA molecule . During mitosis the double chromosomes are split to produce 92 `` single chromosomes '' , half of which go into each daughter cell . During meiosis , there are two chromosome separation steps which assure that each of the four daughter cells gets one copy of each of the 23 types of chromosome .", "Though cell reproduction that uses mitosis can reproduce eukaryotic cells , eukaryotes bother with the more complicated process of meiosis because sexual reproduction such as meiosis confers a selective advantage . Notice that when meiosis starts , the two copies of sister chromatids number 2 are adjacent to each other . During this time , there can be genetic recombination events . Parts of the chromosome 2 DNA gained from one parent ( red ) will swap over to the chromosome 2 DNA molecule that received from the other parent ( green ) . Notice that in mitosis the two copies of chromosome number 2 do not interact . It is these new combinations of parts of chromosomes that provide the major advantage for sexually reproducing organisms by allowing for new combinations of genes and more efficient evolution . However , in organisms with more than one set of chromosomes at the main life cycle stage , sex may also provide an advantage because , under random mating , it produces homozygotes and heterozygotes according to the Hardy - Weinberg ratio .", "A series of growth disorders can occur at the cellular level and these consequently underpin much of the subsequent course in cancer , in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth and division beyond the normal limits , invasion ( intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues ) , and sometimes metastasis ( spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood ) .", "The cell growth can be detected by a variety of methods . The cell size growth can be visualized by microscopy , using suitable stains . But the increase of cells number is usually more significant . It can be measured by manual counting of cells under microscopy observation , using the dye exclusion method ( i.e. trypan blue ) to count only viable cells . Less fastidious , scalable , methods include the use of cytometers , while flow cytometry allows combining cell counts ( ' events ' ) with other specific parameters : fluorescent probes for membranes , cytoplasm or nuclei allow distinguishing dead / viable cells , cell types , cell differentiation , expression of a biomarker such as Ki67 .", "Beside the increasing number of cells , one can be assessed regarding the metabolic activity growth , that is , the CFDA and calcein - AM measure ( fluorimetrically ) not only the membrane functionality ( dye retention ) , but also the functionality of cytoplasmic enzymes ( esterases ) . The MTT assays ( colorimetric ) and the resazurin assay ( fluorimetric ) dose the mitochondrial redox potential .", "All these assays may correlate well , or not , depending on cell growth conditions and desired aspects ( activity , proliferation ) . The task is even more complicated with populations of different cells , furthermore when combining cell growth interferences or toxicity ." ]

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[ "Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue ) Music by Alan Menken Edited by John Carnochan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $425 million", "Beauty and the Beast", "Theatrical release poster by John Alvin", "Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise", "Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise", "Produced by Don Hahn", "Screenplay by Linda Woolverton", "Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence", "Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence", "Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont", "Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti", "Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti", "David Ogden Stiers", "Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue )", "Music by Alan Menken", "Edited by John Carnochan", "Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV", "Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV", "Walt Disney Pictures", "Walt Disney Feature Animation", "Silver Screen Partners IV", "Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures", "Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States )", "September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States )", "September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival )", "November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States )", "Running time 84 minutes", "Country United States", "Language English", "Budget $25 million", "Box office $425 million", "Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont who was uncredited in the English version but credited in the French version , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal from the enchanted rose that the enchantress who cursed the Beast had offered falls , or else the Beast will remain a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury .", "Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS - related complications eight months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory .", "Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 . The film was a box office success , grossing $425 million worldwide on a $25 million budget . Beauty and the Beast won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , the first animated film to ever win that category . It also became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 64th Academy Awards , where it won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for its title song and received additional nominations for Best Original Song and Best Sound . In April 1994 , Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical . The success of the film spawned two direct - to - video follow - ups : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , both of which take place in the timeline of the original . This was followed by a spin - off television series , Sing Me a Story with Belle .", "An IMAX version of the film was released in 2002 , and included `` Human Again '' , a new five - minute musical sequence that was previously included in the 1994 musical . That same year , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , the film was reissued in 3D in 2012 . A live - action adaptation of the film directed by Bill Condon was released on March 17 , 2017 .", "One winter 's night , an enchantress disguised as a beggar offers a cold - hearted prince a rose in exchange for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects . She bestows the Beast with a magic mirror before hexing the rose and warning him that , unless he learns to love another and earns their love in return by the time the last petal falls , he and his servants will lose their humanity forever .", "Years later , a beautiful young woman named Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , a handsome , arrogant hunter . Lost in the forest while traveling to a fair to present his latest invention , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle . After Maurice befriends the castle 's servants , however , the Beast discovers and imprisons him . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle 's dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place .", "Befriending the castle 's servants , Belle is treated to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden West Wing where the rose is kept , the Beast flies into a rage , causing Belle to flee the castle and into the woods . She is attacked by wolves , but the Beast rescues Belle and gets injured in the process . He begins to develop feelings for her while she nurses his wounds and he delights her by showing his extensive library .", "Returning to the village , Maurice tells the townsfolk of Belle 's predicament , but no one believes him . Gaston then bribes Monsieur D'Arque , the town 's warden of the insane asylum to have Maurice locked up if Belle refuses to marry Gaston .", "After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father lying in the woods while attempting to rescue her using the magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . Belle rescues Maurice and brings him back to the village where she nurses him back to health . Suddenly , an angry mob led by Gaston comes to Belle 's house and they try to take Maurice away , believing his claims of the Beast has caused a lapse of insanity . Gaston tries to force Belle to marry him for her father 's release but she realizes that he was behind it . Bell then proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Belle angrily confronts Gaston that he is a monster and the Beast is not , which enrages Gaston whom she does not want to marry . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the basement with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to kill the Beast . With Chip 's aid , Maurice and Belle escape and rush back to the castle .", "Not happy , the servants battle the invading villagers , driving them out of the castle . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . Gaston stabs the Beast , but he loses his footing from the Beast 's thrashing and falls to his death . The Beast nearly dies from Gaston 's stab before the last petal falls . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , the curse is broken , repairing the castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily .", "Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle . Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' so that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' . Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him . Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière . David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue . Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts . Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip . Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice . Jesse Corti as Lefou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Lefou . Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe . Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe . Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation . Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World . Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town . Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle . Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town . Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake . Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool .", "Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle .", "Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' so that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' .", "Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him .", "Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière .", "David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue .", "Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts .", "Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip .", "Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice .", "Jesse Corti as Lefou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Lefou .", "Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe .", "Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe .", "Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation .", "Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World .", "Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town .", "Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle .", "Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town .", "Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake .", "Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool .", "After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films , with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered . Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s , but were ultimately given up because it `` proved to be a challenge '' for the story team . Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version .", "Decades later , during the production of Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1987 , the Disney studio resurrected Beauty and the Beast as a project for the satellite animation studio it had set up in London , England to work on Roger Rabbit . Richard Williams , who had directed the animated portions of Roger Rabbit , was approached to direct but declined in favor of continuing work on his long - gestating project The Thief and the Cobbler . In his place , Williams recommended his colleague , English animation director Richard Purdum , and work began under producer Don Hahn on a non-musical version of Beauty and the Beast set in 19th - century France . At the behest of Disney CEO Michael Eisner , Beauty and the Beast became the first Disney animated film to use a screenwriter . This was an unusual production move for an animated film , which is traditionally developed on storyboards rather than in scripted form . Linda Woolverton wrote the original draft of the story before storyboarding began , and worked with the story team to retool and develop the film .", "Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . A few months after starting anew , Purdum resigned as director . The studio had approached Ron Clements and John Musker to direct the film , but they turned down the offer , saying they were `` tired '' after just having finished directing Disney 's recent success The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired first - time feature directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale . Wise and Trousdale had previously directed the animated sections of Cranium Command , a short film for a Disney EPCOT theme park attraction . In addition , Katzenberg asked songwriters Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had written the song score for The Little Mermaid , to turn Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway - style musical film in the same vein as Mermaid . Ashman , who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS , had been working with Disney on a pet project of his , Aladdin , and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team . To accommodate Ashman 's failing health , pre-production of Beauty and the Beast was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill , New York , close to Ashman 's New York City home . Here , Ashman and Menken joined Wise , Trousdale , Hahn , and Woolverton in retooling the film 's script . Since the original story had only two major characters , the filmmakers enhanced them , added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who `` add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story '' and guide the audience through the film , and added a `` real villain '' in the form of Gaston .", "These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of Beauty and the Beast , which introduced the character of Avenant , an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston , as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast 's castle . The animated objects were , however , given distinct personalities in the Disney version . By early 1990 , Katzenberg had approved the revised script , and storyboarding began again . The production flew story artists back and forth between California and New York for storyboard approvals from Ashman , though the team was not told the reason why .", "Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle . They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded `` more like a woman than a girl '' . According to co-director Kirk Wise , O'Hara was given the role because she `` had a unique quality , a tone she would hit that made her special '' , reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland . O'Hara , who , after reading about the film in The New York Times , competed for the role against 500 hopefuls , believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast .", "Production of Beauty and the Beast was to be completed on a compressed timeline of two years rather than the traditional four - year Disney Feature Animation production schedule ; this was due to the loss of production time spent developing the earlier Purdum version of the film . Most of the production was done at the main Feature Animation studio , housed in the Air Way facility in Glendale , California . A smaller team at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Lake Buena Vista , Florida assisted the California team on several scenes , particularly the `` Be Our Guest '' number .", "Beauty and the Beast was the second film , after The Rescuers Down Under , produced using CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , a digital scanning , ink , paint , and compositing system of software and hardware developed for Disney by Pixar . The software allowed for a wider range of colors , as well as soft shading and colored line effects for the characters , techniques lost when the Disney studio abandoned hand inking for xerography in the early 1960s . CAPS / ink & paint also allowed the production crew to simulate multiplane effects : placing characters and / or backgrounds on separate layers and moving them towards / away from the camera on the Z - axis to give the illusion of depth , as well as altering the focus of each layer .", "In addition , CAPS / ink & paint allowed an easier combination of hand - drawn art with computer - generated imagery , which before had to be plotted to animation paper and then xeroxed and painted traditionally . This technique was put to significant use during the `` Beauty and the Beast '' waltz sequence , in which Belle and Beast dance through a computer - generated ballroom as the camera dollies around them in simulated 3D space . The filmmakers had originally decided against the use of computers in favor of traditional animation , but later , when the technology had improved , decided it could be used for the one scene in the ballroom . Before that , CGI environments had first been printed out as wireframe , but this was the first time Disney made use of 3D rendering . The success of the ballroom sequence helped convince studio executives to further invest in computer animation .", "Ashman and Menken wrote the Beauty song score during the pre-production process in Fishkill , the opening operetta - styled `` Belle '' being their first composition for the film . Other songs included `` Be Our Guest , '' sung ( in its original version ) to Maurice by the objects when he becomes the first visitor to eat at the castle in a decade , `` Gaston , '' a solo for the swaggering villain , `` Human Again , '' a song describing Belle and Beast 's growing love from the objects ' perspective , the love ballad `` Beauty and the Beast ( Tale as Old as Time ) '' and the climactic `` The Mob Song . '' As story and song development came to a close , full production began in Burbank while voice and song recording began in New York City . The Beauty songs were mostly recorded live with the orchestra and the voice cast performing simultaneously rather than overdubbed separately , in order to give the songs a cast album - like `` energy '' the filmmakers and songwriters desired .", "During the course of production , many changes were made to the structure of the film , necessitating the replacement and re-purposing of songs . After screening a mostly animated version of the `` Be Our Guest '' sequence , story artist Bruce Woodside suggested that the objects should be singing the song to Belle rather than her father . Wise and Trousdale agreed , and the sequence and song were retooled to replace Maurice with Belle . The film 's title song went through a noted bit of uncertainty during production . Originally conceived as a rock - oriented song , it was changed to a slow , romantic ballad . Howard Ashman and Alan Menken asked Angela Lansbury to perform the song , but she did not think her voice was suited for the melody . When she voiced her doubts , Menken and Ashman asked her for at least one take and told her to perform the song as she saw fit . Lansbury reportedly reduced everyone in the studio to tears with her rendition , nailing the song in the one take asked of her . This version went on to win the Oscar for Best Original Song . `` Human Again '' was dropped from the film before animation began , as its lyrics caused story problems about the timeline over which the story takes place . This required Ashman and Menken to write a new song in its place . `` Something There , '' in which Belle and Beast sing ( via voiceover ) of their growing fondness for each other , was composed late in production and inserted into the script in place of `` Human Again . ''", "Menken would later revise `` Human Again '' for inclusion in the 1994 Broadway stage version of Beauty and the Beast , and another revised version of the song was added to the film itself in a new sequence created for the film 's Special Edition re-release in 2002 . Ashman died of AIDS - related complications at the age of 40 on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . He never saw the finished film , though he did get to see it in its unfinished format . Ashman 's work on Aladdin was completed by another lyricist , Tim Rice . Before Ashman 's death , members of the film 's production team visited him after the film 's well - received first screening , with Don Hahn commenting that `` the film would be a great success . Who 'd have thought it ? '' , to which Ashman replied with `` I would . '' A tribute to the lyricist was included at the end of the credits crawl : `` To our friend , Howard , who gave a mermaid her voice , and a beast his soul . We will be forever grateful . Howard Ashman : 1950 -- 1991 . '' A pop version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' theme , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson over the end credits , was released as a commercial single from the film 's soundtrack , supported with a music video . The Dion / Bryson version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' became an international pop hit and performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song became Dion 's second single to land within the top - 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number nine . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands , and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . This version of the song was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammys , and it won the Grammy for Dion and Bryson for Best Pop Duo / Group Vocal Performance .", "In a first - time accomplishment for The Walt Disney Company , an unfinished version of Beauty and the Beast was shown at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 . The film was deemed a `` work in progress '' because roughly only 70 % of the animation had been completed ; storyboards and pencil tests were used in replacement of the remaining 30 % . Additionally , certain segments of the film that had already been finished were reverted to previous stages of completion . At the end of the screening , Beauty and the Beast received a ten - minute - long standing ovation from the film festival audience . The completed film was also screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The finished film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13 , 1991 , beginning a limited release before expanding wide on November 22 .", "The film was restored and remastered for its New Year 's Day , 2002 re-release in IMAX theatres in a special - edition edit , including a new musical sequence . For this version of the film , much of the animation was cleaned up , a new sequence set to the deleted song `` Human Again '' was inserted into the film 's second act , and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high - resolution IMAX film negative .", "A sing along edition of the film , hosted by Jordin Sparks , was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2 , 2010 . Prior to the showing of the film , Sparks showed an exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the newly restored film and the making of her new Beauty and the Beast music video . There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn , interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created .", "A Disney Digital 3D version of the film , the second of a traditionally animated film , was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12 , 2010 , but the project was postponed . On August 25 , 2011 , Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre from September 2 -- 15 , 2011 . Disney spent less than $10 million on the 3D conversion . After the successful 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a wide 3D re-release of Beauty and the Beast in North America beginning January 13 , 2012 .", "The film was released to VHS on October 30 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series , and was later put on moratorium on April 30 , 1993 ; it was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . This version contains a minor edit to the film : skulls that appear in Gaston 's pupils for two frames during his climactic fall to his death were removed for the original home video release . No such edit was made to later reissues of the film . The `` work - in - progress '' version screened at the New York Film Festival was also released on VHS and LaserDisc at this time ; however , said version was the only one available on the latter format until the fall of 1993 , when the completed theatrical version was released . This measure was to diminish the threat of video pirates making copies derived from the LaserDisc ( which are not copy - protected ) and selling them in international markets , where the film was yet to be available for home release .", "Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition , as the enhanced version of the film released in IMAX / large - format is called , was released on two - disc `` Platinum Edition '' DVD and VHS on October 8 , 2002 . The DVD set features three versions of the film : the extended IMAX Special Edition with the `` Human Again '' sequence added , the original theatrical version , and the New York Film Festival `` work - in - progress '' version . This release went to `` Disney Vault '' moratorium status in January 2003 , along with its direct - to - video follow - ups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World .", "The film was released from the vault on October 5 , 2010 as the second of Disney 's Diamond Editions , in the form of a three - disc Blu - ray Disc and DVD combination pack -- the first release of Beauty and the Beast on home video in high - definition format . This edition consists of four versions of the film : the original theatrical version , an extended version , the New York Film Festival storyboard - only version , and a fourth iteration displaying the storyboards via picture - in - picture alongside the original theatrical version . Upon its first week of release , the Blu - ray sold 1.1 million units , topping the Blu - ray sales chart and finishing in third place on the combined Blu - ray and DVD sales chart for the week ending on October 10 , 2010 . It was the second - best - selling Blu - ray of 2010 , behind Avatar . A two - disc DVD edition was released on November 23 , 2010 . A five - disc combo pack , featuring Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray 2D , DVD and a digital copy , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The 3D combo pack is identical to the original Diamond Edition , except for the added 3D disc and digital copy . The Blu - ray release went into the Disney Vault along with the two sequels on April 30 , 2012 .", "A 25th - anniversary Signature Edition was released on Digital HD September 6 , 2016 and was followed by Blu - ray / DVD combo pack on September 20 , 2016 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu - ray Disc sales chart , and debuted at number 3 in the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows and Captain America : Civil War .", "Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 94 % based on reviews from 110 critics , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Enchanting , sweepingly romantic , and featuring plenty of wonderful musical numbers , Beauty and the Beast is one of Disney 's most elegant animated offerings . '' The film also holds a 95 / 100 on Metacritic , which indicates the reviews as `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade .", "Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film with the following statement , `` Two years ago , Walt Disney Pictures reinvented the animated feature , not only with an eye toward pleasing children , but also with an older , savvier audience in mind . Disney truly bridged a generation gap with The Little Mermaid ... Now , lightning has definitely struck twice with Beauty and the Beast . '' Awarding the film a perfect score of four stars , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared Beauty and the Beast positively to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers , musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment , too . '' In 2001 Ebert again gave the IMAX re-release a full 4 out of 4 stars . James Berardinelli of ReelViews rated the film similarly while hailing it as `` the finest animated movie ever made '' , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast attains a nearly - perfect mix of romance , music , invention , and animation . '' The use of computer animation , particularly in the ballroom sequence , was singled out in several reviews as one of the film 's highlights . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , calling the film `` A delightfully satisfying modern fable , a near - masterpiece that draws on the sublime traditions of the past while remaining completely in sync with the sensibility of its time . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying `` It is a surprise , in a time of sequels and retreads , that the new film is so fresh and altogether triumphant in its own right . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is certainly adequate holiday entertainment for children and their more indulgent parents ... But the film has little of the technical facility , vivid characterization and emotional impact of Disney past . ''", "Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's not an especially scary movie , but right from the start , you can tell that this Beauty and the Beast has a beauty of a bite . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four , saying `` It 's exceptionally difficult to make an audience care for animated characters unless they 're mermaids or anthropomorphized animals or insects , yet the Disney animators , with a big assist from the vocal talents of a superb cast , have pulled it off . '' Gene Siskel , also of the Chicago Tribune , gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is one of the year 's most entertaining films for both adults and children . '' On their Beauty and the Beast edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Siskel and Roger Ebert proclaimed that the film is `` a legitimate contender for Oscar consideration as Best Picture of the Year . '' Michael Sragow of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's got storytelling vigor and clarity , bright , eclectic animation , and a frisky musical wit . '' Eric Smoodin writes in his book Animating Culture that the studio was trying to make up for earlier gender stereotypes with this film . Smoodin also states that , in the way it has been viewed as bringing together traditional fairy tales and feminism as well as computer and traditional animation , the film 's `` greatness could be proved in terms of technology narrative or even politics '' . Animation legend Chuck Jones praised the film , in a 1992 guest appearance on Later with Bob Costas he claimed he `` Loved it . I think it should have won ( Best Picture ) ... I think the animation on the beast is one of the greatest pieces of animation I 've seen '' .", "Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Belle `` becomes a sort of intellectual less by actually reading books , it seems , than by hanging out with them '' , but says that the film comes closer than other `` Disney - studio '' films to `` accepting challenges of the kind that the finest Walt Disney features met '' . David Whitley writes in The Idea of Nature in Disney Animation that Belle is different from earlier Disney heroines in that she is mostly free from the burdens of domestic housework , although her role is somewhat undefined in the same way that `` contemporary culture now requires most adolescent girls to contribute little in the way of domestic work before they leave home and have to take on the fraught , multiple responsibilities of the working mother '' . Whitley also notes other themes and modern influences , such as the film 's critical view of Gaston 's chauvinism and attitude towards nature , the cyborg - like servants , and the father 's role as an inventor rather than a merchant .", "In 2010 , IGN named Beauty and the Beast as the greatest animated film of all time , directly ahead of WALL - E , The Incredibles , Toy Story 2 , and The Iron Giant .", "Several critics regard the 1991 animated film as superior to the 2017 live - action remake . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 1991 film `` worked wonderfully because it was pure Broadway , written for the screen , blending comedy and romance and magic and just enough snark in the margins '' , while the 2017 remake got lost in translation since `` The movie takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips also wrote of the 2017 film that `` too often we 're watching highly qualified performers , plus a few less conspicuously talented ones ( Watson , primarily ) , stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer criticized some of the 2017 film changes to the characters like Gaston and the Beast as regressive by watering down their distinguishing personalities from the 1991 film , also arguing that the added backstory to the characters in the 2017 version failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' .", "During its initial release in 1991 , the film grossed $145.9 million in revenues in North America and $351.9 million worldwide . It ranked as the third-most successful film of 1991 in North America , surpassed only by the summer blockbusters Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . At the time Beauty and the Beast was the most successful animated Disney film release , and the first animated film to reach $100 million in the United States and Canada in its initial run . In its IMAX re-release , it earned $25.5 million in North America and $5.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $31 million . It also earned $9.8 million from its 3D re-release overseas . During the opening weekend of its North American 3D re-release in 2012 , Beauty and the Beast grossed $17.8 million , coming in at the No. 2 spot , behind Contraband , and achieved the highest opening weekend for an animated film in January . The film was expected to make $17.5 million over the weekend ; however , the results topped its forecast and the expectations of box office analysts . The re-release ended its run on May 3 , 2012 , and earned $47.6 million , which brought the film 's total gross in North America to $219 million . It made an estimated $206 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $425 million .", "Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's song `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , while Menken 's score won the award for Best Original Score . Two other Menken and Ashman songs from the film , `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' , were also nominated for Best Original Song . Beauty and the Beast was the first picture to receive three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , a feat that would be repeated by The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . Academy rules have since been changed to limit each film to two nominations in this category , due to the consecutive unintentional failures of Dreamgirls and Enchanted to win the award .", "The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Best Sound . It was the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture , and remained the only animated film nominated until 2009 when the Best Picture field was widened to ten nominees , and it remains the only animated film nominated for the award when it had five nominees . It became the first musical in twelve years to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture of the Year , following All That Jazz ( 1979 ) , and the last one to be nominated until Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , ten years later . It lost the Best Picture award to The Silence of the Lambs . With six nominations , the film currently shares the record for the most nominations for an animated film with WALL - E ( 2008 ) , although , with three nominations in the Best Original Song category , Beauty and the Beast 's nominations span only four categories , while WALL - E 's nominations cover six individual categories .", "While The Little Mermaid was the first to be nominated , Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . This feat was later repeated by The Lion King and Toy Story 2 .", "List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane Best Original Score Alan Menken Won Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Album for Children Won Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated", "List of awards and nominations", "Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result", "Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated", "Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane", "Best Original Score Alan Menken Won", "Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated", "Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won", "Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated", "Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated", "Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place", "Best Animated Film Won", "Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn", "Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken", "Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated", "Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won", "Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated", "Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated", "Best Album for Children Won", "Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast ''", "Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated", "Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won", "Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast ''", "Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast ''", "Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise", "Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated", "In 2002 , Beauty and the Beast was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' lists of the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , based on polls of over 1,500 people from the creative community . Beauty and the Beast was acknowledged as the seventh - best film in the animation genre . In previous lists , it ranked number 22 on the Institute 's list of best musicals and number 34 on its list of the best romantic American films . On the list of the greatest songs from American films , Beauty and the Beast ranked number 62 .", "American Film Institute recognition :", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero", "Belle -- Nominated Hero", "Belle -- Nominated Hero", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated", "`` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated", "`` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62", "`` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated", "AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22", "AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated", "AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film", "According to an article in the Houston Chronicle , `` The catalyst for Disney 's braving the stage was an article by The New York Times theater critic Frank Rich that praised Beauty and the Beast as 1991 's best musical ... Theatre Under The Stars executive director Frank Young had been trying to get Disney interested in a stage version of Beauty about the same time Eisner and Katzenberg were mulling over Rich 's column . But Young could n't seem to get in touch with the right person in the Disney empire . Nothing happened till the Disney execs started to pursue the project from their end ... When they asked George Ives , the head of Actors Equity on the West Coast , which Los Angeles theater would be the best venue for launching a new musical , Ives said the best theater for that purpose would be TUTS . Not long after that , Disney 's Don Frantz and Bettina Buckley contacted Young , and the partnership was under way . '' A stage condensation of the film , directed by Robert Jess Roth and choreographed by Matt West , both of whom moved on to the Broadway development , had already been presented at Disneyland at what was then called the Videopolis stage . Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatricals at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 .", "On Monday , April 18 , 1994 , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York City to mixed reviews . The show transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 . The commercial ( though not critical ) success of the show led to productions in the West End , Toronto , and all over the world . The Broadway version , which ran for over a decade , received a Tony Award , and became the first of a whole line of Disney stage productions . The original Broadway cast included Terrence Mann as the Beast , Susan Egan as Belle , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière , Heath Lamberts as Cogsworth , Tom Bosley as Maurice , Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , and Stacey Logan as Babette the feather duster . Many well - known actors and singers also starred in the Broadway production during its thirteen - year run , including Kerry Butler , Deborah Gibson , Toni Braxton , Andrea McArdle , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Christy Carlson Romano , Ashley Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol as Belle ; Chuck Wagner , James Barbour , and Jeff McCarthy as the Beast ; Meshach Taylor , Patrick Page , Bryan Batt , Jacob Young , and John Tartaglia as Lumière ; and Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond as Gaston . The show ended its Broadway run on July 29 , 2007 after 46 previews and 5,461 performances . As of 2017 , it is Broadway 's tenth - longest - running show in history .", "In June 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action film adaptation of the original film was in the works , with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos writing the script . Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film , but also to include most , if not all , of the Menken / Rice songs from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Stephen Chbosky ( The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) would re-write the script . In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film . In March 2015 , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Emma Thompson , Josh Gad , Audra McDonald , and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast , Gaston , Mrs. Potts , Lefou , Garderobe , and Maurice , respectively . The following month , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , and Gugu Mbatha - Raw joined the cast , as Cogsworth , Lumière , Cadenza , and Plumette , respectively . Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film 's music , with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . In June 2015 , Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 in London , and production officially wrapped in August 2015 . The film was released on March 17 , 2017 .", "Beauty and the Beast merchandise cover a wide variety of products , among them storybook versions of the film 's story , a comic book based on the film published by Disney Comics , toys , children 's costumes , and other items . In addition , the character of Belle has been integrated into the `` Disney Princess '' line of Disney 's Consumer Products division , and appears on merchandise related to that franchise . In 1995 , a live - action children 's series entitled Sing Me a Story with Belle began running in syndication , remaining on the air through 1999 . Two direct - to - video followups ( which take place during the timeline depicted in the original film ) were produced by Walt Disney Television Animation : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas in 1997 and Belle 's Magical World in 1998 ; in contrast to the universal acclaim of the original , reception to the sequels was extremely negative . Disney on Ice produced an ice version of the movie that opened in 1992 in Lakeland , Florida . The show was such a huge commercial and critical success , touring around the world to sell - out crowds , that a television special was made when it toured Spain in 1994 . The show ended its run in 2006 , after 14 years .", "There are several video games that are loosely based on the film :", "The first video game based on the film was titled Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest and is an action platformer for the Sega Genesis . Developed by Software Creations , the game was released in North America in 1993 . It is one of two video games based on the film that Sunsoft published for the Genesis , the other being Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Characters from the film like Gaston can help the player past tricky situations . As Belle , the player must reach the Beast 's castle and break the spell to live happily ever after . To succeed , she must explore the village , forest , castle , and snowy forest to solve puzzles and mini-games while ducking or jumping over enemies . Belle 's health is represented by a stack of blue books , which diminishes when she touches bats , rats , and other hazards in the game . Extra lives , keys and other items are hidden throughout the levels . While there is no continue or game saving ability , players can use a code to start the game at any of the seven levels .", "The second video game based on the film was titled ' Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast and is a side - scrolling video game for the Genesis . As the Beast , the player must successfully complete several levels , based on scenes from the film , in order to protect the castle from invading villagers and forest animals and rescue Belle from Gaston .", "The third and fourth video games based on the film are action platformers developed by Probe Software and published by Hudson Soft . One , titled Beauty and the Beast , was released in Europe in 1994 for the NES , while the other , Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , was released in North America in July 1994 and in Europe on February 23 1995 for the SNES . The entire games are played through the perspective of the Beast . As the Beast , the player must get Belle to fall in love so that the curse cast upon him and his castle will be broken . The final boss of the game is Gaston . The Beast can walk , jump , swipe , stomp , super stomp , and roar , the last of which is used to both damage enemies and reveal hidden objects .", "The fifth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Boardgame Adventure and is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color . It was released on October 25 , 1999 .", "The video game series Kingdom Hearts features a world based on the film , named `` Beast 's Castle '' , along with several of the film 's characters . In the first game , the world has been destroyed and Belle kidnapped by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , but the Beast travels to Maleficent 's stronghold and works with Sora to defeat Maleficent and rescue Belle and the other captured princesses . In Kingdom Hearts II , the world has since been restored following Ansem 's defeat , but Beast and Belle are having difficulties due to the enigmatic Xaldin of Organization XIII attempting to bring out the Beast 's darker side in order to turn him into a Heartless and a Nobody , but the Beast eventually comes to his senses and works with Sora once again to defeat Xaldin once and for all . In the game 's ending credits , the Beast turns back into the Prince . In Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , the world is featured as a playable level but the story is not essential to the main plot . In Kingdom Hearts χ , the world is featured again , this time as a hallucination that follows the plot of the movie more closely . The characters featured in the series are Beast , Belle , Lumiere , Gaston , Cogsworth , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Maurice , and the Wardrobe . After Gaston is defeated , the Beast transforms back into the Prince . Gaston does not appear in Kingdom Hearts II , the world 's primary antagonist being Xaldin , an original character created for the series , but who shares several traits with Forte , the main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ." ]